APUSH Ch. 2-5

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Fundamental Orders

-drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government -key features borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and state constitution

John Cotton

-early Puritan clergyman, educated at Cambridge -Puritan; came to MA to avoid persecution -defended govt.'s duty to enforce religious vote

New York Slave Revolt

-erupted in 1712, lost 9 whites, executed 21 blacks

South Carolina Slave Revolt

-erupted in 1739, over 50 blacks along Stono River marched to Spanish FL -stopped by local militia

triangular trade

-exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies -a small but immensely profitable subset of Atlantic trade

Squanto

-facilitated relations between English and Indians; spoke English, was kidnapped by ship captain

Puritans

-felt Church of England was too Catholic and wanted it purified -first went to Holland, children too dutchified -sailed on Mayflower, landed in NE in 1620 -landed on inhospitable Plymouth Bay out of VA domain, no govt. -celebrated Thanksgiving -merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony to the North -many Indians died before their arrival -Wampanoag befriended settlers

Royal African Company

-first chartered in 1672, lost monopoly on bringing slaves in 1698

Barbados Slave Code

-formal code defined slaves' legal status and masters' prerogatives -1661; denied slaves fundamental rights, full control to masters

Hiawatha

-founded Iroquois Confederacy in the late 1500s

Maryland

-founded as refuge for Catholics and to reap financial benefits -founded by Lord Baltimore -wealthy Catholic land owners surrounded by more modest Protestant planters, thrived on tobacco -late 17th century before blacks were imported in large numbers

Virginia

-founded by the tobacco industry -1624: made a royal colony under James I control -House of Burgesses

New Hampshire

-founded in 1638, even closer to church-govt. alliance than MA -1662; Charles II merged w/ Connecticut Valley -1679; made royal colony separate of MA

Georgia

-founded in 1733 to protect valuable colonies from Spanish and French, received monetary subsided from Britain -named in honor of King George II, launched by philanthropist ~at 1st tried to keep slavery out -least populous, unhealthy climate, Spanish attacks, slavery restrictions

James Oglethorpe

-founder of Georgia -dynamic soldier-statesman, reformed prison -repelled Spanish attacks

Carolinas

-given to 8 nobles by Charles II in 1670, stretched across continent -close ties with sugar producing islands -brought slaves and slave code adopted in 1696 -enslaved Indians and many tried to go north though died before making it -rice principle crop, West African slaves somewhat immune to Malaria -Charles Town busiest seaport in South -rich aristocrats, culturally diverse

Ireland

-had rivalry with predominantly Protestant England under the reign of Elizabeth I

Sir Edmund Andros

-head of new dominion, English military man, Church of England -set up in Puritanical Boston; curbed town meetings -restrictions on courts, press, and schools; revoked land titles

colonial children

-helped with everything parents did and had schooling

manual labor

-honest work

Leisler's Rebellion

-ill-starred, bloody revolt in New York City from 1689-1691

Pocahontas

-intermediary between Indians and the settlers -kept peace and provided needed food

Chesapeake

-land great for tobacco -employed displaced workers from England

Gullah

-language developed by the African slaves -combination of English, Yoruba, Igbo, and Hausa

New Jersey

-largely Quaker refuge

Salem Witch Trials

-legal lynching of 20 in 1692 -most accused came from growing market economy -most accusers from farming families -reflected widening social stratification of NE -1693: governor prohibited further trials after wife accused, pardoned convicted -1713: annulled convictions, reparations to the heirs

New England Life

-life based on small villages and farms -land grant given by colonial authorities to proprietor, then moved there and laid out the town -towns of 50+ families required to provide elementary education -1636: 1st college Harvard College; 1693: William and Mary -democracy in Congregational Church govt. led to democracy in political govt. ~adult males gathered to make decisions in meeting houses

New England Society

-lived longer than Southerners and English -family the center of life, produced many children, death of childbirth common, married young (sometimes many mothers) -gave up rights to when married, rights to widows -women believed morally weaker than men but husband's power over wife not absolute -those who committed adultery forced to wear capital A

Rhode Island

-many exiled people who had no where else to go -founded by Roger Williams

John Rolfe

-marriage to Pocahontas ended the First Anglo-Powhatan War in 1614 -killed by natives after English diseases killed most -became father of tobacco industry ~knew how to raise and cure to eliminate bitter tang

Sir Francis Drake

-most famous English buccaneer -returned in 1580 with ship full of Spanish treasure -backed secretly by Queen Elizabeth I who knighted him on his ship

clerics

-most honored profession

class system

-most white Americans small farmers, cities had skilled artisans -social ladder open, ambition could raise colonist to higher position -closer to revolution began to resemble English social structure (land all claimed, harder to rise) -most wealth in hands of Southerners with most slaves -indentured servant often rose while paupers and convicts didn't

