APUSH Chapter 26

The economic depression that began in 1893

A. Laid the groundwork for the more aggressively political populists

Mark Hanna

A. Ohio industrialist and organizer of McKinley's victory over Bryan in the election of 1896

Southwestern tribe led by Geronimo that carried out some of the last fighting against white conquest

Apache

The return of prosperity after 1897 and new gold discoveries in Alaska, South Africa, and elsewhere

B. Created severe deflation and forced farmers deeper into debt

Chief Joseph

B. Leader of the Nez Percé tribe who conducted a brilliant but unsuccessful military campaign in1877

Improved type of fencing that enabled farmers to enclose land on the treeless plains

Barbed Wire

William Hope Harvey

C. Author of the popular pro-silver pamphlet "Coin's Financial School"

The passing of the frontier in 1890

C. Created new psychological and economic problems for a nation accustomed to a boundlessly open West

Huge silver and gold deposits that brought wealth and statehood to Nevada

Comstock Lode

The coming of big-business mining and stock-raising to the West

D. Ended the romantic, colorful era of the miners' and cattlemen's frontier

James B. Weaver

D. Former Civil War general and Granger who ran as the Greenback Labor party candidate for president in 1880

Federal law that attempted to dissolve tribal land holding and establish Native Americans as individual farmers.

Dawe's Act

Railroad building, disease, and the destruction of the buffalo

E. Decimated Indian populations and hastened their defeat at the hands of the advancing whites

Sitting Bull

E. Leader of the Sioux during wars of 1876-1877

John Wesley Powell

F. Explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of the 100th meridian

The rise of the Populist Party in the early 1890s

F. Led grain and cotton growers to turn from economics to politics as a solution for their grievances

Humanitarian reformers respected the Native Americans' traditional culture and tried to preserve their tribal way of life.

False. Humanitarian reformers tried to Westernize Native Americans.

More families acquired land under the Homestead Act than from the states and private owners.

False. Less families acquired land under the Homestead Act than from the states and private owners.

Republican political manager Mark Hanna struggled to raise enough funds to combat William Jennings Bryan's pro-silver campaign.

False. Republican political manager Mark Hanna easily raised enough funds to combat William Jennings Bryan's pro-silver campaign.

The Plains Indians were rather quickly and easily defeated by the U. S. Army.

False. The Plains Indians were rather slowly defeated by the U. S. Army.

The greatest problem facing the farmers was their inability to produce enough grain on western prairies lands that were more difficult to cultivate.

False. The greatest problem facing the farmers was overproduction and low grain prices.

Broad-based organizations of the 1880's that drew both black and white agriculturalists into social, economic, and political activity

Farmer's Alliance

Geronimo

G. Leader of the Apaches of Arizona in their warfare with the whites

The growing economic specialization of western agriculturalists

G. Made the farmers vulnerable to vast industrial and market forces beyond their control

Indian cult, originating out of the sacred Sun Dance, that the federal government attempted to stamp out in 1890

Ghost Dance

Farmers' organization that began as a secret social group and expanded into such activities as pro-farmer politics and lawmaking

Grange`

Short-lived pro-farmer third party that gained over a million votes and elected fourteen congressmen in1878

Greenback

"Dry farming", barbed wire, and irrigation

H. Made it possible to farm dry, treeless areas of the Great Plains and the West

Sand Creek, Colorado

H. Site of the Indian massacre by militia forces in 1864

Federal law that offered generous land to poorer farmers but also provided the unscrupulous with opportunities for hoaxes and fraud

Homestead Act

Reformers' attempts to make Native Americans conform to white ways

I. Further undermined Native Americans' traditional tribal culture and morale

Helen Hunt Jackson

I. Massachusetts writer whose books aroused white sympathy for the plight of the Native Americans

The encroachment of white settlement and the violation of treaties with the Indians

J. Led to nearly constant warfare with the Plains Indians from 1868 to about 1890

Little Big Horn

J. Site of major U.S. Army defeat in the Sioux War of 1876-1877

Eugene Debs

K. Railway union leader who converted to socialism while serving jail time during the Pullman strike

Mary E. Lease

L. Eloquent Kansas Populist who urged farmers to "raise less corn and more hell"

General term for the herding of cattle from the grassy plains to the railroad terminals of Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming

Long Drive

Former "Indian Territory" where "sooners" tried to get the jump on "boomers" when it was open for settlement in 1889

Oklahoma

Third political party that emerged in the 1890's to express rural grievances and mount major attacks on the democrats and republicans

Populist

Generally poor areas where vanquished Native Americans were eventually confined under federal control

Reservations

The theory that the availability of the frontier lessened social conflict in America by providing economic opportunities for eastern workers

Safety-valve

Major Northern Plains tribe that fought and eventually lost a bitter war against the U.S. Army, 1876-1877

Sioux

A crucial factor in defeating the Indians was the destruction of the buffalo, a vital source of food and other supplies.

True

Although very few city dwellers ever migrated west to take up farming, the frontier "safety valve" did have some positive effects on eastern workers.

True

Bryan's populist campaign failed partly because he was unable to persuade enough urban workers to join his essentially rural-based cause.

True

Cultural conflicts and population loss to disease weakened the Plains Indians' ability to resist white encroachment onto their lands.

True

During the peak years of the Long Drive, the cattlemen's prosperity depended on driving large beef herds great distances to railroad terminal points.

True

In 1890, the Census Bureau declared that there was no longer a clear line of frontier settlement.

True

Individual gold and silver miners proved unable to compete with large mining corporations and trained engineers.

True

McKinley's victory in 1896 ushered in an era marked by Republican domination, weakened party organization, and the fading of the money issue in American politics.

True

The Populist Party grew out of the earlier rural protests of the grange and the Farmers' Alliances.

True

The economic crisis of the 1890s strengthened the Populists' belief that farmers and industrial workers should form an alliance against economic and political oppression.

True

The farmers who settled the Great Plains were usually single-crop producers dependent on unstable distant markets for their livelihoods.

True

The fundamental problem of the Farmers' Alliance was their inability to overcome the racial division between white and black farmers in the South.

True

The first organization to work on behalf of the farmers was the

a. Grange.

The U.S. government's response to the Pullman strike aroused great anger from organized labor because

a. it seemed to represent "government by injunction" designed to destroy labor unions.

The federal government's attempt to confine Native Americans to certain areas through formal treaties was largely ineffective because

a. the nomadic Plains Indians largely rejected the idea of formal authority and defined territory.

William Jennings Bryan gained the Democratic nomination in 1896 with his strong support of

a. unlimited coinage of silver in order to inflate the currency.

The warfare that led up to the Battle of the Little Big Horn was set off by

a. white intrusion into the previously reserved Indian territory of Oklahoma.

Which of the following was NOT among the political goals advocated by the Populist Party in the 1890s?

b. Creation of a national system of unemployment insurance and old-age pensions

Which of these factors did not make the Trans-Mississippi West a unique part of the American frontier experience?

b. The problem of applying new technologies in a hostile wilderness

The federal government attempted to force Indians away from their traditional values and customs by

b. creating a network of children's boarding schools and white "field matrons."

McKinley defeated Bryan primarily because he was able to win the support of

b. eastern wage earners and city dwellers.

Indian resistance was finally subdued because

b. the coming of the railroad led to the destruction of the buffalo and the Indians' way of life.

One of the political goals of the Grangers was

b. to regulate railway rates and gain-storage fees through state laws.

Intertribal warfare among Native Americans increased in the late nineteenth century because

c. growing competition for the rapidly dwindling hunting grounds.

The problem of developing agriculture in the arid West was solved most successfully through

c. the use of irrigation from damned western rivers.

The "safety valve" theory of the frontier holds that

c. unemployed city dwellers could move west and thus relieve labor conflict in the East.

Despite substantial gains in the election of 1892, the Populists in 1892 were unable to win a majority because

c. white southern farmers were too attached to the Democratic party and racial segregation.

Both the mining and cattle frontiers saw

d. a movement from individual operations to large-scale corporate business.

Western Indians offered strong resistance to white expansion through their effective use of

d. repeating rifles and horses.

By the 1880's, most western farmers faced hard times because

d. they were forced to sell their grain at low prices in a depressed world market.