APUSH Chapter 1-9, 11-19

Deseret

Mormons around Salt Lake (Utah) drafted a basic law for this to be a state was most of the Mexican cession (+ slice of coast from Los Angeles -> San Diego)

"wicked machinations"

Name Jackson gave to the criticisms by Floride Calhoun and the other Cabinet wives

Far Northwest

Nebraska, Washington, and Oregon Territories

William Graham Sumner

Yale sociologist who said the Industrial Revolution "controls us all because we are all in it" he and others experienced the Second Industrial Revolution

why improve communication?

- Long time for information to travel on Atlantic seaboard - News takes longer to get from/to Europe: 49 days before they knew about Treaty of Ghent

Mulberry Grove

- plantation in Georgia that discussed ideas on how to separate cotton from seeds faster (home of Catherine Greene)

Charles Lynch

- planter from VA; set up vigilante courts to punish Loyalists by "lynching" them (whipping them)

Artisans

- refused slave labor - Major cities→ politics and unions

Second Confiscation Act

(July 17, 1862) liberated slaves held by anyone aiding the rebellion

Juan de Oñate

(1598) given a land grant for northern territory of Mexico above the Rio Grande promised *Pueblos* that Spanish dominions would bring peace, justice, prosperity, and protection; conversion gave "eternal life of great bliss"

Carthage

(June 27, 1844) the town where an anti-Mormon lynch mob of masked men stormed the jail that held Smith and his brother and killed them

Promontory, Utah

(May 10, 1869) Leland Stanford drove a gold spike into the ground here to symbolize the transcontinental railroad's completion

Tariff of 1828

(Tariff of Abominations) pushed rates up almost 50% of the value of imported goods

Popé

(1680) Pueblo religious leader who led an uprising against the Spanish

Princeton University

(1746) originally the "College of New Jersey" *Presbyterian*

Brown University

(1764) originally the "College of Rhode Island" *Baptist*

Thomas Paine

- wrote "The American Crisis"

"ironclad" oath

required federal officials since 1862

three different subregions of the old south

these regions had very different economic interests and degree of commitment to slavery lower south middle south upper/border south

Concord

where the militia's gunpowder was stored 20 miles northwest of Boston

Harvard College

(1636) formed because the *Puritans* didn't want to leave an illiterate ministry behind after all the literate people died

Montgomery Ward and Company

(1870s) bean selling goods at a 40% discount through ail-order catalogs

"camp followers"

- Women and children who followed the Continental Army during the American Revolution, providing vital services such as cooking and sewing in return for rations.

Isaac Merritt Singer

- improved the sewing machine design

James Watt

- improved the steam engine (1765) - BG= origin of the expanding world market / manufactured goods

Theaters

- most popular form of indoor entertainment in 1st ½ of 19th century

Torytown

- nickname given to New York City; due to the extreme amount of Loyalists that remained in the city after the Continentals retreated

Ferdinand Schumacher

- peddled flaked oatmeal in Ohio→ part of the Quaker Oats Company

Thomas Jefferson

-Department of State under Washington (later resigns because Washington did not support the French Revolution)

Compromise of 1790

-if the north gave enough votes for the capital to be on the Potomac River, then the south would guarantee enough votes to pass Hamilton's Financial Plan

two major issues with the Virginia / New Jersey Plans

1) should they make changes to the Article of Confederation, or should they draft a whole new document? gov't needed to levy taxes, regulate commerce, fund military, and make laws. States must be *denied* rights to give money, make treaties, declare war, order taxes 2) should congressional representation be done by population or by state? resolved by *the Great Compromise*

Ratification of the Constitution

1) smaller states first 2) MA first close vote 3) NH 9th state 4) VA / NY approve

PROCLAMATION OF NEUTRALITY

1. The U.S. would remain uninvolved in the war. 2. Washington believed the U.S. was militarily and economically unprepared for war.

number of states created out of the western territories by 1900

12

XYZ Affair

1797- French officials demanded a payment from U.S. diplomats in order to begin negotiation

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator" one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society biggest foe of slavery

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

1830 Georgia law required whites in Cherokee territory to get licenses that proved their residence there and take an oath of allegiance to the state Two NE missionaries among the Indians refused to do this and sentenced 4 years of labor went to Supreme Court Marshall ruled that the Cherokee Nation was "a distinct political community" that Georgia couldn't control

Stagecoaches

4mph, lots of people

Andrew Jackson

7th president of the United states January 1835 was the first president to be a target of assassination, by the nation

Urban

8,000 people or more, pop. grew more than rural

lobster backs

British soldiers (in Boston)

"Eastern Band"

Cherokees that held out in the mountains and acquired title to federal land in North Carolina instead of going on the Trail of Tears

April 12, 861

Confederate shelling of Fort Sumter began

Bohemians

Czech immigrants

grannies

Elderly slaves women that took care of kids while moms worked outside

BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE

Governor William Henry Harrison and 1,000 troops defeated the Shawnee

"good as gold"

Grant's call for the redemption of greenback in gold raised greenback value = to value of gold dollar

Hispaniola

Island named by Columbus (now Haiti / Dominican Republic)

Amos Bad Heart Bull

Oglala Sioux painter

BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE

Oliver Hazard Perry's victory in the War of 1812 at this Battle

Battle of Trenton

On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Deleware River. The next morning, they suprise attacked the British mercenaries which were Hessians.

Cyprien Ricard

Paid $250,000 for an estate that had 91 slaves

Emancipation Act of 1833

Parliament ended slavery in Britain by passing this law slaveholders were paid to give up their "human property"

Tar Heels

People from North Carolina that helped produce pine tar

Charles Goodnight

Texas cattle rancher who said: "we were adventurers in a great land as fresh and full of the zest darers"

Virginia Company had two divisions

The first colony was of London while the second was of Plymouth. King James assigned to the Virginia Company an explicit religious mission. "Christian Religion" They said Indians lived in darkness and ignorance for not worshiping GOD.

Salmon P. Chase

Treasury Department

VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Report on Manufactures

a program of government aid to strengthen manufacturing + decrease dependence on imports

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Sarah Good Sarah Osborne *Tituba*

accused of witchcraft ("satan's servants") and arrested

Moroni

an angel that was the son of the prophet Mormon last survivor if the Nephrite and had been visited by Jesus after his crucifixion and resurrection

religious energy / social idealism

brought major reforms and advances in human rights during the first half of the 19th century disappointments from _________ started cynicism and alienation

bale

compressed bundle of cotton that weighs between 400-500 pounds

African Americans achieved rights and opportunities that would never again be taken away, at least in principle

equality before the law and the rights to own property carry on business enter professions attend schools and learn to read and write

1866 to 1886

era of cowboy came and went as the long cattle drives transformed into more rail lines and refrigerated rail cars

Whig Leaders and W.H.Harrison

expected him to be flexible; a tool in the hands of the most important and smartest statesmen

customs duties

fees levied on imports / exports (1670) the government appointed collectors of these

American Colonization Society

first large scale anti-slavery effort proposed to return slaves to Africa supporters: James Madison, James Monroe, Henry Clay, John Marshall, and Daniel Webster

April 4, 1861

first major crisis of Lincoln's presidency Lincoln was urged to withdraw troops from Fort Sumter to preserve peace but he believed that giving this up was giving up the Union ordered ships to be sent to Charleston to resupply all 69 of the federal soldiers at Fort Sumter

Starbuck

first mate of the Pequot from Moby-Dick coffee shop is named after this!!!

Charles Granson Finney

former lawyer that was the most successful evangelist in the burned-over district (1830-1831) preached for 6 months in upstate NY= 3 evening a week, 3 time on Sunday, and 100,000 conversions claimed it was "the greatest revival of religion... since the world began" audiences were wealthier "The Lord, was aiming at the conversion of the highest classes of society" questioned what role the individual plays in earning salvation' insisted that the only thing preventing conversion was the individual sinner must choose salvation by embracing the promise of Jesus transformed revivals into popular spectacles

Caribbean

gave the Spanish power in America colonies on Hispaniola: Sante Domingo to the capital of West Indies (1508) Puerto Rico (1511-1514) Cuba

Winfield Scott

general in chief of the army politically ambitious Whig Polk put him in charge of the southern Texas front; taken away when Scott argued with Polk's sec. of war

Lord Sandwich

head of the British navy dismissed the colonists as "raw, undisciplined, cowardly men"

James Buchanan

head of the Pennsylvania Democrats declared that Martin Van Buren's stance against annexing pro-slavery Texas would cost him [M.V.B.] the Democratic party nomination

Charles Francis Adams Jr.

head of the Union Pacific Railroad "Our method of doing business is founded upon lying, cheating, and stealing- all bad things"

"Five Civilized Tribes"

held African American slaves and felt a natural bond with southern whites Oklahoma's closeness to Texas influenced the Choctaws and Chickasaws to support the Confederacy Cherokees, Creeks, and Seminoles were more divided as the war fractured their unity

DEATH RATE OF INDIAN SLAVES WAS 2X THE AMOUNT OF BLACK SLAVES IN THE DEEP SOUTH

important

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

lead a parallel effort (of the socialist party) to revive industrial unionism emerged (1893) Western Federation of Miners organized at Butte, Montana designed to be "one big union," including skilled and unskilled workers roots of mining and lumber camps were unstable seasonal conditions of employment created a large number of nomadic workers *Wobblies* goal: *the ultimate destruction of the government and its replace- ment by one big union* destroyed during WW1 when most of its leaders were jailed for conspiracy because of their militant opposition to American entry into the war

Southern Region in 1900

least urban least industrial least educated least prosperous

Jefferson Davis

lieutenant of the regular army of the Black Hawk War

Confederate finances

new confederate gov't had to create a treasury and a revenue-collecting bureaucracy from scratch land-rich but cash-poor owned 30% of assets in 1861 and 12% of currency had a tax of 0.5% on most forms of property (1863) began taxing everything but poorly enforced it taxes: less than 5% bonds: less than 33% treasury notes: 66% +

Amendment 8

no cruel and unusual punishment

State Militiamen

often frontier people who didn't have uniforms, standard equipment, or discipline engaged in stealing, rape, and murder

Benjamin Franklin

oldest delegate of the Constitutional Convention didn't say much but gave a lot of experience, wit, and common sense behind the scenes

ANTI FEDERALISTS

opponents of ratification of the new U.S. Constitution

Independent Treasury Act

opposition between Whigs and Democrats who feared deflation By Van Buren backed up by a more open policy regarding federal land sales

muslims

pagans not wanted for slavery(?)

Samuel Gompers

petitioner who said "I abhor anarchy, but I also abhor injustice when meted out even to the most despicable being on earth." president of the AFL focused on: concrete economic gains higher wages shorter hours better working conditions *avoided involvement with utopian ideas or politics*

reformation

protestant vs. Roman Catholic persecuted, imprisoned, tortured, and killed each other

Anabaptists

rejected infant baptism wanted separation of church and state

"Conscience Whigs"

rejected the slaveholding nominee of their party (Zachary Taylor) northern businessmen centered in MA (1854) formed and attracted more northern Whigs opposed to slavery and split from rest of the Whig party and joined into what is now the Republican party

Great Awakening

religious movement that emphasized the individualists strand embedded in Protestantism the first popular movement before the American Revolution that spanned across all 13 colonies want to restore power to the Church

Orthodox Christians

remained the majority in the United States couldn't distinguish Deism from atheism enlightenment rationalism began to progress American Protestantism

Edwin M. Stanton

secretary of war who wrote a letter to former pres. Buchanan and declared that the Battle of Bull Run was a result of Lincoln's "imbecility"

Leif Erikson

son of Erik the Red (A.D. 1001) sighted present-day *Newfoundland*, Canada

Charleston Mercury

spoke for most South Carolinians when it declared that "the existence of slavery is at stake" in the balloting editor called for secession in the southern states if the abolitionist white man got the White House

Deseret

state formed by Mormons "Land of the Honeybee"

1850 legislative session

statesmen gathered in Washington D.C. to discuss slavery in new territories, Texas' claim to half of the NM Territory, etc.

Enlightenment rationalism (ideas in 19th century)

stressed humankind's inherent goodness rather than an inherent wickedness encouraged a belief in social progress and the promise of individual perfectibility

Frederick Douglass

stressed that military service was the best route for African Americans to gain the rights of citizenship

Nathaniel Hawthorne

supreme writer of the New England group never shared the optimism of his neighbors or their perfectionist belief in reform haunted by the knowledge of evil given to him by his Puritan ancestors (John Hathorne; judge at the Salem trials)

what did Lincoln do to keep Maryland a Union state?

suspended the writ of habeas corpus ordered federal troops to arrest pro-Confederate leaders

new products

telephones typewriters adding machines sewing machines cameras elevators farm machinery *created lower prices for many consumer items*

"Bleeding Kansas" "Bleeding Sumner" "Bully Brooks"

the three "B's" that set the tone for the next presidential election the parties couldn't ignore the slavery issue

Habeas Corpus

under this, judges can require arresting officers to give their prisoners and justify their arrest

Chaparreras (chaps)

worn by cowboy's to protect their legs

Miners' National Association

a weak union the Mollies had dominated (1876) destroyed during the trials with the Mollies

Compromise of 1877

Deal made by a special congressional commission on March 2, 1877, to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876 Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, who had lost the popular vote, was declared the winner in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, marking the end of Reconstruction

Massachusetts Government Act

(1774) made all of Boston's civic officers appointive rather than elective declared that sheriffs would select jurors demanded that no town meeting could be held without the royal governor's consent *Thomas Gage*

Henry David Thoreau was really a king we did not deserve him smh

"The mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation" "I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately ... and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived"

Henry VII

(1485) England; came out of the *Wars of the Roses* victorious

Bartholomeu Dias

(1488) went around the *Cape of Good Hope* before his crew made him turn around was looking for maritime route to the Indies

Treaty of Tordesillas

(1494) compromise between Portugal and Spain that drew an imaginary line west of the Cape Verde Islands gave western area to Spain Africa / Brazil was given to Portugal (16th Century) Spain developed American Empire and Portugal supplied the Empire with enslaved Africans

"force bill"

1833 Jackson asked Congress to make this bill allows Jackson to use the army to defend federal law in SC Jackson already had this but he needed this to strengthen his powers

"Rendezvous system"

(1820s) trappers, traders, and Indians from the Rocky Mountains gathered annually (usually in/near the Grand Tetons) to trade pelts / hides (1840s) western fur trade ended bc the beavers had been hunted nearly to extinction by Indians / French trappers

Elizabeth Blackwell:

(Ohio) gained admission to Geneva Medical College of Western New York even though it was disapproved by faculty Long career as a professor of gynecology at the London School of Medicine for Women

Titusville

(Pennsylvania) (1859) first oil well began producing here -> Pennsylvania oil rush

Fort Caroline

(Sept. 1565) French *Huguenot* colony that was attacked by the Spanish (*St. Augustine* soldiers)

Steamboats

- Travel upstream and downstream= cross country trade and agricultural empire= most money came from this - Villages at the good trading spots= the center of commerce and urban life - New Orleans= (1830-40) lead all other ports into exports

Teaching

- a convenient first job that offered independence and stature, as well as an alternative to the rural isolation of farming

Iroquois Confederacy

- a group of Native American nations in eastern North America joined together under one general government

Patrick Henry

- a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799)

Boston King

- a runaway; said he saw white slave owners seizing upon "their slaves in the streets of New York, or even dragging them out of their beds."

Seminaries

- private academies for girls started by church groups and civic leaders - Seen as finishing school for women ,added courses of liberal arts - Liberal arts: philosophy, music, literature, Latin, and Greek.

National Land Law of 1820

- reduced the price of federal land, little as $100. - Increase of state banks= more possible to keep buying land on credit

Express system

- riders got on horses at relay stations to bring messages places - Areas west of App. mtns.= still struggled to get deliveries on time and the news on time

Preemption

- right of squatter to purchase land at minimum $

water transportation

- river steamboats, flatboats, canal barges= carry people and agricultural products= cheaper than wagons

Vermont Constitution of 1777

- state constitution that specifically outlawed slavery

General Anthony Wayne

-sent to lead military into northwest -built Fort Greenville

Scots-Irish

Presbyterians transplanted fro Scotland to Northern Ireland to give that Catholic country a more Protestant tone

Homestead Act of 1862

federal gov't distributed 160-acre homesteads to citizens included women / feed slaves

Thomas Hart Benton

denounced "Foot Resolution" as a northern attempt to slow settlement of West land so that the East could get cheap factory labor / political leverage

Plantation vs Farm

larger in size large enslaved labor force under separate control and supervision grow staple crops (cotton, rice, tobacco, and sugarcane) difference between management and labor <-> often worked side by side with slaves at the same tasks

Gilbert Livingston

man from New York who called the constitutional debate the "greatest transaction" of lives

"The Union is Dissolved!"

A handbill announcing South Carolina's secession from the Union

ERA OF GOOD FEELING

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

"Appeal of the Independent Democrats"

published by 6 anti-slavery congressmen said the proposed Kansas-Nebraska Act was a violation of the Missouri Compromise urged Americans to use anything to defeat the bill and save the US from the domination for slavery

Lecompton Constitution (1858)

Proposed Kansas state constitution protected the rights of slaveholders already in Kansas and provided referendum in which voters could vote for the "Constitution with Slavery" or the "Constitution with no Slavery" supported by President Buchanan but rejected by the House of Representatives (August 2, 1858) Kansas voters rejected this (11,300:1,788) and now Kansas was in the hands of a new anti-slavery legislature

Lyman Beecher

Presbyterian minister that moved to Boston one of the champions of revivalism stressed that the Second Great Awakening was not focused on promoting individual conversions "reform human society"

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action became the best known black man in America

James H. Hammond

sent a letter where he declared that SC didn't want to create a Republican Nationality for herself apart from the other southern states

Huguenots

French Protestant that established the first American Colonies of France South Carolina / Florida coast

Alexis de Tocqueville

French visitor that noted "no country in the world where the Christian religion retains a greater influence over the souls of men than in America"

Richard Montgomery

General who led a Patriot force to Quebec most of his soldiers were going to have to be paid by the end of the year; couldn't wait for the smallpox to leave (December 31, 1775) attacked British forced at Quebec killed in battle

Mennonites

German Baptists with Quaker beliefs liked the idea of religious freedom in Pennsylvania since they were a persecuted group of people

people involved in the Leg. Session in 1850

Henry Clay John C. Calhoun Daniel Webster William H. Seward Stephen A. Douglas Jefferson Davis

Nauvoo

Mormon community built on the banks of the Mississippi River in Illinois in the 1840s Hebrew word that means "beautiful land"

duke of york

Named New York originally the Netherlands

Law of April 6, 1830

Mexico outlawed further American immigration into Texas (after Andrew Jackson asked to buy it) land encouraged Mexicans to migrate north into Texas to balance the American presence

how many people were in each army of the war with Mexico?

U.S. (before) = 7,000 Mexico (before) = 32,000 U.S. (during) = 78, 718 troops; 31,000 were reg. army troops/marines; others were state militiamen

E Pluribus Unum

U.S. motto "out of many"

Richard Lawrence

Unemployed house painter who tried to assassinate Jackson but his pistol misfired Jackson charged at him with his walking stick _________ pulled out another pistol but it too misfired thought Jefferson was the king of England who had tried to kill his sister

West Virginia

Unionists in western Virginia that organized a loyal government that formed a new state with the help of the Ohio Union army (1863) Congress admitted this to the Union with a constitution that provided for gradual freeing of slaves there

TREATY OF GHENT

formally ended the war, December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Anthony Burns

a runaway Virginia slave that Boston had taken in (see A B incident) the last fugitive slave to be returned from Boston soon freed through purchase by the African American community of Boston

Gaining Oregon, Texas, California, and the New Southwest made the United States

a transcontinental nation extending authority expanded the ability of the federal gov't (1849) Congress creates the Department of the Interior Polk assumed that expansion would strengthen the Union but he was wrong

Thaddeus Stevens

argued that the Confederate states should be viewed as conquered provinces under rule of the victors the "whole fabric of southern society must be changed."

Slavery in the Antebellum South

became so such a powerful and profitable part of economic development that it blocked domestic and international criticism raised economy lived off of its own fields

A Treatise on Domestic Economy

became standard housekeeping guide for middle class women,

real wages and earnings in manufacturing

because of a long-term decline in prices and the cost of living they: (1860-1890) went up about 50% (1890- 1914) went up 37%

Daniel Webster (W-H Debate)

denied that the East had ever shown restrictive policy towards the West Pulled Hayne into defending states' rights and upholding the doctrine of nullification

Walker's Appeal

denounced the hypocrisy of Christians in the slaveholding South endorsing the practice of race-based human bondage

LOWELL SYSTEM

dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills

Morrill Tariff

doubled the average level of import duties

Wilderness Road

passage to Kentucky built by Daniel Boone

Samuel A. Foot (1829) Foot Resolution

proposed that the federal government restrict land sales in the West

"border ruffians"

the name given to the people who came from Missouri into Kansas and illegally voted for pro-slavery during the election vowed to kill every "********ed abolitionist in the Territory" (quizlet detected profanity and starred it out smh)

"hydra-headed monster of corruption"

the name that Jackson gave the B.U.S.

the Santa Fe Trail

the route that entrepreneurs went on from St. Louis -> Santa Fe thousands risked their lives along this trial to exploit $ opportunities from trading with Mexicans created the organized caravans for common protection

worst aspect of domestic slave trade

the separation of children from parents and husbands from wives only Louisiana / Alabama (1852) forbade separating a child younger than 10 from their parents no state forbade separation of husband from wife

colonial dependency of south (economically)

the south needed northern industry and commerce cotton and tobacco were exported mainly by northern vessels needed northern merchants for imported goods south depended on north like colonies had depended on England

Protestant Wind

the storm that crippled the *Spanish Armanda* and allowed England to win "God blew and they were dispersed" loss marked the start of English Naval supremacy

Book of Mormon

the supposedly lost "gospel" of the Bible that was buried 1,400 years before Joseph Smith had found it 588 pages, published in 1830 includes portions of the King James Bible but claims that a new prophet will visit the Americas where the human race will be redeemed and Native Americans will be turned white

what did revivalists and rationalists have in common?

they believed that people could improve the world by improving people (but not everyone wanted to be reformed, especially by others)

John Jacob Astor:

wealthiest man in America ($20 million at death in 1848) made fortune through western fur trade, then into NY real estate

William Byrd II

wealthy Virginia planter that said having lots of slaves was what made people unhappy, but it was necessary for severity

Chief Spotted Tail

when discussion of a peace compromise came about, this chief said: "Tell your people that since the Great Father promised that we should never be removed, we have been moved five times. . . I think you had better put the Indians on wheels and you can run them about wherever you wish."

FEDERALISTS

supporters of ratification of the new U.S Constitution

Ambrose P. Hill

the consummate fighter who challenged one commander to a duel and feuded with Stonewall Jackson eager fighter, poor strategist (December 13, 1862) sent the 122,000 men in the Army of the Potomac west across the Rappahannock River to attack Lee's forces

Peter Cartwright

the most successful circuit rider and became famous for his highly charged sermons went across Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Indiana to preach a sermon every day for 20+ years message: salvation is free for all to embrace

sharecroppers

worked the owner's land in return for seed, fertilizer, supplies, and a share of the crop (1/2) had nothing other than labor to their names

George II

(1727-1760) German prince who was next in the Protestant line of succession bc related to *James I* under this monarch, the cabinet emerged as the central agency of royal administration (Oct. 25, 1760) died on his toilet

New Jersey Assembly

(1744) one colonist noted that this assembly was "chiefly composed of mechanics and ignorant wretches; obstinate to the last degree"

John Dickinson

(July 6-8, 1775) wrote the Olive Branch Petition

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union

- America's first written constitution. Adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777, the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were the formal basis for America's national government until 1789, when they were superseded by the Constitution

Alexander T. Stewart

- owner of nation's largest department store

Women in mills

- skilled hands with machines and willing to work for lower wages than men

Labor unions

- took form of local trade unions= confined to one city and one craft

Treaty of Greenville

US gained most native land in northwest

Star of the West

a ship sent by Pres. Buchanan to NYC's harbor with reinforcements to give provisions to Fort Sumter in Charleston's harbor (Jan. 9, 1861) Confederate cannons opened fire and drove it away

"anxious bench"

a pew where people struggled to confess their sins and seek conversion and forgiveness assisted by friends and neighbors helping to "pray them through" the intense experience

George Mason

author of *"Virginia Declaration of Rights"* slave-holding planter who didn't want slavery in the West south rejected this because they said slave trade was good for the economy had deep-rooted suspicion of government

average working hours

average work week = 59 hrs (6, 10 hour days) steelworkers = twelve-hour day (1920s) 7 days, 84 hour weeks

Township Grants

awarded (usually) to an organized group petition for a town divided up acres over time, land was commonly divided into separate farms that were distant from the close-knit village

salutary neglect

policy that the British followed under the leadership of *Robert Walpole* gave the colonies greater freedom to pursue their economic interests and claim greater political freedoms *would create an independent attitude among colonists that would blossom into revolution*

Matrilineal

property / social status from mom rather than dad husband went to bride's family

TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION

rapid growth in the speed and convenience of transportation; in the United States this began in the early 1800s

The chief accomplishment of the New South

the dramatic expansion of the region's textile industry

Pennsylvania Oil Rush

the economic importance of the oil rush soon passed California gold rush before the end of the Civil War there were drilling derricks in western PA refineries in Pittsburgh / Cleveland

Unitarian(s)

believe that Jesus was a saintly man but he was not divine people are not inherently depraved; they are capable of doing lots f good things and all of them are available to salvation "liberal" churches adopted this name

Chinese

blamed for the financial depression (1880s) harassment and persecution peaked as Congress restricted immigration from China (1892) Congress passed the Geary Act Congress passed the Dog Tag Law not allowed to testify in court or receive bail in habeas corpus proceedings

religion

both the North and South saw the war as a righteous crusade believed they were fighting a holy war with God's divine favor Clergymen: Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish- were among the most partisan advocates of the war because they were so certain that God was on their side and would ensure victory

Denmark Vesey Slave Rebellion (1822)

contributed to SC's panic, but this uprising was ended quickly

Andrew Pickens Butler

elderly senator from South Carolina that Charles Sumner called for censure "chosen a mistress...who...though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight- I mean the harlot, Slavery/"

Ralph Waldo Emerson

embodied the transcendentalist gospel originally a Unitarian parson but quit before he was 30 dismissed all religious groups became an essayist, poet ,and popular speaker on the lecture circuit preached the sacredness of Nature and celebrating the virtues of optimism, self-reliance and individual's unlimited potentials

United States

was an infant republic founded by religious seekers and economic adventurers

merchants

were prevented from going back to old trade with islands in the British West Indies called for trade reprisals against the British

eastern theater (east of the Appalachians)

nothing before May 1862

Auburn Penitentiary

opened in NY (1816) prisoners of Auburn had separate cells and only gathered for meals and group labor

Nathaniel Hawthorne

writer; said trains disrupted life with speeding everything up

Mary Burton

16 yr old indentured servant that told police of a "conspiracy" between slaves / poor whites to burn the whole city down said *John Ury* was a Jesuit Priest who wanted to burn Manhattan (*The Great Conspiracy of 1741* contributor, which ended when too many important people were named as conspirators)

Great Basin Indian Tribes (west of the Rocky Mountains along the California coast)

lived in small villages gathered wild plants and acorns; good at fishing in the rivers and bays (no listed tribes)

Presidios

military garrisons

polygamy

more wives = more buffalo = captive brides

"peculiar institution"

even though not all whites of the south owned slaves but supported this the profitability of owning slaves the psychological appeal of racial superiority this formed a sense of racial unity that connected and brought white social classes together enforced by a system of brutal force which defined people as property

"complex marriage"

every man is married to every woman and vice versa

Thomas Hart Benton

explained what happened at the Democratic convention the single-minded preoccupation with the southern delegates only foreshadowed a national disaster in the form of secession and civil war

Confederate constitution

explicitly invoked the guidance of Almighty God asserted that the Confederacy was the only truly Christian nation

Battle of Buena Vista

(1847) Key American victory against Mexican forces in the Mexican-American War Elevated General Zachary Taylor to national prominence and helped secure his success in the 1848 presidential election Jefferson Davis leg a regiment that broke up a Mexican cavalry charge no side could claim a victory

"Old Hickory"

the nickname Jackson's soldiers gave him because of his qualities believed a man not only had to always be right, but tough and ferocious too

What happened when Clay became pro-annexation of Texas?

turned more anti-slavery votes to the new Liberty party causing Clay to lose New York if he hadn't changed his position e would have won the national election by 7 electoral votes

Edmund Randolph

-Attorney General under Washington -former governor of Virginia

1850 Grant (a special case)

- legal rule that resulted in 20 million acres by 1860 - Small compared to grants for transcontinental railroads in 1860s

Victor Herbert:

- one of America's best known composers

Minstrelsy

- reinforced racial stereotypes; featured banjo / fiddle music; "shuffle" dance and rude and hurtful humor - american origin, blackface (white people with makeup on to look African american) "Oh! Susanna": placed Foster in national limelight

Rhode Island Factories

- relied on water-power and built in underpopulated areas; tenements or mill villages; whole families might be hired (men for labor, women and kids for other), paternalism

Cincinnati:

- surpassed all other meatpacking centers

Veteran attorney

- would train ^ in the law in exchange for their labors - Absence of formal standard for legal training=so many attorneys atm

John Jay

-1st chief justice of the Supreme Court -previously NY representative to Continental Congress -had been American ambassador in Spain -helped with signing of the Treaty of Paris -after war became Secretary of Foreign Affairs

American Whigs

Americans opposed to English policies began to call themselves this labeled the king and his "corrupt" minister as "Tories" (1764 - 1765) decided that Grenville was imposing the chains of tyranny Parliament had saved England from in the 17th cent.

1619 First general Assembly 1619 WOMEN 1619 dutch ship

First general assembly in Virginia in the Jamestown church. 90 women arrived in the male colony Brought over 20 African Americans over

"vipers and thieves"

Jackson called bankers this

"Cotton Whigs"

Southern Whigs who supported slavery

Election of 1876

most votes in American history up to that point Tilden had 184 electoral votes Hayes had only 165 electoral votes Republicans claimed 19 votes from Florida, Louisiana, and SC "a free ballot and a fair count" Haynes is winner by Electoral Commission of 1877

15th Century growth in world trade / urban commerce due to Europeans travelling to Asia allowed for the growing class of wealthy merchants / first modern corporations *growth of merchant class = growth of centralized political power*

n/t

Quechua

another name for the Inca

Virginia

first states to join Confederacy after the fall of Fort Sumter (April 17) passed an Ordinance of Secession in mtns: slaves were scarce and Union support strong Unionists here organized a loyal gov't of (state name) that formed a new state

Brigham Young

successor of Joseph Smith had 27 wives and 56 children promised Illinois officials that Mormons would leave the state

Old World

was shaped by its vast history and romance

July 4, 1850

supporters of the Union staged a rally at the base of the uncompleted Washington Monument in Washington, D.C. Pres. Zachary Taylor went to hear these speeches

revivalists

wanted to spice up religion in people's souls again

King Andrew the First

Jackson's nickname because he went veto-crazy and acted as somewhat of a tyrant

Confederacy Capital

(May) Confederate Congress in Montgomery voted to move nation's capital from Montgomery, Alabama to Richmond, Virginia Alabama, Mississippi, and South Carolina voted against this

Joint Resolution of 1845

John Tyler asked Congress to annex Texas with this required a majority and each house avoided the 2/3 senate vote needed to ratify a treaty Senate passed = 27:25 House passed = 120:98 Dan Web-Stirer was not very pleased; felt like Congress was aggravating sectional tensions by endorsing greed for more slavery/slave territory!!! (March 1, 1845) J.Tyler signed the treaty admitting Texas into the Union Mexico denounced it as "an act of aggression" and sent troops to the Rio Grande border as Americans zoomed to Texas to buy land

1866 Congressional Elections

Johnson was defeated Republicans: 2/3+ majority in each house = margin to override Pres. vetoes

"ludicrous boor" "drunken imbecile"

Johnson's "image" that Radical Republicans fully promoted

Virginia's General Assembly

Declared that only the southern states had the right to control slavery and that such control must be "maintained at all hazards.

EMBARGO ACT

It prohibited American ships from leaving port for any foreign destination thus avoiding contact with English and French blockades

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

(1578) got permission that in 1583 he could settle in *Narragansett Bay* found Canada instead and claimed it for *Elizabeth* vanished and never seen again

Spanish Armanda

(1588) 130 ships, 8,000 sailors, and 10,000 soldiers sent by *Philip II* *Elizabeth* said she was just a small women but had the power and heart of a brave man

University of Pennsylvania

(1751) originally the "Academy of Philadelphia" only college made out of *secular* impulse rather then religion

Gustavus Swift

(1887) developed a more efficient system of mechanical refrigeration *earned him a fortune and provided the cattle industry with a major boost*

Washington's Farewell Address

It was in part, apolitical statement: 1. no third term as President, and end of bitterness of partisan politics It was in part, a statement on foreign policy: 1. Avoid close attachment with any foreign nation -> quarrels, and steer clear of permanent and entangling alliances

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

slave marriages

had no legal status but were accepted by slaveholders as a stabilizing influence on the plantation performed by themselves or had a minister law did not prevent slaves from choosing partners and forming a family life for themselves

Land Act of 1796

doubled the price of federal land

natural resources

forests mineral wealth rivers expanding population

culture formed out of slavery

formed their own sense of community asserted individuality devised ingenious ways to resist confinement gathered secretly for religious worship and folk rituals

Reverend Manasseh Cutler

former chaplain in the Continental Army co-author of the *Northwest Ordinance (1787)* persuaded Congress to grant the *Ohio Company of Associates* plan argued that it had a duel purpose 1) to reduce debt 2) encourage settlements / sales of federal land

D. H. Hill

former engineering professor at Davidson College

Seminoles (of Florida)

fought in guerrila war in the Everglades (1835-1842) slowed after 1837 because their leader OSCEOLA was seized, iprisoned, and left to die at FORT MOULTRIE near Charleston Harbor 1842+ only a few 100 stayed, hiding in the swamps; rest had been banished to the West

Cleveland

had edge in rail service so Rockefeller focused his energy on oil organization here

Panic of 1873

set off a depression that lasted six years *longest and most severe that Americans had yet suffered* Thou-sands of businesses went bankrupt millions of people lost their jobs voters blamed the party in power for their economic issues

the west during the Civil War

settlement continued gold and silver in eastern California, Montana, and Colorado brought prospectors and their suppliers new transportation/communication networks telegraph/stagecoach lines (1861) Dakota, Colorado, and Nevada gained territorial status (1863) Idaho and Arizona gained territorial status (1864) Montana gained territorial status (1864) Nevada becomes a STATE

"homesteader"

settler

migration affects on the Great Plains

settlers brought horses, cattle, oxen, and sheep = eat lots of prairie grass wagons and herds trampled / gouged ruts in the lanscape (1848) Plains Indians began supplying buffalo meat / skins to white pioneers when the CA gold rush started need horses to hunt buffalo = strain on land (1849) drought in west of the Mississippi Rv caused suffering Indians were starving and demanded / begged food from travelers

Great Plains

settlers encountered climates and landscapes very different from the ones they had just left area was arid scarcity of water / timber made it hard to live the same way: the ax, log cabin, rail fence, and the usual methods of tilling the soil were all now useless information to pioneers was called the *Great American Desert* and seen as unfit for human habitation = perfect refuge for Indians gold, silver, and other minerals / completion of the transcontinental railroads / destruction of the buffalo / collapse of Indian resistance / rise of the range-cattle industry *changed the pioneer's minds at the end of the 19th century*

the 3 major events that caused Buchanan's 1st 6 months as pres. to FAIL

the supreme court decision in the Dred Scott case new troubles in strife-torn Kansas a financial panic that sparked a widespread economic depression [he failed to handle these issues in a statesmanlike manner]

fertilizers

used by Tenants to accelerate the growing cycle use of phosphate only fertilizers sped up long-term soil destruction; allowed multiple plantings each year tricked farmers into thinking there was a shortcut to prosperity; only lead to exhausted lands in the end

Polk vetoing the bills for fed. funded internal improvements caused

"YES" - the slaveholding South, who liked that he was destroying economic policies promoted Henry Clay's Whigs "NO" - Northerners who wanted higher tariffs / Westerners who wanted internal improvements with fed. funded roads and harbors

Frick and Carnegie broke up their bromance

"You can say to Andrew Carnegie that I will meet him in hell (where we are both going) but not before."

Tenochtitlán

(1325) city founded by the *Aztecs*

"The Federalist"

(1787-1788) essay collection publish in New York newspapers; 85 articles published as "Publius" Hamilton = 50 Madison = 30 Jay = 5 defended supreme nation authority while assuring doubters that the people / states had no reason to fear tyranny in the new gov't *explain the thought process / the ideas behind the decisions made in the formation of the constitution* #10 is the most famous (Madison): with the size / diversity of the expanding U.S., it is impossible for any gov't fraction to dominate gov't contradicted the idea that republics could only survive in small, homogeneous countries (ex. Sweden) Madison said that a balanced federal gov't of a republic could work better in large, diverse nations than small ones

Pullman strike

(1894) paused economies of the twenty-seven states and territories making up the western half of the nation dispute in Pullman, Illinois at the Pullman Palace Car Company employees who built rail cars were required to live in the company town, pay rents and utility costs that were higher than those in nearby towns, and buy goods from company stores George Pullman laid of 3,000 of 5,800 employees and cut wages 25% - 40% but not rents or charges (May 11, 1894) after 3 members of a workers' grievance committee were fired a strike began Pullman refused Deb's plea for a negotiated settlement of the strike = workers stopped handling P's rail cars (July 3, 1894) Pres. Grover Cleveland sent fed. troops into Pullman and claimed authority and stressed the deliverance of the mail; attorney general won an injunction forbidding interference with the mail / effort to restrain interstate commerce (July 13) union called off the strike

Langtry, Texas

(1990) Judge Roy Bean's courthouse and saloon

The Constitutional Convention

(May 14, 1787) Congress in Pennsylvania to "revise the Article of Confederation" 5 states had delegates, but call date 6 more joined NH = waited until June, delegates in July RI = feared consolidated power VA= representative didn't want to represent (May 25, 1787) 29 delegates : 9 states / 55 delegates over time (Sept. 1787) 39 signatures on draft; 3 said no military people = 21 state gov't people = 7 Declaration of Independence people = 8 most people = Confederation Congress all agreed that: *1)* gov't power comes from the consent of the people *2)* all people should have a voice, but no group should be allowed to abuse this voice *3)* strong central authority is essential

"sack of Lawrence"

(May 1856) pro-slavery mob entered the town of Lawrence, Kansas; destroyed newspaper presses, set fire to the free-state governor's home, stole property and demolished the Free-state Hotel only one person died

Freedmen's Bureau

(May 1865) declared that freed slaves are allowed to choose their own employers and be paid for their labor organized its own courts to deal with labor disputes / land titles agents were authorized to supervise trials involving blacks in other courts

Senator Stephen A. Douglas

- (1850, Illinois) persuaded congress to extend a major land grant→ support a n/s rail line (Chicago+Mobile+Alabama)

National Typographical Union

- (1852): revived effort to organize skilled crafts nationally

Flying Cloud

- (1854) 89 days, 8 hrs from NY→ San Francisco

William Howe

- (August 1776) British general who had 30,000 men that were known as the largest single force the British had

Alexander Hamilton

- (Oct. 14) led an attack on two major British outposts with the French; won - Washington's aide

how many people live in Jamestown now since 1607?

14,000 men, women, and children now lived in Jamestown. but most of them had died , the population in 1624 stood at a 1,132.

John C. Calhoun

- (SC, 1816) told his congressional colleagues that "we are greatly, I was about to say fearfully, growing" - Shared this mixed feeling with other statesmen: would the country be able to stay true to its agricultural origins?

Boston Manufacturing Company

- (Waltham, MA) first factory where spinning and weaving by machine in same place

Eli Whitney

- (1792, recent Yale Grad) visited Mulberry Grove and made cotton gin - (spring 1793) Cotton "Gin"(short for engine): allowed whoever ran the gin, to get 50x the amount of cotton, that a hand could do.

Cyrus Hall McCormick

- (1831) invented a mechanical reaper to harvest wheat= sig. To agricultural economy of MidWest, Old NorthWest, and the Great Plains

National Trades' Union

- (1834): set up to merge the city societies - National Craft Unions: formed by shoemakers, printers comb makers, carpenters, and handloom weavers - Both vanished after economic collapse of 1837

Main pros of Railroads

1) Better speed, carrying capacity, and reliability (year round) 2) 1859= reduced $ of freight and people transport (less $ bc ran on steam power rather than animal power) 3) Encouraged new settlement / farming expansion 4) Demand for iron / equipment= market for industries w/these goods

5 Major (Trunk) Railroads

1) Union Pacific Railroad 2) Central Pacific Railroad 3) Southern Pacific Railroad 4) Northern Pacific Railroad 5) Great Northern Railroad

Jay's Treaty

1794- treaty signed by Britain and US where British would trade with Americans and leave northwest territory

Lincoln's Presidential Cabinet

4/7 were his rivals for presidency William H. Seward Salmon P. Chase Simon Cameron Edward Bates 4= former democrats 3- former Whigs so strong-minded that they thought they were more qualified to lead than Lincoln later said Lincoln "is the best man among us" though

Levi Strauss

German-Jewish Immigrant who developed blue jeans

MARBURY V. MADISON

This case established the doctrine of judicial review. The ruling gave the Supreme Court the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.

