APUSH Ch. 2-5
Fundamental Orders
-drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government -key features borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and state constitution
John Cotton
-early Puritan clergyman, educated at Cambridge -Puritan; came to MA to avoid persecution -defended govt.'s duty to enforce religious vote
New York Slave Revolt
-erupted in 1712, lost 9 whites, executed 21 blacks
South Carolina Slave Revolt
-erupted in 1739, over 50 blacks along Stono River marched to Spanish FL -stopped by local militia
triangular trade
-exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies -a small but immensely profitable subset of Atlantic trade
Squanto
-facilitated relations between English and Indians; spoke English, was kidnapped by ship captain
Puritans
-felt Church of England was too Catholic and wanted it purified -first went to Holland, children too dutchified -sailed on Mayflower, landed in NE in 1620 -landed on inhospitable Plymouth Bay out of VA domain, no govt. -celebrated Thanksgiving -merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony to the North -many Indians died before their arrival -Wampanoag befriended settlers
Royal African Company
-first chartered in 1672, lost monopoly on bringing slaves in 1698
Barbados Slave Code
-formal code defined slaves' legal status and masters' prerogatives -1661; denied slaves fundamental rights, full control to masters
Hiawatha
-founded Iroquois Confederacy in the late 1500s
Maryland
-founded as refuge for Catholics and to reap financial benefits -founded by Lord Baltimore -wealthy Catholic land owners surrounded by more modest Protestant planters, thrived on tobacco -late 17th century before blacks were imported in large numbers
Virginia
-founded by the tobacco industry -1624: made a royal colony under James I control -House of Burgesses
New Hampshire
-founded in 1638, even closer to church-govt. alliance than MA -1662; Charles II merged w/ Connecticut Valley -1679; made royal colony separate of MA
Georgia
-founded in 1733 to protect valuable colonies from Spanish and French, received monetary subsided from Britain -named in honor of King George II, launched by philanthropist ~at 1st tried to keep slavery out -least populous, unhealthy climate, Spanish attacks, slavery restrictions
James Oglethorpe
-founder of Georgia -dynamic soldier-statesman, reformed prison -repelled Spanish attacks
Carolinas
-given to 8 nobles by Charles II in 1670, stretched across continent -close ties with sugar producing islands -brought slaves and slave code adopted in 1696 -enslaved Indians and many tried to go north though died before making it -rice principle crop, West African slaves somewhat immune to Malaria -Charles Town busiest seaport in South -rich aristocrats, culturally diverse
Ireland
-had rivalry with predominantly Protestant England under the reign of Elizabeth I
Sir Edmund Andros
-head of new dominion, English military man, Church of England -set up in Puritanical Boston; curbed town meetings -restrictions on courts, press, and schools; revoked land titles
colonial children
-helped with everything parents did and had schooling
manual labor
-honest work
Leisler's Rebellion
-ill-starred, bloody revolt in New York City from 1689-1691
Pocahontas
-intermediary between Indians and the settlers -kept peace and provided needed food
Chesapeake
-land great for tobacco -employed displaced workers from England
Gullah
-language developed by the African slaves -combination of English, Yoruba, Igbo, and Hausa
New Jersey
-largely Quaker refuge
Salem Witch Trials
-legal lynching of 20 in 1692 -most accused came from growing market economy -most accusers from farming families -reflected widening social stratification of NE -1693: governor prohibited further trials after wife accused, pardoned convicted -1713: annulled convictions, reparations to the heirs
New England Life
-life based on small villages and farms -land grant given by colonial authorities to proprietor, then moved there and laid out the town -towns of 50+ families required to provide elementary education -1636: 1st college Harvard College; 1693: William and Mary -democracy in Congregational Church govt. led to democracy in political govt. ~adult males gathered to make decisions in meeting houses
New England Society
-lived longer than Southerners and English -family the center of life, produced many children, death of childbirth common, married young (sometimes many mothers) -gave up rights to when married, rights to widows -women believed morally weaker than men but husband's power over wife not absolute -those who committed adultery forced to wear capital A
Rhode Island
-many exiled people who had no where else to go -founded by Roger Williams
John Rolfe
-marriage to Pocahontas ended the First Anglo-Powhatan War in 1614 -killed by natives after English diseases killed most -became father of tobacco industry ~knew how to raise and cure to eliminate bitter tang
Sir Francis Drake
-most famous English buccaneer -returned in 1580 with ship full of Spanish treasure -backed secretly by Queen Elizabeth I who knighted him on his ship
clerics
-most honored profession
class system
-most white Americans small farmers, cities had skilled artisans -social ladder open, ambition could raise colonist to higher position -closer to revolution began to resemble English social structure (land all claimed, harder to rise) -most wealth in hands of Southerners with most slaves -indentured servant often rose while paupers and convicts didn't
Captain Myles Standish
