APUSH Chapter 13

Trails of Trade and Settlement

~Santa Fe Trail closed to U.S. travelers as a result of Mexico's war with Texas ~1840s; Oregon Trail important route for heavy stream of settlers to far West Oregon country ~Oregon settlers demand an end to joint U.S.-British occupation

James K. Polk- the man

~Tireless worker; firm minded; sense of personal duty ~Wants to be a one term president ~Expansionist ~Jackson Protege; "Young Hickory"

Polk and Oregon Question

"54' 40" or fight" ~adopted by Democratic expansionist Polk willing to split at 49th parallel but must commit to proposal ~British Officials deny negotiation due to public demands 1846: Polk tells British that joint occupation no longer acceptable ~England prepares for war and proposes division of the area @ 49' Senate approves division of Treaty of 1846- boundary between canada&U.S @ 49 parallel U.S. gains ownership of Puget Sound- Pacific port Significance: Northern expansionists condemned Polk for not having committed to demand of all Oregon ~believed texas annexation was southern plot

The Texas Revolution (notes)

1820s: Americans encouraged to move into Texas for cheap furtile land "Anglos" never fully accept Mexican government rules on slavery and Catholicism 1830: Mexico bans immigration from U.S. and importing slaves 1835: Armed rebellion breaks out after Santa Anna seems bent on using military to enforce Mexican government policy

The Republic of Texas

1836: Texans declare independence and the Alamo under siege ~Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto ~Santa Anna's treaty recognizes Texas' claim to territory Hero of San Jacinto, Sam Houston, becomes first President of Texas ~Texas offers free land grants to U.S. settlers ~Annexation to U.S. refused by Jackson but did recognize as a sovereign republic ~Texas is independent nation for 10 years *increased american settlers( after panic of 1837)

Young Americans

1840s -1850s, many public figures-especially younger member of the democratic party- used this term to describe a movement that advocated territorial expansion, commercial development, technological progression, and industrial growth in the name of patriotism.

The Triumph of the Railroad

1840s: Railroad begins displacing canals Rail construction stimulates iron industry Railroads greatest impact on American economy Railroads stimulate new forms of finance Railroads get government reduced taxes

John Tyler

1841-1845; Opposed Whig Legislature and ran office independently Accomplishments: webster-ashburtan treaty, annexation of texas, first v.p to assume office after predeccors's death.

Borderlands of 1830s

1842: Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles the northeast U.S.-Canadian boundary (Maine and New Brunswick) Americans begin settling in ~Oregon territory (joint U.S., English claim) ~New Mexico territory (owned by Mexico) ~California (owned by Mexico and controlled by wealthy rancheros) -refer to google doc

James K. Polk

1845-1849;Democratice President ~Reduced tariffs ~reformed the national banking system ~Settled boundary dispute in oregon ~ led the nation into MA war, in which U.S increased by 1/3.

Mexican-American War

1846-1848; Conflict between the U.S and Mexico after the U.S annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its own. As victor, the U.S obtained new territories from mexico according to the terms of the Treaty of Gualdulpe Hidalgo. significance: refer to chart

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848: Treaty that ended mexican-american war. Mexico relinquished its claims to Texs and ceded an additional 500,000 square miles to the U.S. Terms: ~Rio Grande becomes southern border of Texas ~New Mexico, California ceded to U.S. ~U.S. pays Mexico $15 million ~Mexican residents in ceded areas would become American citizens ~ govt assumed claims of american againt mexican government. signifinccae: englarged size of nation, adding califormnia,Utah, new mexico, nevada, arizona, and parts of colorada and wymoing.

Movement to the Far West

American settlement reaches Pacific in 1830s and 1840s Move West for various reasons: ~fertile ground ~religious freedom ~adventure ~economic opportunity Settlement encroaches on lands claimed by Mexico and England

Election of 1844

Annexation of Texas becomes central issue ~Tyler used annexation of texas as means to spread slavery, and increase souther power, thus gaining south's support ~sectional & party division over slavery emerges ~whigs claimed that annexation of proslavery-plot Clay loses North support after changing stance ~ Northern opposers vote for Liberty party Democrats nominate James K. Polk Polk runs on expansionist platform ~Annexation of Texas for Southern vote ~U.S. jurisdiction of Oregon for Northern vote 1844;Texas in Annexed in Joint resolution in houses

Alamo

Cause: War of independence against centralist govt. of mexico. Event: 1836, Siege fought between American rebels, fighting for Texan independence from Mexico, against Mexican forces under Santa Anna. Rebels are captured and killed. significance: gave insurrection inspiration, moral saction, and outside support

Manifest Destiny

Cause: Young American and expansionsits attitudes that accompanied Polk's election and annexation of Texas. Event: Coined in 1845 by John O'Sullivan, this term referred to a doctrine in support of America's "God-given" right to expand from coast to coast, and that nation=al expansion equaled expansion of freedom. Significance: fueled western settlement, Indian removal, Oregon question, partisan division over slavery, MA war, and annexation of Texas Main points (1) God was on the side of American expansionism (2)Free development: the spread of American rule to extend area of freedom(democracy) (3) Population growth required the outlet of territorial gains would provide ~backed fear of social classes ~Taken up by those desiring to secure Oregon Territory, California, Mexican land in the Southwest, and Cuba. ~Served as a providential justification for conquest

Texas Revolution

Cause: opposition against depsotic rule of Santa Anna's gov;Texas declares independence from mexico and the founding of the Republic in 1836 1835-1836; Insurgency, led by anglo-american settlers, against the centralist government of Mexico. The dispute stemmed from the resistance to catholicism, slave manumission, and the refusal to accept mandates of mexican citizenship. Events: Battle of Alamo. Significance: Mexico lost conflict and recognized Texas as an independent republic and its claim to territory near Rio grande.

