APUSH Chapter 3-19

Webster's closing statement

"Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"

E Pluribus unum

"Out of many, one" - phrase on the official seal of the United States

Paragon

"a whole floating town," was the third steamboat operated on the Hudson River by Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston

John Charles Fremont

"the Pathfinder" - Was the most enthusiastic champion of American settlement - was a junior army officer - found paths that mountain men showed him - was a second lieutenant of the U.S. Topographical Corps - father-in-law was Thomas Hart Benton

Compromise of 1850

(1) California entered the Union as a free state, ending forever the old balance of free and slave states; (2) the Texas-New Mexico Act made New Mexico a territory and set the Texas boundary at its present location. In return for giving up its claims, Texas was paid $10 million, which secured payment of the state's debt; (3) the Utah Act set up the Utah Territory. The territorial act in each case omitted reference to slavery except to give the territorial legislature authority over "all rightful subjects of legislation" with provision for appeal to the federal courts. For the sake of agreement, the deliberate ambiguity of the statement was its merit. Northern congressmen could assume that the territorial legislatures might act to exclude slavery; southern congressmen assumed that they could not; (4) a new Fugitive Slave Act put the matter of apprehending runaway slaves wholly under federal jurisdiction and stacked the cards in favor of slave catchers; and, (5) as a gesture to anti-slavery forces, the public sale of slaves, but not slavery itself, was abolished in the District of Columbia. Became this compromise - went into action when President Fillmore signed it into law

American System

(1) high tariffs to impede the import of European products and thereby "protect" fledgling American industries, (2) higher prices for federal lands, the proceeds of which would be distributed to the states to finance internal improvements that would facilitate the movement of goods to markets, and (3) a strong national bank to regulate the nation's money supply and thereby ensure sustained economic growth. benefited industrialists at the expense of farmers and the "common" people

Monroe Doctrine

(1) that "the American continents . . . are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers"; (2) that the political system of European powers was dif- ferent from that of the United States, which would "consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as danger- ous to our peace and safety"; (3) that the United States would not interfere with existing European-controlled colonies; and (4) that the United States would keep out of the internal affairs of European nations and their wars; had no standing in international law

Reasons for war

(1) to protest the British Orders in Council, which allowed the Royal Navy to interfere with American shipping; (2) to stop the British impressments of sailors from American ships; and (3) to end British encouragement of Indian attacks on Americans living along the western and northern frontiers

English Civil War

(1642 - 1646) War between Parliament and King - reduced money to colonists, kept England from overseeing colonial affairs

Marbury v. Madison

(1803) - sparked midnight judicial appointments - Supreme Court declared a federal law unconstitutional

Elias Boudinot

(Gallegina Watie) Was the editor of the Cherokee Pheonix - signed the Indian Removal Act treaty in 1835 and was subsequently murdered

Effects of Railroads

-Opened West to economic development -Suppress Native American resistance -European and Asian immigrants travel across the country -Agriculture became a big economy -Transport raw materials to factories

Railroad Problems

-Tragic accidents -Political corruption -Lobbying

Proportion of church goers in southern colonies

1 in 15

Proportion of Slaves that died on passage

1 in 6

Four Mass Migrations

1. 20,000 Puritans came to Massachusetts Bay Colony 2. Royalist Cavaliers (aristocrats) and their indentured servants came to Virginia from Southern England 3. 23,000 Quakers from north Midlands of England to the colonies of West Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware 4. Hundreds of thousands of Celtic Britons and Scots-Irish came and settles in rugged Appalachian Mountains

Explanation for lag in development

1. Slaves were unsuited for factory work 2. Ruling plantation elite disliked industrial production

Factors For Cotton's Growth

1. The introduction of cotton gin exponentially increased the amount of cotton that could be cultivated 2. The demand for southern cotton among British and French textile manufacturers soared as the industry grew in size and technological sophistication 3. The aggressive cultivation of farmlands in the newer states of Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas as well as the frontier areas of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Florida (a region then called the Old Southwest)

1860 Immigrant Demographic

1.6 million Irish - 1.2 million Germans, and 588,000 British

Number of troops out with small pox an any day

1/4

1800 Demographic

1/5th of people were enslaved blacks - 5.3 million people

Confederate Nation

11 southern states succeeded from the Union to from this nation - this prompted a civil war