Vassar

This school in Poughkeepsie, NY was the first women's college to give priority to academic standards

Edward Bates

Attorney General

Daughters of Liberty

Colonial women who protested the British government's tax policies by boycotting British products, such as clothing wove their own fabric, or "homespun." / developed own manufactures (1760 - 1770) resolved to quit buying British apparel and make their own clothing again

Roger Sherman

Connecticut; self trained lawyer that was very good at making / negotiating compromises called the *Great Compromise* the "Connecticut Compromise"

upper / border south

Delaware Maryland Kentucky Missouri slavery began to decline in this subregion by 1860

the American Bible Society

Gave free Bibles to new converts

Joseph G. McCoy

Illinois livestock dealer who recognized the possibilities of moving cattle trade into the West (1867) bough 250 acres of land in Abilene, Kansas for a stockyard; built a barn, office building, livestock scales, a hotel, and a bank sent an agent into Indian-owned areas to recruit owners of cattle herds to go north through Abilene

(Louisiana's) Knights of the White Camelia

Imitation society of the KKK

WAR HAWKS

In Congress (Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and the press supported "Manifest Destiny"

NON-INTERCOURSE ACT

It formally reopened trade with all foreign nations except England and France. It gave the President (Madison) the authority to open trade with either country or both.

Jackson's lowest moment

Jackson's effort to displace Indians from their ancestral lands in SC hated Indians, wanted to move them all onto territory west of the Mississippi Rv -> Great American Desert

April 9, 1861

Jefferson Davis and his Confederate cabinet decided to oppose Lincoln's effort to resupply Fort Sumter

Shenandoah Valley

Jefferson Davis sent Stonewall Jackson's army here (March 23-June 9) 8,000 men pinned down 2 separate Union armies and distracted the Union while Jackson went back to defend Richmond against McClellan

REVOLUTION OF 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

The Mexican War

March 1846 - April 1848 fought on four fronts: southern Texas central Mexico New Mexico California U.S. went into war without a military strategy

self-sustaining farmers

Martin Delaney told the free blacks this: "grow as much vegetables etc., as you want for your families; on the other part of and you cultivate race and cotton" by becoming this they would be freeing themselves from deep dependence on whites (not enough $= should work out an arrangement to cultivate land owned by others in exchange for a share of the crop) *they must find ways to become economically self- reliant. Otherwise, they would find themselves slaves again*

Jayhawkers

Opponents of William Quantrill tortured and hanged pro-Confederate prisoners, burned houses, and destroyed livestock

Wade-Davis Manifesto

Republicans made this in anger of the W-D Bill never becoming a law accused the president of exceeding his constitutional authority

Joint Committee on Reconstruction

Six senators and nine representatives drafted the 14th Amendment and Reconstruction Acts to gather evidence of southern efforts to thwart Reconstruction Most were radical Republicans: Benjamin Wade George Washington Julian Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner

"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"

Slogan for Harrison's campaign with Tyler involved Harrison's War of 1812 victory From Democratic newspaper said it when the BALTIMORE REPUBLICAN newspaper said "Log Cabin and Hard Cider"

Tajanos

Spanish-speaking Texans of Mexican or Spanish descent clustered around San Antonio

Gettsyburg Address

Speech given by Abraham Lincoln which captured the spirit of liberty and morality ideally held by citizens of a democracy That ideal was threatened by the Civil War

Massachusetts Bay

The Plymouth colony never grew above 7000 people and after ten years it was overshadowed by its larger neighbor Massachusetts. They formed self governing churches limited by visible saints

LOUISIANA PURCHASE

The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.

Thomas O. Larkin

began to line up Americans and Californios who wanted to join the U.S. after he received the letter from Polk

Amendment 9

rights are not limited to Constitution

Charleston

"vacant houses, of widowed women, or rotting wharves, of deserted warehouses, of weed-wild gardens, or mies of grass-grown streets, of acres of pitiful and voiceless bareness"

Francisco Vásquez de Cornando

(1542) went to New Mexico -> Kansas for gold but returned with none

Polk's War Message to Congress

war was the only response to Mexican aggression

Samuel J. Tilden

wealthy corporation lawyer and reform governor of New York who had directed a campaign to overthrow the notorious Tweed ring controlling New York City politics

federal gunboats and transports

played an even more direct role in securing the Union's control of the Mississippi River and its larger tributaries *which provided easy invasion routes into the center of the Confederacy*

The Gospel of Wealth

(1889) essay by Andrew Carnegie argued that the rich should act as stewards of the wealth they earned, using their surplus income for the benefit of the community

CITIZEN GENET AFFAIR

representative of the French Republic landed in Charleston, SC to try to fit out privateers and otherwise take advantage of the existing Franco-American alliance; embarked upon unneutral activity not authorized by French alliance; president finally demanded his withdrawal

Tenure of Office Act

required Senate permission for the president to remove any federal officeholder whose appointment the Senate had confirmed

Command of the Army Act

required that all orders from the commander in chief go through the headquarters of the general of the army

Chief Powhatan

collected tributes from tribes he had conquered about 80 of the food collected was handed over also developed a trade system with the English colonists, exchanging corn and hides for hatches, swords, and muskets.

"spirituals"

encoded songs used to express slaves' frustration at being kept in bondage helped slaves endure the strain of field labor and provided them with a musical code to express their own desire for freedom on earth

Garrisonians

mainly evangelical New Englanders that felt American society had been corrupted from top to bottom and needed universal reform

"circuit rider" system

most effective Evangelical method of all; created by Methodists a traveling minister on horseback who sought out rural converts in the most remote areas with the message of salvation as a gift for all

Portugal sent out expeditions for the mapping of the West Africa Coast, spread Christianity with "pagan" Africans, and returned with gold, spices, ivory, and slaves

n/t

manumitted

Freed from slavery

Frederick Douglass

abolitionist and former slave who said Uncle Tom's Cabin was "a flash [that lit] a million camp fires in front of the embattled hosts of slavery"

John Brown

abolitionist who had a history of mental instability believed that Christians must "break the jaws of the wicked" and that slavery was the most wicked of all sins

commercial innovation after the Civil War

barbed wire farm tools (1868) air brake for trains steam turbines electrical devices (1867) typewriters (1869) vacuum cleaners internal-combustion engine / motion picture = were stimulating new industries that would emerge in the twentieth century

Coopers

barrel makers artisan group

Johnson's Plan for Reconstruction

called upon the state conventions to invalidate the secession ordinances, abolish slavery, and repudiate all debts incurred to aid the Confederacy Each state had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment *ending slavery*

"Free soil, free speech, and Frémont"

campaign slogan of the Free-Soilers during the 1856 presidential election

Protestant Reformation

challenged Spain's religious power

paper currency

creditors demanded "hard currency" for loans (1785) most diverse issue of state politics promoted paper money as a way to ease repayment farmers saw it as a way to raise prices (1785-1786) PA, NY, NJ, SC, NC, RI, GA all gave paper money to farmers / war veterans the value never dropped in PA, NY, and SC RI = wild; dropped a lot, practically worth nothing

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

creole priest that took advantage of the king's imprisonment confusion to convince Indians and mestizos to revolt against Spanish rule in Mexico -> failed (1811) was captured and executed

Sedition Act

criticism of government criminalized

revenuers

federal tax officers

Thomas Pinckney

negotiated treaty with Spain, gained access to use the Mississippi River and to bring trade to Louisiana

"new republic"

- a nation whose citizens were deemed equal before law and government through elected representatives

White journeymen

southern, no slave labor

The Sears, Roebuck catalog

(1897) was 786 pages long featured: groceries, drugs, tools, bells, furniture, iceboxes, stoves, household utensils, musical instruments, farm implements, boots and shoes, clothes, books, and sporting goods helped create a national market; families on farms and in small towns and villages could purchase by mail the products that used to only be available to city people 6 million were being distributed each year, and the catalog had become the single most widely read book in the nation (after the Bible)

First thanksgiving

1621, the Plymouth colonists and Wampanoag Indians shared an autumn harvest feast that is acknowledged today as one of the first Thanksgiving celebrations in the colonies.

Maryland: Proprietary Colony

1634 ten years after Virginia became a royal colony Maryland appeared in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria, granted by Lord Baltimore by King Charles I and became the first *PROPRIETARY COLONY*- which means it was own by an individual , not a joint stock company.

British America

1700s England was a great Empire British America was the most prosperous are of North America.

Mary McLeod Bethune

A leader in the struggle for women's and black equality First black woman to found a school for black students that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University also served as an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Gabriel

1800 blacksmith who started a revolt involving about 1,000 other slaves planned to seize key points in the city, capture the governor (James Monroe) and overthrow the economic elite expected the white people would join but it rained and so most people couldn't reach the meeting point; alerted whites was captured and hanged

CHESAPEAKE AFFAIR

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.

population comparison of N v S

23 states : 11 states 22 million : 9 million (4 million were slaves) 4: 1 in human resources Confederacy mobilized 80% of military-age white men to try to balance the disadvantage

Lorenzo Sawyer

Federal Judge who ruled in favor of farmers in their case against hydraulic mining former miner

Iroquois League

Fifty chiefs governed 12,000 members of the league. They make traditions for all of the villages and mediated tribal rivalries and dissension.

Social ills

Finney wanted to reform various ________ alcoholism prostitution profanity war slavery

The American Unitarian Association

In 1826 had 125 churches (all but a handful in Massachusetts)

Cayuga

People of the great swamp

Liberal Clergymen / militant reformers; writers; learned women of the TC

Theodore Parker George Ripley James Freeman Clark Henry David Thoreau Bronson Alcott Nathaniel Hawthorne Orestes Brownson Elizabeth Peabody Sophia Peabody Margaret Fuller

"Log Cabin and Hard Cider"

Whigs took advantage of this quip and declared that Harrison was "the log cabin and hard cider candidate", a man of the common people from the rough-and-tumble West They depicted Harrison's opponent, President Martin Van Buren, as a wealthy snob who was out of touch with the people.

Daniel Webster

became Secretary of State under W.H.H.

General Henry Lee

lead soldiers to stop Whiskey Rebellion

Amendment 10

power not given to federal government in Constitution goes to the states

Methodists

provided the largest number of clergymen in military camps

barbed wire

ranchers used this to fence off their claims for low $$$ first effective one was invented by Joseph Glidden in 1873

Jay Cooke

"Financier of the Civil War" mobilized a nationwide campaign to sell $2 billion in government bonds to private investors

Columbia, South Carolina

"a wilderness of ruins"

Ulysses S. Grant

"Lion of Vicksburg" (1868) served as president during the collapse of Republican rule in the South little political experience

Louisa May Alcott

"Living, he made life beautiful, Dying, [he] made death divine"

nativism

"Natives": resented immigrants bc of language and customs organized in groups that claimed to prove patriotism by hating foreigners and Catholics

the New York Herald

"Senator Seward is against all compromise, his views are those of the extreme fanatics of the North, looking forward to the utter destruction of the institutions of the South"

Stono Rebellion

"South Carolina Slave Rebellion" (Sept. 9, 1739) largest uprising of slaves in British Colonies deaths: 30-50 blacks 25 whites

Ralph Waldo Emerson

"That new saint...will make the gallows glorious like the cross"

New Jersey Plan

(June 15th) formed from criticized parts of James Madison's *Virginia Plan* keeps existing equal representatives of states in a unicameral congress congress has power to levy taxes / regulate commerce congress can name an executive and supreme court

1776 New Jersey Constitution

- state constitution that neglected to specify that women were not allowed to vote because the representatives took the right for granted; women who met the property restrictions voted, until the right was taken from them in the early 19th Century

Second Report on Public Credit

-liquor tax to raise revenue -establish a national bank -national mint

Judiciary Act of 1801

-meant to ensure Federalist control of judicial branch -created 16 new circuit courts

George Washington Inaugural Address

-national unity -abandon political parties, creating a 'national outlook'

Convention of 1800

-negotiations with French government under Napoleon -1778 alliance officially ended

3 IMPORTANT FIRSTS OF THE ANTI-MASONIC PARTY

1) first party to hold a national nomination convention 2) first party to announce a platform (nominated William Wirt for president in 1831)

Congress's three options to pay for war

1) raising taxes 2) printing money 3) borrowing

Grayson Country

3 whites murdered 3 former slaved because they felt the need to thin out blacks and drive them out of hiding / their homes

April 13, 1861

34 hours after the confederates started firing at Fort Sumter outgunned and ammunition exhausted Anderson lowered the flag guns of Charleston signaled the end of this

John Winthrop

A lawyer Preacher wants to control the government and the church "city on a hill" - shiny example of a godly city (utopia) nonseparatist but reformers set a new example for the new world

MONROE DOCTRINE

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Elijah P. Lovejoy

Anti-slavery editor who in 1837 was killed by a mob in Alton, Illinois giving the movement a martyr to both abolition and freedom of the press.

Alexander Hamilton

During the Constitutional Convention he had to leave after the other two New York delegates walked out bc they say the Continental Convention as a loss of states' rights

Colfax Massacre

Easter Sunday (1873) a mob of white vigilantes disappointed by local election results attacked a group of black Republicans 89 died *bloodiest racial incident during the Reconstruction period*

Margaret Fuller

Edited a transcendentalist journal THE DIAL (1840-1844) for two years before that job went to Ralph Waldo Emerson

James Gillespie Birney

Former slave owner turned abolitionist from Alabama - was the executive secretary of the American Anti-Slavery Society

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York (1820) he said he had seen God and Christ who had forgiven his sins and told him that all religious denominations were false (1823) reported that the angel Moroni has visited him and lead him to a hill where he gave him golden tablets that had the Book of Mormon etched on them denied the legitimacy of civil governments and the federal Constitution "the Prophet" became Nauvoo's leading planner, entrepreneur, and political czar owned Nauvoo's hotel and general store, was mayor and commander of the Nauvoo Legion, and was the trustee of the church WANTED TO BE PRESIDENT IN 1844

John Humphrey Noyes

Founder of the Oneida community, at first gathered a group of "Perfectionists" and created the doctrine of "complex marriage," but was kicked out of Vermont and fled to NY and formed the Oneida community.

Postwar U.S. - British Tensions

Great Britain kept a military post on American soil and worked with Indians to cause issues went against the *1783 Treaty of Paris* and kept a string of forts along the Canadian border "failure of America to pay prewar debts" *Tory property*

REPORT ON MANUFACTURERS

Hamilton and Congress to encourage domestic industries through government subsidies (give industries money). Hamilton believed that the entire nation would benefit from becoming a manufactured society. Congress agreed and raised money through tariffs and excise taxes.

REPORT ON THE NATIONAL BANK

Hamilton asked Congress to create a national bank: a safe place to store money, a place to issue currency, and a place to sell bonds and collect taxes. Arguments: Hamilton: " it was necessary and proper" for the national government to create the bank; Congress could use its implied power. Jefferson: It was only convenient for the national government to have a bank; only states had the power to create banks. Congress agreed with Hamilton and chartered a Bank of the United States in 1791.

"Civil Disobedience"

Henry David Thoreau advocated this process of defying codes of conduct within a community or ignoring the policies and government of a state or nation when the civil laws are unjust influenced the passive-resistance movements of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.

Why was April 21, 1836 significant?

Houston and his Texian army killed nearly the whole Mexican army when they charged Santa Anna was captured and bought his own freedom by signing a treaty that recognized the independence of Texas Rio Grande is the southern boundary of Mexico

Plymouth

In 1620 a band of puritans refugees heading for Virginia strayed off coast and made landfall at cape cod off the coast of Massachusetts the pilgrims belonged to the most radical sect of puritans, the separatist (also called nonconformists)

Charles Deslondes

In 1811, a slave overseer and his fellow slaves broke into their owner's plantation house and hacked his son to death. This was the largest slave revolt in America history a trusted mix-raced slave oerseer responsible for supervising the field hands seized weapons, horses, and militia uniforms and headed towards New Orleans but were stopped by whites had his hands severed and thighs broken before being shot and set on fire

Overland Trails

Independence, Missouri -> North Platte River -> Wyoming -> South Pass down to Fort Bridger -> then down Snake River -> Columbia River -> Willamette River valley settlers that traveled in family groups in wagon trains (1845) people were following this trial annually discovery of California gold (1848) brought in 30,000 pioneers on this trail [1850 was the peak year of travel on this trail; 55,000 people]

Pequot War

Indians who survived the epidemic refused to yield their lands and were forced out. In 1636 settlers in Mass. said that a Pequot killed a colonist. Joined by Connecticut they exacted there revenge by setting fire to the Pequot village on the Mystic River. The Pequot lost as the minister Cotton Mather later said that is was a "sweet sacrifice"

freed slaves

Instead of land or material help they more often got advice about proper behavior.

Maysville Road Bill (1830)

Jackson didn't oppose road building but he questioned the use of federal funding for roads this bill was passed by Congress IT ALLOWED the government to buy stock in a road that went from Maysville, Kentucky -> Lexington Maysville Turnpike Company was meant to be in charge of its construction Jackson vetoes this bill because the road was entirely in Kentucky veto lead to limited federal support of transportation improvements

BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

Lincoln's March 4 inaugural address

Lincoln repeated his pledge not "to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists" most of speech emphasized his view that the Union could never be broken, at least not lawfully promised to defend federal fort in the South and collect taxes/deliver mail but there would be no force used against or with the people wanted regional harmony

June 1610 new governor

Lord De La Warr arrived as the new governor with 3 ships and 150 men.

Battle of Kings Mountain

Loyalists vs. Patriots. South wants to be separate from the North. Patriot victory.

"forty-niners"

MINERS people from every social class, state, territory, and even slaves who were brought by their owners mostly unmarried men with varied ethnic/cultural backgrounds few actually wanted to permanently settle; get rich and then go back home

Rhode Island

More by accident then design, massachusetts became the staging area for the rest of New England, as new colonies grew out religious conflicts took place making the people leave the original colony.

April 11, 1861

Pierre G. T. Beauregard demanded that Fort Sumter surrender

Kansas-Missouri Border

Place where disputes over slavery escalated into guerrilla warfare Insanely violent fights where nearly all who were found were killed.

John C. Frémont

Republican candidate for the 1856 presidential election won the northernmost states with 144 electoral votes

Enforcement Acts (1870-1871)

Republican-dominated Congress struck back against racists terrorist groups with three of these to protect black voters: 1) levied penalties on anyone who interfered with any citizen's right to vote 2) placed the election of congressmen under surveillance by federal election supervisors and marshals 3) the Ku Klux Klan Act *suffered from weak and inconsistent execution*

3/5 law

South: lots of slaves, wanted to count slaves as population to get more representatives in the House of Representatives North: slaves for taxes but not as population representatives 1 free person + 3/5 enslaved people for the base of representatives and for taxes to slave holding states

shepherds

Southwest were typically Mexican Americans Idaho and Nevada were from the Basque region of Spain mormons *viewed as un-American and inferior which allowed others to rationalize the use of violence against them*

Dutch Revolt

Spain didn't accept Dutch independence until *1648* carried on illegal trade with Spanish colonies *Elizabeth* tried to stay out of the conflict but she also encouraged Dutch and English sea captains to engage in smuggling and piracy

Catholic Orders

Spanish and later the French, forced this Augustinians, Benedictines, Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits to convert Indians by force (16th Century) 300 monasteries in New Spain = instrument of Spanish Imperialism = colonial control

"The Crime against Kansas"

Speech delivered in Congress by Charles Sumner that blamed slavery for the violence between pro/anti-slavery activists in Kansas

FUN FACTS NEED TO KNOW

THEY WERE ALL INDEPENDENT COLONIES 95% OF MEN CAME OVER THEN FAMILIES AND WOMEN STARTED COMING OVER

Lilburn and Isham Lewis

Thomas Jefferson's nephews who tied a 17 year old slave to the floor and killed him with an axe gave the axe to the slaves who witnesses it and forced them to dismember the body into the fireplace reason given was that George had broken a valuable vase, but really he had spoken against slavery and run away a lot

choosing sides

U.S. Army = 16,400 men; 1000 were officers ; 25% resigned to join the Confederate army many southerners make sacrifices and left/stayed in regions an found ways to support the Union all confederacy states (not SC) had whole regiments organized to fight for the Union 100,000 men from the southern states fought against the Confederacy 1/5 soldiers from Arkansas killed in the war were on the Union side

June 19, 1862

another act excluded slavery from the western territories, without offering owners compensation

Michael Cudahy

became head of Cudahy Packing Company; developed a process for the curing of meats under refrigeration

John Calvin

believed God had made a covenant with worshipers which lead the people to salvation an assembly of Christians can go to a congregational, creating a union for God made the base for "joining together to form a government"

religious fundamentalists

believed in the teaching of one, single, God

coffles

chained gangs of enslaved blacks (1810-1840) over 40% of residents in the Old Southwest were moved in these from plantations and slave markets in NC/SC/Virginia/New Orleans

Great Britain

describes the merging of Scotland, England, with Ireland.

other reasons the South was upset

federal tariffs and taxes discriminated against their region convinced the fed. gov't would continue to take away their rights w/ election of Pres. Lincoln

labor unions

idea was slow among factory workers and miners recently removed from an agrarian world of independent farmers

Two things that set the Old South apart from the rest of the nation

impact of environment; climate and geography effects of human decisions and actions

3 factors of cotton production growth

introduction of cotton gins increased the amount of cotton that could be grown demand for southern cotton among British and French textile manufacturers as the industry grew in size and technological advancement aggressive use of farmlands in newer areas of the Old Southwest

Standard Oil Trust is dissolved because

it was vulnerable to prosecution under state law against monopoly / restraint of trade (1892) Ohio's supreme court ordered it to be dissolved

Levi Strauss

j- ewish tailor that followed gold rushers to Cali and made work pants→ blue jeans / Levi's

Adena-Hopewell

located in the midwest (Ohio River Valley) *a culture* left earthworks and elaborate burial mounds shaped like snakes, birds, etc. *gatherers / hunters that lived in small, isolated communities* complex social structure / division of labor elaborate trade network

Why were white settlers attracted to the Republic of Texas?

low land prices pro-slavery politics the enslaved population grew faster than the free population

Yankee employer

men who were being paid by the federal gov't to cultivate cotton on abandoned plantations during the Civil War

Nebraska

new territory west of Minnesota and Iowa land name was Indian Stephen A. Douglas agreed to the creation of a territorial gov't here became a free state

laboring class

produced the iron and steel, coal and oil, beef and pork, and the array of new consumer items filling city department stores and the shelves of "general" stores

Rice

production of this crop needed large amounts of money for floodgates, irrigation ditches, and machinery limited to large plantations who could afford ^ the large plantations were in lower parts of NC/SC/Georgia bc fields could be easily flooded and drained by tidal rivers that went to the ocean

Trans-Mississippi West

region between te Mississippi River and California barren landscape

The *one failure* of the Constitution

skirted around slavery issue, unknowingly allowing tensions over slavery to get so big that there could be no political fix -> "only civil war"

BILL OF RIGHTS

the first 10 amendments to the Constitution; guarnteed basic rights and liberties

Dominion of New England

the proposal to consolidate the New England colonies into a single royal colony that would undermine the authority of Puritanism and abolish elected assemblies was to have a government name by royal authority governor and council would rule without any legislative assembly (1686) *Sir Edmund Andros* is newly appointed as royal governor and arrives in Boston

Economic ties to Great Britain (Texas)

France and Britain recognized the republic and bean trading with Texas merchants

Elias Boudinot

Gallegina Watie editor of the Cherokee Phoenix signed the Indian removal treaty in 1835, then was murdered

Leaders of National Republicans

Henry Clay Daniel Webster argued that Biddle should renew the bank charter before the election Clay- proposed making the renewal of the bank charter the central election issue

"prairie schooners"

Ox-drawn and canvas-covered wagons

Thomas Jefferson

- Author of the Declaration of Independence - owned slaves and never freely gave them up

Hoover Dam

(1936) completed; world's largest concrete structure originally called the Boulder Dam

pueblos

(by Spanish name) adobe cliff dwellings located in the Southwest heirs (*Hopis*, Zuni, etc.) still live there practiced two religious traditions Spanish Catholicism while retaining animistic faith

Isaac Stiles

*Old Light* that thought choice should not be allowed in religious things

Henry W. Grady

*editor of the Atlanta Constitution* New South would be perfect to create a democracy made of small farms and diverse industries; *modeled after the North* believed the postwar South held the promise of a real democracy that wasn't run by the planter aristocracy and didn't depend of slave labor ideas gained supporters who preached the potential of industrial development

New to Indians

*horses*, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens 50 years after Europeans arrived, the Caribbean Island were overrun by pigs

Anasazi

*most widespread / best known Southwestern tribal culture* means *"ENEMY'S ANCESTORS"* in Navajo located in 4 corners lacked rigid class structure; everyone did the same amount of labor warfare was only for self-defense (the *Hopi* people living there = *"Peaceful People"*) (13th century) long drought / migrating Northern Indians threatened and eventually collapsed this culture

anti-Federalists

*not a political party* favored a decentralized federal system than the Constitution Patrick Henry George Mason Richard H. Less James Monroe George Clinton Samuel Adam Elbridge Gerry Luther Martin Samuel Chase *highlighted danger of more power to the Central Government*

Hessians

- American slang for the German troops under British command

Shakers

1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy their farms were a leading source of garden seeds and medicinal herbs

Anne Hutchinson

A New England religious leader and midwife; was born in England, and later followed Puritan leader John Cotton to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634. She brought attention to Cotton's spirit-centered theology through biweekly meetings, championing him and her brother-in-law John Wheelwright as true Christian ministers. A ministerial synod cleared Cotton from the charge of heresy, but the radical Hutchinson was punished with banishment by the General Court of Massachusetts and excommunication by the Church of Boston. She was killed in an Indian raid in New York a few years later.

RUSH-BAGOT TREATY

A naval agreement calling foe demilitarization of the Great Lakes; it was a precedent for a weapons-free border between the U.S. and Canada

"Black Republican"

A nickname that was given to President Abraham Lincoln for being anti-slavery and wanting to end the peculiar institution

American Anti-Slavery Society

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters created a national network of newspapers, offices, chapters, and activists

Distribution Act

Bill that gave surplus money to the states from the federal government in proportion to representation in Senate and HoR started in 1837 with installments required many borrowers to pay back their loans immediately in order to be able to transfers dederal funds to state governments

Charles Chauncy and Johnathan Mayhew

Boston ministers that thought Puritan theology was irrational if people are being forever damned by *predestination*

1876 Campaign

Both candidates favored the trend toward relaxing federal authority and restoring white conservative rule in the South

Jeremiah Lanphier

Business executive turned lay-missionary grew despondent at the suffering in the city as well as a decline in church membership (September 23, 1857) led a weekly prayer service in Wall Street financial district so executives might commune with God started with only 6 people attending but eventually ran out of room bc of people

March 3, 1865

Congress created the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands to provide "such issues of provisions, clothing, and fuel" to help refugees and freedmen first federal experiment in ocial welfare

whites on Delaney's speech

Delaney's message contradicted the federal government's official policy that "all the [freed]men should be employed by their former masters as far as possible." seemed to encourage the possible use of force by African Americans in the postwar South.

Freeport Doctrine

Douglas's answer to Lincoln asking how Douglas could reconcile his concept of pop. sovereignty with the ruling of the Dred Scott case stated that whatever the Supreme Court might say about slavery, it could not exist anywhere unless supported by local police regulations

Mary Reed

Durham, New Hampshire enthrall her minister with the Holy Spirit, enough so that she was given testimonials on Wednesdays (allowed by minister)

William Howe

English General who commanded the English forces at Bunker Hill

The Newburgh Conspiracy

George Washington (before peace treaty w/ Britain) and his army grew restless bc of late soldier payment / fear of now getting their land grants after war concerned; went to Philadelphia to line army officers / public creditors with nationalists in Congress with Coup d'état Alexander Hamilton George Washington said it wasn't a good idea; wouldn't end well for anyone

Pennsylvania Dutch

German settlements west of Philadelphia invaded this area of Dutch Pennsylvania settlements

REPORT ON THE PUBLIC CREDIT

Hamilton asked Congress to pay off the national debt incurred during the Revolutionary War ($54 million). Hamilton asked Congress to assume the war-time debts of individual states ($21 million). Congress agreed to pay off both national debt and state debts by raising money through tariffs and excise taxes.

Elbridge Gerry

Harvard graduate "Old Grumbletonian" bc John Adams said that this person opposed anything John Adams didn't suggest most of the nation's problems come from too much democracy

- piano maker who changed his name to Steinway and was famous for quality of his instruments

Heinrich Steinway

Abraham Lincoln

Illinois Congressman who said the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act angered him more than anything in his whole life [transformed bis view on slavery] focused his energies on reversing the K-N Act and promoting the anti-slavery movement often asked his audiences if any issue had ever divided the nation as much as slavery has (1854) *"we shall not only save the Union but we shall have so saved it as to make, and to keep it forever worthy of the saving"* didn't believe the two races could coexist as equals but opposed further extension of slavery (1856) joined the Republican party

Jackson's annual message (December 4, 1832)

Jackson announced his intention to enforce the Tariff of 1832 but urged Congress to lower the tariff rates

The First African Church

On the eve of its move to a new building, the First African Church of Richmond, Virginia, was featured in a short article, including illustrations such as the one above, in Harper's Weekly, in June 1874

William Johnson

Operated three barbershops, owned 1,500 acres of land, and held several slaves "interest of the owner is to obtain from his slaves labor and increase"

James Wilson

Pennsylvania lawyer 3rd most important leader of the Constitutional Convention apart fro Washington and Madison

Walker Tariff of 1846

Revenue-enhancing measure that lowered tariffs from 1842 levels thereby fueling trade and increasing Treasury receipts slashed tariff rates

"deistical societies" / Deism

Societies that appeared after the American Revolution where college students in particular took delight in criticizing conventional religion to grasp the natural laws governing the universe

lower south

South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas grew more dependent on labor-intensive cotton production / slave labor (1860) almost half of this subregion's population was slaves

% of all Farmers in the Deep South by 1900

South Carolina = 39% Georgia = 40% Alabama = 42% Mississippi = 38% Louisiana = 42%

Benjamin F. Perry

South Carolina man who urged business leaders to: "educate the masses, industrialize, work hard, and seek Northern capital to develop Southern resources."

exploiters

Spanish adventurers plundered, conquered, and colonized America while enslaving its inhabitants and forcing religious conversion to Christianity

DARTMOUTH V. WOODWARD

The Marshall Court ruled that a state cannot encroach on a contract.

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war decided that North America should be the primary battleground in the *Seven Years War*; mobilized 45,000 British troops in Canada and America (July 1766) replaced *Lord Rockingham* but was so mentally unstable that he deferred policy decisions to other cabinet members

McCULLOH V. MARYLAND

The Supreme court struck down a Maryland law taxing the Baltimore branch of the National Bank

Roger B. Taney

The attorney general who moved to the Treasury Department did same as Biddle but also deposited all new federal receipts in state banks

Jefferson Day Dinner

The dinner where Jackson announced by his toast that he believed that the federal government should have more power than the states increased the hatred between Calhoun and Jackson. After this event caused Calhoun to run for the Senate for South Carolina (and was elected) and resigned from the vice-presidency

Roger Williams

The political and religious leader Roger Williams is best remembered for founding the state of Rhode Island and advocating separation of church and state in Colonial America. His views on religious freedom and tolerance, coupled with his disapproval of the practice of confiscating land from Native Americans, earned him the wrath of his church and banishment from the colony

South Carolina Convention of 1832

They called for a convention after the government issued a tariff of 1828 and 1832 They issued nullification pertaining to the tariffs (Null and Void) with help from Calhoun Forbade federal agents in Charleston to collect the federal tariff duties after February 1, 1833

"The Working-Man's Banner"

This campaign banner makes reference to the working-class origins of Ulysses S. Grant and his vice-presidential candidate, Henry Wilson, by depicting Grant as a tanner of hides and Wilson as a shoemaker

Chesapeake Bay (Virginia )

Tobacco, enslaved Africans,, dominated money, farmers, hogs, wheat, and corn.

Mayflower Compact

Was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by separatist Congregationalists who called themselves "Saints". Later they were referred to as Pilgrims. They were fleeing from religious persecution by King James of England.

Georgia 1733

Was the last of the Britain colonies to be established half a century after Pennsylvania.

the Duke Family

Washington Duke + his 2 sons took some tobacco and beat it with sticks, stuffed it into some bags and then sold it in small pouches as he traveled (1872) had a factory that produced 125,000 pounds of tobacco every year

starving time

between 1609-1610 (winter) Most people died of disease or starvation desperate people consumed there horses, cats, dogs, rats, and mice one man killed, salted, and ate his pregnant wife

Representative Men

written by Emerson

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

written by John Calhoun opposed the new tariff -> effort to check the extreme states' right advocated that were about to try and leave the Union unsigned protested the tariff and urged the repeal of it WANTED to preserve the Union and protect minority rights that that agricultural / slave South claimed

Walden

written by Thoreau

John Tyler

chosen for VP by Anti-Masons (along with Harrison as Pres.)

"Old Light"

congregationalists who didn't want choice in spiritual matters

Tariff

- tax on imports

Louis McLane

Secretary of Treasury Jackson fired him

Royal Navy

claimed the tallest trees for ships

Jean-Baptiste le Moyne (sieur de Bienville)

"Father of Louisiana" *d'Iberville's* younger brother; driving force of Louisiana (1699) arrived with settlers when he was 19 yrs old (1743) left the colony for the last time when he was 63 yrs old served periodically as governor (1718) founded *New Orleans* which shortly after became the capital

Joseph Hooker

"Fighting Joe" his army was forced to retreat by Lee

Vicksburg

"Gibraltar of the West" Grant starved and bombarded the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

Kublai Khan

"Great Khan" grand ruler of a massive empire located around Mongolia / China

Robert Y. Hayne

"fields abandoned; and hospitable mansions of our fathers deserted" ____'s take on the south's economy

Charles V

(16th century) helped Spain dominate Europe / New World

John P. Hale

(1852 election) Free-Soil presidential nominee only got 156,000 votes

Thirteenth Amendment

(1865) abolished slavery

Alexander Graham Bell

(1876) 29 yr old inventor who patented the telephone

Boston Port Act

(June 1, 1774) closed the harbor of Boston until the city paid for the lost teas

First Continental Congress

(Sept. 5, 1774) 55 delegates assembled in Philadelphia mission was to asset the rights of the colonies and create collective measures to defend them endorsed the *Suffolk Resolves* adopted a *Declaration of American Rights* adopted the *Continental Association of 1774*

Cult of domesticity

- "Respectable" women rarely attended^ , kept women at home

More by workingmen's parties:

1) Mechanics' lien laws: to protect workers from nonpayment of wages 2)Limits on the militia system that allowed the rich to get out of military service with fines poorer resisters go to jail 3) "Licensed monopolies": were wanted to be abolished, esp. Banks 4) Payment in hard money 5) Protect workers from inflated bank-note currency 6) Restrict competition from prison labor 7) Abolition of child labor

3 major steps for freedom for enslaved blacks (January 1865)

1) Missouri and Tennessee abolished slavery by state action 2) U.S. House of Rep passed an abolition amendment 3) (December 18, 1865) Thirteenth Amendment: removed any lingering doubts about the legality of emancipation

Main cons of Railroads

1) Opened a way for smuggling 2) Corrupt political life bc owners would bribe legislators 3) Grew trans-app. migration= decline of native american culture

South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification

1832 ordinance formed two federal tariffs to protect northern indutries the tensions that lead to nullification would bring the South Carolina's secession in the future

ERIE CANAL

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Linked the Hudson river with Lake Erie.

"dark horse" candidate

A candidate for office with little support before the beginning of the nomination process James K. Polk was the first dark horse candidate for president in 1844.

BANK OF THE UNITED STATES

A safe place to store money, a place to issue currency, and a place to sell bonds and collect taxes. It was proposed by Hamilton

Crédit Mobilier

A sham corporation set up by shareholders in the Union Pacific Railroad to secure government grants at an enormous profit Organizers of the scheme protected it from investigation by providing gifts of its stock to powerful members of Congress.

obiter dictum

A statement not essential to deciding a case and therefore not binding

members of the Congressional meeting in 1865 who were denied seats

Alexander Stephens 4 confederate generals 8 colonels 6 cabinet members

restoration

Andrew Johnson preferred this term over reconstruction when discussing what to do with former Confederate states "there is no such thing as reconstruction. Those States have not gone out of the Union. Therefore reconstruction is unnecessary."

Sir William Berkley

Arrived as a Virginia's royal governor in 1642 and Virginia became more stable.

Christian activists

Assumed that the United States had a God-mandated mission to provide the world with a shining example of republican virtue

Battle of Seven Pines (Fair Oaks)

Battle along the Chickahominy River that was a draw due to the Union reinforcements that came just in time General Johnston was wounded severely in the battle

Union Pacific Railroad

Built west from Omaha, Nebraska avoided Rocky Mountains by going through Evans Pass Wyoming) 1,086 miles when they reached the alt flats at Promontory, Utah construction was hasty and had to be redone work crews were composed of former Union / Confed. soldiers, former slaves and Irish / German immigrants

BURR CONSPIRACY TRIAL

Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and establish new nation in the West. Arrested, fugitive after Hamilton's death, tried for treason. Acquitted- let go. Marshall determined that the charge of treason required more than just proof of conspiracy to commit treason- helped narrow legal definition. 1806

Canninal

Caribs of the Lesser Indies ate people named after the Spanish version of the word = Caníbal

Walloons

Celtic people of southern Belgium

Anglicanism

Chesapeake region; popular with large landholders (18th century) established Church of the South less demanding practice than Puritans / Quakers

Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)

Civil War battle in which the North succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 6,400 deaths per side; 17,000 wounded UNION WIN revived northern morale encouraged Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

John M. Chivington

Colonel whose untrained militia attacked an Indian camp at Fort Lyon on Sand Creek and killed 200 peaceful Indians

excluded groups of the Proc. of Amnesty and Reconstruction

Confederate officials senior officers of the Confederate army and navy judges, congressmen, and military officers of the United States who had left their federal posts to aid the rebellion those accused of failure to treat captured African American soldiers and their officers as prisoners of war

Battle at Shiloh

Confederates in the western theater grouped in Corinth (1862) Grant planned to attack this but exposed his 42,000 troops on a plateau and failed to dig defensive trenches (April 6) Johnston realized this and ordered an attack Confederates attacked at Shiloh; pinned against the river would have been defeated but Johnston was mortally wounded and second in command called off the attack confederates glumly withdrew Corinth- Union didn't follow 20,000+ casualties

Wilderness Road (1785)

Daniel Boone; through Cumberland Gap → kentucky on Walton Road: completed in 10ic @ same time

"border" slave states

Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri

Van Burenite "Barnburners"

Democrats in NY seized upon the free-soil issue as a moral imperative

midterm election of 1874

Democrats won control of the House of Representatives and gained seats in the Senate Democratic House launched inquiries into the scandals and unearthed further evidence of corruption in high places

John Wesley

English Anglican priest that founded Methodism inspired Methodists to abandon the idea of predestination set by Calvinism in favor of a life of "cheerful activism"

William and Gilbert Tennent

Father and son revivalists who said ministers showed no evidence of a conversion experience refused structure of Church authority Gilbert - invaded parishes when ministry didn't show an interest in receiving grace and living with it

Sir George Calvert

First Lord Baltimore converted to Catholicism in 1625 and came to the American colonies as a refuge for persecuted English Catholics. (1634) planted the first settlement in Maryland at st. Mary's near the Potomac River.

John Winthrop (more like John WinFLOP)

said women will only find contentment under a man's authority

Carl Schurz

German immigrant / war hero who visited the South and said there was: "an utter absence of national feeling . . . and a desire to preserve slavery . . . as much and as long as possible."

Immanuel Kant

German philosopher gave the transatlantic Romantic movement a summary definition in his book Critique of Pure Reason (1781)

(Mississippi's) White Line

Imitation society of the KKK

Denis Kearney

Irish immigrant who organized the Workingmen's Party of California also said the rich railroad barons had exploited the poor anti-Chinese theme became a national issue

GIBBONS V. OGDEN

It established the basis of Congressional regulation of all types of interstate commerce; declared the supremacy of federal to state law when the two conflicted.

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian explorer who discovered the coast of South America called the land a "new" continent "New World" label by mapmakers who used variants of "Amerigo" is where the word "America" comes from

Election of 1832

Jackson wins and gained supporters for passing the recharter bill and made martin van buren his new vp

James Longstreet

Lee's deliberate but tireless "warhorse"

April 19, 1861

Lincoln ordered a naval blockade of southern ports federal ships closed the Mississippi River to commerce naval squadrons blocked off southern ports along the Atlantic Coast and the Gulf of Mexico *supreme court later ruled that this confirmed the existence of war*

April 16, 1862

Lincoln signed an act that abolished slavery in D.C.

February 1, 1861

Mississippi Florida Alabama Georgia Louisiana Texas ALL SECEDED

Why did white expansion to the west threaten Native American life?

Native Americans depended on buffalo when American federal officials couldn't confuse Indian leaders into selling their lands it caused fighting discovery of gold in CA (1848) brought many white people to the west coast; filling up Native and Mexican lands up with people

Opposition to War with Mexico

New Englanders = denounced the war bc they belived that Polk wanted a war with mexico in order to gain more territory to expand slavery "Mr. Polk's War" "spot resolutions" Daniel Webster was convinced war with Mexico was driven by Democrats to add more slave states to the Union

Dutch Settlements

New York New Jersey

BARBARY COAST PIRATES

North African pirates from Tripoli demanded tribute from American merchant vessels trading in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers.

Pinckney Pinchback

Northern black and former Union soldier that won the office of lieutenant governor served as acting governor when the white governor was indicted for corruption

John Pope

Northern commander who led a small force in Virginia He attacked the Confederates without waiting for the arrival of all of McClellan's troops Pope fled to Washington, defeated by Lee He was removed from command and McClellan was back in charge of all the federal forces in the region.

