APUSH Ch. 4-6.5

Mercy Otis Warren

Played significant part in boycotts of tea. She was important in writing the dissent literature that did much to fan colonial resentments. Part of the Daughters of Liberty.

April 19, 1775 - September 3, 1783

Revolutionary War

issue of slavery

South Carolina argued that slaves should be considered property in the new government were to levy taxes on each state on the basis of population.

Committees of Correspondence

Started by Samuel Adams to publicize the grievances against England throughout the colony. Inaugurated in 1772; made communities cooperation among the colonies.

The Federalist

Essays written by Alexander hamilton, James madison, and John Jay. The expanded the meanings and virtues of the constitution. They are among the most important american contributors to political theory.

April 19, 1775

Lexington and Concord.

Women's roles after Revolution

Their role did not change that much. unmarried women received some rights, but married women did not receive any rights. but in some states it was easier for them to obtain divorces. But the revolution encouraged people from both genders to reevaluate the contribution of women to the family and the society.

September 3, 1783

Treaty of Paris signed marking the end of the revolutionary war.

Declaratory Act

Asserting Parliament's authority over the colonies in all cases whatsoever. Was passed on the same day that the stamp act was repealed so Parliament could still have power over the colonies.

Patriots

People that supported the independence. These people wanted complete separation from Great Britain; they are tired of British oppression.

Beginning of the war

Where: Lexington and Concord When: April 19, 1775 What happened: British troops were sent to collect large supply of gunpowder in Concord; English troops were waiting for them. No one truly knows who fired the first shots.

Sugar Act

1764; (first one) Designed to in part eliminate the illegal sugar trade between the continental colonies and the French and Spanish West Indies, strengthened enforcement duty on sugar. Also established new vice-admiralty courts in America to try accuse smugglers-thus depriving them of the benefit of sympathetic local juries.

Benedict Arnold

Commander of small American force; He shocked American forces by becoming a traitor towards the end of the war; he conspired with British agents to betray the Patriot stronghold at West Point on the Hudson river.

Samuel Adams

Began the Sons of Liberty; the leading figure in fomenting public outrage over the Boston Massacre; Distant cousin of John Adams, most effective radical in colonies.Born in 1722; A failure in business, he became unflagging voice expressing outrage at British oppression. He spoke various times in town meetings.He proposed the creation of "committee of correspondence in Boston.

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution; included Franklin, Washington; they feared disorder, anarchy, and chaos; feared unchecked power of the masses. They wanted to place obstacles between people and the exercise of power.

Legislative Branch- which one elected by people

Includes House of Representatives and Senate. Only the House of Representatives would be elected by the people while

Shays' Rebellion

The name given to a series of protests led by Daniel Shays in 1786 and 1787 by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt. Demanded paper money tax relief, moratorium on debts, and relocation of state capital. This was failure, but it caused urgency to movement to produce a new, national constitution.

3/5 compromise

This referred to how slaves were counted when it came to both taxation and representation.

What type of Revolution was the American Revolution

This was a war for independence; Revolution of independence; felt oppressed from the British and Parliament that were overpowering them and towering them with taxes.

Antifederalist

Those who opposed the Constitution; biggest complaint was that there was no bill of rights. they believed constitution would establish tyrannical center of power in national government. feared dangers of concentrated power. They wanted o obstacle between people and exercise of power.

"The Cabinet"

Three departments: war, state, and treasury. War: Henry Knox State: Thomas Jefferson Treasury: Alexander Hamilton

Proclamation of 1763

forbidding settlers to advance beyond a line drawn along Appalachian Mountains. It failed because white settlers continued to swarm across boundary and to claim lands farther into Ohio Valley. Colonists did not like that they were being limited in this land. Gave London much more power and control.

Paul Revere

(1770)Made widely reproduced and circulated, falsely portrayed the " Boston massacre" as a carefully organized, calculated assault on a peaceful crowd. He was closely watching the British advance to Concord and Lexington and brought news back to warn the villages and farms.