-non-separatist on Mayflower, wealthy soldier -helped as Indian fighter and negotiator
manufacturing
-of secondary importance -rum, iron forges, household (spinning and weaving) -lumbering most important
North Carolina
-poor "riffraff," spirit of resistance to authority -wedged between aristocratic SC and VA, separated in 1712 -most democratic, independent minded, and least aristocratic of 13 colonies along w/ RI
physicians
-poorly trained, not highly esteemed -first school established in 1765 -epidemics constant worry, smallpox afflicted 1 in 5
Roger Williams
-popular Salem minister, radical ideas, unrestrained tongue -extreme separatist, break with Church of England, legality of Day Charter, compensation for Indians -banished -fled to RI in 1636 aided by Indians -built Baptist church in Providence, complete freedom of religion
Sir Humphrey Gilbert
-promoter of English trying to colonize Newfoundland -Newfoundland collapsed because he lost his life at sea in 1583 -inspired half brother Sir Walter Raleigh to try again
John Winthrop
-prosperous, educated person, Massachusett's Bay Colony's first governor (19 years) -attorney and manor lord in England
Quakers
-religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in 17th and 18th centuries -Religious Society of Friends -simple, devoted, democratic
House of Burgesses (1619)
-representative self-government -VA Co. authorized settlers to create an assembly -feebly established, 1st mini parliament to flourish
fishing
-rewarding industry in New England
William Bradford
-self taught scholar, read Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and Dutch -chosen as governor 30 times, worried others would corrupt them
jeremiad
-sermons lamenting waning piety of parishioners in NE named after OT prophet Jeremiah (decline of conversions)
slave codes
-set of laws defining racial slavery beginning in 1662, including establishing the hereditary nature of slavery, and legally limiting the rights and learning of slaves
taverns
-sprang up with bowling alleys, pool, bars, and gambling -all social classes mixed, cradle of democracy -gossip, gatherings for political talk
naval stores
-tar, pitch, rosin (resin), turpentine
Roanoke Island
-the first attempt to colonize North America -founded by Sir Walter Raleigh who was following in the footsteps of his half brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert
agriculture
-the leading industry -grain and tobacco in the Middle Colonies
Act of Tolerance (1649)
-toleration of all Christians -death penalty for this who denied divinity of Jesus ~ex: Jews and Atheists
John Calvin
-took ideas of Martin Luther, impacted Americans -founded Calvinism, impacted NE Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots, Dutch Reformed Church -God= all-powerful and all-good; humans=weak and wicked -God had predestined people for heaven and hell, couldn't be changed
Southern Society
-top of social ladder, great planters with many slaves (basically ran politics as well) ~unlike English upper class, hardworking businessmen -next small farmers (largest group) -next landless whites (formerly indentured) -next currently indentured -lowest African slaves -few cities, poor roads, water main transport -private education -southern women allowed to inherit land (men died young)
middle passage
-transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies; notoriously high mortality rates
Sir Walter Raleigh
-tried to colonize N. America in a warmer climate -first landed in 1858 on North Carolina's Roanoke Island -off the coast of VA, colony mysteriously vanished
headright system
-whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the right to acquire 50 acres of land
Lord Baltimore
-Cecil Calvert -founded Maryland in 1634, 2nd plantation colony, 4th English colony -prominent English Catholic Family
New York
-Duke of York seized New Amsterdam, renamed -Dutch left names of places and activities and foods
Henry Hudson
-English explorer hired by Dutch -1609: NY Bay and Delaware Bay, though told to sail northeast -went to Hudson River to find way through continent, settled there
William Penn
-Englishman attracted to Quaker faith in 1660 at 16 yrs. old -served in the army, many Quakers killed, he wasn't -1681: received land grant in place of debt owed to deceased father, called Pennsylvania (_____'s Woodland) in honor of his father
Michel-Guillame Jean de Crèvecoeur
-French settler, saw diversity "What then is the American, this new man?" -"a strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country"
Martin Luther
-German friar; protests against Catholic doctrines, Wittenberg Cathedral 1517 -denounced authority of priests/popes, Bible only source of God's word
Connecticut
-Hartford founded in 1635 by Dutch and English settlers
plantation colonies
-Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia -exported crops, used slavery, mostly religiously tolerant
indentured servants
-Migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years
Middle Colonies
-New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania -"bread" colonies, large export of grain, had rivers -lumbering and shipbuilding, growth of seaports -more ethnically mixed than other colonies
Regulator movement
-North Carolina, insurrection of eastern domination of colony's affairs
Pennsylvania
-Philadelphia "brotherly love," good relations with Indians until more came seeking refuge and non-Quakers treated them poorly -death penalty for treason and murder -no military, disliked black slavery, immigration easy -William Penn under appreciated, imprisoned and died
separatists