Mother Ann

Religious leader who brought the Shaker belief to the Americas from England died in 1784

Lord Rockingham

Replaced Greenville as prime minister leader of a Whig faction critical of Grenville's colonial policies (1766) asked Parliament to rescind the Stamp Act; they did but also passed the *Declaratory Act* (July 1766) replaced by *William Pitt*

Middle colonies (NY, Pennsylvania)

Rich land and abundant water, power for milling

Martin Van Buren

Secretary of State who rivaled with Calhoun for place to be Jackson's successor as president had political advantages because he was skilled at timing and tactics persuaded Jackson to oppose federal financing of transportation improvements

John C. Calhoun

Secretary of State who rivaled with Van Buren for place to be Jackson's successor as president Vice President who was determined to defend southern interests -> preserve slavery against growing Northern industrialism and slavery abolitionism

Virginia

The Virginia Company planted the first permanent settlement in Virginia. This was on May 6, 1607 three tiny ships carried 105 men and boys (39 of original voyagers died at sea) traveled down the James River and landed and called it Jamestown and what would be the providence of Virginia.

demand for unskilled / semiskilled workers

attracted new groups of the workforce at the bottom: immigrants women children

PANIC OF 1819

The first of the national financial panics since Washington became President

in 1609, more colonists landed and Jamestown but..

This time they sent several women

English Background

Unlike the absolute monarchs such as France and Spain, the Britain rulers shared power with the nobility and a lesser aristocracy known as the GENTRY This formed a bicameral legislature known as Parliament made of the House of Lords and the House of Commons

Burned-Over District

Upstate New York had such intense levels of evangelical activity that it was labeled this compared to forests devastated by fire because of how quickly revival fevers spread

Simon Cameron

War Department

Horatio Seymour

Wartime governor of New York didn't seek or embrace the nomination "Great Decliner"

Napier press

Was steam driven - could print 4000 sheets of newspaper in an hour

Jehu Jones

Was the colored proprietor of one of Charleston's best hotels

some mining camp and shantytown names

Whiskey Flat Lousy Ravine Petticoat Slide Piety Hill

Robert Owen

a British capitalist who worried about the degrading social effects of the factory system bought the town of Harmonie, Indiana -> New Harmony

Astolobe

a borrowed navigational device from Arabs helped sailors locate ship positions with latitude calculations

Cherokees

a civilized tribe, relied on treaty rights to stay on their land developed a constitution (1827) that declared they didn't need to follow the laws or be subjects of any other state or nation developed own language owned African American slaves in mountains of northern Georgia and western NC

Latin schools

a grammar school that could prepare a student for college

innovative leadership

a group of entrepreneurs used fertile business opportunities to create large new enterprises

the series of measures promoting national economic expansion (Republicans)

a higher protective tariff for manufacturers free homesteads on federal lands a more liberal naturalization law for immigrants federally financed internal improvements including a transcontinental railroad

United States Steel Corporation

a holding company was a marvel of the new century the first billion-dollar corporation the climactic event in the age of relentless business consolidation

BRITISH ORDERS-OF-COUNCIL

a law passed by the English Parliament in 1793. It was when the British were fighting the French. The British closed off all port vessels that France went through so they couldn't get supplies. American ships were seized also and Americans were impressed into the British navy. This lead to the War of 1812.

factors to the decline of the Knights of Labor

a leadership devoted more to reform than to the nuts and bolts of organization failure of the Knights' cooperative worker-owned enterprises a preoccupation with politics that led the Knights to sponsor labor candidates in hundreds of local elections

"Conservative" parties

a name used by Democrats to mollify former Whigs Republican control in the South slowly loosened as these gained the white vote

boom-and-bust cycle

a period of strong economic growth followed by a period of sharp decline

Constitutional Union Party

a political party formed in 1860 by a group of northerners and southerners who supported the Union, its laws, and the Constitution

Virginia Resolves

a series of resolutions passed by the Virginia House of Burgesses in response to the Stamp Act of 1765 inspired by Patrick Henry entitled to all the rights of Englishmen, and Englishmen could be taxed by only their representatives governed by laws passed with their own consent

Uncle Tom

a slave who became kinder and more generous even as he is sold as a slave and taken south

Encomienda

a socioeconomic system that came from Spain and favored officers who then became privileged land owners of Indian villages

Martin Van Buren (Texas/Election of 1844)

abandoned by southern supporters / Andrew Jackson because of his opposition to Texas annexation

how much of the nation's railroad mileage was under control of only 7 companies by 1900?

about 2/3

Reconstruction of the Constitution

absence of specific provisions in this caused politicians to disagree over authority to restore Rebel states Lincoln claimed the right to direct Reconstruction under this clause that gave presidential power to grant pardons under constitutional obligation of the U.S. to guarantee each state a republican form of gov't

Alien and Sedition Acts

acts that limited freedom of speech and liberty of foreigners

Salmon P. Case

added the motto "In God We Trust" to American coins as a way of expressing the nation's religious zeal

Democrats

adopted no platform at their first convention and relied on popularity of the president to carry out their cause

Maya

advanced / highly developed civilization sprawling cities, hierarchical gov't, terraced farms, pyramids *one main religion* (A.D. 900) culture collapses after falling into power of *Toltecs* overexploited the rainforest which had a fragile ecosystem overpopulated / war prisoners were sacrificed

new labor-saving machinery and mass-production techniques created

advances in productivity and efficiency

Anglicism

affected the most by changes from established denominations to more democratic sects religion that suffered the stigma of being aligned with the Church of England lost status as the official religion in most states

western theater

after 1862, chief action here was a series of inconclusive maneuvers

dollar value of slaves (1860)

after Texas joined nation it brought even more plantation slavery, _____________ was greater than all banks, railroads, and factories combined resulted in the south economy leading national exports

John Tyler's response to Henry Clay's proposals (1841)

agreed to repeal the Independent Treasury Act signed a higher tariff bill in 1842 (August 16, 1841) vetoed a third national bank

54th Massachusetts Regiment

all-black unit led by Union Colonel Robert Gould Shaw during the Civil War

tenant farmers

allowed a claim to a larger share of the crops could have their own mule, plow and line of credit with the country store inefficient lacked incentive to care for the land; owner was largely unable to supervise the work

Underground water lines

allowed firemen to use hydrates vs. buckets for putting out fires

ALIEN ACT

allowed the president to expel any foreigner he thought was dangerous.

Yarrow Mamout

an African Muslim who was sold into slavery bought his own freedom and property settles in Georgetown

why did the last hope for peace with Mexico die in 1846?

an American official who had been sent to Mexico City to negotiate a settlement gave up Mexican officials had allowed pride to ignore the actual issues between the U.S. and Mexico

Battle of the Alamo

an abandoned mission near San Antonio Mexican army attacked a small group of Texians, Hispanics, and American volunteers rebels lead by William B. Travis and David Crockett (Feb. 1836) Santa Anna arrived with 6,000 Mexican troops and demanded that the people in the Alamo surrender (they just shot a canon back) Mexicans attacked for 12 days but then on March 6 they played the Deguello song and attacked every side of the Alamo and on the third try they broke through the north wall 6 defenders were captured and hacked to death with swords

contract labor

an arrangement similar to the indentured servitude of colonial times workers were committed to a term of labor in exchange for transportation to America

mercantile system

an economic / political policy that grew out of the prolonged warfare among the major European nations as well as the growing importance of gaining foreign colonies centered on the idea that international power and influence depended upon a nation's wealth and its ability to become economically self-sufficient could gain wealth only at the expense of another nation by getting its gold, silver, and dominating its trade gov't controlled all economic activities, limiting foreign imports so as to preserve a favorable balance of trade where exports exceeded imports gov't promote domestic manufacturers required nation to get clonies that would help the other county by producing raw materials for goods manufactured by the mother country that would then be sold to the colonies these ideas prompted England to create more *Navigation Acts* to tighten its control over commerce in the colonies

Copperhead Democrats

an extreme fringe of the peace wing democrats even flirted with outright disloyalty were strongest in states such as Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois they sympathized with the Confederacy and called for an end to the war

Sam Houston saw two choices for the Republic of Texas

annexation to the United States closer economic ties to Great Britain

Universalism

anti-Calvinist movement that attracted the working-class people stresses the salvation of all people, not just a select predestined few Teaches that God is too merciful to condemn anyone to eternal punishment

postwar racial segregation

appeared before the end of Reconstruction schools, churches, hotels, rooming houses, and in private social relations trains, depots theaters, and diners were less often segregated

Corpus Christi

area near the Rio Grande in Texas troops sent here by Polk were in disputed territory: Mexico didn't see the American annexation of Texas as valid or the Rio Grande as a boundary

Great American Desert

area that white settlers wouldn't want since it was known for rattlesnakes and lizards

hierarchical

arranged in order of ranks

business grow and industrial development

as businesses grew, owners wanted to integrate production and distribution processes of goods into a single company to create larger businesses mergers; joining forces with competitors to dominate entire industries transformed nation's economy and social life caused widespread dissent and caused the start of the organized labor movement

slave childhood

at age 5 / 6 children began to work collected trash, firewood, picked cotton, scared away crows, weeded and ran errands age 10 they were full time field hands often sold to new masters

Peace Commission of 1867

attempt to have a reservation policy didn't really work; extended a practice from colonial Virginia had humanitarian motives by saving money: housing and feeding Indians on reservations $ less than fighting them

Vice President Millard Fillmore

became Pres. after Zachary Taylor died of cholera self-educated; made his own life in the profession of law and NY politics his support of the Compromise of 1850 helped sustain the Union through the crisis

First Industrial Revolution

began in Britain in late 18th cent. propelled by 3 new tech: 1) coal-powered steam engine 2) textile machines for spinning thread / weaving cloth 3) blast furnaces to produce iron

Germanic and Celtic people

big on masculine honor (Scottish, Irish, Scots-Irish, Cornish, and Welsh) people that most southern whites descended from

two major explanations for south being behind in industrial development (by southerners)

black people were thought of as unable to do factory work planters that ruled the Old Southern had formed a large dislike of industrial production (owning land and having slaves gave the appearance of an aristocrat- TJ agrees with this)

household servants

blacksmith, carpenter, boatman, or cook -> privileged roles always on call and rarely had their own could not avoid being in the presence of white

"whiskey ring"

bribed tax collectors to bilk the government out of millions of dollars in revenue

Puritanism

churches of Boston were most vulnerable to the appeal of religious liberalism went from this to prosperity = many families said they were nothing but sinners to God

mineral deposits in the West

brought in people with rushes of prospectors who were joined by camp followers if a new field existed, forced respectability and small forms of exploitation came in; lawlessness was overpowered by vigilante rule and then to a stable community

wealth

brought political power only people who had this could afford slaves large slaveholders/supporters grew in their insistence that owners should be allowed to take their own slaves into new territories

elevators / streetcars

buildings could go higher with electric elevators cities could spawn suburbs because of electric streetcars providing transportation

First Transcontinental Railroad

built west of the Mississippi Rv. Pacific Railway Act of 1862 got huge loans, grants of "public" lands taken from Indians, and cash provisions from the fed. gov't *brought nation together / changed the economic and political landscape / enabled the United States to emerge as a world power*

1868 legalization of bribery of politicians

business leaders spent time and money to make sure gov't wasn't in their way political corruption became a routine leaders usually got what they wanted from Congress and state legislators *caused by the common collaboration between elected officials / business executives*

"pet banks"

by end of 1833 - 23 state banks (this is the name) had federal deposits highly questionable and Senate voted to disprove Jackson for it

taxes

came chiefly in the form of the Morrill Tariff on imports and taxes on manufactures and nearly every profession fed taxes only met 21% of wartime spending so Congress had to print paper money

Davis's greatest challenge during presidency

came from the southern politicians who had embraced secession and then guarded states' rights against the authority of the central government of the Confederacy state's rights advocates challenged the legality of the military draft, taxes on farm products, and the suspension of habeas corpus

Deists

carried *Isaac Newton's* outlook believed God was the Creator, but no longer interacted with the Earth / its people evil is from ignorance application of reason is the highest virtue

(?) "Slavery Is Dead" (?)

cartoon by Thomas Nast that suggests that slavery was not dead in the postwar south

Enlightenment

celebrated rational inquiry, scientific research and individual freedoms

Pittsburgh

center of iron production (1800)

Aztec / Mexica Religion

centered beliefs on the cosmic forces of nature gods were aligned with the sun, sky, water, wind, and fire; struggled for supremacy with each other human sacrifices: captives, slaves, women, and children done to please the gods so that they could get rain for harvests and victories in battles used to justify assaults on other tribes

James Madison

central figure in the Constitutional Convention one of two delegates who attended every session shy, headaches, high-pitched voice convincing arguments / willingness to compromise made him likable assumed that even the best people are naturally selfish proposals from the Confederation Congress helped him to write / form the *Virginia Plan*

Mother Jones (Mary Harris)

champion of the working poor who used fiery rhetoric to excite crowds and attract media attention She led marches, dodged bullets, served jail terms, and confronted business titans and police with disarming courage part of the Knight of Labor promoted higher wages, shorter hours, safer workplaces, and restrictions on child labor arrested during a miners' strike in West Virginia but set free arrested again when 83 yrs old and died in jail *"Pray for the dead and fight like hell for the living"*

Naturalization Act

changed residential requirement for citizenship to 14 years

SECOND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES

chartered in 1816, much like its predecessor of 1791 but with more capital; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business.

U.S. Sanitary Commission

civilian agency that collected enormous sums of donations to provide organized medical relief and other services for soldiers

intinerant evangelists

claimed ministers were incompetent insisted Christians must be "reborn" in convictions / behaviors creeds / articles of faith are unnecessary

John Quincy Adams

claimed nullification would lead to "organized civil war"

system of checks and balances

comes from delegate's mistrust of unchecked power president veto congressional impeachment / removal senate's approval / rejection of treaties / appointments court's right of judicial review Congress can't pass bills of attainder / ex post facto laws

Oliver O. Howard

commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau sent agents to the South to negotiate labor contracts, provide, medical care, distribute food, and set up schools

why did anti-slavery northerners begin to leave the Democratic party?

complained that the party was beginning to represent southern slaveholding interests

"poor whites"

confused with yeomen a degraded class of rural poor people who didn't own land / regulated to the least desired land lived on edges of "polite" society seasonal employment as laborers for yeoman farms / unskilled workers speculated to be descendants of indentured servants / convicts / weaker of frontier population lazy less bc of heredity and more bc of infections and dietary deficiencies

Crédit Mobilier of America

construction company that bribed congressmen charged the Union Pacific $94 million for a construction project = $44 million

Morrill Land Grant Act

conveyed to each state 30,000 acres of federal land per member of Congress from the state sale of some of the land provided funds to create colleges of "agriculture and mechanic arts"

oil

could be refined into kerosene; widely used in lighting, heating, and cooking

Preston S. Brooks "Bully" Brook's attack on Charles Sumner

cousin of Andrew Pickens Butler (May 22) found Sumner at his desk, accused him of slander against SC and Butler, and then beat Sumner in the head with a cane [and didn't stop until it broke] was censured; resigned but then returned after being reelected

Mary, Queen of Scots

cousin of Queen Elizabeth kicked out by Scottish Presbyterians and went to England with her infant son virtue by Henry VII (relative) conspired to throw her cousin over, but nah, *Elizabeth* found out and beheaded her, which outraged *Philip II*

The Spanish Empire

covered most of Europe, the Americas, parts of Africa, and many trading posts in Asia during its greatest moments gold and solver that was looted from America was what helped form Spain's "Golden Empire" (1553) all the way to Chile (1538) all the way to Columbia

treasury notes

currency

daily mission routine

dawn: bell rings; community prayer hour later: work starts; doesn't end until an hour before sunset Indians: 6 days a week (not Sunday's / religious holidays) men did manual labor / trained in masonry, carpentry, or leatherwork women did domestic chores / cooking, sewing, cleaning, and shucking corn

working and living conditions

death rates were higher in major cities vs. countryside factories had poor health / safety conditions *American industry had the highest accident rate in the world* *The United States was the only industrial nation in the world that had no workmen's compensation program to provide financial support for workers injured on the job*

Webster-Hayne Debate

debate between Robert Y. Hayne and Daniel Webster over what to do with land in the West

Theodore Parker

declared that slavery was "the world's fairest hop linked with man's foulest crime"

John Adams

defense attorney for the British soldiers involved in the *Boston Massacre* insisted accused soldiers were the victims of circumstance all of them were freed except for two; convicted of manslaughter and branded on their thumbs

"black Reconstruction"

derisive label for political efforts by African Americans after the Civil War exaggerated black political influence that was limited mainly to voting blacks could vote and had rights, but kept virtually enslaved got more political power

Nephrite

descendants of ancient Hebrews who has traveled to America thousands of years ago

plantation system [after Civil War] (racial relations)

destroyed by: abolition of slavery war-related disruptions to the economy large amounts of human loss

Whigs

didn't adopt a platform as an attempt to avoid the divisive issue of slavery (1852 election) refused to accept Fillmore for pres. nominee and eventually chose Winfield Scott

Martin Van Buren

didn't aress the issue of the annexation of Texas during his single term as president

Jackson tries to fix his cabinet after Peggy Eaton Affair by

disbanding the cabinet altogether and starting it over again Jackson appoints new cabinet advisers

Delaware

stayed in Union

Comstock Lode

discovered near Gold Hill, Nevada by H.T.P. Comstock produced gold and silver; more than $300 million (1861) Nevada became a territory thanks to the settlers that came in (1864) Nevada became a state

Pandemics

disease that travels over a whole continent caused by Typhus / Smallpox tribal cohesion / cultural life died

James Madison

dismissed nullification ass "heresy"

"branded"

distinctive ranch symbols were burned into the cattle to help identify which cattle belonged to which ranch

Kentucky

divided loyalties (September 3) end of this states neutrality when Confederate force occupied several towns after Union soldiers were moved into Paducah, this state remained with the Union some say that it only joined the Confederacy *after* the war

anarchists

dreamed of the eventual disappearance of government altogether believed that the transition to such a stateless society could be hurried along by promoting revolutionary action among the masses tactic: dramatic acts of violence against representatives of the gov't "propaganda of the deed"

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

during and after this battle, Jackson took control of a chaotic city, declared martial law, and for two months he placed a nightly curfew, censored newspapers, jailed city officials/officers, and threatened to execute people who went against him

infectious diseases deadly pathogens

during the *Great Biological Exchange* these were brought into the new world by Europeans / Slaves *smallpox*, typhus, diphtheria, bubonic plague, malaria, yellow fever, and cholera

Republic of Texas

during the next 17 days after forming a DoI the delegates drafted a constitution and established a temporary government Santa Anna's troops came from their victory at the Alamo to the delegates' meeting place and so the delegates quickly ended their meeting

Indies

eastern Asia people wanted to explore here (and other places) to obtain a wealthier / richer commerce and to *spread Christianity*

cotton belt (1860)

eastern NC, SC, Georgia Alabama-Mississippi black belt (called this bc of soil's color) Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi River valley, Illinois expansion of ____ _____ made the Southern Region more independent on enslaved black workers (more than 1/2 of slaves worked in cotton production)

Rutherford B. Hayes

elected by the Republican Convention (1875) chief virtue was that he offended neither Radicals nor reformers.

General Antonio López de Santa Anna "Napoleon of the West"

elected president of Mexico in 1833 opposed slavery (1834) dissolved the national congress and became a dictator Anglo Texans feared that he would free their slaves and make them [A.T] slaves he ordered all Americans out, all Texans disarmed, and all rebels arrested = revolution 30,000 AT vs. 1 million Mexicans (1845) told Pres. Polk that in return for considerations he would bring a settlement of the Mexican War

Missouri

elections here had overwhelming Unionist victory while a pro-Confederate militia under the slaveholding state governor gathered near St. Louis when news of Civil War reached here, 4,200 men volunteered to join the Union army (all but 100 were German Americans) civil war inside of this state containing gunslingers who used guerrilla tactics, banditry and atrocities after the war was over

Spain

emphasized the conversion of indigenous people to Catholicism forbade manufacturing within its colonies strictly limited trade with the Indians

humanitarians

emphasized the relationship between drinking and poverty focused on the sufferings of innocent mothers and children abused by husbands and fathers who abused alcohol

Chicago

fastest growing city in the nation hotbed of labor unrest and a magnet for immigrants (German and Irish esp.) who were socialists / anarchists who endorsed violence as a way of changing the capitalist system

Lyman Beecher

encouraged a mob to attack and burn the Ursuline Convent in Charlestown, MA congregationalist minister who gave anti-catholic sermons; president of Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati

federal/state politicians

encouraged growth of businesses by putting high tariffs on foreign imports land grants / money to finance railroads and other transportation improvements

John Tyler

endorsed states' rights, strict construction of the constitution, and territorial expansion youngest president owned slaves was a state legislator governor congressman senator all of his opinions were widely known and he was very opposed to everything associated with the American System Southerner (Virginia) believed SC had a constitutional right to secede from the U.S. by opposing Clay and the Whig party, he became a president without a party asked Congress to annex Texas by a joint resolution

city and slaves

enslaved blacks interacted with not only white owners but interracial community shopkeepers, police, neighbors, strangers most visible were African American street vendors selling products more mobility and freedom than those in rural areas

captains of commerce during the Gilded Age

entrepreneurs John D. Rockefeller / Andrew Carnegie = organization J. Pierpont Morgan = development of investment banking Richard Sears / Alvah Roebuck = mail-ordering retailing fostered vast industries that changed the size / scope of business and industry

how ranchers survived

establish legal title and fence in the land limit the herds to a reasonable size provide shelter and hay during the rigors of winter

Jesuits

established missions such as *Terre Haute* (High Land) and *Des Moines* (Some Monks)

Vertical Integration

ex) Standard Oil did this by producing its own oil, barrels, and whatever it needed

Deists

ex) Thomas Jefferson / Benjamin Franklin believed that people might grasp the natural laws governing the universe rejected the belief that every statement in the Bible was literally true skeptical of miracles questioned the divinity of Jesus defended free speech opposed forced persuasion of religion

Senator Lewis Cass

expansionist from Michigan that was the Democratic candidate for president in 1848 expressed how the U.S. didn't want Mexicans as citizens or subjects, just for their lands

Farm Sector (1870)

experienced such rapid growth that it became a world leader fueled the economy by providing wheat and corn for flour and meal commercial cattle industry process of slaughtering / packing meat became a major industry *directly stimulated the industrial sector of the economy*

most important economic challenge

extending national commerce to people who lived on isolated farms / small towns

"writs of assistance""

general search warrants that did not have to specify the place to be searched

"barbed-wire wars"

farmers kept crowding in and laying out homesteads ranchers would cut other ranchers' fences or would police their own (1883) areas were being overrun with cattle stock breeders formed associations to keep intruders off overstocked ranges, establish and protect land titles deal with railroads and buyers fight prairie fires, and cope with rustlers etc.

Whiskey Rebellion

farmers protest against tax on whiskey

agriculture of the Southern Region in 1900

farmers weren't flourishing long deflation in crop prices affected the entire economy during the last 3rd of the 19th century low farm crop $ = harder to own land (1890) low rates of farm ownership in Deep South stopped the idea of a southern democracy of small landowners

nuclear family

father is regarded as the head of the house most slave children socialized by means of this family gave some independence from white influence

railroad's 1st's

first big business first magnet for Wall Street in NYC first industry to develop a large-scale management bureaucracy

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

first major interstate strike in American history major rail lines in East had cut wages after the panic of 1873 (1877) announced a 10% wage cut; those working at rail lines in Martinsburg, West Virginia walked off the job and blocked the tracks these spread to Maryland -> California caused 100+ deaths and $millions nonstriking rail workers= harassed and assaulted federal troops ended the violence -> so workers had no choice but to drift back to work. *The strike failed* *demonstrated potential union strength and the need for tighter organization*

National Firsts from the Mexican War

first successful imperial American war first occupation of an enemy capital first in which West Point graduates played a major role first reported by war correspondents first significant combat experience for a group of junior officers that later served as leading generals in the Civil War

Catherine of Aragon

first wife of *Henry VIII* couldn't have a child so Henry VIII asked for an annulment of their marriage, but the Pope refused as she was the aunt of *Charles V* who was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and a vital support for the church

Working-class Politics

flourished during Jacksonian Era (philly)bc of removal of property qualifications to vote

War Department authorized general recruitment of African Americans

for it confirmed the shift from a war to preserve the Union to a revolution to transform the social, economic, and racial status quo in the South

5th Amendment

forbids congress to deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law

Logan Act

forbids private citizens from making foreign negotiations without authorization

Mexican Congress

forced Santa Anna out of office didn't accept the treaty never officially recognized the loss of its northern province

poverty

forced most southern farm workers to give up hopes of owning land -> sharecroppers / tenants

John C. Calhoun

formed a thesis to counter the Wilmot Proviso (Feb. 19, 1847) didn't apologize for having slaves and insisted slaveholders had the right to take slaves into any territories declared the Proviso went against the 5th Amendment since slaves were property -> took Bill of Rights and made it into a guarantee of slavery

the biracial character of the South's population

formed by black southerners who influenced and enriched the South's development with: speech, folklore, music, religion, literature and recreation

Greenback party

formed out of anger from the Specie Resumption Act of 1875 (1878) elected fourteen congressmen

Alexander Stephens

former vice president of the Confederacy, now claiming a seat in the Senate

Sears, Roebuck and Company

founded by Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck new retailer that dominated the mail-order industry (1890s) they began offering goods by mail their ability to buy goods in high volume from wholesalers enabled it to sell items at prices below those offered in rural general stores (1907) had become one of the largest business enterprises in the nation

U.S. Military Academy at West Point / U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis

founded in 1802; trained a limited number of engineers more men learned technological skills through practical experience with railroad and canal companies

The University of Virginia

founded in 1819 and introduced a curriculum modeled on Thomas Jefferson's view that education ought to combine pure knowledge and the classics with "all the branches of science useful to us, and at this day" influenced the other new state universities of the South and those of the West

Amendment 1

freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition

William Ellery Channing

from Boston's Federal Street Congregational Church was the most inspiring Unitarian leader said that rational nature is from God and it is surer than any book that tries to convey God's will

Schuyler Colfax

future V.P. who helped in the Crédit Mobilier scheme

Frontier Phase of the Second Great Awakening

generated excitement and dramatic behavior 1) backwoods circuit-riding preacher 2) camp meeting helped keep revivalism in the backwoods Evangelists found ready groups with lonely frontier people who wanted spiritual intensity and a sense of community women went to rural revivals and sustained religious life on the frontier

Polk's top priority

geographic expansion wanted to complete the annexation of Texas wanted to purchase California and New Mexico

Elixabeth Cady Stanton

graduate of NY Troy Female Seminary refused to be a household wih

Haymarket affair

grew out of prolonged agitation for an 8 hr workday (1884) Knights of Labor set May 1, 1886 as the deadline for adopting the 8 hr workday (May 1, 1886) 40,000 Chicago workers went on strike (May 3, 1886) violence at the McCormick Reaper Woks plant with striking union workers and nonunion workers fighting evidence of police brutality made the leaders of the anarchist movement in Chicago mad = "Revenge" and "Workingmen, to Arms" mass demonstration the next night at Haymarket Square to protest the two striker's deaths (May 4, 1886) crowd was leaving when police showed up and someone threw a bomb at the police = 7 dead, 60 wounded *first terrorist bombing in America* labor meeting were banned (1886) trials sentenced 7 anarchist leaders to death w/out proof of relation to the bomber *triggered widespread revulsion at the Knights of Labor and labor groups in general*

presbytery

group of elders and ministers in the church like a government; made decisions for the church

German turnvereins

gymnastic societies

South Carolina

had a higher % of slaves (60%) in its population than any other state political leadership was dominated by firebrands one party state for decades and it was the only state that did not allow its citizens to vote in presidential elections (state legislature did the balloting)

Gouverneur Morris

had a worthless view of common people NY aristocrat

Southern Pacific Railroad

had absorbed the Central Pacific (1882) pushed through Arizona -> Texas and connected to St. Louis and New Orleans

Patrick Henry

hated centralized government; "smell a rat" refused to represent Virginia in Constitutional Convention in Virginia he was the spokesperson for backcountry farmers that feared the government's new powers

Executive Branch

have veto over acts of Congress could be overridden by 2/3 vote armed forces / execution of laws makes treaties / appoints diplomats, judges, etc. with the consent of the Senate could *not* declare war / peace (that's Congress' job) could be impeached by 2/3 Senate vote

why was Stephen A. Douglas's reasoning with the MC and K-N Act flawed?

he failed to notice growing intensity of anti-slavery ideas spreading across the country

Peggy Eaton Affair

helped Martin Van Buren gain political power Jackson's Cabinet's wives were very against John Eaton's wife, and this caused Jackson to say that she was "chaste as a virgin" bc it reminded him of his own wife's problem Jackson blamed Calhoun and his wife, Floride, and hated Calhoun forever after this resulted in the resigning of John Eaton and Jackson asks Martin Van Buren to leave too

"driver"

highest management position a slave could get to in charge of a small group ("gang") of slaves; get them to work without causing conflicts supervised the majority of field hand slaves

Smallpox

highly contagious 8 million people in Mexico and 1/3 of the Indian population died from this disease just after Spanish arrival became the most powerful weapon Europeans interpreted the disease as a punishment by God to "failures" of Christian conversion Indians blamed the disease on Europeans

Robert E. Lee

his decision to join the Confederacy was an example of the choice people in the U.S. Amy had to make of which side to support in the Civil War served in the U.S. army for 30 years when Fort Sumter was attacked he was summoned by Gen. Winfield Scott an offered command of the federal forces told Scott no; failed to see the good of secession but he could not attack his own home commanded the Army of Northern Virginia = changed the course of the war *knew how to use the talents of his field commanders for advantages*

Frederick Jackson Turner

historian inspired by the 1890 national census; helped to develop his influential frontier thesis that he first outline in *"The significance of the Frontier in American History"* exaggerated the homogenizing effect of the frontier environment and virtually ignored the role of women, African Americans, Native Americans, Mormons, Hispanics, and Asians in shaping the diverse human geography of the western United States implied that the West would be different after 1890 bc the frontier experience was over

Dissent

hold or express opinions that are at variance with those previously, commonly, or officially expressed.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890

holding companies were less vulnerable to prosecution under state law BUT some were broken up by this act

sod houses

homes built of sod

connestogas

horse drawn carriages

Plains Indians Tribes

horse-borne nomads who migrated across the grasslands carrying their tepees with them Arapaho Blackfoot Cheyenne Kiowa Sioux

horses and buffalo

horses: increased mobility by allowing them to leave their villages and following migrating buffalo herds Buffalo: meat was used for food; skin for clothing, bedding, and tepee coverings; bones and horns for tools and utensils; manure could be fried and burned for heat.

Phoebe Worrall Palmer

hosted revival meetings in her NYC home traveled across the U.S. as a camp meeting evangelist

"jails"

houses for enslaved men, women, and children who were waiting to be sold slave markets and auction houses brought them into existence

big questions after the Civil War

how should U.S. reunite? state status of seceded states? Confederate leaders tried for treason? U.S. citizenship for former Confederates? new gov't formation in the South? what would the Southern economy's reconstruction effect? Do Confederate state gov't still have to pay off their debts? who's going to pay for reconstruction of Southern railroads, public buildings, harbors, and levees? what to do with free slaves? should they get land, social equality, or voting rights?

Southern Advantages

huge slave labor force geographic: own territory to fight on more experienced military leaders

abolitionism

immediatism took a political turn that began focused on Congress to deluge Congress with petitions calling for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia

Indigo

important crop of colonial SC vanished after British stopped wanting this blue dye for clothes

Book of Common Prayer

imposed a moderate from of Protestant service while keeping many Catholic doctrines like the Latin Liturgy but without the saint cult, and the clergy could get married

state decisions on trade / currency shortages

imposed special taxes on British vessels special tariffs on British exports to America failed bc of disagreement between states British just went to less-strict ports states tried to tax the goods that crossed state lines, but that made it seem like states were at war with each other (1787) clear that a national gov't was needed to regulate trade in states

delays to the completion of the transcontinental line

iron prices spiked broken treated caused Indian raids blizzards stopped work for weeks had to cross Sierra Nevada Mtns. (57 miles e. of Sacramento)

Richard Hoe

improved the Napier press in 1847 by create the rotary press which could print 20,000 sheets an hour

Settling in Chesapeake

in 1606, King James I charted a joint stock enterprise called the VIRGINIA COMPANY!

"bonanza farms"

in Minnesota, the Dakotas, and cent. California these farms had machinery for mass production and became "marvels of the age"

African Americans

in statewide political conventions: selected by local political meetings or churches, fraternal societies, Union Leagues, or black army units from the North

"providential destiny"

in the 1840s Americans believed they had this, and it was to displace the Indians in America and take over the entire continent

polyglot mining camps

in these, white Americans often looked upon the Hispanics and Chinese with disdain

technological advances

increased industrial productivity and transformed daily life steelmaking / oil refining refrigerated railcar allowed beef, mutton, and pork of the West to reach national markets in the East = great packinghouse enterprises in the Midwest ridged rollers that could crack wheat of Great Plains = flour milling industry centered in Minneapolis

end of African Slave Trade

increased the importance of the domestic slave-trading network slaves moved from land of southeast to the southwest many taken south and west with planters who owned them

Northen Advantages

industrial development: produced 97% of firearms / 96% of railroad equipment transportation: more wagons, horses, ships, and railroads

"lazy diseases"

infections and dietary deficiencies hookworm malaria pellagra made people really tired and drained 1990= cures for these

James (king of England)

known as the "wisest fool of in Christendom" bisexual, conceited, and lazy

Ideas of the Enlightenment / "reasonable" ideas

influenced (1st half of the 19th century) : religion literature the arts various social reform movements

Expansionists and Oregon

insisted that Polk abandon previous offers to settle with Britain and take all of the Oregon Country prepared to risk war with Britain over the issue "All of Oregon or none"

"spot resolutions"

introduced by Abraham Lincoln called Pres. Polk to identify the spot where American blood had been shed on American soil implied that U.S. troops may have been in Mexico when fired upon

electric motors

invention of these allowed factories to locate wherever they wanted companies no longer had to cluster around waterfalls / coal deposits for energy lead to the development of elevators and streetcars

J. Pierpont Morgan

investment banker growth of large corp. gave him a strategic position in the economy wanted to consolidate rival firms into giant trusts realized that railroads were the key modern industry; controlled a sixth of the nation's railway system by the 1890

BERLIN AND MILAN DECREES

issued by Napoleon stating that neutral ships trading with Britain or obeying the Orders in Council could be seized

Council of the Indies

issued laws for New Spain served as a reverse court for civil cases in the colonies

problems the Mexican forces had

issues with training, discipline, morale, supplies, and munitions many soldiers had been forced into service or recruited from prisons = not enthusiastic artillery pieces = outdated; gunpowder was faulty enough that Americans could dodge cannonballs

outcome of the Civil War was not inevitable because

it was determined as much by human decisions and human willpower as by physical resources

riding the circuit

judges travelling between different courts

wartime business

laid the groundwork for the postwar economic boom and the fortunes of tycoons ex) J. Pierpont Morgan John D. Rockefeller Andrew W. Mellon Andrew Carnegie

St. Louis

large ethnic population of Americans born in Germany and Central Europe most of were Roman Catholics intensely opposed to slavery and the Confederacy

Boston Tea Party

large shipments of tes left Britain for the major colonial ports; irate Boston colonists decided that their passion for liberty was greater than their love of teas (Dec. 16, 1773) Patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians boarded three British ships and threw 342 chests of East India Company tes overboard John Adams applauded them pushed British officials to make an example of Boston to the rest of the colonies

Greenland

largest island in the world devoid of life / covered in ice named this to mislead colonists about how suitable it was for settlement (15th Century) colonies vanished

Workingmen's Party of California

lead by Denis Kearney called for the United States to stop Chinese immigration (1879) peaked when it elected members into the state leg. and mayor of San Francisco (1882) Congress voted to stop Chinese immigration for 10 years

Vetoing the third national bank

led Clay to convince all of Tyler's pres. cabinet to resign in September (excluding Daniel Webster) Tyler replaced them with anti-Jackson Democrats that had become Whigs this political fighting = during the worst economic depression at that time in history bank failures / unemployment grew -> Tyler ignored it

Robert F. Stockton

led the American occupation of Santa Barbara and Los Angeles (August) Mexican resistance evaporated (August 17) declares himself governor and John Frémont as military governor of the north

Horace Mann

led the drive for public school systems sponsored the creation of a state board of education, then became its leader "normal school" = first state supported school for the training of teachers, a state association of teachers, and a minimum school year of 6 months public school = a way to get social stability and equal opportunity

The Confederation Congress

limited authority after war, they were helpless with foreign relations and economic depression managed to lay important fondation for a new national gov't: *1783 Treaty of Paris* that ended the revolution; 1st executive departments; made land distribution / territorial gov't for westward expansion to Pacific coast (1781) established: Foreign Affairs / Finance / War = executive departments

Old Southwest's contribution to the economy

low land prices suitable for cotton and sugarcane growth powerful factor that brought in thousands of people after the seaboard economy failed in 1820s-1830s migrating southerners made farms, churches, towns, and brought culture and order to this frontier

Jackson wanted to accomplish these things as president:

lower taxes reduce government spending shrink the federal bureaucracy pay off federal debt destroy the national B.U.S. clean the government of things he thought promoted self-interest

Texas-New Mexico Act

made New Mexico a territory set the Texas boundary at its present location in return for giving up its claims, Texas was paid $10 million (which helped finish off the payment for the state's debt) [didn't reference slavery apart from allowing the territories to have legislative authority over all subjects of legislation]

Iron Plows

made tilling soil a lot easier

mining camps / towns / goldfields

male-dominated dirty, disorderly, and often lawless some had saloons and gambling halls many people died diseases such as Cholera and scurvy so dangerous that life insurance companies refused to provide coverage

attacking slavery

many anti-slavery activists wanted slavery prohibited only in the new western territories and states they were willing to allow slavery to continue in the South and were opposed to racial integration the only way around the problem would be to justify emancipation as a military necessity

HARTFORD CONVENTION

meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

women and camp meetings

meeting provided them with an alternative to the work and loneliness of a farm life they played a predominant role at the meetings were applauded for their spiritual energies this allowed women to participate as equals in large public rituals and gave them opportunists for leadership roles outside of home like being traveling evangelists themselves doing same roles as men boosted their confidence and expanded horizons beyond the domestic sphere

Matthew Lyon

member of Congress from Vermont who was jailed for criticizing the Adams administration in his newspaper, continued to write while in jail

William Morgan

member of the Masonic movement disappeared in 1826 had announced plans to publish a pamphlet that told the secret rituals of the Masonic order

Redemptioners

members of German evangelical secs that paid their way through as indentured servents

who was affected by the Civil War?

men women white people black people immigrants Native Americans free people enslaved people

mesoamerica

middle America (now Mexico and Central America)

"free soilers"

militant reformers who were determined to prevent slavery from expanding

William Emerson

militant reverend who expressed the determination of the Patriots when he told his townsmen "Let us stand our ground. If we die, let us die here."

Tennessee

more Unionists than any other Confederate state gov't under Radical Republican control This state's governor, in reporting the results to the secretary of the Senate, added, "Give my respects to the dead dog of the White House."

Brook Farm

most celebrated of all Utopian communities because it grew of of the Transcendental movement became America's first secular Utopian community

planter

must own 20 slaves had more than 1/2 of the slaves of the south produced most of the cotton, tobacco, hemp all of the sugar and rice >4% of white men in south only 1/30 white people in the South (1860) was a _______ (1860 census) 11 _____ w/500 slaves 1_____w/1,000 slaves

"set a mood that has never disappeared from the West: the attitude of extractive industry—get in, get rich, get out."

n/t

(1890s) small farmers were in open revolt against the "system" of corrupt processors (middlemen) and "greedy" bankers who they believed conspired against them

n/t

*There is no evidence that Grant himself was ever involved in, or personally profited from, any of the fraud, but his poor choice of associates and his gullibility earned him widespread criticism*

n/t

During the late winter and early spring of 1865, the Confederacy found itself besieged on all sides

n/t

"foul monster"

name for the Union given by an angry congressman SC is the only state where the majority of the population is slaves the congressman and others feared federal authority that's used to impose tariffs might be used to end slavery If Congress creates tariffs to benefit the North, then Congress can outlaw slavery

Kansas

new territory west of Missouri Stephen A. Douglas agreed to the creation of a territorial gov't here tempted by the popular sovereignty from Douglas and caused more political tensions in the north and south groups pushed right-minded migrants westward racism; many settler here wanted to keep all enslaved or free blacks out of the territory (1860) only 627 African Americans here

Horatio Gates

noted that "every thing about this Army is infected with the Pestilence: The Clothes, The Blankets, the Air & the Ground they Walk on."