Captain Myles Standish

-non-separatist on Mayflower, wealthy soldier -helped as Indian fighter and negotiator

manufacturing

-of secondary importance -rum, iron forges, household (spinning and weaving) -lumbering most important

North Carolina

-poor "riffraff," spirit of resistance to authority -wedged between aristocratic SC and VA, separated in 1712 -most democratic, independent minded, and least aristocratic of 13 colonies along w/ RI

physicians

-poorly trained, not highly esteemed -first school established in 1765 -epidemics constant worry, smallpox afflicted 1 in 5

Roger Williams

-popular Salem minister, radical ideas, unrestrained tongue -extreme separatist, break with Church of England, legality of Day Charter, compensation for Indians -banished -fled to RI in 1636 aided by Indians -built Baptist church in Providence, complete freedom of religion

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

-promoter of English trying to colonize Newfoundland -Newfoundland collapsed because he lost his life at sea in 1583 -inspired half brother Sir Walter Raleigh to try again

John Winthrop

-prosperous, educated person, Massachusett's Bay Colony's first governor (19 years) -attorney and manor lord in England

Quakers

-religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in 17th and 18th centuries -Religious Society of Friends -simple, devoted, democratic

House of Burgesses (1619)

-representative self-government -VA Co. authorized settlers to create an assembly -feebly established, 1st mini parliament to flourish

fishing

-rewarding industry in New England

William Bradford

-self taught scholar, read Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and Dutch -chosen as governor 30 times, worried others would corrupt them

jeremiad

-sermons lamenting waning piety of parishioners in NE named after OT prophet Jeremiah (decline of conversions)

slave codes

-set of laws defining racial slavery beginning in 1662, including establishing the hereditary nature of slavery, and legally limiting the rights and learning of slaves

taverns

-sprang up with bowling alleys, pool, bars, and gambling -all social classes mixed, cradle of democracy -gossip, gatherings for political talk

naval stores

-tar, pitch, rosin (resin), turpentine

Roanoke Island

-the first attempt to colonize North America -founded by Sir Walter Raleigh who was following in the footsteps of his half brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert

agriculture

-the leading industry -grain and tobacco in the Middle Colonies

Act of Tolerance (1649)

-toleration of all Christians -death penalty for this who denied divinity of Jesus ~ex: Jews and Atheists

John Calvin

-took ideas of Martin Luther, impacted Americans -founded Calvinism, impacted NE Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots, Dutch Reformed Church -God= all-powerful and all-good; humans=weak and wicked -God had predestined people for heaven and hell, couldn't be changed

Southern Society

-top of social ladder, great planters with many slaves (basically ran politics as well) ~unlike English upper class, hardworking businessmen -next small farmers (largest group) -next landless whites (formerly indentured) -next currently indentured -lowest African slaves -few cities, poor roads, water main transport -private education -southern women allowed to inherit land (men died young)

middle passage

-transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies; notoriously high mortality rates

Sir Walter Raleigh

-tried to colonize N. America in a warmer climate -first landed in 1858 on North Carolina's Roanoke Island -off the coast of VA, colony mysteriously vanished

headright system

-whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the right to acquire 50 acres of land

Lord Baltimore

-Cecil Calvert -founded Maryland in 1634, 2nd plantation colony, 4th English colony -prominent English Catholic Family

New York

-Duke of York seized New Amsterdam, renamed -Dutch left names of places and activities and foods

Henry Hudson

-English explorer hired by Dutch -1609: NY Bay and Delaware Bay, though told to sail northeast -went to Hudson River to find way through continent, settled there

William Penn

-Englishman attracted to Quaker faith in 1660 at 16 yrs. old -served in the army, many Quakers killed, he wasn't -1681: received land grant in place of debt owed to deceased father, called Pennsylvania (_____'s Woodland) in honor of his father

Michel-Guillame Jean de Crèvecoeur

-French settler, saw diversity "What then is the American, this new man?" -"a strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country"

Martin Luther

-German friar; protests against Catholic doctrines, Wittenberg Cathedral 1517 -denounced authority of priests/popes, Bible only source of God's word

Connecticut

-Hartford founded in 1635 by Dutch and English settlers

plantation colonies

-Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia -exported crops, used slavery, mostly religiously tolerant

indentured servants

-Migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years

Middle Colonies

-New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania -"bread" colonies, large export of grain, had rivers -lumbering and shipbuilding, growth of seaports -more ethnically mixed than other colonies

Regulator movement

-North Carolina, insurrection of eastern domination of colony's affairs

Pennsylvania

-Philadelphia "brotherly love," good relations with Indians until more came seeking refuge and non-Quakers treated them poorly -death penalty for treason and murder -no military, disliked black slavery, immigration easy -William Penn under appreciated, imprisoned and died

separatists

-Puritans who vowed to break away entirely from the Church of England

Thomas Hooker

-Reverend of a group of Boston Puritans -led them into Hartford in 1636 with ailing wife