Oliver Hazard Perry

14 year veteran - built ships - went out to search for British and found them at Lake Erie's Put-in-Bay - his ship was destroyed but he swam to another vessel and he made the British surrender

Average age of America

16

Mary Burton

16 - year old indentured servant that confirmed slave conspiracy - she named many people as plotters

Pennsylvania slave policy

1780 - Children of slave mothers would be free after age 28

Rhode Island slave policy

1784 - Freedom to all children born to slaves at age 21 for males and 18 for females

New York slave policy

1799 - Granted freedom to salves born after the enactment of its constitution - but an actin in 1817 set July 4 1827 as the date for the emancipation of the remaining people in slavery

Gabriel

1800 - Slave blacksmith near Richmond , Virginia hatched a revolt to take key parts of Richmond and capture the governor James Monroe and overthrow the uncommon elite - rained on the day of the rebellion - 26 were hung

Denmark Vesey

1822 Charleston - rebels planned to seize ships - burn the city - and head to Haiti - never left the ground though

Pacific Railway Act

1862, allowed for the construction of a rail line running a North-central route, couldn't be passed before the Civil War because the democrats were against internal improvements

Foran Act

1885, penalized employers who used contract labor to not pay so much for employees,

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

1890, broke up some holding companies

Homestead Steel Strike

1892, Henry Frick became president of Andrew Carnegie's company and the skilled workers hated him because of job cuts due to machinery improvements,

In re Debs

1895, Eugene Debs' court case that jailed him and he became a socialist

Gender Ratio of Males to Females

2 - 3 males to 1 female

New England and the South

2 places that opposed federal spending on transportation projects centered

Ratio of army sent by British

2/3 of army and 1/2 of navy

Gilbert du Motier or Marquis de Lafayette

20 year old Frenchman who helped train soldiers at Valley Forge - offered to work for no pay to be a general - became Washington's most trusted aid - was a courageous soldier and diplomat

Congress reward to recruits

20$ and 100 acres of land

Battle of Fallen Timbers

2000 Shawnee, Ottawa Chippewa, and Potawatomi warriors assisted by Canadian militias engaged Wayne's troops south of Detroit

George Washington

21 year old Virginia milita leader went to Fort Le Boeuf and handed the French commander a not from the Virginia governor - the note didn't do anything

Pet Banks

23 state banks that had the benefit of federal deposits

Average Briton tax vs. average America colonist tax

26 shillings vs 1 shilling

Convention of 1800

3 American went to reason with Napoleon Bonaparte - suspended the perpetual alliance, ended the naval conflict, and abrogated (got rid of) all alliances with France

Circuit Courts

3 of them composed of a 2 Supreme Court justices and the district judge who met twice a year in each district - cases go here from district courts

North, West, South

3 powerful regional blocs

Raising Taxes, Printing Paper Money, and Borrowing

3 ways Congress could raise money for the war

Anaconda Strategy

3-pronged attack - designed by Winfield Scott - called first to defend Washington D.C. and to exert pressure on the Confederate capital at Richmond - the navy would block southern ports - the third part would be to divide the Confederates along main water ways

Lincoln's cabinet

4/7 people were his rivals in the presidency - 4 were former Democrats and 3 were former Whigs

North Dakota

45% of residents were immigrants

Corps of Discovery

50 people - In 1804 settled near a village near St. Louis to ascend the Missouri river. Taught by Natives to make stuff

African Americans

50% illiteracy rates, poorest people in the poorest region, per capita black income was 1/3 of the whites,

Number of convicts England transported to North American colonies

50,000

Number of members at Continental Congress

55

New Orleans

5th Largest city

1790 Demographic

61% English, 14% Scottish and Scots-Irish, 9% German, 5% Dutch, French, and Swedish, 4% Irish, 7% unassigned

Lower South

7 states - South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas - grew increasingly dependent on labor intensive cotton production and slave labor - slaves represented half of its population by 1860

Andrew Jackson

7th president

Ratio of unmarried men to unmarried females

8 males to 1 female

War of 1812

80% of Republicans wanted it - signed by Madison because British violated American shipping rights -