Uncle Tom's Cabin

novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that portrayed the south as planters who were arrogant aristocrats that raped enslaved women, brutalized enslaved workers, and lorded over their local communities with disdain slaves are treated like cattle and families were broken up and sold "down the river" to Louisiana sugar mills and rice plantations

Compromise Tariff of 1833

nullifiers stopped enforcing their place in hope for a compromise to be able to be passed the bill depended on the decision of Henry Clay, who actually said yes to it March 1, 1833 the compromise was passed and signed by Jackson -> SC convention ended nullification of the tariff acts; nullified the force bull

gold

one of the few precious metals that can be "mined" without costing a lot so anyone could become a gold miner

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons)

one of the most intensely committed religious believers came out of burned-over district founded by Joseph Smith rejected the idea of original sin staining the human race in favor of an optimistic creed stressing human goodness

American "Know-Nothing" Party

one of the parties the northern Whigs gravitated towards emerged in response to the surge of mostly Catholic immigrants from Ireland and Germany anti-Catholic and embraced nativism by promoting denial of citizenship to newcomers (1850s) won several local elections in MA and NY

provinces

ones made by Spanish were for defense against trading Empires in Mexico / South America the first one made was because of French intrusions on Spanish land

Bear Flag Republic

only lasted a month (July) troops were sent here to raise the American flag declare CA as part of the United States most welcomed that change

the one thing the lower, middle, and upper south subregions had in common

opposition to the immediate end of slavery

American Society for the Promotion of Temperance

organized lectures, press campaigns, and essay contest, and the formation of local and state societies

Ku Klux Klan Act

outlawed the characteristic activities of the KKK such as: forming conspiracies wearing disguises resisting officers intimidating officials *authorized the president to suspend habeas corpus where necessary to suppress "armed combinations."*

Native Americans (1840)

over 325,000 lived in the Southwest the Great Plains, California, and the Pacific Northwest in 1840 were divided into more than 200 tribes with individual languages religious, kinship practices, and government primarily farmers and nomadic hunters (went for game animals and other Indians)

Mary Surratt

owner of the boardinghouse John Wilkes Booth and his accomplices plotted Lincoln's assassination

1864 Contract Labor Act

passed during the Civil War to encourage the importation of laborers by allowing employers to pay for their passage to America eomployers had taken advantage of this to recruit foreign laborers who were willing to work for less $ then Americans in the same position

Hamilton's Financial Plan

pay debts, raise government revenues, create a national bank

Terror of 1793-94

period of French Revolution with much destruction

Indentured servants

person promised to work a number of years to get transportation in America middle rank = slave <-> free man own property, no trade 4-7 years of work before freedom dues could be used

teetotaler

person who totally abstains from intoxicating beverages signed pledge with "T"

Homestead Steel Strike / Pullman Strike

pitted organized labor in a bitter contest against two of the nation's largest and most influential corporations these two strikes not only represented a test of strength for the organized labor movement but also *served to reshape the political landscape at the end of the nineteenth century*

Aztlán

place where the Aztec people lived

dredging hydraulic mining deep-shaft "hard-rock" mining

placer deposits were exhausted and efficient mining needed large-scale operations / huge investments = companies shifted from surface digging to these types of mining changed vast areas of vegetation / landscape created steep-sloped canyons that couldn't sustain plant life 12 billion tons of earth were blasted out of the Sierra Nevada Mtns. and washed into local rivers

Federalists

political party; included Hamilton, Madison, and Jay concluded that the U.S. now had to depend on the "constant virtue of the few, rather than the public-spiritedness of the many" advocates of the Constitution advantage in debates since their leaders were members of the Constitutional Convention and were familiar with issues in the document better prepared, organized, and made up of more able leaders in the political community redue taxes, pay war bonds, and expand $$$ supply

"plural marriage"

polygamy Smith did this; 24 wives encouraged other Mormon leaders to do this 1844 Emma (his 1st wife) denounced his polygamy = attack on Nauvoo by non-Mormons from the neighboring counties

Baptist

preferred church by African Americans its decentralized structure allowed each congregation to worship in its own way (1890) 1.3 million+ African Americans had become this

slave catchers

with the fugitive slave act they were given the temptation to kidnap free blacks in northern "free" states

France New France

population was 3x of Spain's population only 40,000 French came to the New World in 17th / 18th centuries = forced to develop cooperative relationships with the Indians typically established fur-trading outposts rather than farms served as mediators among the rival Great Lakes tribes which gave them much more influence among the Indians than the English had predominantly male Huguenots and foreigners of any religion weren't allowed to populate the country so New France was limited to a population of French Catholics (1663) *King Louis XIV* changed New France into a royal colony and dispatched new settlers / women gov't provided tools / livestock for farmers and nets for fishermen (1665 - 1690) population of New France grew from about 4,000 to 15,000 *by establishing settlements in Canada / Louisiana it gained the huge advantage of access to the rivers in the heart of the North American continent* (1750) 80,000 people; English = 1.5 million by offering Europeans goods to Indians in return for furs and didn't invade as many Native lands = won Native American allies could mobilize for action w/out any worry about rebellious colonial assemblies or ethnic / religious diversity (Feb. 1763) Treaty of Paris: Britain took all of France's North American possessions *east* of the Mississippi River: all of Canada and Spanish-Florida

Redeemers / Bourbons

postwar Democratic leaders of the South; lawyers, merchants, and entrepreneurs who promoted a diverse economy based on railroad construction / industrialization dominated local southern politics (usually bc they owned land / wealthy) slashed state spending = public school systems urge to reduce state spending was their biggest mistake because it allowed for convict leasing oppression of African American votes was inconsistent but happened enough to allow white control of the southern states *promoted growth of industry and led the South into a new economic era*

convict leasing

postwar state and local gov'ts were trying to get $$$ so they "leased" convicts to white land owners as a way to avoid expenses and gain revenue racists arguments were made to rationalize this; "inferior and shiftless" race would benefit from the discipline of working for others

Fence-Cutters' War of 1883-1884

practice of small ranchers cutting large ranchers' fences caused this war in Central Texas several were killed and dozens wounded before the state passed legislation outlawing fence cutting

motherhood as a slave

pregnant slaves were given less work and more food; rewarded with dresses and silver dollars after childbirth, mother was put to work spinning, weaving, or sewing sent back to fields breast feeding moms had to bring their children with them to the fields some women killed their babies so they didn't have to see them grow up in slavery

Alien Act

president could deport "dangerous aliens"

Alien Enemies Act

president could imprison enemies during war

General Winefield Scott

president's good peacemaker that kept people in check along the border of Canada and America

Chicago Republican Convention

presidential nominee choosing for Republicans 1st ballot: Lincoln in 2nd place 2nd ballot: almost even with Seward 3rd ballot: Lincoln is pushed within 1.5 votes of a majority (Ohio delegation switched four votes to put him over the top)

German Settlements

primarily Pennsylvania *mennonites* founded *Germantown* near Philadelphia had Lutherans, Reformed Calvinists Moravians, etc.

sharecropping

primary job after war the crop produced was divided between the tenant farmer and the landowner *allowed mothers / wives to contribute directly towards the family's income*

Masonic fraternal order / Masonic movement

private social organization that originated in Great Britain by 18th century there were 100 Mason "lodges" across the U.S. with about 1,000 members George Washington Ben. Franklin Andrew Jackson Henry Clay little opposition until William Morgan disappeared

Bureau of Reclamation

proceeds of public land sales in 16 states created a fund for irrigation projects built major projects: Boulder (Hoover) Dam = Nevada-Arizona line Roosevelt Dam = Arizona Elephant Butte Dam = New Mexico Arrowrock Dam = Idaho

Declaration of American Rights

proclaimed the rights of Americans as English citizens denied Parliament's authority to regulate internal colonial affairs proclaimed the right of each colonial assembly to determine the need for British troops within its own province

southern textile industry

produced cotton-based bedding / clothing (1880-1990) # of cotton mills grew from 161 -> 400 # of mill workers increased 5x demand for cotton grew 8x (1900) South had passed New England as largest cotton fabric producer in the nation

navigation

progressed in nautical navigation because of the Renaissance *no one thought the Earth was flat*

NATURALIZATION ACT

prohibited foreigners from applying for American citizenship for 14 years

the south was different in population from the rest of the nation because of the:

proportions of native-born Americans (black and white combined)

Amendment 4

protection from unreasonable searches and seizures

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

prototype of all the terrorist groups (1866) organized by young men in Pulaski, Tennessee as a "social club" with costumes and secret rituals common to fraternal groups its members soon turned to intimidation of blacks and white Republicans Klansmen rode about the countryside, hiding behind masks and under robes, spreading horrendous rumors, issuing threats, harassing African Americans, and wreaking violence and destruction Virtually the entire white male population of York County joined the KKK

Arthur and Lewis Tappan

provided Garrison with the funds to launch his abolitionist newspaper organized the American Anti-Slavery Society (parliament ended slavery throughout the British Empire at this time)

B.U.S.

provided a stable, uniform currency for the expanding economy as well as a mechanism to control the pace of growth became the most powerful lending institution in the country central ______'s large size allowed it to determine the amount of credit available for the nation South/West preferred coins over paper money depositors were concerned that federal government funds might be in with their own money in these

Homestead Act of 1862

provided free federal homesteads of 160 acres to settlers had to occupy land for 5 years before gaining title no cash needed

JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789

provided the basic framework of the federal court system

biggest accomplishment of the Confederate agents in Europe

purchase of fast warships designed to attack Union vessels around the world British law forbade the sale of warships but a Confederate commissioner arranged for them to be built in England and then armed with cannons in other countries 18 of these ships were used in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans where they sank hundreds of Union ships

Great Awakening (ideas in 19th century)

puritanical image of a stern God that promised hell-fire and damnation was replaced by a more optimistic religious outlook aka the "Great Revival"

Tariff of 1832

pushed through by John Quincy Adams this reduced duties on many items, but tariffs on cloth and iron stayed very high

Industrial Transformation

railroad networks became federally funded benefited from an abundance of (inexpensive) power sources: water wood coal oil electricity

Jay Gould

railroad robber baron who would buy rundown railroads, make cosmetic improvements, and sell them did this while using corporate funds for personal investments and the payment of brides for politicians and judges when he died (56 yrs) he had a fortune that amounted to $100 million

Cornelius Vanderbilt "the Commodore"

railroad tycoon who said "What do I care about law? Hain't I got the power?" directed the first major eastern railroad plans (1869) merged separate rail lines (connecting Albany and Buffalo) into a single rail network led by the New York Central *created connections to New York City and Chicago while gaining one of the greatest personal fortunes America has ever seen*

Haywood and the Wobblies (sounds like a band)

reaching out to the elements of the labor force with the least amount of power / influence = migratory workers of the West / ethnic groups of the East

Andrew Jackson on purchasing California

reasoned that as a free state it could balance the future admission of Texas as a slave state

Denmark Vesey Plot

rebels planned to seize ships in the harbor, burn the city, and head for Santo Domingo Haiti) where former French colony slaves had succeeded in revolt executed and rest were deported before anything could happen city reduced rights of free blacks too

Liberty party

received the anti-slavery votes after Clay decided to support the annexation of Texas (1840 year it was founded) 7,000 votes (1844) 62,000 votes gained enough votes from Clay/Whigs for Polk/Democrats to win New York

Henry Clay's proposal at the Congressional session of 1841

repeal the Independent Treasury Act establish a third Bank of the United States hand out money raised from federal land sales to the states raise tariffs on imports

Continental Association of 1774

recommended that every community form committees to enforce an absolute boycott of all imported British gods elected committees became the organizational / communications network for the Revolutionary movement 7,000 men across the colonies served on the committees often required colonists to sign an oath to join the boycotts against British goods; those who didn't were ostracized / intimidated / tarred ad feathered

John C. Frémont

recruited 60 frontiersmen and went to Sacramento Valley encouraged Americans there to declare their independence from Mexico (June 14) captured Sonoma, proclaimed the Republic of California, and put up their flag

Polk's Presidential Objectives

reducing tariffs on imports reestablishing Van Buren's independent Treasury resolving the Oregon boundary dispute with Britain getting California from Mexico

Giles Corey

refused to sacrifice his family and friends during the Salem witch trials and so he was crushed to death with stones

Sam Houston

said the Kansas-Nebraska Act violated the Missouri Compromise and messed with territory that was given to the Indians (federal agents were tricking / forcing Indians to give up their lands and rights)

"western lands"

region north of Ohio Rv / west pf Appalachian Mtns. that was overlapping with Indians, colonies, and spectators under the Articles of Confederation, this land was public / could be owned and administrated by the national gov't (1779) Congress said no to dependent colonies but yes to Republican states (1784-1787) Confederation Congress made 3 major ordinances for the development of the West

Ohio Country

region the French and British fought over during the *Seven Years War* was believed that whoever controlled this area would control North America the Indians there would determine the military balance of power (July 3, 1754) British defeat at *Fort Necessity* leaves the French in control of this area (1755) British dispatched 1,000 troops to get the French out of this area; arrival of "redcoats" changed the dynamics of British North America

Double Standard of Plantations

reinforced the authoritarianism many male planters showed women: examples of Christian piety and sexual purity men: were self-indulgent

Methodism/Methodists

religion that was experiencing dramatic growth as Episcopalianism was decaying in 1784 these people met in Baltimore and announced they were abandoning Anglicanism and forming a new a distinct religion committed to the aggressive conversion of all people (men, women, Indians, and African Americans) discarded Anglican prayer book, liked to sing hymns, welcomed the working poor / oppressed, and emphasized the possibility of Christian perfection in life on Earth more ______ churches in mid-19th century than any other by 1840s they were the largest Protestant church in the nation the first people that allowed colored people into their churches (as did the Baptists)

William D. Haywood "Big Bill*

remained the leader of the Western Federation promoted the concept of one all- inclusive union dedicated to a socialism "with its working clothes on."

James Davenport

revivalist who shouted about destroying the devil, getting ride of the clergy, and people finding their *own* salvation very theatrical

Amendment 6

right to a speedy public trial

Amendment 2

right to bear arms

Amendment 3

right to refuse housing of soldiers

Amendment 5

right to refuse testifying against yourself

Amendment 7

right to trial by jury

Gone with the Wind (1939)

romanticized Hollywood film that portrayed the South as a stable agrarian society that is lead by paternalistic white planters and families showed houses that were meant to represent "natural" aristocracy throughout southern communities in it southerners are kind to their slaves and value independence and honor (Thomas Jefferson liked this)

California's Native Americans

rush of people seeking gold reduced 14,000 Hispanic people living in CA to a minority conflict in the Sierra Nevada foothills overall population was decimated

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

said Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional

Eliza Wilkinson

said men said women didn't belong in politics she disagreed because physically they may be weaker but not mentally

James M. Mason

said that neither Clay or Taylor's efforts would help the Union the South needed the Congress to accept its rights: *equality of treatment in the territories* *return of fugitive slaves* *some guarantee of "an equilibrium between the sections"*

"female seminaries"

schools established in the early nineteenth century to train women for higher education and public service outside the home academies Emma Willard at Troy, New York Mary Lyon at South Hadley, Massachusetts grew into colleges more attention to social amenities like music and art

vikings

seafaring Norse people from Scandinavia (10th - 11th Century) North Africa -> Baltic Sea -> Russian Rivers -> Black Sea -> Constantinople raided towns in Ireland, settled in Iceland, and then explored uppermost North America

Maryland

secession of this state would have isolated Washington D.C. within the Confederacy fall elections here ended the threat of secession by returning a solidify Unionist majority in the state

power in Congress started to shift from South to North

secessionists had abandoned Congress to the Republicans Congress passed a higher tariff bill to deter imports and protect manufacturers transcontinental railroad was approved to run through Omaha, Nebraska, to Sacramento Homestead Act that granted 16- acres to settlers who agreed to work the land for five years National Banking Act (1863) Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) that provided fed. au to state colleges teaching "agriculture and mechanic arts" Contract Labor Act (1864) encouraged the importation of immigrant labor *significance for the expansion of the national economy and federal gov't*

Henry VIII

second monarch of the Tudor dynasty *"Defender of the Faith"* -> didn't approve of Martin Luther married *Catherine of Aragon*; wanted annulment married *Anne Boleyn*

Benjamin Wade

senator who said : "Johnson, we have faith in you... by the gods, there will be no trouble now in running this government." soon found Johnson as unsympathetic as Lincoln

Daniel Webster

senator who scoffed at the crazy crowds that were at Jackson's inauguration ceremony defined a nationalistic view of the constitution the AR was fought by a united nation rather than separate colonies, states and federal government need to work together but in own respective spheres "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"

panning process

separating gold from sand and gravel (usually done by Hispanic and Chinese wage laborers)

"panning" "placer" mining

sifting gold dust and nuggets out of riverbeds

Chibcha

similar but smaller civilization as the Aztecs located in what is now Columbia

"hired out"

slaves in cities were _______ on the condition that they paid a % of their earned wages to their owners

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association unmarried and therefore able to devote most of her attention to the women's crusade

Conquistadors

soldiers (*Cortés'*) that received no pay willing to risk their lives to get a share in plunder / slaves

California wanted to become independent from Mexico

some wanted to be an independent nation under French / British protection more wanted to join the U.S.

Governor Berkeley

soon gained control again and hanged 23 rebels

Southwest Indian Tribes [Arizona, New Mexico, s.Utah]

sophisticated farmers who lived in adobe villages along rivers that irrigated their crops of corn, beans, and squash Peublos: Acoma Hopi Laguna Taos Zia Zuni others: Apache Navajo Comanches

southern "architecture" (organization) as a whole

south loved: fighting guns horsemanship military attachment to agrarian ideals masculine "honor"

New South

south must follow the north's example and diversify the economy by creating an industrial sector beside its agriculture sector a more efficient agriculture would be a base for economic growth widespread education [esp. vocational training] would promote regional prosperity sectional peace / racial harmony would give a stable social environment for economic growth

THE THING THAT MADE THE SOUTH SO DISTINCTIVE WAS

southern belief and other people's belief that the region WAS very different from the rest

PRES. Zachary Taylor

southern man who championed Union principles believed slavery should be upheld where it already existed but had NO patience for pushing slavery into territories wanted to make CA and NM free states immediately to bypass the issue of slavery (Dec. 4, 1849) wanted immediate statehood for CA and URGED Congress to avoid allowing slavery into the issue (Congress wasn't cooperative)

Tobacco

southern region's first staple crop Virginia / Mayland depended on this during colonial era common in NC after Rev. -> Kentucky -> Missouri

"radical rule"

southern resistance to this became violent

Henry Clay's role in the Comp. of 1850

southerners threatened secession so he was looked to for help on this he was afraid he would break the Union; was devoted to preserving the Union 8 resolutions which were meant to represent "great national scheme of compromise and harmony"

why was Confederacy doomed from the start

sparse industrial development less able-bodied men lack of gold and warships weak transportation network

BAD OUTCOMES OF THE MEXICAN WAR

sped up tensions over slavery seen as a shameful war of conquest and imperialistic stealing from a president who only cared about expansion for slavery

widespread application of electrical power

sped up the pace of industrial change electricity created dramatic advances in the power and efficiency of industrial machinery spurred urban growth through new electric trolleys and subways greatly enhanced the production of steel and chemicals

Confederate Strategy

stalemate the Union forces so that the cotton-hungry British / French might be persuaded to join their cause public sentiment in the North would force Lincoln to seek a negotiated settlement armies form in the South while Confederate diplomats seek assistance in London and Paris to get foreign supplies, diplomatic recognition for their new nation, and get a Europeans military intervention on their behalf Confederate sympathizers in the North were urging an end to the Union's war effort

The Fall of Fort Sumter

started the Civil War and started a wave of confidence across the Confederate states encouraged 4 more southern states to join the Condeferacy

many of the first settlers died of disease and malnutrition but Indians were worse off

started to have civil disorder, rebellion, and tribal warfare that left them vulnerable Europeans took their superiority of civilization for granted -> conquests / enslavement of Indians

Compromise of 1850

started with Clay's 8 resolutions and ended with an edited version of 5 resolutions by Douglas; signed by Fillmore 1) California entered the Union as a free state (ending the old balance of free and slave states) 2) the Texas-New Mexico Act 3) the Utah Act 4) a new Fugitive Slave Act put the matter of apprehending runaway slaves entirely under federal rule and gave advantage to slave catchers 5) the public slave of slaves [but not slavery] was abolished in DC

Mexico

struggled to develop a stable government / effective economy localism and corruption officials never showed the will or ability to govern the new republic

Protestants

struggled to reunite after the war bc of all of which had split into northern and southern branches over the issues of slavery and secession "white republic"

Pierre G. T. Beauregard

studied artillery under Robert Anderson at West Point demanded that Fort Sumter surrender

band of brothers

term used by John Adams to refer to the Revolutionary era leaders

Levi's Blue Jeans

sturdy denim trousers mail of sailcloth pockets reinforced by copper rivets

Lewis Cass

suggested that the citizens of a new territory should regulate their own internal issues in their own way - like a state (pop. sov.) won Democratic nomination in 1848 but the party refused to endorse his "squatter sovreignty"

General Philip Sheridan

summarized how whites treated the Indians: "We took away their country and their means of support, broke up their mode of living, their habits of life, introduced disease and decay and among them, and it was for this and against this that they made war. Could anyone expect less?"

Department of Interior (1849)

supervises the distribution of land the creation of new territories and states the "protection" of the Indians and their land

"spoils system"

system of removing federal employees from the government Jackson thought that politicians should only serve for one term before going back to being a private citizen in order to avoid staying in office too long and becoming corrupt

crop-lien system

system where rural merchants provided supplies to small farm owners in exchange for liens (mortgages) on their future crops the credit offered the local store + lowering prices for crops created a cycle of debt merchant generally charged interest on borrowed money; required farmer clients to grow a cash crop that could be sold upon harvesting created bc of the shortage of money in post-war south *went against agricultural diversity and placed a premium on growing a staple "cash" crop*

ecological effects of tenant farming / sharecropping

tenants would use fertilizers bc they didn't care about the land since it wasn't theirs exhausted soil tenants just left after the soil was ruined and then went to a different farm the topsoil would then wash away and flow into creeks and rivers / swamp lowland fields + millponds + lakes early 20th century the South ha deep gullies in eroded hillsides / streams + deep lakes clogged with silt red clay w/out nutrients dominated the landscape *created a bondage to privation and ignorance*

Cash Crops

tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton, and sugarcane helped strengthen the plantation system and the South's dependence on slave labor

Oregon

territorial status for this place had been delayed since 1846 because its gov't had excluded slavery by excluding this provision it implied an authority drawn from the powers of Congress (since Congress created territories) allowed to not have slavery in the end and given the boundary of 36degrees30'

U.S. CONSTITUTION

the 1787 document creating the system of fundamental laws and principles of our government

Challenges in Texas that were confronted by Sam Houston

the Texas treasury has nearly no money a growing government debt friction with Mexico

Salish Tribes

the Tillamook, Chinook, Pomo, and Chumash

Mexican Cession

the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million in exchange for 500,000 square miles of territory assume the claims of U.S. citizens against Mexico up to $3.25 million

The Ohio Company of Associates

the group of New England speculators organized in Boston (former army officers) that offered Congress a plan that would help reduce the national debt sent *Reverend Manasseh Cutler* to present the plan (1787) Congress allowed 1.5 million acres of land worth $1 million, to certificates of owed money to Revolutionary War Veterans *duel purposes* 1) reduced national debt 2) encouraged new settlements / sales of federal lands

Boston English High School

the nation's first free public secondary school set up for students not going to college (1827) MA declared a high school for every town of 500 to have a public school towns with 4,000+ had to offer Latin, Greek, rhetoric, and other college-preparatory courses

puritans

the people who wanted to "purify" the Church and so they left

JUDICIAL REVIEW

the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional

Henry Ward Beecher

the powerful New York minister who wanted white southern planters—rather than federal officials or African Americans themselves— to oversee Reconstruction views gained widespread support among evangelical ministers in the South

Henry Knox

the prolonged standoff between Patriot and British forced ended in dramatic fashion when a group of troops led by this Colonel captured *Fort Ticonderoga*

Muskogean

the third largest language group that includes the tribes in the Southernmost region of the Eastern Seaboard the Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and the Seminoles

Oliver Cromwell

the victory of his army over royalist forces in the civil war led to the creation of the *Puritan Commonwealth and Protectorate* As England's ruler he showed little interest i regulating the American colonies lively concern for colonial trade, so in 1651 Parliament adopted its first of the *Navigation Acts*

why did the Texan war for independence heavily rely on filibusterers from the southern states?

the widespread fear of slave uprisings prevented many Texians from joining the fight against the Mexican army

Salem Witch Trials

the widespread fear of witchcraft that resulted in many innocent deaths

"the Eaton Malaria"

the wives of the Cabinet members were very against Peggy O'Neale Martin Van Buren called this prejudice, this name

Chattanooga

third great Union victory of 1863 Union army led by William Rosecrans took Chattaooga and pursued Braxton Bragg's Rebel forced into Georgia where they met at Chickamauga (September 19-20) one of the few battles where the Confederates had a numerical advantage Union troops under George H. Thomas prevented a rout; fell back unto Chattanooga while Bragg held the city under siege from south to the east Union command rushed reinforcements to Tennessee from Virginia Grant replaced Rosecrans with Thomas (Nov. 24) Federal troops took Lookout Mountain, aided by dense fog (Nov. 25) dislodged the Rebels on Missionary Ridge *Union victory at Missionary Ridge confirmed that Grant was a good commander*

Sugar

this crop required heavy money investments to be able to purchase machinery that could grind up the cane needed a protective tariff for farmers to be able to compete with foreign suppliers bc it ^ this crop became the odd topic of southern politics of pro-tariff congressmen (Louisiana mostly bc that's where this crop was mostly grown)

What happened when the southern ports where cut off by Lincoln?

this quickly stopped southern commercial activity caused shortages of basic commodities dramatic inflation of prices of foodstuffs in the Confederacy (1863) *prices for food rose 10% a month*

Heresy Blasphemy

this was not tolerated; people were ready to die for faith and there was no room for this type of behavior

Shaysites

thought / rumored to be helping British and wanting to destroy the wealthy caused a lot of disagreements

labor strikes

without unions workers staged impromptu strikes in response to wage cuts and other grievances often led to violence

Reasons to move west

to exploit economic opportunities from the new land to gain religious freedom / new converts to Christianity

Leaves of Grass

written by Walt Whitman

railroad problems

too many were built; often in wrong places / time when they weren't needed companies allowed for dangerous working conditions that caused thousands of laborers to be killed / injured poor construction caused tragic accidents and required unstable brides to be rebuilt many went bankrupt bc they were poorly / criminally managed enormous $ helped corrupt politics bc of "bought" votes with cash / shares of stock in the railroad companies *created the modern practice of "lobbying" and this allowed them to use a dangerous amount of power over both the economy and political system*

"carpetbaggers"

top positions in postwar southern state gov't went to white Republicans who were called this ( / these) name(s) depending on their place of birth Northerners who had rushed to the South with carpetbags filled with their belongings many were" teachers, social workers, or preachers

the types of people who went west

trappers farmers miner merchants hunters ranchers teachers household servants prostitutes etc.

Great Basin Indian Tribes (Rocky Mountains / Sierra Nevadas) [Nevada, Utah, e.California]

traveled in family groups and lived off of berries, pine nuts, insects, and rodents struggled to survive bc of the harsh and arid region Paiutes Gosiutes

range wars

triggered by claims over land and water rights violent disputes between ranchers and farmers ranchers: often tried to drive off neighboring farmers farmers: tried to sabotage the cattle barons, cutting their fences and spooking their herds cattle ranchers clashed with sheepherders over grassland strain of ethnic and religious prejudice raised tension between ranchers and herders slowed down when sheep found refuge in high pastures of the mtns large ranchers: fenced in huge tracts of public land, leaving the smaller ranchers with too little pasture small ranchers: cut the fences

Sarah and Angelina Grimké

two women who fought for antislavery and women's suffrage broke away from their family and moved to the north to embrace Quakerism, abolitionism, feminism, etc.

Free Persons of Color

uncertain status between slavery and freedom subject to racist legal restrictions that weren't put against white people two ways to gain status: 1) purchased freedom 2) manumitted by owners most were poor and became tailors, shoemakers, carpenters, painters, bricklayers, butchers, barbers, on the docks, boarded boats, or ships women worked as seamstresses, vendors, washerwomen, or house servants

Sauk and Fox

under Chief Black Hawk they wanted to get back land they had abandoned the year before

Homestead Act of 1862

under this act a settler could: gain a title o federal land by staking out a claim and living on it for 5 years OR buy land at $1.25 an acre after 6 months [laws were never adjusted to the praire lands; cattle ranchers were forced to get land by gradual acquisition from homesteaders or and-grant railroads] most land from this act was passed to ranchers, speculators, and then settlers

"vagrant" blacks

unemployed blacks often arrested and punished with severe fines no $ = forced into labor in the fields of the people who paid the courts

Revivals

unifying events that bridged social, economic, political, and racial divisions rural _____ brought a lot of attention from WOMEN

Toltec

warlike people who had conquered most of *mesoamerica* by the 10th century (A.D. 1200) withdrew after multiple droughts, fires, and invasions

Iroquoian

upstate New York -> Pennsylvania -> upland regions of Carolinas and Georgia skill at growing corn created *permanent agricultural villages* villages were surrounded by log walls and inside of these they lived in *longhouses* matriarchal due to the absence of men who were hunting and trade *women headed clans, selected chiefs, controlled property distribution, and planted / harvested crops*

lumber industry

urban / industrial growth created a need for housing (1870) became a thriving industry in the South Northern investors bought pine forests in the region (1900) lumber had passed textiles in value *tree cutting didn't stop even though it was obviously creating ecological devastation* cutover southern forests were only saved by the warm climate which helped the quick growth of planted trees

John C. Breckinridge

urged Robert E. Lee to negotiate an honorable end to the war. "This has been a magnificent epic," he said. "In God's name, let it not terminate in a farce."

William Penn

used brochures written with a German translation to encourage people to come to Pennsylvania promised religious freedom; *Mennonites*

Southern Climate

warm and humid ideal for profitable crops (tobacco cotton, rice, indigo, and sugarcane)

West

vast lands west of the Mississippi River that have mountains, rivers, deserts, grasslands, and dense forests the Civil War / Reconstruction didn't really affect the lives of Indians, Mexicans, Asians, trappers, miners, and Mormons in this area (1870 - 1900) Americans settled more land in the West than had been occupied by all Americans post-Civil War West offered personal freedom but the colonization of the Far West was shortsighted and irresponsible behavior by *exploitation that ruined the land, wildlife, and early exterminated Native American culture*

Andrew Jackson on nullification

viewed nullification as an act of treason threatened to hang Calhound and all traitors, later said he regretted not at least hanging Calhoun

Simon Legree

villainous white planter who tortures Uncle Tom before ordering his [Tom's] death

George Logan

visited Paris + made negotiations without permission

Andrew Jackson on Texas

wanted Texas to join the Union Texas entering as a slave state would cause issues with the election of Martin Van Buren raised issues with war beginning with Mexico he delayed officially recognizing the Republic of Texas until his last day in office

federal fugitive slave laws (in general)

wanted by southerners would require northern authorities to arrest / return runaway slaves south threatened to leave the Union if this wasn't formed

James Buchanan "Buck" Duke

wanted more success than his family already had in the tobacco industry "half smoke and half ballyhoo" invested in advertising and perfected the mass production of machine-made cigarettes undersold competitors and cornered the supply of ingredients needed to make cigarettes (1911) began to take over hydroelectric power and aluminum businesses

Henry Clay

wanted to be president so he stayed in the senate to fill W.H.H.'s pres. cabinet with as many easily manipulated friends as possible (1841) Congressional meeting: introduced a series of resolutions designed to supply the platform that the Whig party had avoided in the election pushed his program through Congress w/out pres. support

Christopher Columbus

wanted to spread Christianity and get Asian riches *Ferdinand / Isabella* have him 1/10th of any riches he found captured Indians as gifts printing press made word of his voyages spread quickly offered a second voyage but told to the "treat the Indians very well and lovingly and abstain from doing them any harm" (DIDN'T LISTEN) (1493) took 17 ships back to *Hispaniola* with Catholic priests to convert people to Christianity his son said this man was "committing a thousand excesses for which they were mortally hated by the Indians"

the economy after the Revolution

war damage / British occupation in key cities (ex. NY) ruined industries and elements of economic organized structure overseas trade was disrupted bc the British closed important markets in the Caribbean against Americans (1783) trade resumes with Britain; allowed to export U.S. products to Britain and come back with British goods [not anywhere else though] demands for London goods caused a vigorous market in exports to America North recovered faster than South thanks to shipping / commerce buying sprees -> money shortage -> economic struggles = several years (1787) U.S. seaports flourishing

Calhoun's political evolution

war-hawk nationalist -> States' right sectionalist 1) caused by South Carolina's agricultural decline 2) SC was losing residents / emmigrants (most went to texas)

rivals of the Pueblos Tribes

warlike hunters who roamed the countryside in small bands and preyed upon the Pueblos Apache Navajo

Tituba

was a West Indian slave that practiced fortune telling and voodoo

California Missions

was a church, fortress, home, town, farm, and imperial agent economic, religious, and cultural institutions produced crops, livestock, clothing, and household goods for profit and to supply neighboring forts Indians were paid with clothing, food, housing, and religious instruction

William Wirt

was a presidential candidate for Anti-Masonic party in 1832 former attorney general in Monroe's administration one of nation's first leading lawyers

Thomas Hooker

was a prominent Puritan colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. He was known as an outstanding speaker and a leader of universal Christian suffrage

William Henry Harrison

was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

southern economy

was based on agriculture (cash crops) and slave labor cash crops- planted annually and exhausted the soil; older lands of south had trouble keeping up with newer lands in the west; lands in states bordering Gulf of Mexico also began to stop producing as well

Central Pacific Railroad

was built east from Sacramento, California 689 miles when they reached the alt flats at Promontory, Utah work crews were mainly Chinese workers (from the gold rush, then railroad jobs)

Financial Panic of 1837

was the beginning of a 4 year recession starting in 1837 and ending in 1841. The basic cause of the Financial Panic of 1837 was the over speculation of who banks could trust to pay back loans and, inversely, who banks couldn't trust to pay back loans. 1836 failure of two major British banks caused financial tremors that forced British investors to start collecting on their loans

Great Plains and Far West

were already occupied bu Indians and Hispanics who had lived in these regions for centuries

secessionists

were now arguing that the Rebel states had in fact remained in the Union

Sioux

west of Mississippi wanted a place to raise a crop of corn

"Monster"

westerners and workingmen believed the B.U.S. was this a financial monopoly that is controlled by wealthy people

Clay / Van Buren: conclusions on PRO-SLAVERY Texas

when the annexation treaty was submitted they both released public letters opposing it because they feared the debate would cause a civil war

Roanoke Island

where *Sir Walter Raleigh* landed had fruitful soil and friendly Indians named it *Virginia* (Virgin Queen Elizabeth) left Virginia and left his wife Elinor and his goddaughter *Virginia Dare* (1590) Raleigh came back but the area was abandoned and pillaged

Hartford Convention (1814)

where New England had taken the same position against federal measures as South Carolina is doing now

"colonization"

white southerners supported _____________ efforts to ship slaves and freed blacks to Africa or encouraged owners to free their slaves when they died (GW had done it)

Maraget (Peggy) O'Neale

widow many thought her husband committed suicide after learning of her apparent affair with John Eaton Floride Calhoun convinced many women to hate her

Mining Culture

women were rare; few dared to live in camps + those who did stay in camps became cooks, laundresses, entertainers, and prostitutes not a crime to kill Indians / work them to death whites tried many times to outlaw foreigners in the mining country but had to settle for a tax on foreign miners

women

worked in factories, sewed uniforms, composed patriotic poems and songs, and raised money and supplies Thousands of northern women worked with the U.S. Sanitary Commission supported the freed- men's aid movement to help impoverished freed slaves

George Washington

worried that *Shays Rebellion* might tempt other upset people to violate the law was an authority-figure officer during the Constitutional Convention, but barely participated in debates only President elected unanimously because he didn't belong to a politician party = no opinion / bias

social life (early Americas exploration)

worship services, prayer rituals and religious festival / ceremonies

cotton crop

would never each the same records as harvest of 1860, until 1879

The Scarlet Letter The House of the Seven Gables

written by Nathaniel Hawthorne

Abigail Adams

wrote to Thomas Jefferson that *Shaysites* were "ignorant, restless, desperados, without conscience or principles ... mobbish insurgents [who] are for sapping the foundation (of the new struggling gov't)" got o upset with Jefferson's response that she ignored him

John "Bowie Knife" Potter

yanked off the wig of a Mississippi congressman and claimed, "I've scalped him." HE REALLY SNATCHED HIS WIG

1862

year ended with forces in the East deadlocked and the Union advance in the West stalled Union morale plummeted: northern Democrats were calling for a negotiated peace. Republicans grew increasingly fierce in their criticism of the president Lincoln referred to the mounting dissension as being a "fire in the rear."

Alexander Hamilton

-Secretary of Treasury under Washington

good / bad owners

"who did not whip you too much" "whipped you till he'd bloodied you ad blistered you" 400 slashes was barely punishment as some owners would severe limbs

San Salvador

"Blessed Savior" (Oct. 12th, 1492) island found east of Florida incorrectly assumed to be near the Indies

Francis Pickens

"We have triumphed, Polk is nearer to us than any public man who was named. He i a large Slaver holder and plants cotton" (talking about the democratic nomination of James Knox Polk)

Atlanta Confederacy

"We regard every man in our midst an enemy to the institutions of the South who does not boldly declare he believes African slavery to be a social, moral, and political blessing"

James H. Hammond

"You dare not make war on cotton. No power on earth dares to make war upon it. Cotton is King." was warning the North; was part of the southerners had become cocky and rude after profiting from cotton

John Charles Frémont "the Pathfinder"

"found" paths that mountain men had shown him (1842) mapped the eastern half of the Oregon Trial with 24 soldiers (1843-44) went to Oregon and launched a "military" expedition went down the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevadas -> central valley of Mexican California -> returned by the Great Salt Lake in Utah (1845) reports of his exhibitions gained a lot of attentions and assisted in encouraging the migration to Oregon / California ordered to be arrested when he refused to transfer his title of military governor eventually convicted of mutiny, pardoned by Polk, but resigned anyway

specie

"hard" money, usually in the form of gold and silver coins

Smiths famous words during the starvation time

"he that will not work shall not eat" he even imprisoned, whipped, and forced them to work, through these dictation acts Jamestown survived

coureurs de bois

"runners of the woods" French fur traders who roamed around New France to find furs

Frederick Douglass

"slaves sings most when they are most unhappy" and spirituals offered them deliverance fro their worldly woes

popular sovreingty

"squatter sovereignty" appealed to many Americans promised to open new lands quickly to non-slaveholding farmers *without directly challenging slaveholders' access to new lands* very popular in the Midwest endorsed by Democrats

Samuel de Champlain

"the Father of New France" led 27 expeditions in 37 years

Missouri's secessionist militia

"the grimmiest of German-haters" hoped to gain control of the federal arsenal in St. Louis (which contained sixty thousand muskets and massive amounts of gunpowder and cartridges)

Mary Boykin Chesnut

"there is no slave like a wife" wrote in a diary during the Civil War about the double standards of women and men during her lifetime

Graduation Act of 1854

$ of unsold lands were lowered over 30 yrs

Sugar Act

(*American Revenue Act of 1764*) cut the duty on molasses in half Grenville believed that reducing the duty would reduce temptation to smuggle levied new duties on imports into America of textiles, wine, coffee, indigo and sugar new revenues would help pay for the British defense in North America first time Parliament had adopted external duties designed to *raise revenues in the colonies* and not just *to regulate trade* "tax" colonists without consent critics of this act pointed out that British subjects could only be taxed by their elected representatives in Parliament = no rep in Parliament = no right to tax administrative costs were 4x greater than the additional revenue it generated

Crusaders

(1095 - 1270) European armies sent out to conquer the *Muslim-controlled Holy Land* advanced the process of international trade / exploration

John I

(1385) Portugal; fought off the *Castilians* to gain national independence

Marco Polo

(13th Century) he and his father went on a 24 year long journey to Asia and met *Kublai Khan* publicized accounts of journey / riches intrigued Europeans (and *Christopher Columbus*)

New Spain

(1400-1500) Spain tightly controlled empire in the New World Mainly located in North and Central America, including the Caribbean and Spanish East Indies To deal with labor shortages they developed ecomiendas using Native American slaves under conquistadors With the death of Native American slaves, they began importing African slaves to supply their labor needs evil but made a *mutual room for two living traditions* that lived side by side

Johannes Gutenberg

(1440) invented the printing press assisted in the rapid spread of the Renaissance

Charles VII

(1453) France; came out of the *Hundred Years War* as the head of a unified nation

Isabelle of Castile Ferdinand of Argan

(1469) their marriage united two warring kingdoms expansionists (January 1, 1492) A declaration of Catholic victory at *Granada* ended an 8 century long religious warfare with *Spanish Christians* and *Mooring Muslims* main message = convert to Catholicism or leave

Martin Luther Lutheranism

(1483 - 1546) German theologian who posted a *Ninety-Five Theses* to protest corruption in the church salvation only comes by receiving God's gift of grace through Jesus' redemptive power Pope called this religious idea a "cancerous disease" / "plague" (1521) was expelled from the church in an attempt to stop his heretical ideas; this caused religious conflicts in Germany

John Cabot

(1497) Venetian sponsored by Henry VII; first person to spot the North American continent authorized to take over any land he found his landing in Canada gave England the start to claim the whole continent, England got so distracted with internal division and warring France that they never capitalized it

Vasco de Gama

(1498 - 1500) sailed without maps along the African west coast with four leaky boats 24,000 miles in, 1/2 the crew had died *established Portugal as a seafaring power* *Bartholomeu Dias'* countryman

Indian Population after Spanish Arrival

(1500) Indian population was almost extinct African slaves were brought in to replace Indians (17th Century) 50 million Indians -> 4 million (end of colonial period) 100,000 whites -> 3 million

John Calvin

(1509-1564) French scholar who fled to Geneva and brought the country to follow his powerful beliefs "exerted a greater effect upon religious belief and practice in the English colonies than did any other leader of the Reformation" (pg. 42) "His insistence on the freedom of individual believers, as well as his recognition that monarchs and political officials were sinful like everyone else, helped contribute to the evolving ideas in Europe of representative democracy and of the importance of separating church from state" (pg. 42)

Vasco Núñez de Balboa

(1513) Spaniard; fist European to see the Pacific Ocean crossed the Isthmus of Panama on foot

Juan Ponce de León

(1513) governor of Puerto Rico that made the earliest recorded Florida exploration

Ferdinand Magellan

(1519) Portuguese; discovered the *Magellan Strait* on the Southern tip of South America discovered Guam went to the Philippines and was killed by the people living there

Giovanni da Verrazano

(1524) Italian sent by the French king to find a passage to Asia died when he ran into the Caribs

Pánfilo de Narváez

(1528) at Tampa Bay and marched to Apalachee -> St. Marks

Francisco Pizarro

(1531) brought soldiers from Panama to Peru to destroy the Inca Empire seized palaces / estates and took royal women as mistresses / wives looted Empire of silver / gold too

Jacques Cartier

(1534) led the first French effort of North American colonization

The Institues of the Christian Religion

(1536) work by *John Calvin* all people were cursed by Adam, but Jesus' death saved everyone predestination acknowledgement is more important than human understanding values fit the middle class presbytery church government formed the basis of the: German Reformed Church; Dutch Reformed Church; Presbyterians in Scotland; Puritans in England; *huguenots* in France

Hernando de Soto

(1539) landed on Florida's west coast and then hiked to North Carolina -> Arkansas River; destroyed villages as he went (1542) died in Natchez remaining crew members floated down the Mississippi River; 311 of them made it to Mexico

Elizabeth

(1558) became Queen of England after her 1/2 brother *Edward VI* and 1/2 sister *Mary I* messed up the country 45 years as the most remarkable female in history many issues during her time, but handled them well and became the ruler of England during the country's "Golden Age" declared a bastard at birth; technically was an illegal birth in the Catholic view, so England became Protestant (1603) died; *there wasn't an English colonist in North America yet*

St. Augustine

(1565) a Spanish outpost on the coast of France that became the first European town had a fort, church, hospital, fish market, and over 100 ships / houses defense base perched on the edge of a continent

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

(1598) first revolt; now 500 dead Pueblo men / 300 dead women + children (1608) were going to abandon Pueblos but then Franciscan Missionaries had baptized Pueblos, so they turned it into a royal province (1680) *Popé* made a mass rebellion with 20 towns; made Santa Fe the capital of his confederacy *greatest defeat of Europeans by Indians EVER* took 14 years to gain back control gained Indian access to *horses*

Samuel de Champlain

(1603) French settlement of North America began when he landed on the shores of the St. Lawrence River (1605) landed at Port Royal, *Acadia*, in Canada (1608) led an expedition where he founded *Quebec* and then went into the Great Lakes (1609) joined a band of *Huron* and *Algonquian* allies when his group was attacked by Iroquois shot and killed 2 chiefs and the Indians fled; ignited a hatred for the French that the English would later take advantage of (1635) died; up until then he governed New France under a trading company

Acadia

(1605) Samuel de Champlain landed here; Canada (June 1755) a British fleet captured French forts on Nova Scotia on the coast of Canada and expelled thousands of these Roman Catholic residents put on ships and scattered throughout the colonies and found their way to French Louisiana and became known as *Cajuns*

Quebec

(1608) founded by *Samuel de Champlain* Battle of Quebec = most decisive win of the Seven Years War (British WON) Gateway to Canada (December 31, 1775) attacked British forced at Quebec; Patriots retreated British sensed the weakness caused by the smallpox and attacked the Patriots *first military setback for the Revolutionaries*

John Rolfe

(1612) saved Jamestown. He brought a source of revenue that turned Jamestown completely around and that would be TOBACCO.