Stamp Act

1765; imposed tax on most printed documents in colonies: newspaper, almanac, pamphlet, deeds, wills, and licenses. This was greeted in the colonies by the nonimportation agreements, the Stamp Act Congress, and the forced resignation of stamp agents.

Molly Pitcher

A women so named because she carried pitchers of water to soldiers on the battlefield. She watched her husband fall during one encounter and immediately took his place at a field gun.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Abandoned the ten districts established in 1784 and created single northwest Territory out of the lands north of Ohio. The territory could be divided into 3-5 territories. Prohibited slavery throughout territory.

How president would be elected

By electoral college; a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president. They wanted the president to rule for life; and the runner up would become vice president.

Changes in relationship with colonists and Great Britain

Colonists became very resistant of British control. For many men, the war was a very socializing event; they got along and formed a closer unit. British became mad because they would not help with war debt; they began to tax them: first one Sugar Act. Colonists became mad about the Proclamation Act because it restricted land expansion.

Olive Branch Petition

Conciliatory appeal to the king which British government rejected. Was made after Lexington and Concord to show what the colonies wanted. Final attempt to avoid a full-on war between the Thirteen Colonies, that the Congress represented, and Great Britain.

Albany Plan of Union

Delegates from Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York, and New England met in Albany in 1754 ti negotiate treaty with iroquois(British advised them to do this). talked about forming a colonial federation for defense against the Indians. Each colony would retain its present constitution but would grant to the new central government such powers as the authority to govern all relations with the Indians. Central government would have president general appointed and pad by king and a legislature elected by colonies. This plan presented during war, and was not approved by colonial assemblies.

Role of women during the war

Departure of men in war left women in charge of many businesses and farms. The led their own protests against price increase. Some women insisted in the army, some even went disguised as men. Some men complained that they were distracting; But women increase morale and performed tasks of cooking, laundry, and nursing.But after war, not much of their role in society changed.

Benjamin Franklin

Diplomat to France; Was one of the oldest Founding Fathers. Chairman of grand committee( to have single delegate from each state).

King George III

He became king of England in 1760 and remained king during the war. He was determined to be active and responsible monarch. He created new coalition though patronage and bribes; gained uneasy control of Parliament. Because he suffered from disease that produced insanity which caused him to be very immature and insecure. His personality contributed to instability and intransigence of British government.

George Washington

He was made commander in chief of continental Army because of his experience during the French and Indian War. he was admired and took command in June 1775. He was in the end a great war leader. Provided army with symbol of stability around which they could rally. Received military help from France and Prussia. Most successful in holding nation together.

Separation of Church and State

I 1786, Virginia enacted the Statute of Religious Liberty, written by Thomas Jefferson, which called for the complete separation of church and state.

Antislavery movements

In New England where slavery was weak, the abolishment of slavery came quickly. But in the south, prohibited further importation of slaves, but slavery remained in all the souther and border states.

Second Continental Congress

Met three weeks after Lexington and Concord in the State House in Philadelphia with delegates from every colony except Georgia. The members agreed to support the war, but the disagreed about its purpose. Some wanted complete separation and others wanted modest reforms. They adopted the Olive Branch Petition. Later adopted the "Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms".

Baron von Steuben

Military expert from Prussia that helped George Washington during the Revolutionary war.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point because the French sent foreign aid after it; October 17, 1777. Burgoyne ordered his army(British) to surrender to the Americans. Took place in New York. British mostly lost this war because they failed to understand the nature of the war.

Peace of Paris

signed in 1763 marking the end to the French and Indian War.

Marquis de Lafayette

Military expert from France; Helped with the final war in Yorktown. He was in Virginia waiting to meet up with Washington with defeat of Cornwallis.