New Hampshire

9th state to ratify the Constitution - could be put into effect but needed the approval of Virginia the most populous state and New York which had a key geographic position

Oregon Trail

A 2000 mile trail connecting the Missouri River near St. Louis to Oregon

G.H. Hammond

A Chicago meat packer, shipped the first refrigerated beef in an air-cooled railroad car from Chicago to Boston

Report on the Condition of Indian Tribes

A Congressional committee gathered evidence about the state of the Indians and wrote this document - led to the creation of the Indian Peace Commission

Carl Schurz

A German immigrant and war hero who became a prominent Missouri politician - found a utter absence of nationalism in the South

Levi Strauss

A Jewish tailor who followed the gold rushers to California and created blue jeans Levi's

The Crow Quadrilles

A Minstrel show

Wovoka (Jack Wilson)

A Paiute in Nevada had a vision that a deliverer would come and save the Indians - said that the Indians must take a ceremonial dance every new moon

Lucretia Mott

A Philadelphia Quaker - was a women's rights activist

Charles Goodnight

A Texas cattle rancher who said that they were adventurers

The Trent Affair

A Union warship stopped a British steamship and took two Confederate agents into custody because they were going to seek assistance from Britain and France - Britain said that it would wage war on American if the two were not released

Francis Scott Key

A Washington DC lawyer and poet wrote the star spangled banner after watching the events at Fort McHenry

Poor Richard's Almanac

A collection of homely maxims on success and happiness

Nicodemus, Kansas

A colony founded by southern blacks

Holding company

A company that held most or all of another company's stock, thus controlling them

Ambrose P. Hill

A consummate fighter who challenged one commander to a duel and was in a feud with Stonewall Jackson

Girdled

A cut made around the trunk of a tree

Poor Whites

A degraded class of rural people who owned no land or were relegated the least desirable land to live on - usually hunted, fished or had seasonal employment as laborers on yeomen farms or other unskilled jobs - many people thought they were lazy but they had diseases that caused them to be lazy

All Creation Going to the White House

A depiction of the inaugural address by satirist Robert Cruikshank - draws a parallel to Noah's ark

James Davenport

A fiery New England Congregationalist set about shouting and raging at devil and told listeners to renounce the established clergy and become agents of their own salvation

Preston S. Brooks

A fiery tempered South Carolina congressman - beat Charles Sumner with a cane for his insult on his relative Andrew Pickens Butler

University Greys

A group of 31 college students from Mississippi who were killed in Gettysburg

Essex Junto

A group of Massachusetts Federalists that considered seceding from the Union

Expansionists

A group of them opposed the Buchanan-Pakenham treaty because the wanted more

William B. Travis

A hot-tempered young lawyer from Alabama - led the rebels at the Alamo

Portugal Brazil

A lot of Africans went to Portugal Brazil to work on cane fields

Conservative parties

A name used by Democrats to mollify former Whigs

Republican Ideology

A nation whose citizens (property holding white men) were deemed equal before law and governed themselves through elected and appointed representatives

Washington D.C.

A new federal city, built around capitol hill and the executive mansion, two places of amusement - race track and a theater

Pinckney Pinchback

A northern slave and former Union soldier - won the office of lieutenant governor and served as acting governor when the white governor was indicted for corruption

Jacksonian Treasury Note

A parody of the often-worthless fractional notes issued by local banks and businesses in lieu of coins. These notes proliferated during the panic of 1837, with the emergency suspension of gold and silver payments.

Teetotaler

A person who never drinks alcohol - word was created because people sign T meaning total abstinence

Amanda Worthington

A planter's wife from Mississippi said that her whole world was destroyed

Jay Cooke and Company

A prestigious investment bank that went bankrupt

Old Field Schools

A primitive school with one-room usually made of logs

Sack of Lawrence

A pro-slavery mob came into this free-state town and set-fire to the free-state governor's home, stole property, and demolished the Free-State Hotel - had 1 casualty

Dial

A quarterly review of the group that was edited by Margaret Fuller before it fell to Ralph Waldo Emerson

Winfield Scott

A seasoned 75 year old general of the Union armies

Homestead Act of 1862

A settler or homesteader could gain title to federal land simply by staking out a claim and living on it for five years, or he could buy land at $1.25 an acre after six months.