William Berkeley

(1642) Virginia Governor that decided his colony would be Anglican all *nonconformists* had to leave (Puritans / Quakers)

English Civil War

(1642-1646) affected the colonies fractured loyalties as colonists divided their support between the king and Parliament sharply reduced the inflow of money and people from England to America created great confusion about the colonial relationship to the mother country kept the English government from effectively overseeing colonial affairs

"ye olde deluder Satan" act

(1647) towns with 50+ families had to set up a grammar school [Massachusetts Bay Colony]

Puritan Commonwealth and Protectorate

(1650) The victory of Oliver Cromwell's army over royalist forces in the civil war led to the creation of this

Navigation Act of 1651

(1651) Parliament adopted this designed to increase the nation's commercial revenues by restricting the economic freedom if its colonies in ways that would take commerce away from their Dutch enemies required that all imported goods to England / colonies from Asia and Africa must be carried only in ship built in England, owned by Englishmen, and captained and crewed by a majority of English sailors colonial merchant resented this bc they benefited from Dutch shippers that charged 2/3 a much as English ships to transport American products across the Atlantic Virginia / Maryland colonists defied it, but then the English gov't dispatched warships to enforce the requirements *reflected the emphasis of the English / European gov'ts upon the mercantile system*

Sephardic Jews

(1654) landed in New Amsterdam Jews whose traditions originated from Portugal and Spain founded a Synagogue in New Amsterdam

Navigation Act of 1660

(1660) after the English monarchy was restored, Parliament passed this act ordered that all trade between te colonies be carried in English ships; 3/4 of those crews now MUST be English certain products from the colonies were to be shipped only to England or to other English colonies made England and its colonies become the soul outlet for specific colonial exports

Half-Way Covenant

(1662) baptized children of Church members could be admitted to a "half-way" membership and secure baptism for their own children no voting couldn't get communion

Navigation Act of 1663

(1663) declared that *all* colonial import from Europe to America must first stop in England, be unloaded, and have a tax paid on them before going to the colonies

1667 Virginia Law on Religion and Slaves

(1667) children of slaves would be slaves even if hey had been baptized as Christians

Charles II

(1675) designated the *Lords of Trade*

Lords of Trade

(1675) established by *Charles II* new government agency that would force the colonies to follow the mercantilism system royal governors in the colonies reported to these people (1670) appointed collectors of *customs duties* (1684) tried to teach the rebellious colonists a lesson by annulling the chart of Massachusetts after the legislature declared the *Navigation Acts* had no legal standing in the colony in 1678

King Phillips War

(1675-1676) marked the last major effort by the Native Americans of southern New England to drive out the English settlers. With tensions spilling over following the collapse of trade partnerships and aggressive expansion of colonist territories, Pokunoket chief *Metacom* — a.k.a. King Philip — led a bloody uprising of Wampanoag, Nipmuck, Pocumtuck and Narragansett tribes. The fighting lasted fourteen months and destroyed twelve frontier towns, ending shortly after Metacom was captured and beheaded. Some of his supporters escaped to Canada, while others who surrendered were sold into slavery.

Huguenots ("Hug - u - not" was the feeling of the French towards these people)

(1685) protestant who had religious freedoms revoked in Catholic France

James II

(1685) the Duke of York who became king after his brother *Charles II* died first Catholic sovereign since the death of Queen Mary in 1558 approved the Dominion of New England proposal so he could regulate the colonies tighter and make sure they knew they were lower than England (1688) had fled to France *his overthrow set an example for the removal of a hated monarch*

Edmund Andros

(1686) newly appointed royal governor arrived in Boston to take control of the new *Dominion of New England* resentment towards his arrival levied taxes, suppressed town gov'ts, enforced the Navigation Acts, and punished smugglers took control of a Puritan church in Boston and began using it for Anglican services

Isaac Newton

(1687) theory of gravitation challenged te bible with theories that could be seen with human reason and proved by math reason and natural law of supply / demand makes economics / people's rights, which determines limits / functions of gov't

Glorious Revolution

(1688) *James II* fled to France; *William* was the new king of England Boston staged its own bloodless revolution merchant, ministers, and militias mobilized to arrest *Governor Andros*, seize a royal ship in Boston harbor and remove Massachusetts from the *Dominion* other Dominion colonies followed Boston's lead all were permitted to revert to their former status except for Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth, which were united later under a new charter in 1691 *had significant long-term effect on American history by influencing attitudes and events in the colonies*

King William's War

(1689 -1697) the new (Protestant) King William III was an ardent foe of Catholic France's Louis XIV William's ties to the Netherlands and England helped to form a Grand Alliance of European nations against the French transatlantic war known in the colonies as __________ the first of 4 great wars fought in Europe and the colonies over the next 74 years

John Locke

(1690) English philosopher who published "Two Treaties on Government" insisted people had the right- in extreme cases- to overthrow the monarch and change the government (this gave the people justification for revolution)

Two Treatises on Government

(1690) John Locke; enormous impact on political thought in the colonies ended the theories of the "divine" right of kings to govern with absolute power insisted people are born with "natural rights" to life, liberty, and property the need to protect those "natural rights" led people to establish governments when rulers failed to protect the property and lives of their subjects, the people had the right to overthrow the monarch and change the government

Cotton Mather

(1692) Boston minister that said "there are fare more Godly Women in the world than there are Godly Men." believed Eve's sin that was said to be the pain of childbirth, is what caused women to want to commit their lives to Christ

College of William and Mary

(1693) made to strengthen the *Anglican* ministry

Elizabeth Lucas Pickney

(1693) one of America's best horticulturalists father left her with mom, sister, ad 3 plantations with slaves she decided to grow indigo and this became a good export that gave $$$ to Carolina coast planters

Lord Baltimore IV

(1694) He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Board of Trade

(1696 - 1725) sought to impose more efficient royal control over the colonies, but the colonists resisted lobbied against the various Navigation Acts by challenging them in court, smuggling, bribery, fraudulent bookkeeping, and violence

Act to Prevent Fraud and Abuses of 1696

(1696) required colonial governors to enforce the trade laws allowed customs officials to use *"writs of assistance"* ordered that accused smugglers be tried in royal "admiralty" courts because colonial juries habitually refused to convict their peers

Louisiana

(1699) *Jean-Baptist Le Moyne (sieur de Bienville)* arrives with settlers at the age of 19 (1718) J-B founded *New Orleans* -> capital of Louisiana first a French royal colony proprietary colony corporate colony (1731) royal province (Feb. 1763) Treaty of Paris gives this to Spain in compensation for the loss of Florida few French settlers left after 1763; French gov't encouraged settlers to work with their new Spanish governors to create a Catholic block against English expansion

Pierre Le Moyne (sieur d'Iberville)

(1699) settlement of the Louisiana country began when this man established a colony near *Biloxi, Mississippi* (1710) main settlement moved to *Mobile, Alabama*

Yale College

(1701) made to educate the *Puritans* of Connecticut because they thought Harvard was drifting away from orthodoxy

1712 New York Slave Revolt

(1712) slaves started fires, used swords, axes, and guns to kill whites who were fighting the fires

George I

(1714-1727) German prince who was next in the Protestant line of succession bc related to *James I* under this monarch, the cabinet emerged as the central agency of royal administration

Celtic Britons

(1717-1775) from Northern Ireland poor people who went to the backcountry along the Appalachian Mtns

Robert Walpole

(1721 - 1742) prime minister and lord of the treasury believed that the American colonies should be let alone to export needed raw materials and to buy various manufactured goods from the mother country under his leadership Britain followed a policy of *"a wise and salutary neglect"*

Molasses Act of 1733

(1733) strict enforcement of this act posed a serious threat to New England's prosperity Grenville recognized that the neglected molasses tax would devastate a major colonial industry so he put through the *American Revenue Act of 1764* (sugar act)

John Peter Zenger

(1736) freedom of the press criticized governor in the "New York Weekly Journal" and was sent to jail / trial [people could be punished for libel / criticism of government] jury let hum off, and he law stayed the same, however, it now gave allowance for people to criticize more freely

Patrick Henry

(1736-1799) a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies decided that war was unavoidable after Lord North issued the *Conciliatory Proposition*; urged Patriots for combat

Bathsheba Kingsley

(1741) stole her husband's horse after receiving "immediate revelations from heaven" in order to spread the Gospel

Benjamin Franklin

(1751) published "Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind" reformation philosopher Presbyterian; became a *freethinker* later / abandoned Calvinist ideas at 24 he owned a print shop and printed the *Pennsylvania Gazette* and *Poor Richard's Almanac* started the *University of Pennsylvania* organized the *American Philosophical Society* Franklin stove, lightning rod, and glass harmonica *believed that people shape their own destinies*

Fort Le Boeuf

(1753) the French fort to which Washington was sent with a message during the French and Indian War for the French to leave the area just south of Lake Erie, in Northwest PA Washington gave the note to the French commander but the commander refused to leave, so G.W. left

Fort Duquesne

(1754) French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at *Fort Necessity*, marking beginning of conflict

George Washington

(1754) led army to area in Ohio Country to build a fort; French already there at Fort Duquesne makes a fort a little away from Fort D; French ambush (July 3, 1754) Fort Necessity defeat of British leaves French in control of Ohio Country *"the volley fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of America set the world on fire"* (June 15, 1775) selected as commander for a CT army by the Second Continental Congress bc his service in the 7 yrs war had made him one of the most experienced officers in America

Columbia University

(1754) originally "King's College" *Anglican* New York

Seven Years' War Great War

(1754-1763) in America; French and Indian War started by claims over the ancestral Indian lands in the Ohio River Valley / "Ohio Country" French built forts in western PA (1753) G.W. was sent to warn the French to leave; *Fort Le Boeuf* Washington gave the note to the French commander but the commander refused to leave, so G.W. left (1754) Washington led 150 inexperienced volunteers and Iroquois allies to build a fort; found out the French had moved there and made *Fort Dunquesne* (July 3, 1754) British defeat at *Fort Necessity* leave the French in control of the Ohio Country (July 9, 1755) Braddock's defeat caused Indians allied with French started assaulting frontier farms throughout western PA; newly arrived French troops assaulted British garrisons *(May 1756) England and France formally declare war on each other* (1759) war reached climax with many British triumphs on land and at sea around the world Victory at *Quebec* was the most decisive as it was the gateway to Canada (Feb. 1763) Treaty of Paris: Britain took all of France's North American possessions *east* of the Mississippi River: all of Canada and Spanish-Florida Spain received the Louisiana Territory in compensation for the loss of Florida few French settlers left Louisiana after 1763; French gov't encouraged settlers to work with their new Spanish governors to create a Catholic block against English expansion *British power reigned supreme over North America east of the Mississippi River* National debt doubled during war; cost of maintaining the North American empire / permanent stationing of British soldiers in the colonies

Battle of Quebec

(1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec The surrender here marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America gateway to Canada (1775) Patriot force under *Richard Montgomery* headed towards this place; *Benedict Arnold* also led a Patriot force here (September) arrived; smallpox killed most of the soldiers (December 31, 1775) attacked British forced at Quebec; Patriots retreated British sensed the weakness caused by the smallpox and attacked the Patriots *first military setback for the Revolutionaries*

Pontiac's Rebellion

(1763) An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottawa chief named *Pontiac* opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area attacks ended when Pontiac was killed convinced most colonists that all Indians must be killed or removed British gov't made an agreement with Indians that allowed redcoats to reoccupy the frontier fort in exchange for trading Chief Pontiac stressed that Indians denied the legitimacy of the British claim to their lands under the Treaty of Paris

Proclamation of 1763

(1763) George III issued this to keep peace with the Indians drew an imaginary line along the crest of the App. Mtns. from Canada in the north to Georgia in the south; white settlers couldn't go further than that line first time American territorial expansion was controlled by royal officials; first of efforts to more effectively regulate the colonies 1,000 British soldiers were sent to enforce the new rule ineffective; settlers ignored the rule and went into Indian country

Paxton Boys

(1763) Harrisburg, PA frontier ruffians who were outraged at the unwillingness of Quakers in the Pennsylvania Assembly to suppress marauding Indians took revenge by massacring peaceful *Susquehannock* Indians moved east while chasing another group of Indians Benjamin Franklin persuaded them to stop by promising them protection along the frontier

George Grenville

(1763) new chief minister who George III came to hate but needed this man bc they agreed on the need to cut gov't expenses, reduce the national debt, and generate ore revenue fro the colonies took the need for British soldiers to defend the western frontier for granted "spoiled" American should share cost of the cost of the troops providing their defenses ordered colonial officials to tighten the enforcement of the Navigational Acts set up a new court and gave its judge jurisdiction over all the American colonies to ensure that there would be no juries of colonists sympathetic to smugglers "salutary neglect" ended under this man *Molasses act of 1733* *Sugar Act* (American Revenue Act of 1764) *Currency Act of 1764* *Stamp Act* *Quartering Act* caused a storm of protest and started an exploration of colonial rights and imperial relations

Currency Act of 1764

(1764) originated in the complaints of London merchants about doing business with Americans shortage of *specie* which was being used to pay debts in England to meet shortage of specie they issued their own paper money creditors feared payment in currency that fluctuated so much so Grenville banned colonists from printing more paper money = value of money to plummet jolted a colonial economy that was already suffering a postwar decline and surge in population

Quartering Act

(1765) Grenville persuaded Parliament to pass this act; another tax required colonies to feed / house British troops applied to all colonies but mainly affected NYC, the hq of the British forces raised questions; why was it necessary? taxation w/out representation colonists though this was an effort to use British soldiers to tyrannize the Americans

Stamp Act Congress

(1765) Massachusetts House of Representatives invited other colonial assemblies to send delegates to discus in NY about their opposition to the Stamp Act (Oct. 7 - 25, 1765) 9 delegates responded and this Congress formed a *Declaration of the Rights and Grievances of the Colonies* acknowledged that the colonies owed a "due subordination" to Parliament and recognized its right to regulate colonial trade, but insisted that they needed representation first

Dartmouth College

(1765) made as the outgrowth school for Indians *Congregationalist*

Sons of Liberty

(1765) started by *Samuel Adams* resentment over the Stamp Act appeared at meetings, parades, bonfires, etc. protesters called themselves this name met underneath "liberty trees" (Aug. 1765) Boston mob attacked the homes of the lieutenant governor and the local customs officer in charge of enforcing the stamp act (Nov. 1, 1765) Stamp Act ended; colonists signed agreements promising not to buy imported British goods as a way to leverage in London

Declaratory Act

(1766) Passed by Parliament the day the Stamp Act was repealed Stated that Parliament had the right to rule and tax the colonies

Rutgers

(1766) originally "Queen's College" *Dutch Reformed*

Charles Townshend

(1767) guiding force in the ministry held the colonists in contempt, and was surprised by their resistance and resolved to force obedience reopened the question of colonial taxation and the issue of absolute sovereignty over the colonies took advantage of Pitt's debilitating mental confusion to enact a new series of money-generating policies aimed at the American colonies (1767) *Townshend Acts* *Revenue Act of 1767*

Revenue Act of 1767

(1767) levied duties on colonial imports of glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea increased government revenues but those duties exported directly from England = indirectly hurt British manufacturers had to be collected in colonial ports -> increasing collection costs threatened colonial assemblies as the revenues could pay colonial governors / officers and release them from financial dependence upon the assemblies

Townshend Acts

(1767) with this, Charles Townshend wanted to bring NY's colonial assembly to its senses assembly had defied the Quartering Act Parliament suspended all acts of NY's assembly until it would do what they said to do NY caved but this confirmed the suspicion that too much indulgence had encouraged colonial bad manners

Samuel Adams

(1768) emerging as the supreme genius of the revolutionary agitation *Sons of Liberty* organizer he and *James Otis* made a letter that the MA assembly sent to other colonies: no tax w/out rep British ordered the assembly to withdraw the letter; it refused and caused 4,000 troops to be dispatched to Boston to maintain order

James Otis

(1768) he and *Samuel Adams* made a letter that the MA assembly sent to other colonies: no tax w/out rep British ordered the assembly to withdraw the letter; it refused and caused 4,000 troops to be dispatched to Boston to maintain order

California

(1769) Spain sent a naval expedition to the region and anchored in San Francisco Bay and made military garrison at San Diego and Monterey thinly pop. by Indians and mission friars missions were larger, more influential, and lasted longer ranchos produced cowhide (for shoes) and beef tallow (for candles) in large quantities (1830s) shipping comp. put reps. here to buy the hides and store them until the comp. arrived

Lord North

(1769) appointed chief minister by George III (1770) George III established cabinet of "king's friends" with this man as first minister colonial boycotts persuaded him to modify the *Townshend Acts* (1773) tried to help some friends bail out the East India Company which had 17 million pounds on tea in its British Warehouses that it needed to sell *Tea Act of 1773*

Gaspee

(1772) British warship that ran aground while chasing smugglers hungry crew ate local sheep, hogs, and poultry the angry town boarded the ship, shot the captain, removed the crew, and set the vessel on fire incident restarted tensions between the colonies and England

Committees of Correspondence

(1772) Sam Adams convinced the Boston town meeting to form this issued a statement of rights and grievances and invited other towns to do the same alerted colonists to the danger of the Tea Act; saw the reduction in the $$$ of tea as clever ruse to make colonists accept taxation without consent Thomas Jefferson proposed a day of fast the day the *Boston Port Act* would become effective royal governor said no; members of this group left and formed the *Continental Congress* to represent all colonies

Tea Act of 1773

(1773) Lord North tried to help some friends bail out the East India Company which had 17 million pounds on tea in its British Warehouses that it needed to sell under this act the gov't would allow the company to send its south Asian tea directly to America without paying any duties British tea merchants could undercut the prices charged by their colonial competitors, most of whom were smugglers who bought their tea from the Dutch

Thomas Hutchinson

(1774) African Americans in Boston submitted petitions to the legislature for freedom; legislature endorsed them but this royal governor vetoed it

Coersive Acts (Intolerable Acts)

(1774) Parliament enacted these acts with the intent to punish Boston *Boston Port Act* *new Quartering Act* *Massachusetts Government Act* designed to isolate Boston from the other colonies; if they weren't resisted they would eventually be applied to other colonies

New Quartering Act

(1774) directed local Boston authorities to provide lodging in the city for British soldiers

John Pitcairn

(1775) agreed with *Lord Sandwich* "that one active campaign, a smart action, and burning two or three of their towns, will set everything to rights."

John Murray

(1779) British ex-Methodist clergyman who founded the first Universalist church in Gloucester, Massachusetts

Bank of North America

(1781) created by *Robert Morris* would hold gov't funds, lend $ to the gov't, and issue currency partially privately owned which gave $$$ to Morris, shareholders, and crucial public service depended on gov't making a secure income / unanimous state approval of amendments local interest and central gov't fear delayed action

"Critical Period"

(1781-1787) When U.S. was under the Articles of Confederation caused fear of powerful national government = fragmentation / slow economy would prompt the making of a new national constitution that balanced federal vs. state authority

The Treaty of Fort Stanwix

(1784) forced the Iroquois to give up their land in western New York and Pennsylvania

Benjamin Rush

(1784) noted the bad effects of distilled beverages on body and mind

The Land Ordinance of 1784

(1784) written by Thomas Jefferson when territory population = population of the smallest state, the territory became eligible for full statehood

"Empress of China"

(1784-1785) sailed from New York to Canton to around the South American tip profits encouraged ships to transport goods of East Asia, such as silks and tea

Mount Vernon Meeting 1785

(1785) George Washington invited commissioners from Virginia and Maryland to Mt. Vernon to talk about navigational state rights successfully initiated concept of regular meetings between states to discuss concerns

The Treaty of Hopewell

(1785) forced the Cherokees to give up all of their land in South Carolina, most of western North Carolina, and large parts of (now) Kentucky and Tennessee

The Land Ordinance of 1785

(1785) outlines a plan of land survey / sales that later became the rectangle pattern on the nation wherever Indian tribes *weren't* living, the northwest was to be surveyed form 6^2 mile townships on east-wet / north-south lines favored land speculators bc $$$ and ability to work all that land Congress reserved the 16th section of land for schools; significant bc public schools were rare

Annapolis Meeting 1786

(1786) all 13 colonies were invited to Annapolis to talk about commercial issues but only representatives from 5 states attended delegates decided to have another convention in order to write the constitution

1786 Rhode Island Legislature

(1786) gave out the most paper money than any other state, compared to its population creditors left so that debts aid to them wouldn't be worthless

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

(1787) *most important* territory was under governor, secretary, and 3 judges chosen by Congress once there were 5,000 free white males, the territory could form a representative legislature eventually reaching statehood once having a population of 600,000 state constitution 3-5 states; Ohio was the first state outlawed slavery, allowed freedom of religion, civil liberties were guaranteed, respect the Indians, and called for accessible education difference between Europeans expansion vs. post Revolution expansion was that *new states were seen as equal in the American Republic*, instead of as *lesser colonies*

John Quincy Adams

(1787) at a Harvard commencement ceremony he complained about "critical period"

Shays Rebellion

(1787) happened because of the Articles of Confederation not enough money; high taxation taxes fell on poor is Massachusetts army of 1,200 farmers led by *Daniel Shays* on to fed. arsenal (armory to fight in Boston) in Springfield state gov't sent 4,400 men with canons that scattered the smaller army; 4 dead resulted in the elimination of some taxes on farmers, but in the end it gave to conservatism and nationalism

Daniel Shays

(1787) war veteran that led 1,200 army men to the Springfield federal arsenal he and his followers wanted: 1) more flexible money distribution policies such as corn / wheat used as money 2) have the right to delay tax payments until the agricultural depression left

U.S. Patent Office

(1790s) recorded only 276 inventions (1890s) recorded almost 235,000 new patents

Bill of Rights

(1791) The first 10 amendments to the Constitution Written by James Madison in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties lists specific prohibitions on governmental power.

The New England Primer

(17th century) book foundation of most schooling

"mountain men"

(1820-30) inspired by the fur trade to abandon civilization in pursuit of beaver pelts and revert to a primitive life trappers that lived in isolation in shelters of primitive forts the first whites to find their way around the Rocky Mountains and develop the trails future settlers used

commercial steam railway

(1825) world's first____________ was in construction in ENGLAND

David Walker

(1829) the most radical figure among the mostly white Garrisonians free black (1829) published Walker's Appeal

William Lloyd Garrison

(1830) declared that drafter on the Constitution had forged an agreement with death / hell

Texas

(1830s) started becoming a province of the U.S. Mexico had originally recruited Anglos / Texians on the condition that they would become loyal Mexican citizens (December 29, 1845) formally joins the U.S. as the 28th state (1845) 100,000 whites / 38,000 blacks (nearly all slaves) (1850) pop. grew by 50% percent; not including Native Americans

Nat Turner Insurrection

(1831) Nat Turner was a trusted black overseer and self-anointed preacher that believed he had a divine mission to lead the slave rebellion solar eclipse convinced him small group of slaves helped Turner kill the adults, children, and infant in his owner's house 57 whites killed; most were women and children Virginia militiamen and volunteers quickly killed many slaves while getting the rebels terrified white southerners by making real the lurking fear that enslaved blacks might revolt Virginia legislature responded by restricting the ability of slaves to earn to read and write and gather for religious meetings= south tightens policies for slaves

Anti-Masonic Party

(1832) First time a third party appeared in the presidential elections fears and suspicions of the masonic order as a tyrannical secret organization brought rise to this movement main purpose was to stamp out an organization that was contaminating the "heart of the republic"

"republican" ideology

- Desired to be different than European culture, without the corruption that was present

Transcendental Club

(1836) an informal discussion group that met in Boston and Concord (MA) discussed philosophy, literature and religion tight group of diverse individualists who rejected traditional norms and nurtured a relentless intellectual curiosity

Lone Star Republic

(1836) drafted a constitution that legalized slavery and banned free blacks elected Sam Houston as its first president voted for annexation to the U.S. began killing and displacing the Indians living in Texas

"The American Scholar"

(1837) Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard urged young Americans to put aside their awe of European culture and explore their own new world

Trail of Tears

(1838) 17,000 Cherokees went west on this trial with other tribes 800 mile journey where they were treated poorly and neglected by soldiers, private contractors, and whites on the way 4,000 died on the trial "EASTERN BAND" only 8,000 of these people survived the whole march to Oklahoma

General Zachary Taylor

(1840) chosen as party leader for the Whigs owned 100+ slaves never voted in a national election GREATLY opposed the extension of slavery into new western territories and hate the idea of secession won pres. election with 8 slave states and 7 free states / 163:127 electoral votes

President Martin Van Buren

(1840) extended the limit of a 10 hr work day to all government offices and projects

Cause behind the Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

(1841) British ships on the coast of Africa threatened to board and search American vessels to check for slaves (1841) 135 slaves on the Creole (American ship) rebelled and sailed into Nassau, Bahamas -> where the British set them free Daniel Webster demanded that the slaves be returned as American property but the British refused [not solved until 1853 and England paid $110,000 to the owners of the slaves they had freed]

"Self-Reliance"

(1841) Emerson's essay that encourages individualism and independence filled with many quotations that expressed transcendentalist ideals

William Henry Harrison

(1841) President oldest man (68 yrs old)/ first Whig to be inaugurated as president / served shortest term of any president (first to die in office) elected mainly on strength of military records and avoidance on easily influenced topics (April 4, 1841) died of pneumonia

Commonwealth v. Hunt

(1842) - Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court declared forming a trade union was not illegal, nor was the demand that employers only hire non union laborers

John L. O'Sullivan

(1845) NY newspaper editor and Democratic party propagandist that named the aggressive spirit of territorial expansion "Manifest Destiny" God wanted Americans to take over lands owned by Mexico because of their racial superiority; to redeem the Mexican people from their "backward" civilization and chaotic gov't

Wilmot Proviso

(1846) proposal that ruled that any more territory gained from Mexico after Texas would never have slavery when the House adopted it the Senate hesitated (Dec. 1846) James K. Polk convinced Wilmot to hold back on this amendment from any bill that dealt will annexation of Mexican territory

Free-Soil Party

(1848) formed from three groups: 1) Van Burenite Democrats (northern Democrats) 2) Conscience Whigs (anti-slavery Whigs) 3) members of the Liberty Party *came together at a convention in Buffalo, NY and nominated Martin Van Buren for pres. endorsed the Wilmot Proviso "FREE SOIL, FREE SPEECH, FREE LABOR, AND FREE MEN"

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written all men and women are equal

New Mexico

(1850) Americans here had adopted a free-state constitutions open to slavery adopted slave codes (1860) census reported no slaves

District of Columbia

(1850) anti-slavery members of the House of Rep. were proposing legislation to ban slavery here tensions over slavery were growing; allow slavery into the new western territories or not?

newspapers

(1850) the U.S. had more newspapers than any other nation in the world needed for a network of communications content expanded beyond political news an commentary to society gossip, sports, and reports of sensational crimes and accidents

railroads (symbolized the urban-industrial revolution)

(1850s) first wave of railroad re-building (1865-1897) 35,000 -> 200,000+ miles of track opened western half of nation to economic developments enabled federal troops to suppress Indian resistance brought millions of Europeans and Asian immigrants across the country sped up the transformation of commercial agriculture into a major international industry transported raw materials to factories; finished goods to retailers largest consumers of the iron, steel, lumber, and other capital goods that freight cars carried *prompted the creation of uniform national / international time zones* *required more money / managements; debt required to finance it would cause financial panic of 1893* *created an interconnected national market* (1860-1950) most people entered / left cities through railroads stations

The Revival of 1857-1859 "prayer-meeting" revivals

(1850s) focus was personal spiritual renewal, not social transformation prayers about controversial issues such as slavery were prohibited from these didn't feature charismatic ministers or evangelizing focused on discreet prayer

"job-conscious" unions

(1850s) started these in selected killed trades (1860) about 20 craft unions that grew during the Civil War bc of the demand for skilled labor

Baptists and Methodists

(1850s) these national organizations had split over slavery and formed new northern and southern organizations supporting two denominations

Fort Laramie Treaty

(1851) treaty where chiefs of the Plains tribes agreed to accept definite tribal borders must allow white emigrants to travel on their trails without being attacked only worked for a little while but fighting resumed as emigrants began to settle in Indians lands on the plains instead of just passing through

Chief Geronimo

(1886) the capture of this Chiricahua Apaches chief pretty much ended the generation of Indian wars had fought white settlers in the Southwest for 15 years

Franklin Pierce

(1852 election) democratic nominee from NH for President (WON) electoral = 254:42 / popular = 1.6 million : 1.4 million promoted western expansion, even though it allowed more slave states into the Union unable to unite the fractions of the democratic party who eventually decided he was a failure "doughface" most hated person in the nation by 1856 *the only elected president to be denied renomination by his own party*

Whig Convention

(1852 election) refused to nominate Millard Fillmore again 53 ballots later they chose Gen. Winfield Scott endorsed the compromise

General Winfield Scott

(1852 election) terrible politician who gained a rep. for anti-slavery and native sentiments (alienating German and Irish American voters) only carried Tennessee, Kentucky, Massachusetts, and Vermont

Uncle Tom's Cabin

(1852) written by Harriet Beecher Stowe epitomized the powerful religious backing to the abolitionist movement sold 300,000 copies in the US; 1 million+ in Great Britain (1855) called "the most popular novel of our day" gave a very stereotyped and unrealistic vision of slavery

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1852) wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin she was disgusted by the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 moved to Maine and began writing the book "The time has come when even a woman or a child who can speak a word for freedom and humanity is bound to speak"

Kansas-Nebraska Act

(1854) Stephen A. Douglas wrote this these places wanted to be eligible for statehood; included the entire unorganized part of the Louisiana Purchase all the way to the Canadian border voters in each territory could decide whether or not slavery could be allowed destroyed the Whig party; fragmented the Democratic party; start a territorial civil war in Kansas House= 113:100 Senate= 37:14

First Kansas Governor

(1854) ordered a census to be take (1855) scheduled an election for territorial legislature denounced the vote of the first election in Kansas as fraud but didn't change the results bc he thought the people would kill him

Topeka

(1855) free-state advocates met here and drafted a state constitution that excluded slavery and free blacks from Kansas; applied for admission to the Union (1856) free-state "governor" and "legislature" existed but these were both illegal

Bessemer converter

(1855) invented by Briton Sir Henry Bessemer process where steel could be produced directly and quickly from pig iron (crude iron made in a blast furnace) made steel suddenly cheap; as more steel was produced the prices dropped and it was used more

Briton Sir Henry Bessemer

(1855) invented the Bessemer converter

Theodore Parker

(1857) transcendentalist minister and militant reformer who denounced the revivalists for ignoring the evils of slavery

South Platte River

(1858) a prospecting party found gold and news of this success brought in 100,000 "fifty-niners" into the country

J. Pierpont Morgan and Company

(1860) An investment bank under the leadership of J. Pierpont Morgan channeled European capital into the United States and grew into a financial power in its own right

William Preston

(1860) SC leader who declared "Cotton is not our king- slavery is our king. Slavery is our truth. Slavery is our divine right."

"Prospect of a Smash Up"

(1860) This cartoon shows the Democratic party—the last remaining national party— about to be split by sectional differences and the onrush of Republicans, led by Abraham Lincoln

Cotton Belt

(1860) area where ½ pop lived trans-appalachia and across miss. River and to pacific coast

Nicodemus Kansas

(1860) colony founded by southern blacks

cattle

(1860s) was delivered to rail depots and loaded onto fright cars and shipped east when it reached New York or Massachusetts some would be dead or dying; all lost weight to gain higher profits in this industry there had to be a way to slighter the cattle int he Midwest and then ship it to the east and west; required refrigeration to stop spoiling of the meat was turned into a big business dominated by giant enterprises

Confederacy sends agents to Britain and Europe

(1861) British foreign minister agreed to meet with the after their arrival in London France promised to recognize the Confed. if Britain would lead the way but the B.F.M refused to meet with them again

Ralph Walso Emerson

(1861) philosopher-poet who said the Civil War "has assumed such huge proportions that it threatens to engulf us all- no preoccupation can exclude it, &no hermitage hide us"

Internal Revenue Act

(1862) Created an Internal Revenue Service to implement a new income tax

how did Lincoln's outlook on war change?

(1862) he decided that emancipation of slaves in the Confederate states was necessary to win the war Proclaiming a war on slavery, more- over, would end forever any chance that France or Britain would support the Confederacy

Pacific Railway Act

(1862) passed by Republicans in Congress after the southern states seceded = departure of southern congressmen west from Omaha was built by the Union Pacific Railroad east from Sacramento was built by the Central Pacific Railroad (Both began construction during the war, but most of the work was done after 1865)

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

(1863) Lincoln issued this under it, any former Rebel state could form a Union gov't when: 10% of those who voted in 1860 took an oath of allegiance to the Constitution and the Union had received a presidential pardon participants also had to swear support for law and proclamations that dealt with emancipation gov't loyal to the Union appeared in Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana during the war but were not recognized in the 1864 election

Clement L. Vallandigham

(1863) federal soldiers hustled this Democrat out of his home condemned him to confinement for the duration of the war

Nikola Tesla

(1887) Croatian immigrant who invented the alternating-current motor (later improved by Westinghouse)

Union war draft

(1863) gov't started to draft men age 20-45 specific federal/state officeholders and people on medical/compassionate grounds could get out with exemptions $300 fee to get out if drafted Widespread public opposition to the draft delayed enforcement

Fort Lyon

(1864) Colorado's governor persuaded the warring Indians to gather here and promised the protection Colonel John M. Chivington's militia attacked an Indian camp and killed 200 peaceful Indians

International Workingmen's Association (Marxism)

(1864) founded in England by Karl Marx later called the First International (1872) Marx urged the headquarters to be moved from London-> NY (1877) Marxists in America organized the Socialist Labor party, a group so dominated by immigrants that German was initially its official language

Wade-Davis Bill

(1864) sponsored by Benjamin Franklin Wade and Henry Winter Davis would have required that a majority of white male citizens to declare allegiance only those that took an oath that gave clear proof of past loyalty= vote / serve in state constitutional conventions conventions would have to abolish slavery, high-ranking civil and military officers of the Confederacy were excluded rights, and repudiate debts incurred during the conflict *never became a law*

Harper's Weekly

(1865) magazine that said "the forgive-and-forget policy... is mere political insanity and suicide"

Era of Reconstruction

(1865-1877) after the Civil War; political complexity / social conflicts prolonged debate about issues of continued significance / questioned the meaning of freedom, equality, and opportunity

National Labor Union (NLU)

(1866) Baltimore; made of delegates from labor / reform groups who were more interested in political and social reform than in bargaining with employers ideas: 8 hr workdays workers' cooperatives greenbackism: the printing of paper money to inflate the currency and thereby relieve debtors equal rights for women and African Americans union support fell quickly after the head of union died (1872) disbanded *influential in persuading Congress to enact an eight-hour workday for federal employees and to repeal the 1864 Contract Labor Act*

"buffalo soldiers"

(1866) Congress established two "colored" cavalry units and dispatched them to the western frontier nicknamed this by the Indians mostly Civil War veterans from Louisiana / Kentucky built / maintained forts; mapped vast areas of the SW; string miles of telegraph lines; protected railroad construction crews; held back hostile Indians; and captured outlaws 18 of these soldiers won Congressional Medals of Honor

Veto of Freedmen's Bureau Bill

(1866) Johnson challenged Congress when he vetoed this bill that was going to extend the Freedmen's Bureau J's reasons: it made the federal government responsible for the care of poor blacks it was passed by a Congress in which eleven ex-Confederate states had been denied seats used vague language in defining the "civil rights and immunities" of African Americans *(April 9) Congress overrode this veto*

Richard Dodge

(1867) Colonel who told a sport hunter: "Kill every buffalo you can! Every buffalo dead is an Indian gone"

Medicine Lodge Treaty

(1867) Kansas the Kiowas, Comanches, Arapahos, and Cheyennes accepted land in western Oklahoma reluctantly

"Report on the Condition of the Indian Tribes"

(1867) a congressional committee gathered evidence on the Indian wars / massacres this report led to the creation of an Indian Peace Commission

Black Hills Reservation

(1867) reservation in Dakota Territory where the Sioux agreed to settle

Abilene

(1867) town in Kansas founded by Joseph G. McCoy flourished as the *first successful Kansas crosstown* able to ship huge amounts of western cattle by rail transformed ranching into a major industry as railroads went west, the cowtowns did too

James Oliver

(1868) Scottish immigrant in Indiana who made a successful chilled-iron plow: *sodbuster*

"sodbuster"

(1868) chilled-iron plow invented by James Oliver made the task of breaking tough grass roots much easier

G. H. Hammond

(1869) Chicago meat packer; shipped the first refrigerated beef in an air-cooled railroad car from Chicago to Boston

Knights of Labor

(1869) founded by Uriah S. Stephens (1870s) spread as the other unions collapsed (1878) its first general assembly established it as a national organization endorsed reformes of previous groups: creation of bureaus of labor stats and mechanics' lien laws elimination of convict-labor competition establishment of the 8 hr day use of paper currency *equal pay for equal work by men and women* emphasized reform measures and preferred boycotts to strikes to put pressure on employers *theoretically it was one big union of all workers, skilled and unskilled, regardless of race, color, creed, or sex* (1886) peaked and went into rapid decline after the failure of a railroad strike *spread the idea of unionism and initiated a new type of union organization: industrial union*

Standard Oil Company of Ohio

(1870) enterprise founded by Rockefeller wanted to weed out competition to raise prices and so he bought out most of his Cleveland competitors (1879) controlled 90%+ of the oil refining in the country vertical integration kept lots of $$$ reserves to make it independent of banks in case of a crisis

Fifteenth Amendment

(1870) ratified forbids the states to deny any person the vote on grounds of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Kentucky was the only state that failed to ratify all 3 of the constitutional amendments that ended slavery

Birmingham, Alabama

(1870s) sprang up at the southern end of the App. Mtns. named for its iron ore later called the *"Pittsburgh of the South"*

Modocs

(1871-1872) held on for 6 months in the California-Oregon boundary before they were taken over Indians were the last block to white western expansion; they suffered as a result

Joseph Glidden

(1873) Illinois farmer who changed the cowboy process up when he invented the first effective barbed wire

graded/paved roads

- covered with packed-down crushed stones - Philadelphia-Lancaster Turnpike (1794)

George A. Custer

(1874) Lieutenant Colonel who led an exploratory expedition into the Black Hills Miners went into the Sioux hunting grounds; violating terms and breaking the promise of protection from the army army didn't protect Indian land against the miners but went after Sioux who had gone off the reservation while hunting found main encampment of Sioux and Northern Cheyenne on the Little Bighorn River; outnumbered and annihilated- Indian Victory

Red River War

(1874-1875) Indian resistance in the south continued until this event General Philip Sheridan forced the Indians to disband in the spring of 1875 72,000 Indian chiefs were imprisoned for three years

coal

(1875) 5 million tons (1900) 49 million tons helped revitalize the region (including West Virginia)

James Gillespie Blaine

(1875) Grant retires and this guy emerged as the Republican front-runner Letters in the possession of James Mulligan of Boston linked this guy to dubious railroad dealings, and the "Mulligan letters" found their way into print

Battle of Little Bighorn

(1876) Sioux victory over army troops led by George Custer found main encampment of Sioux and Northern Cheyenne; outnumbered and annihilated

United States v. Cruikshank (1876)

(1876) U.S. Supreme Court gave implied sanction to the Colfax Massacre by ruling: *states' rights trumped federal authority when it came to protecting freed blacks from white terrorists*

Deadwood, Dakota Territory

(1876) gold-rush town before the Dakotas became states

Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers

(1876) largest craft union at the time (1892) 24,000 members excluded unskilled steelworkers failed to organize the larger steel plants