Articles of Confederation

Congress adopted in November 1777 but was ratified in 1781. Confirmed weak, decentralized system in operation. Continental congress would survive as chief coordination agency of war efforts. gave authority to conduct war and foreign relations and to appropriate, borrow, and issue money. But did not have power to regulate trade, draft troops or levy taxes. Strengths: To declare war and make peace;To coin and borrow money; To detail with foreign countries and sign treaties; To operate post offices Weaknesses: The national government could not force the states to obey its laws;It did not have the power to tax; It did not have the power to enforce laws; Congress lacked strong and steady leadership; There was no national army or navy; There was no system of national courts; Each state could issue its own paper money; Each state could put tariffs on trade between states. (A tariff is a tax on goods coming in from another state or country.)

September 17, 1787

Constitution was signed

July 4, 1776

Declaration of Independence

Salutary neglect

an American history term that refers to an unofficial and long-term 17th & 18th-century British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England

Three Phases of the War

1st Phase: New England; British remained uncertain fifths was actually war. Bunker Hill-British suffered the most casualties in entire war. Also fought in Canada region, but was unsuccessful. Evacuation Day; British were evacuated from Boston(March 17, 1776). The departure of the British signaled the beginning of new phase 2nd Phase: The Mid-Atlantic Region; During this phase the British were in best position to win the war. Britain leader was William Howe; originally he planned to attack from south( New York) and north( Canada). He abandoned plan and attacked capital,Philadelphia and made Washington take refuge at Valley Forge. He left John Burgoyne by himself in Saratoga, New York. He was defeated and this was major turning point in the was, in favor for the Americans. 3rd Phase: South; they tried to seek people in colonies who still remained loyal to crown. This plan failed because there weren't many Loyalists because they were afraid of Patriots. Patriots also easily blended in with everyone. This phase of the conflict made war truly revolutionary, because it had an effect of mobilizing and politicizing large groups of the population who previously remained aloof in struggle. Support for independence greatly increased. But during this time was when Benedict Arnold became a turncoat when he betrayed stronghold west point on Hudson River. At one point Cornwallis was ahead, but Nathaniel Greene changed that and made Cornwallis retreat to Yorktown in Virginia. Washington marched from New York, Lafayette would meet up in Virginia, and Grasse sailed for Chesapeake Bay and York River. Cornwallis capitulated on October 17, 1781.

John Adams

1st vice president; cousin of sam adams; he was in favor of complete independence from England. he called the early American representatives abroad 'militia diplomats". He was one of the three American principals during the signing of the Treaty of Paris. In 1784 he was sent to London to resolve problems with England because they still remained on land after the treaty was signed.

Where war was fought

All battles were in America which was huge advantage; In the beginning they fought more in the north, but later they moved towards the south. They were first driven out of Boston because it was center of the most reverently init-British region in the colonies. The war then proceeded to North Carolina. Meanwhile, there were many invasion in Canada(quebec). The next phase included fighting in the New York and Pennsylvania region; Near Hudson river. The final phase was in the south.

Loyalists

Also known as Tories; Supporters of the king( British). People chose this side because they did not want war. Many Native Americans chose this side because they wanted to avoid westward expansion of the Patriots.

Great compromise

Also known as the Connecticut Compromise was an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman, along with proportional representation in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states. Each state would have two representatives in the upper house. July 16, 1787 the convention voted to accept the compromise.

Advantages/ Disadvantages at the beginning of the war

America Advantages: They were fighting on their own land; later they had the ally, France, who greatly disliked England. American Disadvantages: They were not prepared because they did not have good army; did not have any weapons. English Advantages: They had big and great army; More experience English disadvantages: France wanted to become ally of America; they did not look at the revolution as a war; were too cocky and thought they were going to win.

State of economy after the War

American trade was now on its own; this moved trade with new nations that did include England. They also began producing new clothing to get away frothier old British clothing. Encouraged growth and diversion.

Washington Crossing the Delaware

An 1851 oil-on-canvas painting by the German American artist Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze. Battle of Trenton.