Credit Mobilier

A sham construction company run by directors of the Union Pacific Railroad who milked the Union Pacific for exorbitant fees in order to line the pockets of insiders who controlled both companies

White Star Line

A ship line that brought many Irish immigrants to the United States and Canada

Black Driver

A slave overseer of a gang

Free Persons of Color

A status between slavery and freedom - subject to racial legal restrictions - could purchase their freedom - others were freed by their masters - most were very poor -

Mason-Dixon Line

A territorial line above which all slaves were gradually freed; it was the Ohio River boundary of the Old Northwest extended the line between slavery all the way to the Mississippi River, encompassing what would become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin

Nat Turner

A trusted overseer and preacher - a solar eclipse told him to launch a slave revolt - was tried and found guilty and got hung

Underground Railroad

A vast system of secret routes and safe stopping places that concealed runaways and spirited them to freedom, often over the Canadian borders

Trail of Tears

A westward journey in which 17000 Cherokees embarked following other tribes on an eight-hundred-mile journey marked by the cruelty and neglect of soldiers and private contractors and scorn and pilferage by whites along the way - 4000 people died - only 8000 people made it to Oklahoma

Clinch County

A women here was whipped 65 times for using abusive language during an encounter with a white woman

The Burr Conspiracy

Aaron Burr tried to make the west and east separate unions and conspired with the British- was wanted for treason and was tried by John Marshall - failed to produce two witnesses so Burr was not guilty

John A. Sutter

Abandoned his family in Europe in order to avoid arrest for bankruptcy - persuaded the Mexican governor to give him land to plant a colony of Swiss emigres at the junction of the Sacramento and American rivers (later the site of Sacramento city) - built an enormous enclosure that guarded an entire village of settlers and shops

Alamo

Abandoned mission - many American volunteers holed up here - had nearly 200 rebels

Methodists

Abandoned the policy of denying slave holders membership because of the decrease of white men in church - Minister's muted their opposition to slavery

James Madison

Ablest political philosopher in the group - central figure in the Constitutional Convention - 1 of 2 delegates to attend every meeting - had prepared a lot for the convention - suffered chronic headaches and was shy - from Virginia

13th Amendment

Abolished Slavery in 1865

13 amendment

Abolished slavery

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery everywhere

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist editor who burned copies of the Fugitive Slave Act and the Constitution in Framingham, Massachusetts

The North Star

Abolitionist newspaper that was published in the north by Frederick Douglass

Cajuns

Acadians that went to Louisiana

Fertilizers

Accelerated the growing cycle but accelerated long-term soil depletion - someone said that it was a shortcut to propserity

1669 Virginia Law

Accidentally killing a slave during punishment would not be considered a felony

Treaty of Greenville

According to the treaty the United States bought land from 12 tribes in the northern quarter of the Northwest Territory and the enclaves at the sites of Detroit, Chicago, and Vincennes, Indiana

Royal Admiralty Courts

Accused smugglers were tried in these courts because colonial juries refused to convict their peers - admiralty cases were seen by judges appointed by the royal governer

Wade-Davis Manifesto

Accused the President of exceeding his constitutional authority

Pueblo Tribes

Acoma, Hopi, Laguna, Taos, Zia, Zuni - where peaceful and sophisticated farmers who lived in adobe villages near rivers where they group corn, beans, and squash

Staten Island

Across from New York Harbor - Redcoats came to occupy this island with huge force - were trying to reconquer America

Women's work

Activities around the house, garden, and yard

Townshend Acts

Acts that generated money for Britain - by Charles Townshend - First suspended New York's assembly

Presidential Election of 1800

Adams and Pinckney and Jefferson and Burr - Jefferson one but there was a tie between him and Burr - House of Representatives chose Jefferson

"corrupt bargain"

Adams gained the presidency and then named Clay his secretary of state, an office from which three successive presidents had risen

Bill of Rights

Additional improvement to the Constitution

Baltimore Carpenter's Society

Admitted only those employers who refused to use forced labor

Ordinance of Nullification

Adopted by South Carolina that repudiated the federal tariff acts of 1828 and 1832 - forbade federal agents from collecting taxes

Rice Coast

Africa's coast where rice cultivation was commonplace

Exodusters

African Americans that migrated west so named because they were making their exodus from the South - many people didn't want the blacks to leave because they needed them for labor

Emancipation

African Americans thought that this was a redemptive act of God -

Exception to migrants who traveled the land to search for what they wanted

Africans

Largest ethnic group

Africans

Forced Migration

Africans were forced to go to places

Effective Melting Pot

Africans with different ethnic groups, language and beliefs formed new communities and new cultures as African Americans - managed to create cultural autonomy for themselves

a generation of war

After ________________________ shortages of farm products in Europe forced up the prices of American products and stimulated agricultural expansion.