Great Sioux War

(1876) largest military event since the end of the Civil War; one of the largest campaigns against the Indians 15 months long 15 battles in Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota, and Nebraska Little Big Horn victory ended with Sioux returning to hunting only to be stopped by the army again; give up hunting grounds and goldfields for payment Sioux were placed on the least valuable land; struggled to live under harsh conditions- died of starvation or disease

Bell Telephone Company

(1877) Company founded by Alexander Graham Bell and his partners to promote his telephone. later grew into the American Telephone and Telegraph Company

Rutherford B. Hayes

(1877) Pres. who in his annual message protested against the slaughter of buffalo and Indians

Sand-Lot Incident

(1877) meeting in a San Francisco sand lot ended with attacks on passing Chinese anti-Chinese riots led a mob attack on Chinatown Chinese were scapegoats for the financial depression Workingmen's Party of California called for the U.S. to stop Chinese immigration

Vanderbilt Railroads

(1877) were extended by William Henry to include 13,000+ miles to the NE

Dunlop Community

(1878) Singleton led his first party of 200 colonists to Kansas and bought 7,500 acres of land that had been an Indian reservation

Anti-Debris Association

(1878) formed by California farmers in the Central Valley who protested the damage done by industrial mining operations had its own militia to challenge the powerful mining companies efforts to pass leg. restricting hydraulic mining failed a lot bc the companies controlled the votes (January 7, 1884) the farmers won their case when Lorenzo Sawyer outlawed the dumping of mining debris where it could reach farmland / navigable rivers

Utes

(1879) forced to give up their territories in western Colorado

Terence V. Powderly

(1879) mayor of Scranton, Pennsylvania- succeeded Stephens as head of the Knights of Labor *was temperamentally opposed to strikes, and when they did occur, he did not always support the local groups involved*

children

(1880) 1/6 were working full-time (1900) almost 2 million child laborers in the U.S. took up work outside the home, operating machines, sorting coal, stitching clothes, shucking oysters, peeling shrimp, canning food, blowing glass, and tending looms received little or no education and had little time for play or parental nurturance 3x accidents as adult workers a child working in a textile mill was only half as likely to reach the age of 20 as a child outside a mill

federal law providing for the arbitration of labor disputes

(1880) Knights of Labor achievement

Second Transcontinental Railroad

(1881) linked the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad with the Southern Pacific Railroad at Needles, California

Helen Hunt Jackson

(1881) novelist and poet who focused attention on the Indian cause in her book "A Century of Dishonor"

"A Century of Dishonor"

(1881) written by Helen Hunt Jackson impacted American attitudes towards the Indians as greatly as "Uncle Tom's Cabin"

Standard Oil Trust

(1882) Rockefeller / advisers used this to put their scattered business interests under more efficient control 37 stockholders gave their stock to 9 trustees and got "trust certificates" in return ^those 9 controlled all the varied Standard Oil companies

Edison Electric Illuminating Company

(1882) supplied electrical current to 85 customers in NYC *started the great electric utility industry*

Northern Pacific Railroad

(1883) connected Lake Superior with Oregon

Bureau of Labor Statistics

(1884) Knights of Labor achievement

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

(1886) delegates from 25 craft unions organized this federation of national organizations that each held a large degree of autonomy and used greater leverage against management (1914) 2 million members (1920) 4 million members less than 15% of the non-agricultural workers

George Westinghouse

(1886) developed the first alternating-current electric system set up the Westinghouse Electric Company to manufacture this equipment Edison companies soon had to switch over to the new system

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

(1887) reform efforts to "Americanize" Indians divided tribal lands and granted 160 acres to each head of a family; less land to the others created opportunities for more white intrusion of Indian land and disrupted what was left of the traditional culture (1887-1934) Indians lost about 86 million / 130 million acres ^remainders weren't good for agriculture sponsored by Henry L. Dawes of MA

Jack Wilson (Wovoka)

(1888) Paiute Indian from western Nevada fell ill and from this he had a dream that there was a spirit world where he learned that a deliverer was coming to rescue the Indians and restore their lands to speed up the arrival of the deliverer the Indians had to take up a ceremonial dance at each new moon

Edison General Electric Company

(1888) companies making light bulbs merged together to form this use of direct current limited Edison's lighting system to a radius of about two miles

Homestead steel strike

(1889) when Henry Clay Frick became pres. of Andrew Carnegie's company people were upset (1892) the union contract came up for renewal. Carnegie this was a cost-cutting reduction in the number of highly paid skilled workers through the use of labor-saving machinery and a deliberate attempt to smash the union. "Am with you to the end," he wrote to Frick. (June 25) announced that it would treat workers as individuals unless an agreement with the union was reached by June 29 (June 29) strike began; Frick built a fence around the plant and hired men to protect "Fort Frick" (July 6, 1892) unionists were waiting behind breastworks on shore and resulted in a 14 hr battle (Nov. 20) workers gave up and went back to work only 1/5 were re-hired *Carnegie and Frick, with the support of local, state, and national government officials, had eliminated the union*

American Tobacco Company

(1890) James Duke's competitors decided to join forces and he made them into this company controlled 9/10ths of the nation's cigarette production (1904) had 3/4ths of all cigarette production (1911) the Supreme Court rules that this company was a violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act; ordered it to break up Duke wasn't worried bc he had already begun to take over hydroelectric power and aluminum

Daniel De Leon

(1890s) editor of a Marxist newspaper the "People" became the dominant figure in the Socialist Labor party wanted to organize socialist industrial unions and to build a political party that would abolish the government once it gained power then unions of the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance would become the units of control *preached revolution at the ballot box, not by violence*

Cripple Creak

(1891 + 1894) the last important strikes in the West involving gold and silver

Geary Act

(1892) renewed the exclusion of new Chinese immigrants required all Chinese residents of the U.S. to carry a resident permit failure to carry the permit was punishable by deportation or a year of hard labor "Dog Tag Law" = 3,169 of 110,000 Chinese actually registered for this by the April 1893 deadline refusal to follow this law constituted the largest act of civil disobedience in American history to that point

Great Northern Railroad

(1893) St. Paul, Minnesota -> Tacoma, Washington

Social Democratic Party

(1897) Deb's announced he was a socialist and organized this party from the remnants of the American Railway Union The next year his followers joined a number of secessionists from De Leon's party to set up the Socialist Party of America

Standard Oil Company of New Jersey

(1899) Rockefeller brought his business under the direction of this giant holding company

Baptists / Methodists

(18th century) hated slavery, welcomed blacks to their churches, gave women important roles in the church (19th century) growing concern over less white male participation in church caused a change in their religious practice. ministers stopped outright opposition to slavery (1785) Methodists stopped denying membership to slaveholders (1830s) Protestant preachers went from opposing slavery -> defending slavery as "a divinely ordained social system" that was defended in the Bible

Socialist

(1912) reached its peak disagreements over America's participation in World War I and was split thereafter by desertions to the new Communist party

textile strike at Lawrence Massachusetts

(1912) succeeded in wage raises, overtime pay, and other benefits

Mississippian

(900 - 1350) centered in the South Mississippi River Valley *a culture* pattern of chiefdoms river valleys had plazas and temples system of labor (like *Adena-Hopewell*) elaborate trade network *fell due to climate change / European diseases*

Hohokam

(A.D. 500) migrated from Mexico -> Southern Arizona made similar mounds to those in Mexico (15th century) disappeared

Erik the Red

(A.D. 985) Norse Icelander who colonized the west coast of *Greenland*

Lincoln's Last Address

(April 11, 1865) pronounced that the Confederate states had never left the Union but were: "out of their proper practical relation with the Union," and the object was to get them back "into their proper practical relation."

John Wilkes Booth

(April 14, 1865) snuck into Lincoln's box at the Ford Theatre and shot Lincoln in the back of the head stabbed Lincoln's aide jumped from the box to the stage, broke his leg, and then mounted a horse and fled the city prominent actor and confederate sympathizer followed into VA and killed in a burning barn

Crittenden's Compromise John J. Crittenden

(December 18, 1860) proposed a series of amendments and resolutions that allowed for slavery in the territories south of the 36°30′ parallel guaranteed the maintenance of slavery where it already existed.

Confederate Conscription Act

(April 16, 1862) all white male citizens aged eighteen to thirty-five were declared members of the army for three years; those already in service were required to serve out three years (1862)the upper age was raised to forty-five, and in 1864 the age range was further extended from seventeen to fifty. loopholes: 1) could get out of it by providing someone else who was not of draft age / paying $500 2) designed to protect key civilian work, were subject to abuse by men seeking "bombproof " jobs

Lexington

(April 18, 1775) 700 redcoats gathered on Boston Common, marched on cobbled streets to the Long Wharf, boarded thirteen barges, crossed the Charles River after midnight, and set out west to Lexington, accompanied by American Loyalists When Patriots got wind of the plan the *Boston Committee of Safety* sent Paul Revere and William Dawes to warn the rebels Samuel Prescott delivers the warning (April 19, 1775) British advance of 238 found Captain *John Parker* and 70 militiamen lined up on the Lexington town square Major Pitcairn said "Disperse, you damned rebels! You dogs, run!" someone fired a shot, no one knows who = "shot heard around the world" = British charged British officers got their guys to leave, ran into *William Emerson* rebels fired from everywhere at the British as they tried to get back to Boston

William Dawes

(April 18, 1775) Boston Committee of Safety sent him and *Paul Revere* to warn the rebels after hearing about the British moving towards Lexington (April 19, 1775) Joined Revere in Lexington along with Samuel Prescott and rode to Concord; intercepted by a British patrol

Boston Committee of Safety

(April 18, 1775) sent *Paul Revere* and *William Dawes* to warn the rebels after hearing about the British moving towards Lexington

Paul Revere

(April 18, 1775) sent by the *Boston Committee of Safety* to warn the rebels about the British who were going to Lexington (April 19, 1775) reached Lexington at midnight and alerted the rebel leaders *John Hancock* and *Sam Adams* who were hiding there William Dawes and Samuel Prescott joined him as he rode on toward Concord; intercepted by a British patrol

1843 Texas Annexation Treaty

(April 1843) John C. Calhoun began secret negotiations with Texas he completed an annexation treaty that went to the senate for ratification sent a letter to British gov't bragging about slavery and this was published = public outrage of him openly supporting annexation to grow slavery (north said that they would not support) rejected by the senate because of growing sectional division and fear of war with Mexico

John C. Calhoun and the annexation of Texas

(April 1843) began secret negotiations with Texas he completed an annexation treaty that went to the senate for ratification sent a letter to British gov't bragging about slavery and this was published = public outrage of him openly supporting annexation to grow slavery (north said that they would not support)

Samuel Prescott

(April 19, 1775) joined William Dawes and Paul Revere in Lexington, then rode together to Concord where they were intercepted by a British patrol slipped through the patrol and was able to deliver the warning to Concord

Who and what confirmed the existence of war?

(April 19, 1861) Lincoln ordered a naval blockade of southern ports *supreme court later ruled that this confirmed the existence of war*

Springfield, Illinois

(April 21) where Lincoln's body was transported by train to coffin made available for people to view Philadelphia: 300,000 mourners New York: 500,000 people visited the coffin placed in the City Hall rotunda (May 4) Lincoln is buried

"Remember the Alamo"

(April 21, 1836) Houston and his Texian army charged a Mexican army encampment and yelled this

Santa Maria Pinta Nina

(Aug. 3, 1492) the three boats of *Christopher Columbus'* voyage left Palos

General Stephen Kearny

(August 18) he and 1,600 soldiers entered Santa Fe named a civilian governor and then divided is force, bringing 300 men west toward California (January 10, 1847) met with Stockton's forces and entered Los Angeles Mexican forces surrendered ordered Frémont to be arrested when he refused to transfer his title of military governor

Lincoln-Douglas debates

(August 21 - October 15, 1858) attracted thousands of spectators and were read in newspapers by even more transformed a contest for a Senate seat into a battle for the future of the Republic L= principle D= popular sovereignty

Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company Panic of 1857

(August 24, 1857) this failed and created a panic which was followed by an economic slump that didn't end until 1859

Osawatomie

(August 30, 1856) free-state settlement in Kansas where Missouri ruffians looted and burned the houses and shot John Brown's son Frederick through the heart

Harriet Hunt:

(Boston) was a teacher who set up a shop as a self-taught physician and persisted medical practice (rejected twice by Harvard Medical Center)

Anglican Church

(Church of England) gradually integrated Calvinism with English Catholicism The royal rulers often instructed the religious leaders to preach sermons in support of particular government policies

The Great Compromise

(Connecticut Compromise) states with more population get to represent by population in the House of Representatives (2 yr terms) states that wanted state power represent by individual votes in the Senate (staggered 6 year terms)

Hispanic California

(Dec. 1849) didn't consult Congress and placed a free-state government into operation

Thirteenth Amendment

(Dec. 1865) ratification of this abolished slavery everywhere

Ordinance of Secession

(Dec. 20, 1860) meeting in Charleston where delegates unanimously endorsed this explaining that the Republican party had elected the presidency a man who was hostile to slavery

Battle of Nashville

(December 15-16, 1864) Federals scattered what was left of the Confederate army of Tennessee, causing an end to the Confederate front west of the Appalachians

English Civil War

1640 between Parliament and the king Charles I is defeated Puritans won until 1649

Battle of Wounded Knee

(December 29, 1890) defiance of not doing the Ghost Dance led to an accidental rifle shot which then caused soldiers to fire at a group of Indians who had come to surrender 200 Indians and 25 soldiers died

Stamp Act

(Feb. 13, 1765) Grenville pushed a stamp act through to generate even more money from America created revenue stamps to be purchased and placed on every form of printed matter used in the colonies (Aug. 1765) Boston mob attacked the homes of the lieutenant governor and the local customs officer in charge of enforcing the stamp act (Nov. 1, 1765) Stamp Act ended; colonists signed agreements promising not to buy imported British goods as a way to leverage in London affected all colonists; first effort by Parliament to place an "internal" tax specifically on American goods and services, all to generate revenue for British treasury rather than regulating trade *Virginia House of Burgesses* struck first blow against this act with the *Virginia Resolves*

Treaty of Paris

(Feb. 1763) brought an end to the Seven Years War and the French Empire in North America Great Britain had gained a vast global Empire Britain took all of France's North American possessions *east* of the Mississippi River: all of Canada and Spanish-Florida Spain received the Louisiana Territory in compensation for the loss of Florida few French settlers left Louisiana after 1763; French gov't encouraged settlers to work with their new Spanish governors to create a Catholic block against English expansion

Hernán Cortés

(Feb. 18, 1519) leader of one of the most dramatic European conquests of a major indigenous civilization in North America; *wanted to conquer the Aztec Empire*; attacked 4 Indian Kingdoms 11 ships, 600 soldiers, 200 Indigenous Cuban, 16 horses, and cannons burned all of his own ships so his *conquistadors* couldn't run away heard of *Tenochtitlán* and used lying / threats to get inside the city told *Montezuma II* that "...disease of the heart that only gold can cure" and Montezuma II got confused and thought this man was a god (1521) besieged *Tenochtitlàn* for 85 days cut off access to water and food let smallpox take down the people inside the city when Aztecs surrendered he hung all of the leaders / had priests eaten by dogs

Willard's Hotel

(Feb. 1861) peace conference met in Washington, D.C. 21 states sent delegates proposal that was similar to the Crittenden Compromise failed to win the support of either house of Congress only accepted one was a constitutional amendment guaranteeing slavery where it existed

California

(Feb. 2, 1848) province given to the US from Mexico bc of the treaty terms of the end of the Mexican War tended to elect pro-slavery men to Congress

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(Feb. 2, 1848) required Mexico to give up claims above the Rio Grande and give California and New Mexico to the U.S. Polk said that rejecting the treaty would be risky (March 10, 1848) Senate ratifies the treaty

Conciliatory Proposition

(Feb. 27, 1775) Lord North issued this and sent it to the individual colonies rather than the unrecognized *Continental Congress* offered to resolve the festering dispute by eliminating all revenue-generating taxes on any colony that voluntarily paid both: 1) its share for military defense 2) the salaries of the royal governors

"free will" evangelists

(Finney too) wanted to democratize the process of salvation

Specie Resumption Act of 1875

(Jan. 1, 1879) Congress issued this act payment in gold to people who returned their paper money after the Treasury had built a gold reserve for that purpose *reduced the value of the greenbacks in circulation* *act made people promoting inflationary monetary policy very upset*

Common Sense

(Jan. 1776) pamphlet written by Thomas Paine stressed that King George III had the responsibility for the rebellion Americans should consult their own interests, abandon George III, and assert their own independence *'Tis Time To Part"* only by declaring independence could the colonists get the support of France and Spain and thereby engender a holy war of monarchy against monarchy

Thomas Paine

(Jan. 1776) recent English emigrant to America who wrote the pamphlet "Common Sense" directly attacked allegiance to the monarchy, which had been the last frayed connection to Britain only by declaring independence could the colonists get the support of France and Spain

8 Resolutions for compromise

(Jan. 29, 1850) Henry Clay presented these to Congress; meant to settle controversy over slavery 1) to admit California as a free state 2) to organize the territories of NM and Utah without restrictions on slavery, allowing the residents to decide the issue for themselves 3) to deny Texas its extreme claim to much of NM 4) to compensate Texas by having the federal gov't pay the pre-annexation Texas debts 5) to retain slavery in DC 6) to abolish the slave trade in the nation's capital 7) to adopt a more effective federal fugitive slave law 8) to deny congressional authority to interfere with the interstate slave trade

Electoral Commission

(Jan. 29, 1877) Congress set up this special thing with 15 members 5 from the house, senate, and supreme court made to find a compromise with election results

John A. Sutter

(January 24 1848) gold was discovered on his property in California

Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Company

(January 7, 1884) Lorenzo Sawyer outlawed the dumping of mining debris where it could reach farmland / navigable rivers *1st major environmental ruling in the nation* hydraulic mining dried up and left equipment, ravines, ditches, gullies, and mtns of discarded rock / gravel

draft riots

(July 11, 1863) announcement of draft lottery caused a week of rioting working-class people took control of the streets provoked by feelings that the draft loopholes helped wealthy, the riots also exposed racial and ethnic tensions mobs directed wrath at mostly African Americans by blaming them for causing the war 100+ people killed before 5 regiments from Gettysburg restored order

Colonel Shaw

(July 18, 1863) led his troops in an assault against Fort Wagner during the battle almost half the members of the 54th Regiment were wounded or killed, including him

Public Credit Act

(March 18, 1869) said that the federal debt must be paid in gold became the first act of Congress that Grant signed

Martin Delaney

(July 1865) free black and prominent abolitionist in the North; major in the 104th U.S. Colored Troops addressed the freed blacks at St. Helena Island about their future assured them that slavery had been "absolutely abolished" but it was the *result of Abraham Lincoln's leadership* than resistance of former slaves and free blacks against the Confederacy noted that white planters were claiming former slaves were lazy and not smart enough to live without the white people's guidance *they must find ways to become economically self- reliant. Otherwise, they would find themselves slaves again*

St. Helena Island

(July 1865) hundreds of freed blacks gathered near a church here and were addressed by Martin Delaney about their future off the SC coast

(First) Battle of Bull Run Manassas

(July 21, 1861) McDowell's Union recruit met Beauregard's army in the Bull Run stream each were trying to turn the other's left flank to their own side Federals succeeded but Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's Confederates poured in to check the Union offensive McDowell's defense failed and the army's retreat became a panic as soldiers and civilians clogged the road to Washington D.C. CONFEDERATE WIN *made both sides realize they had underestimated the other; this war would be long and costly*

Alexander Berkman

(July 23) Lithuanian immigrant who tried to assassinate Frick shot Frick 2x in the neck and stabbed him 3x

Fort Necessity

(July 3, 1754) A hastily built British stockade where Washington attempted to defeat the French at *Great Meadows*, South Carolina the French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender after 100 of his men were killed *France is now in control of the "Ohio Country"

Declaration of Independence

(July 4, 1776) Congress formally adopted this as the official statement of the American position (June, 1776) Continental Congress appointed a committee of 5 men to write a public rationale for independence Jefferson passed in a draft and the committee made a few revisions (86) introduced the radical concept that "all men are created equal" in terms of their God-given right to maintain government of their own choosing represented John Locke's theory of gov't General George Washington ordered this to be read to every unit in the Continental army *converted what had been an armed rebellion- a civil war between British subjects - into a war between Britain and a new nation* = creation of a new and individual national identity apart from England

Henry David Thoreau

(July 4, 1854) gave a speech where he said the trial of Burns was "really the trial of Massachusetts"

William Lloyd Garrison

(July 4th rally in Framingham, MA) he burned copies of the Fugitive Slave Act and the Constitution not impressed with Brown's efforts to use violence for justice dismissed it as "misguided, wild, and apparently insane"

Olive Branch Petition

(July 6 - 8, 1775) Continental Congress issued this appeal written by *John Dickinson* since it still wanted to resolve conflict with Britain professed continued loyalty to George III urged the king to seek reconciliation with his aggrieved colonies when it reached London, George III refused to look at it (August 22, 1775) George III declared American rebels "open and avowed enemies"

Cold Harbor

(June 1-3) Grant ordered his troops to assault the heavily entrenched Confederate lines The Union army was massacred at Cold Harbor: in twenty minutes, almost seven thousand attacking Federals were killed or wounded Critics called Grant "the Butcher" after Cold Harbor Yet the relentless Grant brilliantly maneuvered his battered forces around Lee and headed for Petersburg, south of Richmond, where the major railroads converged

Bunker Hill

(June 15, 1775) first major clash of the Revolutionary War; Patriots fought the British; inaccurately named (June 14, 1775) Breed's Hill was the battle sight; went there to see around themselves British reinforced their army with William Howe, Sit Henry Clinton, and John Burgoyne British climbed the hill; militiamen waited until the attackers were 15-20 paces away before shooting British retreated 3 times before losing 1) high number of British casualties made the English general more cautious of encounters with the Continental Army 2) the Continental Congress recommended that all able-bodied men enlist in a militia

Fourteenth Amendment

(June 16, 1866) passed by Congress (July 28, 1868) ratified by the states established a constitutional guarantee of basic citizenship for all Americans, including African Americans reaffirms the state and federal citizenship of persons born or naturalized in the United States forbids any state to 1) "abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens," 2) to deprive any person (again an important term) "of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law," 3) to "deny any person . . . the equal protection of the laws." *prohibited the president from granting pardons to former Confederate leaders*

Quebec Act

(June 1774) established a royal governor in Canada with no representative assembly abolished trial by jury extended the Canadian boundary southward to include all lands west of the Ohio River encouraged the Catholic Church to expand freely throughout the Canadian colony

Albany Congress

(June 19 - July 10, 1754) London government officials called commissioners from all the colonies to a meeting in Albany, NY to discuss the growing tensions with the French and Indian tribes in CT, NY, and PA meeting when the first shots at Great Meadows happened ended with little accomplished *Plan of Union*

federal government transfer of power

(June 21, 1788) NH ratified the Constitution; Constitutional Convention started draft plans asap (Sept. 13, 1788) NY becomes 1st capital; fixed date for 1st elections (Oct. 10, 1788) Confederation Congress handled last business and passed into history constitution adopted; resistance caused the formation of the Bill of Rights

Henry Lee

(June 7, 1776) "these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free, and independent states"

sugar crop

(Louisiana) did not recover until 1893

William Seward

(March 11) Whig senator from NY that gave the anti-slavery reply to Webster's speech declared that any compromise with slavery was "radically wrong and essentially vicious" there is a higher law than the Constitution and it demanded the abolition of slavery refused to endorse any legislation that extended slavery into any of the new western territories loved by abolitionists; southerners and northern conservatives hates it

Civil Rights Act

(March 1866) Congress passed this act written by Lyman Trumbull declared that: "all persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed," were citizens entitled to "full and equal benefit of all laws."

Texas Declaration of Independence

(March 2, 1836) delagates from 59 Texas towns met at Washington-on-the-Brazos and signed a declaration of independence

"Congressional Reconstruction"

(March 2, 1867) Congress passed these 3 crucial laws 1) Military Reconstruction Act 2) Command of the Army Act 3) Tenure of Office Act *designed to prevent white southerners from manipulating the reconstruction process*

Second Reconstruction Act

(March 23, 1867) directed the army commanders to register all adult men who swore they were qualified new elections had been held in all the states but Texas, and blacks participated in high numbers, giving virtually all of their votes to Republican candidates.

Boston Massacre

(March 5, 1770) people were taunting / assaulting a British soldier soldier got reinforcements; someone rang fire bell *Crispus Attucks* continued to bait the troops with others soldier who was knocked down, got up and fired into the crowd, and then others did too 5 dead 8 wounded

Fort Sumter

(March 5, 1861) Lincoln got a letter from SC that told him the federal troops at this fort only had enough supplied for 1 month and 6 weeks; Confederates were encircling the fort with a "ring of fire" urged to take the troops out to preserve peace but he believed that giving up this fort would mean they were giving up the Union

What lead up to the declaration of war in 1846?

(March 6, 1845) the Mexican gov't breaks off relations with the U.S. to protest the U.S. annexation of Texas Polk focuses on diverting Mexican authority in CA Larkin began to line up Americans and Californios who wanted to join the U.S. after he received the letter from Polk Polk ordered troops under Gen. Zach Taylor to go 150 miles south of the Texas frontier to Corpus Christi (March 1846) hope for peace dies (May 9, 1846) Polk wins approval of a war message to Congress; that evening Mexican troops attacked U.S. soldiers north of the Rio Grande = 11 dead, 5 wounded, rest are prisoners Congress passes war resolution (May 13, 1846) Polk signs the declaration of war; Congress allows recruitment of 50,000 soldiers

Dred Scott v. Sandford

(March 6, 1857) Dred Scott tried to buy his freedom after his owner died Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that Scott lacked legal standing bc he didn't have citizenship he also said that the Missouri Compromise of 1820 had deprived citizens of property by prohibiting slavery in selected states and that wasn't warranted by the Constitution ^first time the Supreme Court had declared an act of Congress unconstitutional since Marbury v. Madison (1803) this case challenged the concept of pop. sovereignty = if Congress could not exclude slavery from a territory then neither could a territorial gov't created by Congress Republicans: protested it bc it nullified their anti-slavery program an reinforced the suspicion of pro-slavery faction forming a conspiracy

Battle of Pea Ridge

(March 6-8, 1862) where German-born Unionists chased the pro-Confederate force to and broke their resistance

Mexico City

(March 9, 1847) Winfield Scott's army landed south of Veracruz first major water operation by U.S. military forces that didn't lose (March 27, 1847) Veracruz surrenders (September 13, 1847) U.S. forces entered Mexico City and raised the American flag

Second Continental Congress

(May 10, 1775) convened at Philadelphia while the British army in Boston was under siege by MA militia units (June 15, 1775) unanimously named George Washington commander in chief of a CT army while fighting in the north spread to Canada, this group: negotiated treaties of peace with Indian tribes organized a network of post offices headed by Benjamin Franklin authorized the formation of a navy and Marine Corps (May, 1776) authorized all 13 colonies to form themselves into new state governments

Green Mountain Boys

(May 10, 1775) led by Ethan Allen, successfully attacked Fort Ticonderoga (May 12, 1775) captured a smaller British fort at Crown Point, north of Ticonderoga

Ethan Allen

(May 10, 1775) led the "Green Mountain Boys" on a successful attack of Fort Ticonderoga

Fort Ticonderoga

(May 10, 1775) this fort fell to a Patriot force of "Green Mountain Boys" led by Ethan Allen (1776) American army troops led by Colonel Henry Knox captured this British Fort in upstate NY; brought back cannons and ammunition

(new) Proclamation of Amnesty

(May 1865) issued by Johnson excluded those Lincoln had barred from pardon and everybody with taxable property worth more than $20,000 wealthy planters, bankers, and merchants were the people Johnson believed had led the South to secede. They were allowed to make special applications for pardon directly to the president (Johnson had issued about thirteen thousand pardons)

North Carolina

(May 20) fourth state to join confederacy after fall of Fort Sumter slaves were scarce and Union support strong

Charles Sumner

(May 22, 1856) anti-slavery senator from MA who gave a two day long speech by memory that insulted slave owners was elected in 1851 by a coalition of Free-Soilers / Democrats called for the censure of senator Andrew Pickens Butler

Pottawatomie Massacre

(May 24-25, 1856) John Brown set out with other men to go to Pottawatomie, Kansas they dragged 5 men from their houses and murdered them with swords in front of their families and declared it was in God's name for justice set off a guerrilla war in the Kansas Territory

Battle of the Wilderness

(May 5-6) the armies fought blindly through the woods, the horror and suffering of the scene heightened by crackling brushfires Union forces had pulled back to nurse their wounds, but Grant slid off to his left and continued to push southward, engaging Lee's men near Spotsylvania Court House.

Arkansas

(May 6) second state to join confederacy after fall of Fort Sumter slaves were scarce and Union support strong

Tennessee

(May 7) third state to join confederacy after fall of Fort Sumter in mtns: slaves were scarce and Union support strong east area had mountain counties that supplied more volunteers to the Union than the Confederate cause

Thomas Gage

(May, 1774) Lieutenant-General that became governor of Massachusetts assumed command of the 4,000 British soldiers in Boston (Sept. 1774) slaves in Boston approached this man and offered to serve the British army if they would be armed and awarded freedom afterwards; he showed no interest (1775) warned his British superiors that armed conflict with the Americans would unleash the horrors of civil war" - was ignored (April 14, 1775) British army in Boston got secret orders to stop the "open rebellion" in MA decided to arrest rebel leaders and get the militia's gunpowder that was stored at Concord

Penn Station

(NYC) employed 3,000 people hotel attached was owned by the railroad and they employed 100s more *example of railroad's impact on economy / industrial development*

Trent Affair

(Nov. 1861) British steamship that was stopped by a Union warship near Cuba Confederate agents James M. Mason and John Slidell were arrested off of this ship The British gov't condemned the violation of neutral rights and threatened war with the US if Mason and Slidell were not freed they were released; more useful as martyrs to their own cause than as the diplomats they were going to be

Battle of Franklin

(November 30, 1864) John B. Hood sent his army on an attack near Nashville where they were slaughtered by the Union army

George III

(Oct. 25, 1760) Grandfather King George II dies; he becomes the king dismissed the inner circle of politicians who had dominated his grandfather's reign, replaced them with the "king's friends" (1763) no nation was larger, richer, or militarily stronger than England; oversaw military defeat of France and Spain and the signing of the *Treaty of Paris* wanted to reduce huge national debt from war; colonists didn't like being asked for more money for their "fair share" of military expenses *Proclamation of 1763*

Detroit, Michigan

(October 1850) where only military force stopped the rescue of an alleged fugitive slave by an outraged mob

Cedar Rapids

(October 1860) Douglas learned of Republican victories in the PA and Indiana states legislatures "We must try to save the Union. I will go South" he was not just chilling in cedar rapids

Jay Cooke and Company

(Sept. 18, 1973) this investment bank went bankrupt stampede of investors eager to exchange securities for cash forced the stock market to close for ten days

U.S. Constitution

(Sept. 28, 1787) Confederation Congress sent draft for the first time, people making up large nations were now able to discuss, debate, and decide with peaceful voting on how they would be governed provides a flexible system of gov't that presidents, legislators, judges, and people have adjusted to fit changing social, economic, and political circumstances 9-10 Amendments (Jefferson) = anything not in the Constitution, states can do what they want with it *ELASTIC CLAUSE* 4th Amendment (Hamilton) = anything not states in the Constitution, Congress can do what they want with it

Emancipation Proclamation

(September 22, 1862) promised that if the southern states didn't secede and came back to the Union they could keep their slaves (January 1, 1863) freed all slaves in the Confederate states ended hopes of the Confederacy gaining foreign recognition urged blacks to abstain from violence except in self-defense, and he added that free blacks would now be received into the armed services of the United States

egalitarian republic

(Thomas Jefferson wanted it) Jackson was ready to protect the poor from tyranny of wealth and power Jackson was willing to attack the rich and powerful for this

Delaware and Hudson Canal

(after 1828) linked NY→ ne/Penn.

cowboy

(after Civil War) 40,000 of these were in the Great Plains aver. age was 24 diverse backgrounds 30% were Mexican or African American 100s were Indians others were Civil War veterans from the North and the South; immigrants from Europe *worked as ranch hands: dirty wage labor, boredom, and in terrible weather conditions*

New Helvetia (Sutter's Fort)

(completed 1843) at the connection of the Sacramento and American Rivers a huge enclosure that guarded an entire village of settlers and shops never held a Swiss colony but became a place for Americans who wanted to settle in the Sacramento country

holding company

(developed by Rockefeller) company that controlled other companies by holding all OR at least a majority of their stock *Rockefeller was convinced that big business was a natural result of capitalism at work*

"sound-money"

(hard-money) advocates claimed that Grant's election was a mandate to save the country from the Democrats' "Ohio idea" of using greenbacks to repay government bonds

Second Industrial Revolution

(mid 19th cent.) centered in the U.S. and Germany started by 3 related developments: 1) creation of interconnected transportation / communication networks 2) widespread application of electrical power 3) systematic application of scientific research to industrial processes *emphasized max production and national / international marketing and distribution*

Aztec

(name comes from *Aztlàn*) came from the Northwest -> Basin of Mexico expanded control over neighbors in Central Mexico thriving commerce in gold, silver, copper, pearls, and agriculture (1519) fell after Spain invaded Mexico founders of *Tenochtitlán*

Raid on Harper's Ferry

(page 636 for full details) John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves backed by sponsoring northern abolitionists seized the federal arsenal Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines Brown was beat unconscious with the hilt of a sword (October 31) convicted (Dec. 2, 1859) Brown is hung

Founding Fathers

(phrase coined in 1916) couldn't have led the Revolutionary movement without the widespread popular support "We have always believed that the people are the foundation of power"

craft unions

(skilled workers) generally opposed efforts to unit with industrial unionism feared that joining with unskilled laborers would mean a loss of their craft's identity / bargaining power

"communication revolution"

- Construction of transportation, post offices, and steamship and telegraph development

Sojourner Truth

(was "Isabella 'Bell' Hardenbergh but renamed herself after a conversion with God) United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883) demonstrated the powerful intersection of abolitionism and feminism, and also tapped the distinctive energies that women brought to reformist causes

Eastern Woodland Tribes

*Algonquian* *Iroquoian* *Muskogean* tended to live along rivers three regional groups; distinguished by their languages

Three Major Regional Groups

*Eastern Woodland* *Great Plains* *Western Tribes*

Union Army

*often organized units along community/ethnic lines* Scandinavian regiment: 15th Wisconsin Infantry Highland Scots unit: 79th New York Infantry French regiment: the 55th New York Infantry Polish Legion: the 58th New York Infantry mixed unit of Poles, Hungarians, Germans, Spaniards, and Italians: the 39th New York Infantry

California Gold Rush

*shifted the nation's center of focus westward / encouraged construction of railroads and telegraph lines / gave vision to American empire based in Pacific / focused on trade with Asia* (1849) 100,000 Americans from every state went to California to find gold (1854) 300,000 in CA the greatest mass migration in American history gold into the economy started a surge of prosperity that eventually helped finance the Union military effort in the Civil War changed San Francisco into the nation's largest city west of Chicago

Lowell Idea

- "Lowell girls": appeared happy and healthy, 13 hr days, 6 days a week and still able to have fun - By 1840= 32 mills and factories, rural town = city→ crowded and gross

Strikes

- "Turned out" = went on strike - were formed after textile prices and mill wages dropped but still forced to work faster

Cotton

- "crucial element of the national economy, and force behind expansion of slavery - Cotton Cloth: rare and expensive bc of need to separate lint fibers from the seeds

Andrew Pickens

- (1776) retaliated against the Cherokee that were striking frontier settlements by leading militiamen to burn Cherokee villages, east of the Blue Ridge Mountains - this weakening of major tribes allowed for white colonists to move onto lost Indian land

Joseph Brant

- (1778) Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries in western NY

George Rogers Clark

- (1778) took 175 Patriot frontiersmen down Ohio River, through the woods, and on July 4th they captured the English-controlled Kasaskia (Illinois) - took Cahokia (Illinois across Mississippi Rv. from ST. Louis) -took Vincennes (Indiana) - on his way to siege all British garrisons, he ordered his men to tomahawk any Indians they saw= surrender of fort

Patrick Ferguson

- (1780) one of the most ruthless cavalry officers - in charge of mobilizing, training, and leading loyalist militiamen -threatened to march over BRM to hang "barbarians" ; but ultimately fought another army near King's Mountain (Battle of King's Mountain)

Sir Banastre Tarleton

- (1780) one of the most ruthless cavalry very officers - in charge of mobilizing, training, and leading loyalist militiamen

Daniel Morgan

- (1780) sent with 400 other men to Cornwallis's hq in Winnsboro, SC -Cowpens: ambushed Tarleton's army; most tactical victory for Americans

Bishop Francis Asbury

- (1784) Methodist who made a conference at Baltimore

Daniel Boone

- (1788) held off an assault by more than 400 Indians at Boonsborough - shot twice, captured twice; Indians killed two of his sons, a brother, and two brother in laws, daughter was captured, and another brother was wounded four times

Samuel Slater

- (1789) arrived in America from England and told a RI manufacturer about his idea of the Mill

Clermont

- (1807) first successful steamboat; NY Hudson River - Robert Fulton + Robert R. Livingston

Textile Mills

- (1815) over 100s; british textile imports slowed it, but foundations there and started growth of cloth trade and machine-tool industry

Jethro Wood:

- (1819) made iron plow with replaceable parts - John Deere's steel plow (1837) - James Oliver's chilled-iron and steel plow (1855)

Erie Canal (brought "river of gold")

- (1825) [40 ft wide, 4 ft deep] 363 mi from Albany→ Buffalo - Great Lakes Region= economic helper to NYC port - shorter trip, less money to move freight / small towns→ major commercial cities

St. Louis

- (1830s) grew x3 bc of western fur trade coming down Missouri River

Charles Goodyear

- (1844) patented "vulcanizing" rubber

Rainbow

- (1845) first clipper ship= start of ocean transport

Elias Howe

- (1846) patented sewing machine design

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

- (1848) founded to "advance science and serve society"

California gold

- (1848) prospectors and entrepreneurs from Atlantic seaboard - miners=demands for goods

Antebellum era

- (before a war era) boxers fought with bare knuckles, and match only ended when someone couldn't continues - deaths= cities outlaw it, just becomes an underground activity

Lynn and Natick Shoemaker Strike

- (greatest labor dispute before the civil war) people walked out when wage requests were denied, spread through NE and involved 25 towns and 20,000 workers - Workers won, most employers agreed to increase wages and recognize the union as a bargaining agent

Henry Clay

- (kentucky, 1832) told that almost all successful factor owners he knew were "enterprising self-made men, who have whatever wealth they possess by patient and diligent labor"

Workingmen's Party

- (labor parties) broad reformist groups devoted to the interests of labor - Wanted education for everyone; stop putting people in jail for debt= widespread support Inexperience of labor politicians left the parties vulnerable to manipulation by political professionals - Vulnerable to charges of radicalism, and courts usually sided against them - Went to Jacksonian Democrats later - Locofocos: (1835) name given when opponents in NYC's Tammany Hall turned off gaslights and lit candles with locofocos matches

Quarterly Review

- (news?) paper - predicted that as the distance is gone bc of railroads, country would be seen as one giant city

Benjamin Franklin

- 1/3 commissioners from Continental Congress to negotiate a peace treaty in Paris -patriot and father of William Franklin (removed him from his will)

Private jobs

- 10 hr workday was common, but not universal before 1860

Treaty of Alliance

- 1778- In the event France and England went to war French agreed to refuse truce or peace until independence of the US shall be assured by treaty or treaties that terminate the war

Yorktown

- 1781; last battle of the revolution; Benedict Arnold, Cornwallis and Washington; colonists won because British were surrounded and they surrendered

Governor DeWitt Clinton

- 1817 endorsed by NY leg. To connect Hudson w/Erie to the west through NY

Henry Day

- 1849): gave lecture "The Professions" at the Western Reserve School of Medicine

Marquis de Lafayette

- 20 year old, Frenchman, who volunteered to serve in the Continental Army without pay and used his money and influence to support the Patriots

Pros and Cons of Clipper Ships

- 2x speed of merchant ships - More sails, taller masts= cut costs in their short time use (less than 20yrs) - Chinese Tea - California Gold Cons= lacked space for cargo

New Orleans

- 5th largest city after LP bc of its role in shipping good to East - Coast and Europe! Focused more on cotton exports=neglect caused them to fall behind NE

"special majority"

- 9 states have to approve measures dealing with wars, treaties, coinage, finances, an the army/navy - unanimous approval of states was needed to levy tariffs (duties/taxes)

Guy Carleton

- A commander of British forces in North America; organized the mass evacuation of Loyalists and runaway slaves - intentionally violated the provisions of the Treaty of Paris by refusing to return slaves to their owners

Fort Stanwix

- A fort in the Mohawk Valley of New York that was the site of a twenty-day siege by British forces during the Saratoga campaign in August 1777. The siege ended with the arrival of forces under the command of Benedict Arnold.

Guilford Courthouse

- A major battle near Greensboro, North Carolina that is won by the British, but Cornwallis withdraws to Virginia and ultimately to Yorktown because of his losses.

Battle of Princeton

- A week after the Battle at Trenton, Washington left a few men to tend some campfires and fool the enemy again. He quietly marched his army to Princeton, where they surprised and beat a British force. New Jersey turned Patriot. This battle helped the American morale.

Francois-Joseph Paul de Grasse

- Admiral who commanded a French fleet in American waters - helped Washington and Rochambeau force Cornwallis to surrender at Yorktown. -Eventually, a British fleet met and defeated his fleet in the West Indies.

Presbytarians

- Alternative national church of semi autonomous congregations governed by representative presbyteries.

Horatio Gates

- American General who was facing Burgoyne in NY - defeated Brit. at Oriskany, NY (Aug. 6, 1777) new Fort Stanwix -(Oct. 17, 1777) made Burgoyne surrdender and leave N. America

John Paul Jones

- American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) said " I have not yet begun to fight."

