APUSH CH. 9

the spending of government funds for the construction of roads to support growing commercial activity in the interior of the United States and its territories.

False: The spending was not considered an important investment because water routes could handle most of the transportation needs of farmers and other businessmen in the United States.

how Eli Whitney actually became wealthy.

Idea for interchangeable parts, as well as manufacturing rifles with these parts for the U.S. government.

the importance of the Missouri Compromise.

It admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state to preserve the free state-slave state balance in the U.S. Senate. It mandated that all states after Missouri which were located north of the 36 ° 33 ° north parallel, the southern border of Missouri, would be admitted as free states. It created opposition from most northerners in the House and the Senate and support from almost all U.S. Senators and U.S. Representatives from the South.

the significance of cotton production becoming a marketable export crop for the United States in the early 1800s.

It led to the rapid development of new lands, especially the great plantations of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. It led to the development and growth of the New England factory system in the mill center of Lowell, Massachusetts and then to factories and factory towns all over the New England region. Coastal and transatlantic shipping industries also expanded to meet the growing export demand of southern cotton to the mills of New England and the cotton mills in England.

how Francis Cabot Lowell contributed to the development of the Industrial Revolution in America.

Lowell and his colleagues first turned to single young men from cities as workers for their giant looms and mills.

the importance of higher tariffs on imported raw materials and goods advanced by Speaker of the House Henry Clay.

Southern cotton planters.

what distinguished the black belt region of cotton production from other cotton production areas such as South Carolina.

The planters in the highly fertile black belt could produce three times more pounds of cotton per acre than cotton planters could in coastal South Carolina.

how new leaders often emerge within the slavery community on a plantation.

These new leaders were often preachers and deacons selected by other slaves.

what was the most common action taken by slave owners in Virginia, Maryland, or the Carolinas to maintain discipline and deter perceived troublemakers in the slave quarter?.

They threatened the sale of these rebellious slaves to interior plantations, separating the troublemaking slaves from their families and birthplace.

key points of the "American System."

banks; tariffs; roads and infrastructure; federal versus state powers and responsibilities; winners and losers as a result of Clay's proposals

the improvements to commercial shipping through the first three decades of the 1800s through business and technological innovations.

ensured a steady stream of cotton for English mills and steady profits for U.S. cotton growers in the 1820s and 1830s.

the importance of the Supreme Court decision in Gibbons v. Ogden

held that since New York harbor connected New York and New Jersey, the ferry service between the two states involved interstate commerce, which only Congress could control, thus, making Ogden's state-awarded monopoly unconstitutional.

the importance of the Supreme Court decision in Worcester v. Georgia

held that the state of Georgia could not regulate private dealings by U.S. citizens within the territory controlled by the Cherokee tribe because the Indian tribe's sovereign rights were subject only to the federal government.

how on the return trip from England, the ships that brought cotton from the United States included what in return

iron and steel tools from England. wine from France. manufactured goods that the United States produced but often could be imported to America for less than it cost to be manufactured domestically.

the cultural activities that slaves undertook in their communities covertly and always without the permission of their white owners.

learning to read and write

the Era of Good Feelings.

masked underlying political, economic, and social tensions and conflicts that would explode with surprising force in the 1820s.

the objectives of the construction of the Erie Canal.

providing farmers along its route a link to regional markets to sell their crops. a connection for all of New York to the growing Ohio region and eventually to the Mississippi River. solving a series of complex engineering problems that had prevented previous New York upstate canal plans from going forward.

how New York served as a vital source of support for the cotton industry.

providing necessary financing through its banks, the New York Stock Exchange, investment houses, and insurance companies to borrow funds and pay off loans to sustain the industry.

the importance of President-elect Andrew Jackson's political agenda and electoral victory in 1828.

reflected his concerns for the economic and political interests of a broad spectrum of white America.

how the development of steamboats transformed trade on the Mississippi River.

steamboats could travel up the river against the current; in contrast, large riverboats could not travel upstream and they had to be sold for lumber when they reached their downstream destination. steamboats were much faster boats than the large riverboats and could cut the travel time down the Mississippi River by two-thirds. steamboats proved to be very profitable for their operators and commercially viable for farmers sending their goods upstream and downstream on the river.

who were the core supporters of the new Whig Party that emerged in the 1830s?.

National Republicans who supported the Adams-Clay American System and politically opposed Jacksonian Democrats in 1828 and the 1830s.

the brutality and harshness of the slave trading business.