Status of Religion during the War

Anglicans suffered in the war because most of them were Loyalists. The Quakers also were weakened because of their pacifism. But on the other hand, strengthened the Catholic Church. Most Catholic leaders supported Patriot cause. Did not increase in numbers, but did strengthen. Vatican then gave America Catholic hierarchy. The first American bishop was John Carroll.

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense; had emigrated from England to America. His Common Sense helped change the American outlook toward the war. He wanted to turn the anger of Americans away from parliamentary measures they were resisting and towns the English Constitution. He said that it was common sense for Americans to break completely from english government.

Boston Massacre

British government had placed four regiments of regular troops inside the city. Presence of "red coats" was a reminder of British oppression. On March 5, 1770, a crowd of dockworkers, "liberty boys", and others began pelting the sentries at the customs house with rocks and snowballs. Captain Thomas Preston of British regiment lined up several of his renin front of the building to protect it. Between all the scuffling, several British soldiers fired into the crowd, killing five people. This became graphic symbol of British oppression and brutality.

Financing through the war

Finding necessary supplies was difficult because they had no access to British markets; Congress had no authority to levy taxes directly on the people; Tried to share long term bonds; In the end, they had no choice but to issue paper money. The result was inflation. Prices rosette fantastic heights and the value of paper money plummeted; In the end they were able to finance the war by borrowing heavily from other nations.

Crispus Attucks

First killed in the Boston Massacre; May have been Native American slave; considered to be the first American casualty in the American Revolutionary War.

Role of African Americans in war

For some, it meant freedom from slavery. For others it was exposure to the concept of liberty. Brought forth some eloquent writers. During revolution anti slavery started becoming bigger issue, except in the south were slavery was important to economy.

Richard Henry Lee

From Virginia and was in favor of complete independence from Great Britain along with both John Adams and Sam Adams.

Quebec Act

Its objective was to provide civil government to French-speaking Roman Catholic inhabitants of Canada and Illinois speaking country. The law extended the boundaries of Quebec to include the French communities between Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Also granted political rights to Roman Catholics and recognized the legality of Roman Catholic Church within the enlarged province. English-speaking colonies considered this a threat; convinced some of them that a plot was aloof in London to subject Americans to tyranny of the pope.

Stamp Act Congress

James Otis persuaded his fellow members of the colonial assembly to call an intercolonial congress for action against the new tax. Met in October 1765 October in New York with delegates from nine colonies and decided to petition the king and the two houses of Parliament.

Declaration of Independence

July 4, 1776; Mostly written by Thomas Jefferson with help from Benjamin franklin and John Adams. Provided the formal justification for the actions the delegates had in fact taken two days earlier. Inspiration to other nations in the future. First one to sign was John Hancock. 4 Parts: 1. We break away fro England and tell why 2. If government doesn't protect it's people duty to establish a new one. 3. List of reasons of things king has done and why they are breaking free. 4. We now declare separate rights to make military, tax, and war. Significance for its time: encouraged Patriots to fight on and reject the idea of a peace that stopped short of winning independence. "all men are created equal" formal justification for action of delegates. Legacy: Inspiration to other nations in the future. Love liberty and the pursue of happiness.

Intolerable Acts

Known in England as the Coercive Acts. Four acts passed in 1774; closed Boston ports, reduced colonial self-government, permitted royal officers, and provided quartering of troops.

Virginia Resolves

Set of resolutions introduced by Patrick Henry. They stated that Americans possessed the same rights as the English, especially the right to taxed only by their own representatives; that Virginians should pay no taxes except those voted by the Virginia assembly. This created a impression in other colonies that the people of Virginia were more militant that they actually were.

Abigail Adams

She was a big women figure during the revolution. She wrote to her husband in 1776 that the new code was only talking about men, but that they should include women. She was calling for a very modest expansion of women's rights. She wanted new protections against abusive and tyrannical men.

Navigation Laws

Ships of the British navy were assigned to patrol american waters and search for smugglers. colonial manufacturing was to be restricted so that it would not compete with the rapidly expanding industry of Great Britain. Sugar act restricted trade of sugar with the other European countries.