Mormon Religion

Church of Latter-Day Saints ~Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 Book of Mormon ~ Traces connection between Native Americans and lost tribes of Israel ~Followers move from New York to Ohio to Missouri to Illinois (Nauvoo) ~Smith murdered ~ Brigham Young led Mormons to the banks of Great Salt lake, Utah ~ New Zion(Salt lake city) Mormonism ~Nationalistic religon, believed heaven on earth will occur in america ~Byproduct of Great Awakening

John Slidell

Emissary, dispatched by James K. Polk, to resolve boundary dispute and buy New Mexico and California from Mexico. These attempts were ignored by the Mexican government since diplomacy was suspended.

Polk Administration

Establishes four goals in his Inaugural Address; will accomplish all! ~ Lowers Tariff * Walker Tariff(25%) ~ Re-establish independent Treasury * Not National Bank ~Settle Oregon Question * Oregon Trail; "54 40' or fight!" * Oregon Treaty of 1846 ~Adds California and area between CA and TX

54'40" or Fight

Event: conflict over the ownership of Oregon 1818- 1846, the Oregon territory under "Joint Occupancy" by Britain and U.S ~scheduled renewal in 1847. 1844; James K. Polk elected president with slogan 54'40 or fight! ~ 54'40, Northern boundary of WA, ~ called for expansion that included Texas, California, and entire Oregon territory, ~ declared joint occupation would end The British were confident they could win, but were outnumbered in Oregon. ~U.S wanted to avoid another war Thus, Britain proposes splitting oregon @ 49th parallel

War with Mexico: Course

General Zachary Taylor wins campaign in northern Mexico Colonel Stephen Kearney captured New Mexico and joined John C. Frémont in capturing California by early 1847 Whitfield Scott- launched an attack on veracruz and captured Mexico city in final battle. By 1847; Mexicans refused to make peace despite military defeats

John C. Freemont

Led insurrectionists& exploring expedition in campaign to neutralize Mexican rule and the declaration of Bear flag republic in 1846 ~Declared himself military governor of the conquered California

Brigham Young

Mormon succesor of Smith who led migration of Mormons from Illinois to Utah from 1856 to 1852, and became governor of the territory.

Joseph Smith

Self-proclaimed prophet who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 ~Smith and his followers moved from N.Y to Illinois, where he was murdered.

War with Mexico: Outbreak (opt)

Texan claim to area between Nueces and Rio ~Grande Rivers not recognized by Mexico - the US inherit dispute After Texas annexation, this causes conflict between U.S. and Mexico Polk orders General Zachary Taylor into disputed area 1846 Mexicans attack Americans in disputed area 1846: War on Mexico declared Polk hopes to gain New Mexico and California U.S. expects war to be relatively short

Harrison & Tyler

Texas looms large over Election of 1844 ~ Independent nation ~Democrats nominate James K. Polk * van buren? calhoun? ~Whigs nominate Henry Clay * Clay does not commit to texas issue ~ Whig voters in NY protest Clay's stance on texas; vote Liberty Party *Loss of NY electoral votes proves decisive Polk Wins! ~Mandate to add Texas?

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

This 1842 agreement with Britain resolved the boundary dispute betweenMaine and New Brunswick,Canada, setting the northeastern U.S border.

Zachary Taylor

U.S commander during MA war, ordered by Polk to encroach disputed territory. -claimed several victories near the Rio Grande and northward Mexico, which labeled him as a national hero. ~refer to chart

Mormons

Un-evangelist members of The Church of Latter-day Saints, that described the doctrines restored to the earth through the Prophet Joseph Smith. ~settled in Utah to escape religious persecution. significance: largest religous denomimantion founded on american soil ~refer to notes

Settlement of the Mexican-American War: Aftermath

Why the U.S. did not annex all of Mexico? Merk Thesis: Racism and anti-colonial heritage ~mexico depended on colonies for revenue ~U.S would have to include mexicans and indians Graebner Thesis : U.S. only wanted west coast ports for trade, no need for rest of Mexico-had no benefits. Mexican War politically contentious ~Whigs constantly criticized Polk and war ~Northerners viewed war as goal to increase slavery and Southern power ~Discussed Wilmont Proviso to prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico ~Manifest Destiny ultimately limited by racism and slavery question

Winfield Scott

commissioned by Polk, after firing Taylor, was general during the Mexican American war that laid siege to Veracruz, and captured Mexico city.