Run away when they could, though they were often recaptured and sold again. Murder slave traders to escape to the British colonies, such as the Bahamas, where they could find freedom. Fall into great despair, depression, and even suicide.

the explosive growth of slavery developed in the interior cotton-growing lands of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

Slaves to their white owners increased even more than the value of the new land on which they labored increased.

the greatest cotton production in North America during the early 1800s.

The so-called black belt, stretching from Georgia west to Louisiana.

who did most of the arduous work of planting, hoeing, and picking the cotton that was grown in the rich new territory known then as the Old Southwest.

African slaves

The reasons for the deteriorating working conditions and declining wages experienced by factory girls in the mills of New England towns during the 1830s and 1840s.

An agricultural depression in New England foreclosed the possibility of these young women quitting their factory jobs and returning home, leaving these workers with little economic leverage. The increased domestic and English competition from new mill owners who built large, cost-efficient operations in New England and England for an international cotton market depressed workers' wages in the 1830s and 1840s. The strikes initiated by these young women in the 1830s and 1840s against mill factory owners failed to result in any improvement of their wages and working conditions.20) Know and describe how New York become the center of the nation's cotton economy after the War of 1812.

the impact of commercial advertisements by mill owners in publications such as the Lowell Offering in the early 1800s and what they were attempting to accomplish.

Attracted new investors to the business. Attracted new young single women from New England farms to work in the mill factories and live in the mill towns. Exaggerated the benevolence of the mill owners and the healthy and virtuous working conditions and good life of the young single women who labored in these factories and lived in these factory towns.

how the federal government played a key role in the development and white settlement of Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and the Carolinas shortly after the War of 1812.

Beginning official surveys and legal sales of land.

the economic and political developments that made slavery a highly contested political issue by 1820.

Cotton's vital role in making slaves much more valuable as either cotton workers or "products" to be sold in the lucrative slave trade. Growing hostility to slavery including calls for its immediate abolition by a small, but growing, number of northerners. Northern strategic political objections resulting from slavery giving the South a political advantage in the House of Representatives because of the three-fifths compromise in the Constitution.

how New York become the center of the nation's cotton economy after the War of 1812.

It already had miles of docks to accommodate a heavy level of shipping and a community of merchants to support the financial management and organization of the cotton economy. Its port was also accessible by coastal vessels from southern ports where the South's cotton was shipped north to New York and then reshipped either across the Atlantic to English ports or up Long Island Sound to Boston for New England mills. An established port already, it had experienced workers, including dockworkers and longshoremen, to handle the hundreds of ships that did business there.

the importance of presidential election of 1824.

The failure of any candidate to gain a majority in the Electoral College, requiring the House of Representatives to determine the outcome of the contest. It marked the first time that popular appeal became the most significant factor in a presidential election, as manifested in the candidacy of Battle of New Orleans war hero Andrew Jackson. Allegations of political machinations by the speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay to assure the election of John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson.

the developments in the late 1790s led to the rapid expansion of cotton production in the United States in the early 1800s.

The growing preference of Europeans for cotton clothing to the wool and linen clothing they had previously worn. A set of technological changes including the "flying shuttle," the spinning jenny, the "water frame," and the cold-powered steam engine that made the mass production of cotton technologically possible and cheaper to produce. Legal and illegal Transfer of cotton-related technology from England to the United States.

the importance of the financial mechanisms became a permanent and important feature of American economic life after 1815.

The limited liability corporation with many stockholders and secure charters that could not be altered or withdrawn by government

the effect of the first strikes waged by the factory girls in the 1830s and 1840s protesting the working conditions they labored under in New England textile mill factories.

The strikes failed miserably as the young women workers were unsuccessful in improving their pay or their working conditions, and women remained working and living in these factory towns.

why young single women from rural areas of New England were attracted to the employment opportunities in the new factory mills of Lowell and other similar towns?.

These jobs offered the women the prospect of independence, the opportunity to earn their own money, and to escape from the depressed New England economy.

the action that exacerbated the Panic of 1819, sending the national economy into a widespread depression that affected all Americans.

the Bank of the United States and state banks limited credit and called in loans to try to protect themselves

The presidential election of 1828

the emergence of Senator Martin Van Buren of New York as the primary architect of Andrew Jackson's successful presidential campaign. A hotly contested and nasty political campaign involving incumbent President John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson during which malicious personal allegations overwhelmed partisan disagreements about the American System. Many features of modern presidential elections including get-out-the-vote efforts, voters choosing presidential electors by popular vote for slates pledged to one candidate, and presidential election materials such as slogans, mugs, buttons, and posters.

the debates in Congress in 1819 about whether Missouri would be admitted as a free state or a slave state.

were punctuated by heated political rhetoric including threats of disunion that was harsher than Congress had heard in a long time.