The American Crisis

- An essay by Thomas Paine read by George Washington to his troops shortly before crossing the Delaware River.

Battle of Long Island

- Battle for the control of New York. British troops overwhelmed the colonial militias and retained control of the city for most of the war.

Ethiopian Regiment

- British regiment made up of black slaves who fled their masters following Dunmore's proclamation (slaves who fought for Britain would become free). The regiment was devastated by smallpox and was consequently unsuccessful.

John Stark

- Bunker Hill veteran who commanded New England militiamen who severely mauled a detachment that Burgoyne had sent out to seek supplies and stopped their advances (Burgoyne sent his troops back to Saratoga)

railroads

- Caused by $ panic (1837) and $ depression that stopped crazy want for canals

Cockfighting / Dogfighting]

- Cockfighting / Dogfighting: at saloons, brought in excited crowds and betting

Pop. Culture

- Colonial cities= balls sleigh rides, picnics - Rural = barn raising, corn-husking parties shooting matches ad footraces - Seacoast= sailing and fishing

Charles Cornwallis

- Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution. - (May 12, 1780) British general that led a militia that the American side surrendered Charleston to = greatest American defeat

William Pitt

- Earl of Chatham that had run the British over France in 1763 - "you CANNOT conquer America"

Treaty of Amity and Commerce

- Feb 6. 1778 with France; France recognized the US and offered trade concession, including important privileges to American shipping

Kaskaskia

- First capital of Illinois

mercenaries

- Foreign soldiers who fought for money

Thomas Jeremiah

- Free Black, who was hung, then burned, because he told other slaves that the British "were come to help the poor Negroes."

Inoculation

- Injecting a person with a small dose of a virus to help him or her build up defenses to a disease

John Stevens

- Loyalist who was mistreated and persecuted for loyalties; "was dragged by a rope fixed about his neck" across the Susquehanna River because he refused to sign an oath supporting Revolution

John Stevens

- Loyalist who was mistreated and persecuted for loyalties; SAID HE "was dragged by a rope fixed about his neck" across the Susquehanna River because he refused to sign an oath supporting Revolution

Methodists

- Members of a Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion.

Cahokia

- Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans

Josiah Atkins

- NE soldier - noticed that when he was sent to fight British forces in the South, the Revolution's ideals were "strikingly inconsistent" with the widespread practice of slavery in Virginia and the Carolina

Valley Forge

- Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutrition

Joseph Henry

- Princeton physicist whose research in electromagnetism= base for Samuel F. B. Morse inventions - (1846) becomes head of new Smithsonian Institution

Friedrich Wilhelm, baron von Steuben

- Prussian soldier that used an interpreter and swearing to teach fundamentals of war -was one of the foreign volunteers that joined at Valley Forge

Oriskany

- Site of one of the bloodiest battles in the Revolution and a significant engagement of the Saratoga campaign. Loyalists and Native Americans fought against Patriots.

John Adams

- Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts - wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

"southern campaign"

- The British decided to focus their war efforts on the South in 1779 because there were many Loyalists in the South who could help the British. This resulted in very much inter-colonial fighting (Tories vs. Patriots).

Oneidas

- The Oneida are a Native American tribe and First Nations band. They are one of the five founding nations of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area of upstate New York, particularly near the Great Lakes.

Episcopal Church

- The church that grew from the demise of the Anglican Church after the Revolution. - the American branch of the Anglican communion, meaning those churches that trace their roots to the Church of England and regard episcopacy as a bionically mandated ministry of the church

West Point

- The key American fort on the Hudson River that General Benedict Arnold attempted to hand over to the British

"the world turned upside down"

- The song played during the surrender of the British at the final battle of the war, the Battle of Yorktown

The Massachusetts Constitution of 1780

- This document proclaimed the "inherent liberty" of all, contributed to Emancipation movements in the North.

Benjamin Rush

- a Philadelphia doctor and scientist who "issued a prophetic statement" in 1787 "The American war is over: but this is far from being the case with the American Revolution. On the contrary, but the first act of the great drama is closed"

The Baltimore Carpenters' Society

- admitted members only to those who opposed slavery

Era of Good Feelings

- after War of 1812, no worries about small agricultural background, wanted money and manufacturing to make money faster

Prizefighting

- aka boxing, took spot of ^, popular in all social classes - Irish or English immigrants, sponsored by fire company, fraternal association, or street gangs

Congress and transportation

- allowed railroad surveys for gov't engineers, reduced tariffs on iron (used in rr construction)

Skilled workers

- artisans, craftsmen, or mechanics - Repaired / made shoes, hates, saddles, ironware, silverware, jewelry, glass, ropes, furniture, tools, weapons, wooden products, printers published books, pamphlets, and newspapers

Louisville

- at falls of Ohio River→ important trading center

Houses

- be lager, better heated and better illuminated - Higher Class: could afford indoor plumbing, central heating, gas lighting, bathtubs, and iceboxes - Working class: had fewer comforts - coal-burning cast-iron cooking stoves: allowed for prep. Or more meals, improved heating, lightened normal burdens of women in the house

Catholic Church

- brought by Irish, by 1860= largest branch of the church

"Practical" inventions

- connections between research and innovation to improve living conditions.

Lord North

- decided the war was unwinnable - resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.

Know-Nothing Party

- demanded exclusion of immigrants and Catholics from public office and the extension of time for citizenship from 5→ 25 yrs - Never got the political strength to follow through, and Congress never restricted immigration at that time

Sir Henry Clinton

- disbatched 3,000 redcoats, Hessians, and Loyalists to take Savannah to gain support from local loyalists and cherokee

German Jews

- end of 19th century= 250,000 came to US

Irish Potato Famine:

- epidemic that killed more than 1 million peasants

Machine-made clothes

- fit better and cheaper than homemade ones - Newspapers / magazines: more accessible and affordable : Clocks and watches

Boston Associates

- formed BMC, (1822) developed a water-powered mill in Lowell - Wanted to design factory communities to show its pros - Placed in countryside and made a program of supervising workers

Smithsonian Institution

- founded in Wash. D.C. by James Smithson - "For the increase and diffusion of knowledge"

Turnpike

- from word pole, or pike, at a tollgate= turned to allow traffic in -1821=4 thous. Miles of finished ______________.

Water-powered textile industry

- had entrepreneurs buying rights to water from buying land near streams and rivers and neighbor's permission - Rented water to water-powered mills

Sewer systems

- helped cities clean streets from human and animals wastes

Fed gov't and transportation

- helped, debate over its interference with internal improvements was constitutional

Molly Pitcher

- husband collapsed of heat exhaustion; aka "Mary Ludwig Hays"

New York System

- inspired want for canals = 10+ years, 3,000 miles of waterways (1837) - Most of Upper Ohio Valley= economic sphere of NY

Samuel F.B. Morse

- inventor of telegraph and electric motors Telegraph

Nathanael Greene

- iron maker that told GW the patriots had never done mortal combat and needed to be trained

Deborah Sampson

- joined the Massachusetts regiment as "Robert Shurtleff" from 1781-1783

George Washington

- knew that continental forces needed intensive training and such -Delaware winter

British / Scandinavians / Chinease / Norwegian-Sweedish and IMMGRATION

- large in numbers during first ½ of 19th cent. - = no larger than 1,000 until 1843, and 72,000 by 1860 - Norwegians / Swedes= Wisconsin and Minnesota bc of climate and woodlands - Chinese: development of Cali., did heavy work of construction, 35,500 by 1860

Barrimore St. Leger

- leader of an army (sent by Burgoyne) to Lake Ontario to Oswego, where they were joined by the Iroquois - then went east along Mohawk Rv. Valley to Albany

John Burgoyne

- led a canada-based British army from Quebec by Lake Champlain to the Hudson Rv.

Francis Marion "The Swamp Fox"

- led a guerrilla band; colorful leader

Thomas Sumter "the Caolina Gamecock"

- led a guerrilla band; colorful leader

"Vulcanizing"

- makes the rubber stringer and more elastic

Labor union movement

- mid 19th cent was maturing, emphasized the importance of union recognition and regular collective-bargaining agreements

John Jay

- minister (ambassador) to Spain - 1/3 commissioners called to negotiate peace by the Continental Congress

John Carroll

- named bishop of Baltimore in 1789; first higher official of the Catholic Church in U.S.

James Monroe

- one of GW's men that was wounded during Delaware River attack in Trenton, NJ

New York City

- outpaced whole nation w/its population growth. - 1860= 1st city to reach pop greater than 1 million - Superior harbor and access to trade

Water

- part of the industrial process, no longer 1 with the land. "Societal resource to a private commodity" - Rivers shaped regions passed their banks - Streams changing patterns→ marshlands, meadows, vegetation, and wildlife nearby - Dams: made to put control on water, started urban growth→ polluted rivers and made local resentment (esp. in NH) (1859) angry people tried to destroy a big dam in Lake Village, NH (little damage)

John Andre

- placed in charge of British intelligence - British major involved in the plan to take over West Point with Benedict Arnold; He was caught and hung.

Trade associations

- pressured politicians for tariffs to protect them from imports provided insurance benefits and drafted regulations to improve working conditions, ensure quality control, and provide equitable treatment of apprentices and journeymen.

Graduation

- progressive reduction of the price of land that did not immediately sell

William Franklin

- royal gov. of NJ; Loyalist - Ben Frank. removed him from his will

"Coffin shops":

- ships carrying the people who had died from dysentery, typhus, and malnutrition on way to US

Immigration

- slowed down from Rev→ War of 1812 bc french rev and napoleonic wars had stopped travel from Europe until 1815, after that it grew fast!

Sewing machine

- slowed the progress of the factory because it was changed to be used in the home, giving women the ability to work for pay from home

Preemption Act of 1830

- squatters could stake out claims ahead of land surverys and later get 160 acres at $1.25 per acre

Nat. gov't and transportation

- stock from turnpike / canal companies - Thanks to Erie Canal= extended land grants to west. States to support canal projects

Chinese Tea

- tea from china that was wanted in US; promoted use of clipper - Asian tea leaves are perishable and had to be able to reach market fast (use of clipper ships)

Industrial revolution

- technological breakthroughs that quickened agricultural development and direction. - Technology: altered economic landscape → rise to factory system

Telegraph

- telegraph lines that people could use to learn of events and exchange messages instantly - 1840's= connected all major cities - (1844) first intercity telegraph is sent; Baltimore→ Washington D.C. on Samuel Morse's device

"Hard liquor"

- the alcohol for social drinking - Taverns, social, and sporting clubs were places to partyyyy

House of Commons

- the first legislative body of Parliament whose members are elected.

Rhode Island System / Fall River System

- the names of family systems in NE

Professional workers:

- those who have specialized knowledge and skills that ordinary people lack - Self-governing individual exercising trained judgement in an open society= democratic ideal= rewarded hard work, ambition, and merit.

Flatboats

- took long time to get places; not able to go upstream= chopped into firewood - Brought most of products from west to trade - Wheat, corn, flour, meal, bacon, ham, pork, whiskey soap, and candles - Missouri= lead - Michigan= copper - Rockies= timber - Pittsburgh= ironwork

Margaret Corbin

- took over her husband's cannon after he was killed in battle

Guild-system

- used by skilled workers - a centuries old economic and social structure developed in medieval Europe to serve the interest of particular crafts

Vincennes

- victory at this fort in the west gave the Americans control of the Ohio River Valley during the war

Benedict Arnold

- was an American commander at West Point, New York (until September 1780) - had a grudge against GW -plotted to sell out American garrison at WP to British, but the capture of John Andre - joined British in NY, Andre was hanged as a spy

Common-law tradition

- water flowed naturally; right to use water was reserved to those to owned land joining streams / rivers

Mill

- water-powered spinning machine - First in Pawtucket, completed (1790) - 9 kids produced cotton yarn and later weaved into cloth by women in their homes

Chicago

- well located→ good center for water and railroads (NE→ SE, trans-Miss.west

Abigail Adams

- wife of john adams - told him she'other women did not like how they didn't have the same benefits men do - "we are determined to start a rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or representation"

Walton and Lowell Strikes

- workers were mostly young women (from NE farms)

"On the Equality of Sexes"

- written by Judith Sargent Murry in 1790 attempted to prove that women were capable of tasks outside of the household

Stephen Foster

- wrote the most popular minstrel songs that formed the myth of happy slaves, and none had actual African American melodies

Henry Knox

-Secretary of War under Washington -previously commanded artillery during Revolutionary War -later in war became commander in chief of army

Edmond Genet

-French ambassador to the US -organized attacks on British ships and Spanish controlled areas

Lord Dunmore

-He promised freedom to any enslaved Black in Virginia for joining the British army -Ethiopian Regiment -aka "John Murray

Reports on Public Credit

-plan to pay debt, giving the US credibility to other nations -state debts were a national responsibility -old bonds exchanged for new national bonds

Bill of Rights

-presented to Congress by James Madison -first 10 amendments to Constitution

Bank of the United States

-proposed by Alexander Hamilton, had 3 main responsibilities 1) store government funds + transfer money 2) provide loans to government 3) regulate issuing money

Farewell Address

-speech made by Washington when he left office -US should avoid "habitual hatred or fondness" for other countries -US should keep away from Europe's wars -steer away from permanent alliances

Tariff and Tonnage Acts

-tariffs on many different goods -American ships were charged 6 c a ton -foreign ships 50 c a ton

U.S. outcomes of the Mexican War

1,733 killed in battle; 4,152 wounded; 11,550 died of disease (dysentery and chronic diarrhea) deadliest war in American history 110 of every 1,000 soldiers died United States expanded national domain by over 1/3 = larger than Louisiana purchase gained California, Nevada, Utah, parts of New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming

FEDERALIST PARTY

1. Leaders: Alexander Hamilton and John Adams 2. Advocated: a loose construction of the Constitution, stronger federal government, central control of economic affairs, pro-national bank, and pro-high protective tariffs. 3.Supporters: Wealthy and propreitied groups- merchants and manufacturers. 4.Foreign-Affairs: Pro- British

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAN PARTY

1. Leaders: Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 2. Advocated: Strict construction of the Constitution, stronger state government, less central control of economic affairs, against the national bank, and high protective tariffs. 3. Supporters: "Common People" small farmers, city laborers, and frontier settlers 4. Foreign- Affairs: Pro-French

Oregon Country "Oregon fever"

42nd parallel north to 54 degrees40' the land that was once owned by Spain and Russia, now the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, parts of Montana and Wyoming; Canadian province of British Columbia fertile soil, lots of rain, and huge forest (1830s) brought farmers, missionaries, fur traders, and shopkeepers here during economic depression (1841-42) the first sizable wagon trains came (1843) movement west became a mass migration (1845) 5,000 settlers in Willamette Valley

Stephen F. Austin

A Missouri resident who gained from Mexico a huge land grant originally given to his father by Spanish authorities promised to defend the northern frontier of Texas between the Comanches and settlements to the south (1824) 2,000+ people on his land

George Ripley

A Unitarian minister and transcendentalist, conceived of Brook Farm as a kind of early-day think tank combined high thinking and plain living

Calvanism

A catholic spin-off by John Calvin that based its ideas on hard work and predestination contributed to ideas of representative democracy and separating church vs. government

Nullification

A state could repeal federal law state convention could declare a federal law null and void in the states's borders bc it violated the constitution 1) federal government has to abandon law or 2) federal government has propose a constitutional amendment that would remove all doubt to its validity

Kansas

African Americans who settled here found that their homesteads weren't large enough to be self-sustaining most farmers here were forced to supplement their income by hiring themselves out to white ranchers many pioneers abandoned their land and moved to the cities in the state (1860-70) cattle pop. 107,000 -> 365,000 (1880) cattle pop. = 1 mil

Beverly Nash

African American delegate to the South Carolina convention of 1868, told his colleagues: "I believe, my friends and fellow-citizens, we are not prepared for this suffrage. But we can learn. Give a man tools and let him commence to use them, and in time he will learn a trade. So it is with voting."

Exodusters

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South -> Kansas making their exodus from the South in search of a safety from racism and poverty

David Crockett

American folk hero, frontiersman and soldier. Represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Rep. Died at Battle of Alamo

Thomas Jefferson

American minister in Paris (ambassador) that told Abigail Adams that "the tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants" overly critical of *Shaysites*

George Fitzhugh

American social theorist who justified slavery by saying that black people were just children and needed to be in slavery

Herman Melville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels

Romanticism / Romantics

Americans readily accepted this ideas on emphasizing individualism, idealizing the virtues of common people, now the idea of original / creative genius in the artist, author, or the great personality people have innate conceptions of conscience and beauty and religious impulses impulses too string to be dismissed as illusions when science could neither prove nor disprove concepts then people were justified in having faith

The American Crisis

An essay by Thomas Paine read by George Washington to his troops shortly before crossing the Delaware River

XYZ AFFAIR

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

Migratory Stream

Anglo-Americans, African Americans, Mexicans, and European and Chinese immigrants came into the West and *transformed the patterns of society / culture* most were prosperous, white, native-born farm folk transportation was $$$ so the poor couldn't afford to relocate largest number of foreign immigrants came from northern Europe and Canada

sod-house frontier

Another name for the Great Plains, an area that was particularly hard to settle because of heavily sodded land, high interest and freight rates on loans, a lack of timber, capital outlay on farming devices, and constant battles with the elements pioneer families used buffalo chips (dried poo) for fuel in replacement for wood that didn't exist

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government favored federal support for internal improvements native-born or British-American evangelical Protestants, Presbyterians, Baptists, and Congregationalists

Edward Braddock

British commander in chief of North American operators he and his troops had no experience of fighting in the American wilderness viewed Indians with contempt and this ignorance would be fatal hacked a 125-mile road through to Fort Duquesne (July 9, 1755) failure to recruit Indian scouts led them into ambush mortally wounded *one of the worst British defeats of the 18th century* with his defeat, Indians launched attacked across western PA

Buchanan-Pakenham Treaty

British gov't didn't want to risk war over Oregon territory at the cost of $ trade relations with the U.S. (1846) British submitted a draft treaty that extended the border between the U.S. / Canada along the 49th parallel (June 15, 1846) James Buchanan signed the treaty and three days later it was ratified in the Senate opposition: group of expansionists who wanted more land southerners didn't care as much about Oregon like they had about Texas northern business interests valued British trade more than trying to get all of the Oregon Territory

"gamecock look"

British visitor's description of Andrew Jackson's physical appearance

12TH AMENDMENT

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.

"distributor"

Carnegie called himself this because he didn't like the term "philanthropy"

Bartholomé de Las Casas

Catholic / Cuban priest who renounced coercive conversion spent 20 years *advocating for better treatment of Indigenous people* couldn't do much against forced evangelization but still tried!!!

Treaty of 1835 with Cherokee Indians

Cherokees gave in and signed a treaty had to give up land in the Southeast in exchange for land in the Indian Territory (west of Arkansas) got $5 million from the Federal Government and expenses for transportation

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase 5-week trial that ended May 1868 Senate voted 35:19 for conviction; failed by 1 vote but this still crippled his presidency *a great political mistake, for the failure to remove the president damaged Radical Republican morale and support*

"beloved community"

Christian missionaries brought these places the idea of biracial love used Christian principles to challenge the prevailing theological and "scientific" justifications for racial inferiority promoted Christian solidarity across racial and regional lines

Doctrine of Nullification (Jackson)

December 10, Jackson called nullification an "impractical absurdity" told people not to follow false leaders sent federal soldiers to SC, where nullifiers made a state militia

Robert Anderson

Commander of the Union Forces at Fort Sumter refused to surrender; outgunned and lowered the flag on April 13

Texas v. White (1869)

Congress affirmed the principle of an "indestructible Union" in this court case Court also gave right of Congress to reframe state gov't

Habeas Corpus Act of 1863

Congress authorized the president to suspend the writ on habeas corpus

"civilized tribes"

Creeks Choctaws Chickasaws Seminoles Cherokees taken on many features of white society too weak to resist offers for land trade, bribed by alcohol to convince tribal chiefs

Stephen A. Douglas

Democrat who helped edit Clay's compromise argued that with almost everyone's objections to one or more parts of the compromise, the best solution would be to break it up into separate measures Kansas-Nebraska Act supported an amendment for the repeal of the Missouri Compromise so that slavery could extend to north of latitude 36°30' agreed to the creation of 2 new territorial gov't: Kansas and Nebraska by abandoning the MC and allowing slavery as a decision he renewed sectional tensions and forced moderate political leaders to align with extremes

John Tyler's Political Party History

Democrat: left party over Andrew Jackson's "condemnation" of SC's attempt to nullify federal laws Whig (more similar to Old Republicans though): chosen as VP to balance the Whig party with a southerner Confederate Congress: by 1862 After vetoing the 3rd B.U.S. he was expelled from the Whig party and Democrats viewed him as untrustworthy

David Wilmot

Democratic congressman from PA who gave a speech to the House of Rep. where he endorsed the annexation of Texas as a slave state noted that slavery no longer existed in the rest of Mexico if any more territory from Mexico was acquired then "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist" there

James Buchanan

Democratic presidential candidate in the election of 1856 went into the campaign as the candidate of the only remaining national party won 5 free states (PA, NJ, Illinois, Indiana, and CA) plus the southern majority and won with 174 electoral votes first unmarried president quest for presidency was built on commitment to state's rights and promotion of territorial expansion political debts reinforced his belief that saving the Union depended upon concessions to the South chose 4 slave-state men and only 3 free-state men for his pres. cabinet

Henry David Thoreau

Emerson's young friend practiced the reflective self-reliance that Emerson preached good at: carpentry, masonry, painting, surveying, sailing and gardening his dad was a pencil maker and his mom was a reformer who strongly opposed slavery uncompromising integrity, outdoor vigor, prickly individuality that Emerson found captivating refused to cane his students Nature is a living Bible didn't want money because it too often corrupted the pursuit of happiness refused to pay his poll tax an an anti-war gesture (he was put in jail but his aunt paid the tax ad he was only there for a day)

Montezuma II

Emperor of Tenochtitlán that Cortés captured was forced by the Spanish to give laborers to get ore precious metals (1520) Aztecs thought he was a traitor and stoned him to death, and then attacked and killed 1/3 of *Cortés'* men

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England preached a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity founded Pennsylvania under William Penn

Baptists and Quakers

English like-minded religious groups

William Cobbett

English reformer who traveled in the U.S. you can't go to anyone's house without being asked to drink wine or spirits

Indian Peace Commission

Established in 1867 to end the Indian wars in the West decided that this would be best accomplished by persuading Indians to live on out-of-the-way reservations

the Great Biological Exchange

Europeans and Native Americans exchanged biological systems such as animals, foods, and clothing exchange of plant life with old and new worlds brought a revolution in the diets of both groups food was more complementary than competitive new food = more people = surplus of colonists *infectious diseases / deadly pathogens*

Henry Clay

February 12, 1833 he made a plan to reduce the tariff slowly until 1842

Bacon's rebellion

In the mid 1670s Very tense period because people were growing so much tobacco that the supply and demand of it dropped. This caused tobacco prices to drop, taxes to rise, roaming livestock,and crowds of freed servants greedily eyeing land. The revolt grew and hated Berkeley for he catered to the wealthiest planters and despised commoners. The large plant owners money supported Berkeley's regime with left nothing for the small farmers. The farmers then rebelled against wealthy planters and he also wanted to get rid of the Indians but Berkeley denied the killing of them and wanted to keep the peace. So then him and his man ran Berkeley out and burnt Jamestown down. Then Bacon fell ill and died a month later.

trans-Mississippi states

Iowa Kansas Nebraska western Minnesota farmers began spreading across the Great Plains miners from California moved east Texan nomadic cowboys migrated northward into the Great Basin of Utah

Molly Maguires

Irish group in the Pennsylvania coalfields were outraged by working conditions in the mines and the owners' efforts to suppress union activity used intimidation, beatings, and killings to right the wrongs against Irish workers the terrorism reached its peak in 1874-1875, when mine owners hired Pinkerton detectives to stop the movement (1876) 24 were convicted; 10 hung trials also resulted in a wage reduction in the mines and destruction of the Miners' National Association

Gettysburg

Joseph Johnston wanted to lure Grant's army int Tennessee and relieve the siege of Vicksburg Lee wanted to win a major battle on northern soil- saving Vicksburg and persuading northern public opinion to end the war (June 30, 1863) Confederate troops entered this town and encountered units of Union cavalry (July 1) Confederated pushed the Federals out of the town and Union commander George Meade hastened reinforcements (July 2) Confederate units assaulted ^ army but in vain (July 3) Lee assaulted Cemetery Ridge (Union army's center) and George Pickett;s 13,000 Confed. troops came from the woods and went straight into fire with their "grand charge" UNION VICTORY

Philip II

King of Catholic Spain who got upset when his wife *Mary, Queen of Scots* was beheaded, so he vowed to crush *Elizabeth's* Kingdom

Foran Act of 1885

Knights of Labor achievement weakly enforced penalized employers who imported contact labor

Chief Sitting Bull

Leader of the Sioux in the Great Sioux War

paper money

Legal Tender Act of 1862: authorized $450 million in paper currency became known as "greenbacks" because of the color of ink used to print the bills Congressional allowance for the Treasury to print this was an important development for the U.S. economy not be exchanged for gold or silver; relied on public trust in the gov't helped ease the Union's financial crisis without causing the ruinous inflation that the unlimited issue of paper money caused in the Confederacy

Horace Greeley

Liberal Republican presidential candidate 1872 promoted vegetarianism, socialism, and spiritualism complemented by his record of hostility to the Democrats, whose support the Liberals needed The Democrats gave their nomination to Greeley as the only hope of beating Grant *6 southern and border states, no northern states*

New England (Boston, RI, CT,MA,NH)

Limited by rocky soil and long winters took sugar and turned it into rum They fished

George B. McClellan

Lincoln appointed this general to replace McDowell as commander of the Union's Army of the Potomac remained in a state of preparation; building a powerful and well-trained army Lincoln wanted him to move the army towards Richmond but he didn't; finally Lincoln ordered him to (March 1862) finally moved his army and this put the Union within 60 miles of Richmond waited too long to strike complained that the administration had failed to support him and instructed the president at length on military strategy- reason to remove McClellan.

April 15, 1861

Lincoln asked the loyal states to supply 75,000 militiamen to restrain the rebellious states volunteers quickly went to recruiting stations on both loyal and rebel sides

"contraband of war" "contrabands"

Lincoln's Civil War policy of treating runaway slaves as enemy war property Some Union officers put the contrabands to work digging trenches and building fortifications; others set them free

Mercy Otis Warren

Massachusetts colonist; most prominent women in the new nation to write political commentary "shackles on our own necks" highlighted absence of a Bill of Rights that would protect individuals / states rights

Timothy Pickering

Massachusetts senator who tried to form a northern confederacy apart from the union

Minutemen

Member of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds

Thomas Alva Edison

Menlo Park, New Jersey (1877) invented the phonograph (1879) invented the first light bulb storage battery, Dictaphone, mimeograph, electric motor, electric transmission, and the motion picture camera and projector regarded the alternating-current electric system as too risky

LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION

Meriwether Lewis ( Jefferson's personal secretary) and William Clark (former soldier) explored the newly acquired territory with their guide and interpreter Sacajawea

Agreement to War with Mexico

Mississippi River Valley = war is extremely popular; bonfires, parades, poems, songs, and patriotic speeches many men rushed to volunteer (10,000+ were sent back bc too many) Illinois = were asked to provide 4 regiments, provided 14

William Quantrill

Most prominent pro-Confederate leader along the Kansas-Missouri border he and his slavery followers would kill anyone who surrendered (1863) ordered his forces to "kill every male and burn every house"

CONTINENTAL SYSTEM

Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.

Algonquian

New England Coast -> Great Lakes -> upper Midwest -> New Jersey, Virginia, and the Carolinas coast tribes were good at fishing inland tribes were good at hunting all practiced agriculture, used dugouts, and lived in *wigwams* villages ranged 500-2,000 inhabitants

Walt Whitman

New York poet who wrote that the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter started a huge upheaval in the North

Deguello

No Mercy to the Defenders

English Liberties, Magna Carta

Parliamentary monarch 16th century Magna Carta ( great charter) of 1215 this established that the people had basic rights and that everyone was equal before the law and no person was above the law, INCLUDING those in POWER

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration allowed Jackson to give Indians federal land west of the Mississippi Rv in exchange for the land they occupied in the East and the South

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States Bank prospered and grew under him could not afford uncertainty of waiting for a renewal of a bank charter; didn't know whether or not to issue a recharter before the election of 1832

John Bell

Presidential candidate of the Constitutional Union Party drew votes away from the Democrats, helping Lincoln win

WHISKEY REBELLION

Problem: Farmers refused to pay the Whiskey tax and threatened federal agents attempting to collect the revenue. Washington's Solution: Call for volunteers and send them into the troubled area Outcome: The rebellion was easily supressed; it demonstrated the power of the national government to enforce law and maintain domestic order.

the American Sunday School Union

Provided weekly educational instruction, including basic literacy, even in backwoods communities

Increase Mather

Puritan who said drinking alcohol was okay and "from God", but over-drinking it is bad and "from Satan"

nonseparating congregationalists

Puritans who still believed, just thought the Church needed some reformation

Pennsylvania and Delaware 1681

Quaker sect that emerged after the English Civil War

Lucretia Mott

Quaker women's rights advocate who also strongly supported abolition of slavery

Parliament and the Stuarts

Queen Elizabeth who did not get married or have an heir died in 1603 Since her line ran out if fell next in line to the Stuarts whose dynasty would expand over most of the17th century son of Mary Queen of Scots became King of England as Elizabeth had planned

Emily Dickinson

Reclusive New England poet who wrote about love, death, and immortality her intense isolation and lifelong religious doubts that led to shifting her psychological state abstract themes were elemental: life, death, fear, loneliness, nature, and God "Force illegible" / "distant, stately lover"

group of junior officers that later served as leading generals in the Civil War

Robert E. Lee Ulysses S. Grant Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson George B. McClellan George Meade

Pocahontas

Rolfe and Pocahontas marry (her given name was Matoaka, then changed in England to Rebecca) She is best known for standing between her father and John smith when he was in territory that he should not have been. Rolfe and Pocahontas (frisky) married in 1616 and moved with her infant son, Thomas to London

Presbytarianism

Scots-Irish gained from the Plan of Union (1801) agreed with Congregationalists on theology and differed mainly on the form of church government they adopted able to form unified congregations and call a minister from either church^ Old Northwest -> New Englanders became Presbyterians through "Presbygational" churches

Edwin Stanton

Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment (August 12, 1867) Jonson suspended this guy and named Ulysses S. Grant in his place but then the Senate said no so Grant gave the office back to this guy

Jefferson Davis

Secretary of War who favored the transcontinental rail line / southern route and promoted the Gadsden Purchase argument: any other route would go through the territories granted to Indians (Texas to the Canadian border)

George Poindexter

Senator from Mississippi Jackson thought that he had hired the Richard Lawrence to try to assassinate Jackson

Utah Act

Set up the Utah territory [didn't reference slavery apart from allowing the territories to have legislative authority over all subjects of legislation] UTAH WAS OPEN TO THE IDEA OF SLAVERY + adopted slave codes (1860) census reported only 29 slaves in Utah

FLORIDA PURCHASE TREATY

Spain ceded East and West Florida to the U.S. and the U.S. agreed to accept all claims of American citizens against Spain up to $5,000,000

Postwar U.S. - Spanish Tensions

Spain kept military posts on American soil and worked with Indians to cause issues main issues: 1) southern boundary of the U.S. 2) American right to navigate the Mississippi River U.S. = 31st parallel Spain = east from the mouth of the *Yazoo River* U.S. needed Mississippi River for trade, but most of the river was in Spanish-Louisiana (1784) Spanish-Louisiana governor closed the Mississippi river and worked with Indians against the settlers

William H. Seward

State Department

"seer" stones

Stones Joseph Smith used to translate the hieroglyphics etched on the golden plates

Judiciary Branch

Supreme Court Chief justice Congress chooses #'s of justices can reviews Congressional actions = *Judicial Review*

In re Debs (1895)

Supreme Court decision that upheld Debs' conviction "The strong arm of the national government may be put forth to brush away all obstructions to the freedom of interstate commerce or the transportation of the mails."

Joseph Story

Supreme Court justice that said he's never seen such a mixture of people (at the inaugural after-party)

Radical Republicans

Thaddeus Stevens George Washington Julian Charles Sumner Benjamin Franklin Wade Zachariah Chandler pushed for confiscation of southern plantations, immediate emancipation of slaves, and a more vigorous prosecution of the war Rep. party in general was united on economic policy

Crispus Attucks

The African-Native American man who was the first man to die in the Boston Massacre also considered the first death in the Revolutionary War

Grenville Dodge

armed a thousand escaped male slaves to form the 1st Alabama Infantry Regiment of African Descent.

Tory Property

The Treaty of Paris encouraged Congres to stop the persecution of Loyalists and allow them to come back from Canada / Great Britain and get their property back (1787) Tories were still persecuted after the war however, so to keep good terms, Congress requested states to cancel any laws that interfered with the Treaty of Paris

Settling New England

The new England colonies were made of middle class families that could pay there way to America

Regulators

These were vigilante groups active in the 1760s and 1770s in the western parts of North and South Carolina They violently protested high taxes and insufficient representation in the colonial legislature

Specie Circular

U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with coins Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West to stop fraud from specs. and capitalists put added strain on the supplies of gold and silver

Gadsden Purchase of 1853

U.S. acquisition of land south of the Gila River from Mexico for $10 million the land was needed for a possible transcontinental railroad line through the southern United States (however the route was never used)

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney

US ambassador to Paris

Anaconda Strategy

Union General Winfield Scott developed this three-pronged strategy to defeat the Confederacy 1) Union Army of the Potomac to defend Washington D.C. and exert constant pressure on the Confed. Capital- Richmond, Virginia 2) Federal navy would blockade the southern ports and cut off the Confederacy's access to foreign goods and weapons 3) invading the South along the main water routes running from north to south: the Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland Rivers *This strategy would slowly entwine and crush the southern resistance*

PINCKNEY'S TREATY

Used to resolve problems with Spain: 1. The Mississippi River would be open and a 3-year right of deposit was granted in the port of New Orleans 2. Georgia - Florida boundary west

JAY'S TREATY

Used to try an resolve problems with England: 1. England would pay for damages to American Ships 2. British soldiers would leave U.S. soil

Andrew Johnson

V.P. who escaped assassination because his assassin got tipsy in the barroom of the hotel (1865) delivered his vice-presidential address while drunk and embarrassed Lincoln / nation pro-Union Democrat advocate of the small farmers in opposition to the privileges of the large planters racist

middle south

Virginia North Carolina Tennessee Arkansas had the most diverse agricultural economies large areas without slavery

Episcopalians

Virginia Anglicans renamed themselves this in order to reduce their pro-British image this did not prevent the religion from losing its traditional leadership position in the South losing stature and support

The separatsts

Went further to create their own god and the church of England was infuriated. to where the separates where being hunted and persecuted with king james saying i will make them conform (1604) or i will hurry them out of the land or do worse.

Most important factor behind the veto of the annexation treaty of Texas

Whig opposition led by abolitionists (including John Quincy Adams)

Hugh Lawson White

Whig. Ran (was defeated) in the Election of 1836. Support of South. Whigs hoped by splitting popular vote the House would pick the President, but they only spit the Whig vote and Martin Van Buren won

restoring the independent Treasury

Whigs had destroyed it (1846) Polk persuaded Congress to do this Polk vetoed bills for federally funded construction projects TWICE

Amelia Knight

Wrote a diary that described the hardships of travelling west on the Overland Trail Cholera^ 1 grave : every 80 yards along the trail

H.T.P. Comstock

a Canadian-born fur trapper who drifted to the Carson River diggings (1859) talked his way into a share in a new discovery made by two other prospectors

Unitarianism

a belief that emphasizes the oneness and benevolence of a loving God inherent goodness of humankind primacy of reason and conscience over religious creeds and organized churches Boston was the center for this movement

the Great Plains

a vast grassland stretching from the Mississippi River west to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to Mexico nearly devoid of humans until the Spaniards came with horses and guns in the 16th century

Robert Y. Hayne

agreed with Benton on "Foot Resolution" saw this conflict as a chance to strengthen political alliances between the South and the West that has started by their shared vote for Jackson if the South promotes sales of federal land in the West, the West will support lower tariffs said the government endangered the Union by putting a policy that would cause one section to fail while another prospers defended the South Carolina Exposition, agreed with the Virginia / Kentucky resolutions, and called attention to the Hartford Convention of 1814

religion in the south

almost all protestant; most Baptists or Methodists some Catholics and Jewish people (in Baltimore, Richond, Charleston, Savannah, and New Orleans)

rice industry

along the coast of SC ad GA never regained its prewar levels of production or profit

Inca

also known as the *Quechuas* 12 million people empire with at least 20 different languages (15th century) 2,500 miles along the Andes -> Ecuador -> Chile *grew because of diplomacy, marriage alliances, and military conquests*

Celia

an enslaved teen who's story reveals the complexity of slavery and limited options available to enslaved people was purchased by Robert Newsom as a sexual slave she was raped and then treated as Newsom's mistress had two children fell in love with another slave George who told her to "quit the old man" she asked Newsom's daughters for help but they couldn't or wouldn't Newsom advanced on her and didn't stop so she hit and killed him with a large stick not allowed to testify because she was a slave her attorneys all argued that the right of white women to defend themselves against sexual assault should be extended to enslaved women! public opinion in slave states: rape of a slave by an owner was not a crime pronounced guilty, and was hanged

Critique of Pure Reason (1781)

an influential book that emphasized the limits of science and reason in explaining the universe

"coolie"

an offensive name for an unskilled Asian laborer many were single men who wanted to get money and return to their homeland so they could afford marriage and land *more willing than American laborers to endure the low pay of railroad work and the dangerous working conditions*

Little Eva

angelic white girl who dies after befriending Uncle Tom

British Acts of Trade

another name for the *Navigation Acts* *would cause growing resentment, resistance, and rebellion in the colonies* gave England a monopoly over the tobacco and sugar produced in Maryland, Virginia, and the British-controlled islands of the West Indies increased customs revenues collected in England channeled all colonial commerce through English merchants enriched English shipbuilders required that only English-owned ships with a majority of English crews could conduct trade with Great Britain *ensured that commercial activities of the American colonies never became more important to the economic strength of the British Empire* colonial merchant / shippers thought these were burdensome / costly enforcement of these acts was spotty and Americans found ways around them; smuggling

Memphis and New Orleans riots

anti-black violence police aided brutal riots against black citizens convinced Republicans and the northern public that more reconstruction was needed

Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution

any future immigrant can't become president the "natural born citizen" clause

New SC state legislature

any property taken by federal authorities because of failure to pay the duty could get a court order to recover the property value by 2x Hayne is now governor, called for volunteer state militia to protect state from federal intervention Calhoun is now senator, resigns as VP in order to defend the nullification in Senate

Black Hawk War

armed clash in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory in 1832 Illonios militia chased the Sioux, Saux, and Fox across the Wisconsin Territory The militia massacred women and children remembered more because the participants had two native Kentuckians that later hated each other 1) Jefferson Davis 2) Abraham Lincoln

"promised land" of Utah

barren valley near the Great Salt Lake in Utah area owned by Mexico (1846) 12,000 Mormons went on wagon and on foot to get there

Battle of Fallen Timbers

battle between Americans and Native Americans Americans destroyed native villages

BATTLE OF FORT McHENRY

battle in the war of 1812 where the English bombarded for 48 hours straight; the fort is destroyed but the American flag still stands. Inspires national anthem

Crusades

battles fought for Holy Land brought Europe into contact with the Middle East destroyed ranks of feudal lords gunpowder / royal armies weakened noble independence of Monarchs; decentralized feudal system gave in to several united kingdoms in Europe by 1492

Eliza

beautiful but desperate woman who escapes from bounty hunters by carrying her child across the Ohio River for freedom

Francis Asbury

began the "circuit rider" system was a British born revivalist who went around the trans-Appalachian frontier for lost souls went to 15 states and preached thousand of sermons established a mobile evangelism that perfectly suited the frontier environment and new democratic age

Abraham Lincoln

captain of the Illinois volunteers

horses

brought by the Spanish and provided a faster / psychological advantage by making Indians fear / respect army leaders (1680) Pueblo Revolt gained Indians access to these helped establish thriving trade with Navajos, Apaches, etc. disruptive force in North America bc they gave Plains Indians mobility / power made Indians more effective hunters / warriors; helped them travel further to trade / fight Allowed the Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche, Kiowa, and Sioux to become buffalo / bison hunters every part of this animal was used: meat = food; hides = clothes, shoes, bedding, and shelter; muscles / tendons = thread and bowstring; intestines = containers; bones = tools; horns = utensils; hair - headdresses; poop = fuel too many bison were killed bc of increase of hunting with this animal / ate all the bison's grass *intenser warfare* *#'s of these = status* *eased some labors* but brought more (etc. cleaning these animals)

Admiralty Courts

cases were decided by judges whom the royal governors appointed

Protestant Rebellion

caused by division on baptism, communion, and church organization

popery

caused hostility towards merge and iron attacks on Irish and Germans

wartime Republican Congress

centralized national power enacted the Republican economic agenda by passing the Morrill Tariff and the National Banking Act placed the 1st transcontinental railroad from Omaha, Nebraska -> Sacramento, CA donated public land; sold bonds to ensure its financing Homestead Act of 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act *helped stimulate the North's economy in the years after the Civil War*

Ghost Dance

ceremonial dance began bc of Wokova's dream of a deliverer dance on the full moon to hasten the arrival of the deliverer (1890) Lakota Sioux adopted this with so much enthusiasm that white authorities banned this on Lakota reservations (December 29, 1890) bc the Indians had defied orders to stop doing this, a battle happened at Wounded Knee, South Dakota

William Pendleton

chief artillery officer under Lee named his favorite 4 cannons after the four Gospels of the Christian scriptures: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John

Mestizos

children from Spanish fathers / Indigenous mothers part of Oñate's army that took possession of New Mexico and made Santa Fe the capital

Karl Marx

co-author of The Communist Manifesto (said from Britain in 1846) "Without cotton you have no modern industry... without slavery, you have no cotton" was discussing how south's dependence on slavery lead to lots of cotton, and if slavery ended then there would be no cotton which would lead to no trade with France and Britain who the south depended on = no modern industry

Delegates/Representatives/Assemblies

colonies benefited from elected legislative assemblies; members tended to be wealthy / prominent figures House of Burgesses (Virginia) Delegates (Maryland) Representatives (Massachusetts) "lower" houses were chosen by popular vote in the counties, towns, and parishes not all colonists could vote; only men who had a tangible "stake in society" could vote responsibly; Women, Indians, and African Americans couldn't vote controlled the budget by their right to vote on taxes and expenditures held the power to initiate legislation exerted leverage on the royal governors by controlling their salaries *expanded power and influence; self-government became a "right" -> by 18th century American colonies had become largely self-governing*

ethical code for southern whites

combative sensitivity to slights loyalty to family, locality, state, and region deference to elders and social "betters" nearly theatrical hospitality men showed fierce defense of female purity (and had a natural tendency to dramatize personal insults) Celtic/English Ancestors: hunted, rode horses, and gambled over cards horse racing, and cockfighting (all provided areas for masculine camaraderie and competition)

Sam Houston

commander in chief of the Texas forces had learned war under Gen. Andrew Jackson (1835) named commander in chief of the Texas armies

what helped bring thousands of pioneers and enterprising capitalists into the west after the Civil War?

construction of transcontinental railroads military conquests of Indians generous policy of distributing gov't-owned lands

Buffalo

contributor to the collapse of Indian resistance bc of white settlement on the Great Plains (1750) 30 million (1850) less than 10 million (1900) a few hundred decimation of this animal was greatly caused by average white commercial hunters who killed 100s of the and shipped the ground up bones and the hides to the east *also due to:* climate change competition fr forage with horses, sheep, and cattle cattle-borne disease (1880s + 1890s) prolonged drought reduced grasslands the animal depended on previous hunting by Plains Indians

"ride the line"

cowboys would do this to keep animals off of the adjoining ranches

"round up"

cowboys would do this to mixed up herds of cattle in the spring they would sort out ownership with brands

New government bonds

created a sturdier Treasury that had the power to pay off war debts bonds were expected to rise $$$ and create a new capital that could finance banks / economic development

National Banking Act

created a uniform system of banking and banknote currency and helped finance the war

1902 Newlands Reclamation Act

created out of late efforts to develop irrigable land set up the Bureau of Reclamation

creation of interconnected transportation / communication networks

created the start of a national / international market for American goods / services contributors: completion of the national telegraph / railroad networks emergence of steamship; larger ad faster than sailing ships laying of the undersea telegraph cable; spanned the Atlantic Oceans and connected the U.S. -> Europe

Louis Lingg

declared that he was innocent of the bombing but was proud to be an anarchist who was "in favor of using force" to attack the abuses of the capitalist system (Nov. 10, 1887) committed suicide

Suffolk Resolves

declared the *Coercive Acts* null and void and urged Massachusetts to resist British tyranny with force

Virginia Plan

delegates at Constitutional Convention shouldn't revise the Articles of Confederation, but create a whole new document legislative, executive, and judicial branches laws binding individual citizens / states Congress' lower house would be chosen by citizens Congress' upper house of Senators would be chosen by state legislators Congress could veto state laws and define the extent of state authority

Democrats

denied the power of Congress to interfere with slavery in the states and criticized all efforts by anti-slavery activists to bring the question before Congress (1852 election) endorsed the Compromise of 1850

Andrew Carnegie

developed a military telegraph system telegraphy -> railroading -> bridge building -> steeling -> investments wanted to dominate an industry; willing to abuse his power and become a compulsive liar insisted upon up-to-date machinery and equipment and used times of recession to expand cheaply by purchasing struggling companies philosophy of continual innovation in order to reduce operating costs

Robert Morris

developed program of tax / management to make the government more stable believed past finances would give a stronger support to a reduced debt committed government (1781) selected congressional charter for the *Bank of America*

Oliver Cromwell

dictator English solider and statesman was elected to Parliament in 1628 and 1640. The outspoken Puritan helped organize armed forces after the outbreak of civil war in 1642, serving as deputy commander of the "New Model Army" that decimated the main Royalist force at the 1645 Battle of Naseby. After the death of Charles I, served in the Rump Parliament and set to reform the legal system in part through the establishment of the Blue Laws. He commanded campaigns in Ireland and Scotland in the early 1650s, and served as "lord protector" of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland from 1653 until his death.