Hessians

The term given to the 18th-century German auxiliaries contracted for military service by the British government, who found it easier to borrow money to pay for their service than to recruit its own soldiers. They took their name from the German state of Hesse.

First Continental Congress

Took place in September 1774 in Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia. Was caused by the passage of the Intolerable Acts. 5 Major decisions: rejected plan for colonial union under British authority, endorsed statement of grievances, approved series of resolutions; colonists made military preparations, and agreed nonimportation, non exportation, and non consumption. They formed a "continental association" to enforce the agreements. Agreed to meet next spring.

Virtual representation vs actual representation.

Virtual representation: stated that the members of Parliament, including the Lords and the Crown-in-Parliament, reserved the right to speak for the interests of all British subjects, rather than for the interests of only the district that elected them or for the regions in which they held peerages and spiritual sway. This was the British response to the First Continental Congress in the American colonies. The Congress asked for representation in Parliament in the Suffolk Resolves, also known as the first olive branch petition. Parliament claimed that their members had the well being of the colonists in mind. The Colonies rejected this premise. Actual Representation: Americans believed that every community was entitled to its own representation, elected by the people of that community and directly responsible to them.

Boston Tea Party

Was caused by the British's government attempt to maintain the East India Company's tea monopoly. Plans to prevent East India company from landing its cargoes on colonial posts. Kept tea fro leaving ports. December 16, 1773 three companies of 50 men masquerading as Mohawks passed through tremendous crowds went aboard three ships, broke open tea chests, and heaved them into the harbor. This event caused the passage of the intolerable Acts.

Judith Sargent Murray

Was one of the leading essayists of the late 18th century, wrote in 1779 that women's minds were as good as men's and that girls aw well as boys therefore deserved access to education.

Common Sense

Was written by Thomas Paine; Helped change American view on the war. Also it showed that America had to completely separate from English government.

Townshend Acts

Were a series of acts(including Mutiny/Quartering Acts) passed, beginning in 1767, by the Parliament of Great Britain relating to the British colonies in North America. The acts are named after Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who proposed the programme.

Native Americans and the War

Were persuaded to remain neutral, but still took sides. Both sides tried to recruit them to fight for them. They began siding with British because the main plan for Patriots was to move more inland. They helped, but still were defeated. Afterwards, their position got lower because of westward movement. The win of Patriots was the ultimate defeat for the Indian tribes.

Constitutional convention

Where: Philadelphia State House from May-September 1787 Why: Called by Alexander halite to over haul entire Articles of Confederation. First one in Annapolis Maryland was not as big of a success. Leaders: Washington was named president; James Madison(best prepared delegate. Who was/wasn't there: 55 men delegates from all states except Rhode Island. "Founding Fathers" oldest was Ben Franklin; John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Patrick Henry were not there. Edmund Randolph introduced Virginia Plan; William Patterson introduced the New Jersey Plan. Political Philosophy of leaders: Edmund Randolph proposed that national government should be composed of supreme Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary. Virginia Plan stated that there would be two houses; lower house based on population and upper house voted on by lower house. The New Jersey Plan stated by William Paterson proposed federal government in which each state would have equal representation but gave Congress power to tax and regulate commerce.

Changes in political/social equality in American society

White laborers enjoyed some citizenship; Black workers had none; Women remained both politically and economically subordinate; native americans were systematically exploited and displaced. The condition of a person's birth was almost always a crucial determinant of success.

French and Indian War

Who fought: Between English( including some colonists) and French/Indians(iriquois). Why: They were fighting over control in North America. War for dominance in world trade and naval power. In 1750s conflicts arose because they expanded, mostly because of Louis XIV's search for power. Where: Mostly in Ohio Valley. Outcomes: The French lose most powers in America will Britain gain them; but this marks the beginning of the revolution to come. americans seem more united after war and cause tensions.