-Puritans who vowed to break away entirely from the Church of England
Thomas Hooker
-Reverend of a group of Boston Puritans -led them into Hartford in 1636 with ailing wife
England vs. Spain
-S______ used their wealth to amass an armada to invade E______ in 1588, 130 ships, E______ had better suited ships and "Protestant wind" (storm) finished S______ -S_______ overreached themselves and empire ultimately collapsed -E________ ~naval dominance in North Atlantic ~strong, unified state under popular monarch ~religious unity ~sense of nationalism and national destiny -signed peace treaty in 1604
Scots-Irish
-Scots Lowlanders in Northern Ireland hated for Presbyterianism -in Pennsylvania but pushed westward for land also from Carolinas hugging the Appalachian foothills -about a dozen future presidents
Molasses Act (1737)
-Tax on imported molasses passed by parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies -largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling
William Berkeley
-VA's governor, disliked ruling over many "poor, indebted, discontented, and armed" people -friendly with Indians for fur trade, refused to attack
Jamestown
-Virginia Company received charter from King I in 1606 for settlement in the New World ~promise of gold ~passage through America to the Indies -overseas settlers guaranteed same rights as Englishmen -3 ships landed near mouth of Chesapeake Bay, attacked by Indians -100 male settlers made the colony on malarial banks of the James River -people preoccupied with gold rather than food -notable leaders: John Smith,
Massasoit
-Wampanoag chieftain -signed peace treaty in 1621 w/ Plymouth Pilgrims -celebrated Thanksgiving with them
Mayflower Compact
-a simple agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon -step towards self government
Half-Way Covenant
-agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children -weakened distinction between elect and there (gradually erased)
Paxton Boys
-armed march on Philadelphia in 1764 protesting leniency in Quaker Indian policy
antinomianism
-assertion that holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man
law
-at first, not favorably regarded
Fernando Gorges
-attempted to colonize coast of Maine in 1623 (absorbed by Massachusetts Bay colony) -purchased in 1677 from Gorges' heirs
transportation
-carriages overturned, horses ran away, short journeys dangerous -travel by water also popular, slow and undependable, cheap and pleasant
Anne Hutchinson
-challenged Puritan orthodoxy, very smart and witty, mother of 14 -challenged doctrine of predestination -antinomianism -banished to RI, she and family killed by Indians in NY
colonial men
-cleared land, fenced, planted, and cropped it -cut firewood -butchered livestock
John Smith
-"He who shall not work shall not eat." -took over leadership of Jamestown in 1608, saved colonists from collapse -kidnapped in 1607, mock trial w/ chief Powhatan, "saved" by his daughter Pocahontas ~intended to impress w/ Powhatan's power and the Indians' desire to be peaceful
New England people
-"to get on, to get honor, to get honest" -relied on shipbuilding and commerce
colonial women
-(slave or free) wove, cooked, cleaned, and care for children
Bacon's Rebellion
-1000 VAs rebelled on Indians after govt. refused to retaliate after brutal attack -attacked friendly and hostile Indians, chased Berkeley from Jamestown, torched the capital -grew into broader conflict between impoverished and planter elite
Elizabeth I
-1558, Queen of England
Massachusetts Bay Colony
-1629; Puritans secured royal charter -fur trading, fishing, shipbuilding, became most prosperous NE colony -colonists endorsed separation of church and state -laws banning "normal" actions
Pequot War
-1637; English and Narraganset set fire to Pequot wigwams and shot survivors -annihilated Pequot tribe -4 decades of uneasy peace between Puritans and Indians
Peter Stuyvesant
-1655: Dutch sent small military expedition on Swedish Delaware -had lost a leg, "Father Wooden Leg" by Indians -Swedish fell, colonists under Dutch rule
Metacom (King Philip)
-1675; pan-Indian alliance formed -assaults on English villages in New England (King Philip's war) -son of Massasoit -1676; 52 Puritan towns attacked, 12 destroyed, many colonists and Indians dead -wife and son sold as slaved, beheaded, head mounted in Plymouth
William and Mary
-1688-1689: Glorious Revolution, dethroned James II -enthroned Protestant ruers of Netherlands -dominion of NE fell apart, Andros shipped back to England
Nathaniel Bacon
-29 year old planter who led rebellion in VA (1676) -died during of disease
slavery
-7 million slaves brought from Africa from 1500 -1800 -1680s: English offered better wages, less white indentured servant, black slaves beta to outnumber white servants -made slaves Christian, couldn't/wouldn't free them -many died, more had to be imported -ringshout (religious call-response) influenced jazz music later
primogeniture
-decree that only eldest sons are eligible to inherit landed estates -younger sons such as Gilbert, Raleigh, and Drake had to find fortunes elsewhere
Powhatan
-dominated native peoples in area, chieftain -_______ Confederacy of a dozen small tribes -1st considered English allies, English raided supplies, relations tense -First and Second Anglo-________ Wars
tax-supported religions
-Anglican and Congregational churches -Anglican official faith in Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and part of New York -poor Anglican clerical reputation, College of William and Mary established -Congregationalism sprang from Puritans and Presbyterian closely related
