APUSH: Chapter 24

What is the "closed shop"? Is it a good idea or a bad idea?

All and only Union labor. Pros: possible higher wages, possible better benefits, fair treatment of workers. Cons: those advantages can be largely wiped out by their potential negative impact (you could work really hard but someone else isn't working as hard and you make the same money)

Rockefeller's "Horizontal Integration"

Allying with competitors to monopolize a given market.

What was Social Darwinism.

Argued that individuals won their stations in life by competing on the basis of their natural talents. The wealthy and powerful imply demonstrated greater abilities than the poor. Herbert Spencer was the one who came up with the idea of "survival of the fittest." This theory is how a lot of big business men during the gilded ear justified their actions.

What was Morgan best known for?

Banking/Finance/Buying Carnegies Steel Company

Carnegie's "Vertical Integration"

Combining everything into one organization. All phases and processes of manufacturing done from mining to marketing.

What were the similarities and differences between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor?

Differences: The AFL was a formal federation of labor unions whereas the knights of labor was much more secretive (the noble order of the knight of labor). The Knights represented everyone while the AFL represented skilled workers. The knights ideas and actions were more radical than the AFL. Similarities: Both fought for workers rights.

What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?

Forbade combinations in restraint of trade, without any distinction between "good" trusts and "bad" trusts in 1890. Ineffective because it contained legal loopholes, but effective because it curbed labor unions or labor combinations that were deemed to be restraining trade.

What two men were most responsible for the process that made steel?

Henry Bessemer and William Kelly

What was the name of J.P. Morgan's trick of putting his officers on other companies as board members on other businesses?

Interlocking directorates

What was oil industry's first major product?

Kerosene derived from petroleum

Describe the Haymarket Square episode.

Labor disorders has broken out, and on May 4, 1886, the Chicago police advanced on a meeting called to protest alleged brutalities by the authorities. A dynamite was thrown that killed or injured several dozen people including police. This mistakenly associated the Knights of Labor with the anarchists and resulted in them loosing a lot of support/respect.

Who was "mother" Jones?

Mary Harris Jones got her start agitating for the Knights in the Illinois coalfields.

What compelled most women who worked to do so during the 1890s?

New inventions such as the typewriter and the telephone created new economic and social opportunities.

What was Rockefeller known for?

Oil

Interstate Commerce Act?

Prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates publicly. Also forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than for a long one over the same line.

What was Stanford best known for?

Railroads(Central Pacific Railroad Company)

What was Vanderbilt best known for?

Railways and Shipping

What was Carnegie best known for?

Steel

What was the Supreme Court's position with regards to labor and business during the Gilded Age? Who did the justices favor? What evidence is there for your position?

The Supreme Court generally supported big businesses in the gilded age, and did not protect the rights of laborers. The justices greatly favored the corporation, not the individual, as the judges were mostly well-fed conservatives. In the Slaughterhouse Cases the supreme court gave a monopoly to a slaughterhouse in New Orleans, under the guide of limiting the waste product produced by the houses. The smaller, private slaughterhouses sued the state but lost the case because the law was said to not violate the 14th amendment.

Why did the US start using time zones? What organization was most important for the development?

The US implemented time zones so that the railroads had a uniform system of time to be able to coordinate their schedules, and to not accidentally crash into each other due to time discrepancies.

What was the general impact of the transcontinental railroad? What was the greatest impact?

The transcontinental railroad created a greater sense of national unity and spurred economic growth. The railroad also promoted westward expansion, as people had significantly easier access to the western regions of the country. Its greatest impact was on the national economy, allowing for fast transportation of goods and materials across the country, causing a massive surge in production and revenue.

What was Duke best known for?

Tobacco

What inventions expanded women's work?

Typewriter and telephone switchboards greatly expanded women's opportunities in work.