Tobacco

did not regain its prewar level until 1880

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

discovery of gold in Georgia brought more people to want Cherokees land Cherokees wanted help from the Supreme Court John Marshall ruled that the Court lacked jurisdiction because the Cherokees were a "domestic dependent nation" and not a foreign state to Constitution Marshall also said that the Cherokees had the right to their lands until that land was given up to the U.S.

Rebecca Nurse

executed for witchcraft during the *Salem Witch Trials*

Radical Republicans

favored a transformation of southern society based upon granting freed slaves citizenship hoped to reconstruct southern society so as to dismantle the planter elite and the Democratic party insisted that Congress control the Reconstruction program helped to pass the Wade-Davis Bill asserted that the Republicans could best guarantee victory and that extending voting rights to African Americans would be the best way to promote their welfare

Liberal Republicans

favored free trade rather than tariffs redemption of greenbacks with gold a stable currency an end to federal Reconstruction efforts in the South the restoration of the rights of former Confederates civil service reform (1872) held their own national conventions where they produced a compromise platform condemning the Republicans' Radical Reconstruction policy / gov't corruption

Second Great Awakening

fears that secularism was taking root in well-educated Americans sparked intense series of revivals that grew into this two different centers of activity 1) through elite New England colleges 2) in the backwoods and across rural America ***Salvation is available not just to a elect few but to anyone who repents and embraces Christ***

William Tecumseh Sherman

first resorted to a siege of Atlanta once in control of Atlanta he ordered its 20,000 residents to leave "War is cruelty; you cannot refine it" his men then set fire to the city: railroads, iron foundries, shops, mills, schools, hotels, and businesses only 400 houses were left afterwards

the Collision of Culture

forced together two different civilizations involved technological development Indians of Mexico= copper / bronze but no iron Spanish= human cargo, steel swords, firearms, explosives, and armor

Oberlin College

founded by New Englanders in northern Ohio's Wester Reserve radiated a spirit of reform based on faith the first college in America to admit women and blacks area of anti-slavery Charles Finney accept the professorship of theology here women were expected to clean male students' rooms and not allowed to speak in class or recite at graduation exercises

Union League

founded in Philadelphia in 1862 to support the Union recruiters in the South enrolled African Americans and loyal whites, initiated them into the secrets and rituals of the order, and instructed them "in their rights and duties." (1867)the league reported 88 chapters, which claimed to have enrolled almost every adult black male in the state

Richard Allen

founded the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church (1787) "there was no religious sect or denomination that would suit the capacity of the colored people as well as the Methodist"

Eugene V. Debs.

founded the American Railway Union wanted to organize all rail- way workers—skilled or unskilled—into the American Railway Union (1904) won 400,000+ votes as the Socialist Party of America presidential candidate (1912) 900,000 votes (6% of pop.)

Uriah S. Stephens

founder of the Knights of Labor felt that secrecy and semireligious ritual would help to protect members from retaliation by employers / create a sense of solidarity

Republican Party

fragile coalition of: Whigs Democrats immigrants conservatives moderates radicals

blacks in the south

free blacks volunteered to assist Confederate war effort many took advantage of turmoil and ran away, engaged in sabotage, joined the Union war effort, or pursued their own interests some served as spies/guides for Union forces

Rancheros

free labor from Indians gave these new owners an easy life but they soon began to want the land controlled by Franciscan missions (1833-34) persuaded the Mexican gov't to confiscate the missions, exile the friars, release the Indians from the church control, and make the lands available for economic development

Muslim world

from Spain -> central Asia straddled important trading routes opposed the efforts to "Christianize" their lands

public school

funds were insifficient for buildings, books, and equipment teachers were usually oorly paid and often poorly prepared most students went to private academies after elementary schools

What did Americans do in the west?

fur traders went into New Mexico / Arizona and created a trade of beaver pelts entrepreneurs flooded into the Mexican province (California) and got pretty strong (1848) Americans made up 1/2 of the non-Indian pop. In Texas, adventurers gained their own independence from a chaotic Mexican gov't

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Ulysses S. Grant

general that moved Union soldiers into Paducah

Civil War and Europe

generated intense interest as it directed affected their economies, created intense political debates, and inspired many Englishmen to volunteer as soldiers on either side Confederate leaders threatened to cut off access to southern cotton if Britain didn't support the rebel cause Lincoln warned that official recognition of the Confederacy would lead to war with Britain

Pacific Northwest Indian Tribes

had the most natural resources and temperate climate oceans and rivers gave them food such as whales, seals, salmon, and crabs inland forest held berries, nuts, and animals forest of fir, redwood, and cedar gave wood for making fires to cook food on, and wood for making shelters

Blackfeet

had to leave their homes in Montana Indians were the last block to white western expansion; they suffered as a result

Crows

had to leave their homes in Montana Indians were the last block to white western expansion; they suffered as a result

Sir Walter Raleigh

half-brother of *Sir Humphrey Gilbert* who asked to renew his brother's mission for him Roanoke Island- named it *Virginia* (Virgin Queen Elizabeth) left Virginia and left his wife Elinor and his goddaughter *Virginia Dare* (1590) Raleigh came back but the area was abandoned and pillaged

Marysville

mining town in CA that had 17 murders in one week

The South Carolina Declaration on the Immediate Causes of Secession

highlighted the increasing hostility of the non-slave holding states to the institution of slavery

what did both the North and the South assume about the oncoming Civil War?

if there was fighting, it would be over quickly and life would continue on as it had normally

New to Europeans

iguanas, bison, cougars, armadillos, opossums, sloths, tapirs, anacondas, condors, hummingbirds, turkeys, guinea pigs, lamas, and alpacas

slaves

in Europeans colonies of w.hemisphere enslaved workers were treated like indentured servants after American Rev. -> regulated institution centered in the South could be moved or sold, couldn't legally marry, tight restrictions on movements, endured harsh and violent punishments poor supplies of food and clothing

Dutch Reformed Church

in New York / New Jersey Dutch culture language lingered, just as the Church

Hispanic missions

in more settled regions, original missions were converted into secular parishes and property was divided among Indians

The Pennsylvania Journal

in protest of the *Stamp Act*, which was to take effect the next day, this newspaper printed a skull and crossbones on its masthead

sharecropper-tenant system

inefficient / corrupting really just a post-Civil War version of land slavery tenants and landowners created an intense suspicion of each other landlord tricked farm workers and didn't give the workers a fair share of the crops *went against agricultural diversity and placed a premium on growing a staple "cash" crop* *caused environmental damage*

efforts to gain economic self-sufficiency helped ind the diverse colonies by ropes of shared resistance ordinary people participated in the boycott of British goods and those sacrifices on behalf of colonial liberties gave the momentum leading to revolution

it was the common people to enforced the boycott, volunteered in "Rebel" militias, attended town meetings, and increasingly exerted pressure on royal officials in the coloniesG

executive branch

jurisdiction given to this branch if the view of the Confederate states rejoining the Union was the same as Lincoln's

systematic application of scientific research to industrial processes

laboratories filled with graduates of new research universities appeared across the country scientists / engineers discovered new ways to improve industrial processes

General Zachary Taylor "Old Rough and Ready"

lead victories at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma (May 18) crossed the Rio Grande and occupied Matamoros quick victories gave him instant popularity made overall commander for the conquest of Mexico was less of a political threat than Scott

Catharine Beecher

leader of women's education reform founder of women's schools A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841)

Election of 1844

leaders of both parties wanted to keep the annexation of Texas out of campaigns one of the most significant in American history democratic combination of southern/western expansionism gave a winning strategy so strong that Henry Clay changed his mind last minute to support annexation POLK: (WINS) 38,000 popular votes [first pres. since JQA to win w/out a majority] 170:105 electoral votes

"fire-eaters"

leaders of disputes in 1846-1850 that placed the idea of secession closer to reality Robert Barnwell Rhett [SC] William Lowndes Yancey [AL] Edmund Ruffin [VA]

growing demand for orderly government in the West

led to the hasty creation of new territories and eventually the admission of new states *after Colorado became a state there was a hiatus of admissions though because of party divisions in Congress* Democrats: reluctant to create states out of territories that were heavily Republican after the 1888 Republican leg. races Congress (1889) admitted the Dakotas, Montana, and Washington (1890) admitted Idaho and Wyoming (1896) Utah entered the Union (1907) Oklahoma (1912) Arizona and New Mexico *48 states*

Physicians:

little formal academic training, healers would just assume doctor as label and started medical practice w/out regulation -Self-taught or assisted doctor for years - Medical profession lost social stature and public confidence because there were so many doctors and so many lies

Western Tribes

lived along the Pacific Coast depended on fishing, whaling, and sealing to survive (lived among the *Salish Tribes*

Webster's 7th of March Speech

made a 3 hr speech promoting the preservation of the Union insisted the graphic extent of slavery had already been determined by the Northwest Ordinance, Missouri Compromise, and the new territories by the law of nature criticized extremists on both sides NE anti-slavery leaders were mad at him for betraying the ideals of his region

aristocratic planters of south

made a lot of money; capitalists preoccupied by other profits they calculated that slaves and the land that cotton were grown on were the most profitable investments of antebellum south largest slaveholders profited so much from just^ that they didn't see a reason to promote industrial development

Articles of Confederation

made a single legislative Congress = no national executive or judiciary (no courts) allowed Congress to have state legislatures that appointed their own members "Confederation Congress" basically had no power= STUPID

1611 Sir Thomas Gates took charge

made a strict system of laws to where when a man got caught stealing oatmeal they lunged a needle down his tongue, chained him to the tree, and let him bleed to death to give an example to the community not to over step. also made it to where the colonists had to attend church Thursdays and Sundays. He wanted a colony where god would be served daily.

Plan of Union

made by the *Albany Congress* by a committee led by Benjamin Franklin called for a central colonial gov't led by a chief executive as well as a legislature with 48 members chosen by the colonial assemblies oversee matters of defense, Indian relations, and trade / settlement in the West would levy taxes to support its programs *rejected / ignored* B.F. said that if it had been adopted there may never have been a need for the American Revolution (1777) proposal later became the model for the Articles of Confederation, created by the Continental Congress

SEDITION ACT

made it a crime to speak, write, or publish any materials of a scandalous nature against the government.

Why didn't the south have many immigrants after the Rev. War despite its population diversity?

main shipping lines went from Europe to northern ports and not the south immigrants didn't want to compete with slave labor to get jobs

southerners felt that emotional devastation caused by the war was much worse than physical destruction

many families lost sons / husbands war veterans returned with one or more limbs missing few families were not touched by war most Confederates resented the humiliation of military occupation

Germans

many where refugees from the failed 1848 revolution against the monarchs of the German Confederation "eager to teach the German-haters a never-to-be-forgotten lesson" (May 10) German-born Unionists surprised and disarmed the rebel militia and then went after the governor, state leg., and pro-Confederate forces

Edgar Allan Poe

master of gothic horror and inventor of the detective story judged prose by its ability to provoke emotional tension fear is the most powerful emotion

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

mathematics professer at the Virginia Military Institute commander under Lee feuded with Ambrose P. Hill

skilled workers

merchants / artisans = new industries wanted to retaliate against British goods wanted and got to place tariffs on imported good that competed with their own goods = protective tariffs lack of uniformity in states on preference with goods caused artisans / merchants to lean towards string central gov't to get "uniform trade regulations"

Charleston seceders

met first in Richmond and then in Baltimore, where they adopted the pro-slavery platform defeated in Charleston and named Vice President John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky as their candidate for president (the union had sister snapped; the last remaining national party had fragmented)

quorum

minimum number of members to make a legislative meeting official

Mexica

more accurate name for Aztecs lived on marshy islands west of the *Lake Tetzcoco* (Mexico City); southern / central Mexico urban society, legal systems, scientific farming techniques, and political structure (1519) flourishing in the Arts godlike qualities, nobles, priests, and warriors were the heroes that dominated the social hierarchy *built Tenochtitlàn* already one of the most powerful civilizations in the world before the Spanish arrived

Dorothea Lynde Dix Clara Barton

most famous nurses Dix: became the Union army's first superintendent of women nurses

John A. Sutter

most important trader (SWISS) left Europe to avoid bankruptcy persuaded the Mexican governor in CA to give him land to put a colony of Swiss immigrants built New Helvetia

transcendentalists / transcendentalism

most intense advocates of romantic ideals; America's first cohesive group of public intellectuals another form of religious awakening name came from emphasis on those things that transcend (or rise above) meant an interest in areas "a little beyond" the cope of reason was a reaction against the Calvinist orthodoxy and rationalism of Unitarianism sought to embody a pure form of personal spirituality which they thought had been corrupted and smothered by the government of organized religion goal: to foster spirituality in harmony with the perfectionism of both the divine and of divinity's creation = NATURE all people have the ability to realize the divine potential ("spark") present in all of God's creatures THE MOST INFLUENTIAL INTELLECTUAL AND SPIRITUAL FORCE IN AMERICAN CULTURE

overseers

mostly came from middle class / small farmers / skilled workers / younger sons of planters aspired to become slaveholders mostly white, a few were black

Who settled in Texas?

mostly southern / western farmers wanting new cotton land that was being sold for only a few cents an acre some were wealthy planters who brought slaves (even though Mexico wasn't allowing imported slaves) (1830) 20,000 white settlers 1,000 enslaved blacks ignored Mexican laws

New West lands passed to their owners from private hands than directly from the gov't The West of ranch- ers and farmers was in fact largely the product of the railroads; they were the lifeblood of the western economy

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The Federals most often named battles for natural features while the Confederates named battle for nearby towns

n/t

apparently revival of religion was also some strange magic some contracted "jerks" laughed "the holy laugh" talked in unknown languages

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several key developments of the 15th century allowed and contributed to the exploration of the Western Hemisphere, driving this was the ambition to explore new territories

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shepherding became more popular in the 1880s and caused more conflict with cattle ranchers (1886 and 1887) severe winters 10 years of drought

n/t

the fight for survival in the trans-Mississippi West made men and women more equal partners than in the East

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within 6 months of arriving in California in 1849 : 1 / 5 gold seekers died

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los Indios

name Columbus called the people of San Salvador because he thought they were near India Columbus asked them for gold, then forced them to give it to the Spanish / look for it

"captains of industry"

name for the power northerners gained after the Civil War because the South had stopped being planter elite in national politics

"a rich man's war and a poor man's fight"

name for when the exemption from the draft of planters with twenty or more slaves led to bitter complaints

"robber barons" "captains of industry"

name given bc of shady financial practices of railroad executives shrewd, determined, and dishonest men construction of railroads involved shameless profiteering by construction companies controlled by insiders who overcharged the railroad companies

"redeemers"

name given by the SUPPORTERS called this bc they "saved" the South from Yankee domination and from becoming a purely rural economy

"Bourbons"

name given to the OPPONENTS of the redeemers done to depict them a reactionaries said to have forgotten nothing and have learned nothing in the ordeal of the Confed. and Civil War

Yankees

name of Union army soldiers were hated by southern nationalists who then taught their children to do the same

"scalawags"

native white Republicans had opposed secession, forming a Unionist majority in many mountain counties as far south as Georgia and Alabama and especially in the hills of eastern Tennessee

factors that accelerated economic growth after the Civil War

natural resources labor-saving machinery mass-production techniques with increased efficiency of production business expanded across the country development of standardized machinery innovative and bold leadership internal improvements financing

Republicans

needed African American votes to maintain their control of Congress and the White House needed to disenfranchise former Confederates to keep them from helping to elect Democrats eager to restore the old southern ruling class to power the party of Union and freedom held that the Confederate states continued to exist as entities, but by the acts of secession and war they had forfeited "all civil and political rights under the Constitution." Congress was the proper authority to determine how and when such rights might be restored.

William and Mary

new British monarchs who were determined to re-establish royal control in America *The Act to Prevent Frauds and Abuses of 1696* appointed new royal governors in Massachusetts, New York, and Maryland MA = authority to veto acts of the assembly; removed the Puritans' religious qualification for voting MD = (1715) reverted back to proprietary status from a royal colony after Lord Baltimore became Anglican PA = (1692 - 1694) only 2 yrs as royal colony NJ = (1702) became a royal province SC = (1712) became a royal province NC = (1729) became a royal province GA = (1752) became a royal province

"black codes"

new all-white southern state legislatures passed these which were designed to restrict the freedom of African Americans varied from state to state but had similar provisions Existing marriages / common-law marriages, were recognized (interracial marriages were prohibited), testimony of blacks was accepted in legal cases involving blacks could own property could sue and be sued in court couldn't own farmland in Mississippi or city lots in SC required to buy special licenses to practice certain trades in Mississippi Blacks who worked for whites were required to enter into labor contracts with their employers; renewed yearly *aspects of slavery were simply being restored in another way*

trade treaties

new trade markets (American) with: (1782) Dutch (1783) Swedes (1785) Prussians (1787) Moroccans Americans found new markets in Europe, Africa, and Asia

Old Southwest region

newer states Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas; frontier areas of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Florida

Cooper Union

newly established art and engineering college in New York City where Lincoln addressed Republicans about slavery: "as an evil, not to be extended, but to be tolerated and protected only because of and so far as its actual presence among us makes that toleration and protection a necessity."

Article I, Section 2-3 of the Constitution

no person under 7 years of being a citizen can be in the House of Representatives no person under 9 years of being a citizen can be in the Senate

Great Plains Tribes

nomadic tribes who focused on hunting *vast herds of Buffalo* the Blackfeet, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Comanche, Apache, and the Sioux

brush arbor

outdoor shelters used for religious gatherings made near the farm fields saplings, branches, and brush to provide shelter from rain and sun

James Knox Polk "Young Hickory"

nominated at the Democratic Conventions by annexations expansionist determined to make the US. a transcontinental global power continued the opposition to a national bank and other Whig $ policies (1849) died at age 53; three months after leaving presidential office ***ONE OF THE FEW PRES. TO ACCOMPLISH ALL OF HIS MAJOR OBJECTIVES AND ALSO PLEDGE TO SERVE ONLY ONE TERM*** seemed pretty cool but turns out he was a big racists against African/Native Americans; tried to avoid any public discussion of slavery reflected the growing influence of the slaveholding South on the Democratic party; warned that abolitionism would destroy the Union

Martin Van Buren

nominated by the Free-Soil party for Pres. in 1848 "Champion of freedom"

free-soil

non-slave became the rallying point for those apposed to slavery (and a new political party name)

Democratic Tariff of 1857

northern businessmen saw this as a cause for the depression cut rates on imports to their lowest level since 1816

African Americans in the Union Military

not allowed to be commissioned officers paid less than whites ($7) ineligible for the enlistment bounty paid to white recruits many of them learned to read and write while in the army camps able to mingle with former slaves and free blacks from both North and South

South and Lincoln's inaugural address

not impressed North Carolina newspaper warned that his inauguration made civil war "inevitable"

Baptists

often unschooled embraced the simplicity of doctrine and organization that appealed to rural people theology grounded on the mysteriousness of the Bible and the recognition of natural human wickedness replaced Calvinist ideas of predestination and selective salvation with ideas of free will and universal redemption highlighted the ritual of adult baptism stressed equality of all before God REGARDLESS OF wealth, social standing, or education each congregation was its own highest authority one of the first churches to allow colored people into their church (as did Methodists)

plantation mistress

oversaw the supply and preparation of food and linens, housecleaning and caring of the sick (excluding those of the richest planters) supervised household and slave activity double standards few engaged in public criticism of the social order and / or racial climate

why was Standard Oil able to dissuade the railroads from helping eastern competitors?

owned most of the railroad tank cars, oil-storage facilities, and pipelines leading to railroads

Henry Clay (Texas/Election of 1844)

owned slaves feared that fighting over pro-slavery Texas would start sectional tensions in the U.S. worried Calhoun and southern Democrats were using Texas in a deliberate attempt to become stronger than the Whig party nominated by Whigs unanimously and they ignored any reference to Texas changed his mind last minute for a political gain and claimed that he no longer objected the annexation of Texas predicated that slavery was going to become extinct someday so stop arguing

"trust certificates"

paid the standard oil trust stockholders annual dividends from the company's earnings

California News (1850)

painted by William Sidney Mount (caption:) during the golf rush, San Francisco became a cosmopolitan city when the population increased to almost fifty fold in a few months

Buffalo Hunt, Chasing Back (1860)

painting by George Catlin showing a hunter outrunning a buffalo

A New View of Society (1813)

pamphlet written by Robert Owen that set a scheme for a model community in it

Harper's Weekly

paper that warned "From the fearful day at Bull Run dates war. Not polite war, not incredulous war, but war that breaks hearts and blights homes."

"due-process clause"

part of the 3 clauses of the 14th Amendment come to mean that state as well as federal power is subject to the Bill of Rights has been used to protect corporations, as legal "persons," from "unreasonable" regulation by the states

Colonization Act of 1824

passed by Mexico gave 100s of huge rancho estates to Hispanic settlers ranchos: organized like feudal estates and resembled Southern plantations

John D. Rockefeller

passion for systematic organization and self-discipline wanted to bring order and rationality to the chaotic oil industry *most of success was based upon his determination to reduce expenses and eliminate waste as well as "pay nobody a profit."* *made a colossal fortune, but he also gave much of it away, mostly to support education and medicine- He donated more than $500 million during his ninety-eight-year lifetime. "I have always regarded it as a religious duty to get all I could honorably and to give all I could"* opposed tobacco / alcohol believed his fortune was a public trust awarded by God *became the world's leading philanthropist*

Nez Perce

peaceful Indian tribe in Idaho who refused to surrender land along the Salmon River; fighting began here and in eastern Oregon many were converted Christians and embraced white culture Chief Joseph gave a surrender speech: "I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed. . . . The old men are all dead. . . . I want to have time to look for my children, and see how many of them I can find. . . . Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever." Indians were the last block to white western expansion; they suffered as a result

camp followers

peddlers, saloon keepers, prostitutes, cardsharps, hustlers, and assorted desperadoes eager to mine the mines

Whiskey Boys

people involved in Whiskey Rebellion

mulattoes

people of mixed racial ancestry "colored society" = new people who occupied status somewhere between blacks and whites some gained fortunes and became slaveholders operated inns that served white people

Separatists

people who left the Church of England completely

Jacksonians

people who supported Andrew Jackson wanted to expand economic opportunity and political participation in power, they were just as untrustworthy as the people they were replacing in office

middle class: southern farmers

people willing to leave for better lands independent and suspicious of government authority Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson minority had slaves, most supported slavery if slaves are freed they would have to compete for land enjoyed privileged status they gained from racism

Amanda Worthington

planter's wife from Mississippi (1865) "None of us can realize that we are no longer wealthy - yet thanks to the Yankees the cause of all unhappiness, such is the case"

slavery

played the crucial role in the series of events dividing the nation and prompting secession and civil war

Lincoln's primary concerns with the West during the Civil War

protect the shipment of gold and silver win over western political support for the war and presidency

Robert J. Walker

put the fate of the Union above the expansion of slavery he sensed that in Kansas he could advance the cause of both the Union and the Democratic party (1857) went to Kansas and as the new governor he pledged to the free-state Kansas that the new constitution would be submitted to a fair vote later he persuaded the free-state leaders to vote in the election of a new territoria llegislature

Captain John Smith

rare powers of leadership and self promotion. Virginia company was impressed with is exploits in foreign wars and appointed him a member of the council to manage the new colony in Virginia.

Edmund Randolph

refused to sign finished document, but when the Bill of Rights was proposed he announced his conversion

Georgians

refused to support nullification bc they wanted Jackson's support in removing the Cherokee Indians from Georgia

Military Reconstruction Act

regarded negatively as the triumphant victory of Radical Reconstruction set a precedent among former slave societies in providing voting rights to freed slaves almost immediately after emancipation represented the nation's first effort in military-enforced nation building demanded that new constitutions in each of the former Confed. states were to be framed by conventions elected by male citizens (age 21+ or any race)

Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

said slavery had "somehow" caused the war, and everyone bore some guilt for the national shame of racial injustice and the awful war to end it Both sides had known before the fighting began that war was to be avoided at all costs, but *"one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather than let it perish."*

"agriculture and mechanic arts"

sale of some of the land by the Morrill Land Grant Act provided funds to create colleges of this

Aaron Montgomery

salesman from Chicago who decided that he could reach more by mail and at the same time also eliminate the middlemen whose services increased the retail $ of goods

Thomas Hart Benton

slaveholder and nationalist said Calhoun's thesis led to no results compared Wilmot and Calhoun to shears= no blade would cut alone but together they would break the nation in half

religion and slavery

slaveholders feared shared religion of enslaved workers biracial churches, independent black-only churches, and praise houses balm for the soul and release for emotions brought the concept of a Creator (or supreme god) maintained belied in spirits, magic and conjuring root doctors, sorcerers witches, and wizards "belief in magic is a common human response to conditions of danger or helplessness" Christian faith but not christians

slave women

slaveholders saw that "fertile female slave" could give children who could be sold do "man's work" outside: cut trees, haul logs, plow fields with mules, dig ditches, spread fertilizer, slaughter animals, hoe corn, and pick cotton when unable to have children they worked full time in the fields etc. cooks, seamstresses, midwives, nurses, healers, and folk doctors sex-segregated gangs allowed them to form close bonds with each other= emotional and physical survival faced threat of sexual abuse: owners would rape women, lock them in cabins with male slaves to impregnate them; some seduced their master away from his wife, some resisted the advances and were whipped or killed for their disobedience

"forty acres and a mule"

slogan in the South from the discussions of land distribution that caused false rumors about what free slaves were going to be granted after the Civil War ended

yeomen / middle class south

small farmers who lived with their families in two room cabins raised a few hogs and chicken / grew corn and cotton traded with neighbors more, instead of buying from stores women worked on fields during harvest time but in house when not "middling" farmers owned a handful of slaves dominated social structure of in the back country and mountain region of the south

Social Trends

small shops, workers and employers could enter into close relationships new large factories and corporations, on the other hand, were governed by a bureaucracy in which ownership was separate from management *Much of the social history of the modern world in fact turns upon the transition from a world of personal relationships to one of impersonal, contractual relationships*

what did southerners argue that they were fighting for during the Civil War?

states' rights *not slavery* states had const. right to secede fro the Union to protect their rights- including owning slaves and transporting them to western territories

argument for constitutionality of secession

the 1787 federal constitution created a "compact" among the original 13 states all 13 kept their sovereign rights which included the right to leave the Union only made this because of passionate desire to preserve slavery

Martin Van Buren (as Pres.)

the 8th President so skilled in arts of organization and manipulation that he became known as LITTLE MAGICIAN

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

the British decided to meet with Webster to solve some conflicts between the two nations Lord Ashburton was given to joint naval patrols off of Africa in order to suppress the outlawed slave-trade also resolved: dispute between U.S. ad Britain over the northern boundary between America and Canada SUMMARY OF END: Webster settled for 7/12 of the land along the Maine boundary (not Oregon) accepted the existing line between Connecticut and St. Lawrence Rivers compromised on the line between Lake Superior and Lake of the Woods (in now Minnesota)

Colorado

the Centennial State had many new discoveries between 1859-1894 had farming / grazing that gave the economy a stable base entered the union in 1876

J.E.B. Stuart

the colorful young cavalryman who once said: "All I ask of fate is that I may be killed leading a cavalry charge."

Abigail Adams

the efforts of slaves to convert American Revolutionary ardor into an appeal for their own freedom affected this woman deeply confessed to her husband, John Adams, that she found it hypocritical of Revolutionaries to be "daily robbing and plundering fro those who have as good a right to freedom as we have"

Encomendros

the favored officers who became privileged land owners of Indian villages called to protect / care for the villages and to support missionary priests could require Indians to provide them with goods / labor

Virginia Dare

the first English child born in the New World goddaughter of *Sir Walter Raleigh*

Fort Lamarie Treaty

the first comprehensive treaty with the Plains Indians (FORESHADOWED "RESERVATION" CONCEPT IN THE FUTURE) (1851) U.S. officials invited tribes to conference many tribes came, even though many were at war with each other 3 weeks later: the government promised to provide annual cash payments to the Indians in compensation for the damage caused by wagon trains on the Natives' hunting grounds Indians agreed to stop harassing whits caravans, allow federal forts to be built, and confine themselves to a specified area (several tribes refused to accept the provisions) Lakota Sioux signed but failed to abide by its restrictions

trade reprisals

the forced seize of foreign goods as an act of retaliation

Benjamin "Pap" Singleton

the foremost promoter of black migration to the West (1809) escaped from slavery in Tennessee and went to Michigan returned to Tennessee after the Civil War and was convinced that God was calling him to rescue the others (1878) established the Dunlop community in Kansas

Lincoln's argument for Confederate states

the former Confederate states had never officially left the Union because the act of secession was itself illegal

Manifest Destiny

the idea that God had intended for the U.S. to extend from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast and further offered a moral justification for territorial expansion giving the U.S. an idea of what it should and could become was a cluster of weak rationalizations to cover greed and imperial ambition ignored the claims of Native Americans and Hispanics on western lands as settlers began going into the Fa West after the Panic of 1837 and its resulting economic depression

paternalism

the incorporation of slaves into slave owner's households some even tried to stop any more slaves from coming into the south white slave owners of the upper south had fewer slaves ^many mixed feelings on slavery and so they adopted __________ towards their slaves

Confederate States of America

the seven seceding states met in Montgomery, Alabama, where they formed a constitution for this elected Jefferson Davis as president / Alexander H. Stephens as VP

Cahokia

the largest Mississippian regional center (A.D. 1050 - 1250) metropolis had thousands of people on over 3,200 acres (1400) residents dispersed

Granada

the last Muslim stronghold

What caused a public interest of Americans in the 1840s?

the long economic slump mounting evidence that the U.S. was going past the barriers of the Great American Desert and the Rocky Mountains all the way to the Pacific coast

British Folkways

the migration of Puritans, Royalist Cavalries, Quakers, Celtic Britons, and Scots-Irish (all from British Isles) stripped native identity

Harriet Tubman

the most celebrated runaway risked everything to venture back tot he South 19 times and helped 300 slaves escape

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

the most controversial element of the Compromise of 1850 only clear victory for slavery Southern insistence for this angered abolitionists strengthened slave catcher powers denied alleged fugitives a jury trial federal marshals could require citizens to help locate and capture runaways (violators fined $1,000) first 6 yrs: only 3 runaways were forcibly rescued from slave catchers; less than 200 were returned to bondage *powerful emotional / symbolic force arousing the anti-slavery impulse in the North*

Anthony Burns incident

the most dramatic demonstration against the Fugitive Slave Act Burns was arrested in Boston by federal marshals who were there to bring him back to Virginia 2,000 abolitionists lead by a minister stormed the jail to free Burns one federal marshal was killed during Burn's trial a compromised was proposed that Bostonians could buy his freedom but Pres. Pierce said no (June 2, 1854) state militia and fed. troops marched Anthony Burns through Boston to a ship that would bring him back to Virginia; 50,000 people watched and many shouted insults at the officials

Dorothea Lynde Dix

the most important figure in boosting public awareness of the mentally ill instructed a Sunday-school class at the East Cambridge House of Correction (1841) so disturbed by seeing the ignored mentally ill that she spent 2 years investigating jails in MA

Cotton

the most profitable cash crop in the south (by 19th cent.) production of this crop grew dramatically from 1812-1860

Walt Whitman

the most provocative writer during the 19th century considered inherited conventions and artistic traditions to be unworthy of notice explicit sexual references and indifference to rhyme and meter egotistical frank sexuality and homoerotic overtones rejected the idea that a woman's proper sphere is a supportive and dependent role "the greatest democrat the world has seen"

the California Trial

the most traveled route through the Sierra Nevada mtns. forked off the Oregon Trial and went through the mountains near Lake Tahoe

"The Significance of the Frontier in American History" "frontier thesis"

thesis written by Frederic Jackson Turner (1893) delivered to the American Historical Association "The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development." *guided several generations of scholars and students in their understanding of the distinctive characteristics of American history* frontier was the westward-moving source of the nation's democratic politics, open society, unfettered economy, and rugged individualism

south and its misconceptions on cotton

thought they were almighty and powerful in reality they didn't do anything to help what they couldn't afford to lose: world's demand for cotton British textiles had ended by 1860 but south was still doing large-scale cotton production

Annexation to the United States (Texas)

thousands of Americans were coming into Texas (1836) pop. 40,000 (1845) pop. 150,000

greenbacks

value lower than gold chief circulating medium most people spent these first and saved gold / used it to settle foreign accounts = draining gold out of the U.S. $432 million -> $356 million (1874) Grant vetoes a bill that isued more of these; called for the redemption of these in gold

Franciscan missions / Spanish soldiers

viewed Indians as ignorant, lazy heathens living in a "free and undisciplined" society friars were determined to convert Indians to make them subjects of the Spanish Empire offered gifts to Indians / impressed them with their "magical" religious rituals. One inside the Indians were baptized, taught Spanish, and stripped of native heritage Indian labor was a morally enriching responsibility essential to transforming unproductive Indians into industrious Christians used force; whipping or imprisoning rebels (many died quickly bc of this) DISEASE WAS ALSO A HUGE THREAT

Royalist Cavaliers

wealthy royalist supporters of *King Charles I* / *King Charles II*

duels

were the ultimate expression of personal honor and manly courage "gentleman": man's honor was more sacred to him than life itself more common in south -> started the idea that southerners would be polite until they were angry enough to kill you outlawed in the north after Aaron Burr killed Hamilton (1804) ; several southern states also banned it (rarely enforced though) started because of debated over nullification, abolition, ad slavery

Spanish efforts of colonization (a quick recap)

were unable to convert Natives to Catholicism (1790) Hispanic pop. in Texas = 2,150 Hispanic pop. in New Mexico = 20,000+ (1807) French forced living in Spain imprisoned the king and caused conflict throughout all of Spain's colonies including Mexico (1820) Mexicans wanted to free themselves from Spanish authority and bc Spanish forced had become weaker they withdrew in 1821 in the face of revolt = Mexico is an independent nation now

first major union victory

western Kentucky: Albert Sidney Johnston (Confed.) had 40,000 men stretched over 150 miles (1862) Ulysses S. Grant made the first Union push against the center of ^ overextended lines (Feb. 6) captured Fort Henry in northern Tennessee (Feb. 16) attacked Fort Donelson and 12,000 Confederates surrendered

land south of the Ohio River (how were they developed?)

western land titles stayed with Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia *before* the Revolution, settle increased fast *during / after* the Revolution Iroquois / Cherokees were helpless; no position to stand up for their lands (1784) *Treaty of Fort Stanwix* (1785) *Treaty of Hopewell* (1785) major Ohio tribes dropped almost all of Ohio and excluding parts near Lake Erie (1784-1785) Creeks dropped Georgia lands (1786) Creeks went to war with help from Spain-Florida, but Spain aid dropped (1791) Creek Chief went to New York and formed a compromise for favorable trade with the U.S. but the land was never returned to them

"ill-fated race"

what Jackson called Indians Jackson's very first priority was to remove Indians from their lands so that whites/Americans could have it [the land]

"Laminates"

what Native Americans were called in the Book of Mormon their dark skin betrayed their sinfulness and so they would be saved by the Mormon savior and turned "white and delight-some" again

"Carolina Fever"

what an observer called South Carolina's mania for nullification SC had resentment for Jackson and the federal government

Gilded Age

what gov't didn't do after Civil War: did not regulate big business activities did not provide any oversight of business operations / working conditions dominated by capitalism working inside a chaotic environment without income tax, regulators, or any stop to the behavior of freewheeling entrepreneurs

other crops of southern farms

wheat corn potatoes (raised many cattle and hogs)

Republicans

when "conscious Whigs" split from "cotton Whigs" and joined with independent Democrats and Free-Soilers favored a transcontinental railroad / gov't financed internal improvements condemned the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, territorial expansion, and Polygamy and Slavery (1860) reaffirmed its resistance to the extension of slavery and endorsed a series of measures promoting national economic expansion made a strong appeal to eastern businessmen, western farmers, and the lare immigrant population frightened southern cotton planters

Chattel

when Africans were treated like property / slaves in America herded in chains, and sold

because of tobacco

workers were no longer treated as laborers they were able to buy their own land bought indentured servants to do their own labor.

Floride Calhoun

wife of John Calhoun who hated Peggy O'Neale and encouraged other women to do so

Mary Jones

wife of a Confederate minister in Georgia whose son was a soldier reported the good news: "revivals in our army are certainly the highest proofs we can possible desire or receive of the divine favor" shrouding the Confederacy

Texas Longhorn

wild cattle and Anglo-American cattle bred lean and noted for speed and endurance instead of for eating little value bc the largest markets for beef were too far away

investment bankers

would buy corporate stocks and bonds wholesale and sell them at a profit became involved in the operation of their clients' firms, because they depended upon the general good health of client companies; demanded seats on the boards of directors so as to influence company policies

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

wrecked on the coast of Texas and his crew went for 8 years until they got to a Spanish outpost in western Mexico

Moby-Dick

written by Herman Melville and explored the darker recesses of the soul aimed at two audiences 1)adventure on the sea 2) explores a philosophical and psychological realm

Twice-Told Tales (1837)

written by Nathaniel Hawthorne presented powerful moral allegories central thees examined sin and its consequences: pride, selfishness, secret guilt, and the impossibility of rotting sin out of the human soul

George Whitefield

young English minister believed congregationalists were lifeless bc ministers had no passion when they preached wanted to spice it up and ended up making even *Benjamin Franklin* love Jesus

Thomas Jefferson

young member of the *Committee of Correspondence* who suggested to set aside June 1st as a day of fasting and prayer in Virginia