England vs. Spain

-S______ used their wealth to amass an armada to invade E______ in 1588, 130 ships, E______ had better suited ships and "Protestant wind" (storm) finished S______ -S_______ overreached themselves and empire ultimately collapsed -E________ ~naval dominance in North Atlantic ~strong, unified state under popular monarch ~religious unity ~sense of nationalism and national destiny -signed peace treaty in 1604

Scots-Irish

-Scots Lowlanders in Northern Ireland hated for Presbyterianism -in Pennsylvania but pushed westward for land also from Carolinas hugging the Appalachian foothills -about a dozen future presidents

Molasses Act (1737)

-Tax on imported molasses passed by parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies -largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling

William Berkeley

-VA's governor, disliked ruling over many "poor, indebted, discontented, and armed" people -friendly with Indians for fur trade, refused to attack

Jamestown

-Virginia Company received charter from King I in 1606 for settlement in the New World ~promise of gold ~passage through America to the Indies -overseas settlers guaranteed same rights as Englishmen -3 ships landed near mouth of Chesapeake Bay, attacked by Indians -100 male settlers made the colony on malarial banks of the James River -people preoccupied with gold rather than food -notable leaders: John Smith,

Massasoit

-Wampanoag chieftain -signed peace treaty in 1621 w/ Plymouth Pilgrims -celebrated Thanksgiving with them

Mayflower Compact

-a simple agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon -step towards self government

Half-Way Covenant

-agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children -weakened distinction between elect and there (gradually erased)

Paxton Boys

-armed march on Philadelphia in 1764 protesting leniency in Quaker Indian policy

antinomianism

-assertion that holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man

law

-at first, not favorably regarded

Fernando Gorges

-attempted to colonize coast of Maine in 1623 (absorbed by Massachusetts Bay colony) -purchased in 1677 from Gorges' heirs

transportation

-carriages overturned, horses ran away, short journeys dangerous -travel by water also popular, slow and undependable, cheap and pleasant

Anne Hutchinson

-challenged Puritan orthodoxy, very smart and witty, mother of 14 -challenged doctrine of predestination -antinomianism -banished to RI, she and family killed by Indians in NY

colonial men

-cleared land, fenced, planted, and cropped it -cut firewood -butchered livestock

John Smith

-"He who shall not work shall not eat." -took over leadership of Jamestown in 1608, saved colonists from collapse -kidnapped in 1607, mock trial w/ chief Powhatan, "saved" by his daughter Pocahontas ~intended to impress w/ Powhatan's power and the Indians' desire to be peaceful

New England people

-"to get on, to get honor, to get honest" -relied on shipbuilding and commerce

colonial women

-(slave or free) wove, cooked, cleaned, and care for children

Bacon's Rebellion

-1000 VAs rebelled on Indians after govt. refused to retaliate after brutal attack -attacked friendly and hostile Indians, chased Berkeley from Jamestown, torched the capital -grew into broader conflict between impoverished and planter elite

Elizabeth I

-1558, Queen of England

Massachusetts Bay Colony

-1629; Puritans secured royal charter -fur trading, fishing, shipbuilding, became most prosperous NE colony -colonists endorsed separation of church and state -laws banning "normal" actions

Pequot War

-1637; English and Narraganset set fire to Pequot wigwams and shot survivors -annihilated Pequot tribe -4 decades of uneasy peace between Puritans and Indians

Peter Stuyvesant

-1655: Dutch sent small military expedition on Swedish Delaware -had lost a leg, "Father Wooden Leg" by Indians -Swedish fell, colonists under Dutch rule

Metacom (King Philip)

-1675; pan-Indian alliance formed -assaults on English villages in New England (King Philip's war) -son of Massasoit -1676; 52 Puritan towns attacked, 12 destroyed, many colonists and Indians dead -wife and son sold as slaved, beheaded, head mounted in Plymouth

William and Mary

-1688-1689: Glorious Revolution, dethroned James II -enthroned Protestant ruers of Netherlands -dominion of NE fell apart, Andros shipped back to England

Nathaniel Bacon

-29 year old planter who led rebellion in VA (1676) -died during of disease

slavery

-7 million slaves brought from Africa from 1500 -1800 -1680s: English offered better wages, less white indentured servant, black slaves beta to outnumber white servants -made slaves Christian, couldn't/wouldn't free them -many died, more had to be imported -ringshout (religious call-response) influenced jazz music later

primogeniture

-decree that only eldest sons are eligible to inherit landed estates -younger sons such as Gilbert, Raleigh, and Drake had to find fortunes elsewhere

Powhatan

-dominated native peoples in area, chieftain -_______ Confederacy of a dozen small tribes -1st considered English allies, English raided supplies, relations tense -First and Second Anglo-________ Wars

tax-supported religions

-Anglican and Congregational churches -Anglican official faith in Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and part of New York -poor Anglican clerical reputation, College of William and Mary established -Congregationalism sprang from Puritans and Presbyterian closely related


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