APUSH Ch. 14

How did American art start to change with Westward Movement?

American started to create their own identity writing their own literature, which portrayed "rugged individualism." Americans also marveled at the beauty of the "untouched" land which created an attitude of national mystique, which was later reflected in paintings.

Why was the principle of interchangeable parts so important to the rise of American industrialism?

Before all pieces were made by hand, so if one broke it could not easily be replaced. Interchangeable parts gave rise to a host of other inventions and set the standard for modern mass production and assembly line methods.

How is the growth of the United States population from 1790-1860 changing the United States?

Between the population doubling every 25 years and mass immigrations, 33 states had been formed. More metropolitan cities began to form.

How did the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 change the history of the United States?

Cotton became highly profitable and the South was the biggest producer. Cotton became one of the south's biggest industries which made slavery seem even more necessary. The South expanded west for more acres for cotton, and the cotton was then sent to the north where it could be turned into fabric.

Explain how the expansion of roads and the creation of steamboats transformed American transportation and commerce.

Efficient means of travel were necessary in order to deliver the large amounts of raw materials to factories quickly. Steam boats especially played a vital role in opening up the West and the South.

Identify the invention of each of Elias Howe/Isaac Singer and Samuel F.B. Morse and describe its significance.

Elias Howe/Isaac Singer-invented the sewing machine which became the foundation of ready-made clothing. It drove many seamstresses to work in factories. Samuel F.B. Morse-Invented the telegraph which increase communication in the United States.

Why was there a large increase in immigration?

Europe's population was increasing rapidly and so a "surplus" of people came to America. They were drawn to America because of the freedom from aristocratic cast and state church as well as the many opportunities that were available.

Why was there an increase in the number of Germans coming to the United States between 1830 and 1860?

German immigrants tended to be farmers who were victims of crop failures or refugees escaping the failed democratic revolution, so they relocated to America where they hoped to find more opportunities.

How did the people moving westward change the landscape of the American West?

In the South they burn the cane that was preventing them from Westward Movement, fur trapping became more popular (which of course led to a decrease in the animal population) Which led to ecological imperialism.

Describe the significance of the Erie Canal.

It linked the Great Lakes with the Hudson River which increased profits dramatically and caused many cities to emerge along the canal.

Why was the Tariff of 1816 important?

It protected American industry from foreign trade competitors.

How does the increase in American industrialism change life for some girls/women in the United States? (Lowell, Massachusetts)

It put many women out of work, who were creating good such as yarn in their own homes, however many factories offered employment to young women whose work was displaced. Factory jobs promised greater economic independence for women as well as the means to buy manufactured products from the new market economy. Other occupations such as teaching and nursing became feminized.

What is the importance of Commonwealth vs Hunt?

It ruled that labor unions were not illegal as long as their methods were peaceful.

Describe the concept of the "cult of domesticity."

It was a widespread cultural creed that glorified the customer functions of the homemaker. Married women commanded immense moral power and increasingly made decisions that altered the character of the family.

What is the significance of railroad expansion in the North between 1850 and 1860? And the lack of much development in the south?

It was by far the fastest, most reliable, and cheapest form of transportation that was able to withstand any terrain or weather. It connected all the states to one another and increased trade and communication.

How did the inventions of John Deere and Cyrus McCormick transform farming in the American West?

John Deere, the inventor of the steel plow, created an effective way to plow the soil in the west so that farmers can plant corn and increase their profits. McCormick, inventor of the McCormick Reaper, made the most efficient way to harvest grain in the West.Both invention provided for the domestic and foreign markets.

Why did Americans originally reject the Industrial Revolution?

Many preferred the idea of land versus earning a wage in a factory. There also wasn't as much money for investment Which meant that raw materials why not developed.The prices were not as good as their competitors from Europe, which made it unappealing to American customers.

How did the German shape American life?

The Conestoga wagon, the Kentucky rifle, and the Christmas tree, were all German contributions to American culture. They supported public schools (invented kindergarten) and stimulated the arts.

Explain the reason for the increase in Irish immigration to the U.S. beginning in the mid-1840s.

The Potato Famine motivated the Irish to immigrate, as most of their potato crops failed, and much of the country fell under disease and hunger.

What were each of the regions in charge of?

The West was in charge of raising livestock and growing grain, the South raised cotton for export which would be shipped to New England for manufacturing.

Explain the overall effect of the increase in roads, canals, railroads, steamboats, etc. on the United States between 1820 and 1860.

The new forms of transportation connected the United States which increased communication, facilitated trade, improved overall economy, and created new jobs for the citizens ( railroad building, Canal digging).

Workers and "Wage Slaves"- How did the rise in American industrialism change the plight of workers in the U.S.?

The workers were treated very poorly and were not compensated enough for their labor.Child labor increase, which meant that they couldn't go to school, were abused, and stunted physically and mentally. Eventually adults were able to obtain factory jobs, but they often protested because the conditions were so poor.

Why is the period in American history from 1820-1860 sometimes called "The Market Revolution"?

There was a shift in ideals as people turned away from their homes and independent living and focused on work so that they can make enough money to buy the products they need, which caused a division of labor and status. Traditional roles we're being rethought and economical gaps were widened.

How were families changing in the first half of the 19th century?

They became more close-knit, providing emotional refuge from work. Families became smaller as the fertility rates decrease, mostly due to contraception and women choosing smaller families. The children in families became the main focus, and were often shaped to fit their parents wants.

What were some issues with the cities at the time?

They couldn't support their large populations. There were few sewage systems, not enough police, poor lighting at night, an improper garbage disposal.

How did the Germans respond to American racism towards them?

They created their own communities to keep their traditions alive and actively revoked Puritan tradition.

How did the Irish respond to the hatred towards them?

They formed the Molly Maguires which was an Irish miners union in Pennsylvania school districts.They gradually acquired property through hard work, and eventually ran Tammany Hall and dominated police departments.

What "nativist" backlash occurred against immigrants to the United States during the 1840s and 1850s?

They were scared that the immigrants would overwhelm them in all ways (religion, voting, jobs). They created the Know Nothing party who advocated for restrictions on immigration. Catholic churches and schools were often burned.

What were the characteristics of the people moving westward in the first half of the 19th Century?

They were searching for land and opportunities.The West became the most American part of America.

Describe the treatment the Irish faced once they immigrated to the United States.

They were too poor to move west, so they tended to stay in the cities. They were not treated well by the Americans and were said to be taking their jobs. "No Irish need apply" became a common sign on factories.