British West Indies

After losing the war Britain prevented trade between America and the West Indies - islands still needed wheat, fish, and lumber - was smuggled in

cheap British imports

After the War of 1812 ended, a sudden renewal of these generated pleas for tariffs (taxes on imports) to "protect" infant American industries from foreign competition

expired

After the first national bank ____________________ in 1811, the country fell into a financial muddle

16

Age that almost half of Americans were under

Sioux

Agreed to settle in the Black Hills reservation in Dakota territory - were forced out of here because gold was in the land

William Yancey

Alabama hothead who informed the Democrats that their error was to inform that slavery was a positive good

Old Southwest

Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas

Spanish Santa Fe

All commerce with the United States was banned under Spnanish control

Empire of Liberty

All facets of society - politics, education, science, religion, and livelihoods would experience dramatic changes. Said by Thomas Jefferson

Massachusetts Government Act

All officials would be appointive rather than elective - sheriffs would select jurors - no town would have meetings without the royal governors consent

Immediate Abolition of Slavery

All three sub regions of the south opposed this

Navigation Act of 1660

All trade between colonies must be on English ships - 3/4 of crew must be English - established enumerated products - all exports must stop in England and pay a tax

Grand Alliance

Alliance between Netherlands and New England

Tea Act of 1773

Allowed British Tea merchants to undercut prices by colonial competitors and were able to ship tea without duties

Half-Way Covenant

Allowed baptized children of church members to be admitted to a "halfway" membership in the church and secure baptism for their own children in turn, but allowed them neither a vote in the church, nor communion

Telegraph

Allowed for faster communication

Naturalization of 1790

Allowed free white people to become citizens after as few as only two years of living in the country

Upper South

Also called Border States - Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri - slavery was beginning to decline here

Republicans

Also called Democratic Republicans or Jefferson Republicans - implied federalists aimed at monarchy - worried about the threats to individual freedoms posed by a strong central government - promoted a strict interpretation of the Constitution

Battle of Bull Run

Also called Manassas - General Beaurgard took his Confederate army to the railroad center at Manassas junction in Virginia - Lincoln thought that General Irvin McDowell's troops could overrun them - however Confederate reinforcements came in taking the upper hand

Family System

Also called Rhode Island System or Fall River System - whole families would be hired - men for heavy word and women and children for lighter work

Nullification

Also called interposition - Calhoun said that states could repeal a federal law in its borders if it was unconstitutional - a special state convention would do this - the federal government could then abandon the law or make an amendment

Panning

Also called place mining - miners would sift through riverbeds trying to find gold nuggets

Popular Sovereignty

Also called squatter sovereignty - promised to open land to non-slave holding farmers who would dominate the land

Battle of Lake Champlain

Also called the Battle of Plattsburgh - The entire British fleet was either destroyed or capture - forced British to abandon the northern campaign

Jay's Treaty

Also known as Treaty of London 1794 - 3 main parts 1. British would evacuate from their six northeast forts 2. The British would reimburse America for seizures of ships and cargo 3. Grant American the right to trade with British west indies was known as an infamous act

Ku Klux Klan Act

Also the third enforcement act - outlaws KKK and forming conspiracies, wearing disguises, resisting officers, and intimidating officials - let president suspend habeas corpus to suppress these people

9th and 10th Amendments

Amendments that address the demand for specific statements that the enumeration of rights in the Constitution shall not be construed to deny or disparage others - powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution nor prohibited by it to the states are reserved to the states respectively or the people

West Florida

America got it during a time of disarray for Spain

Currency Act of 1764

America had a shortage of hard currency so they issued their own paper money or sometimes used tobacco as currency - Britain feared the currency would fluctuate in value - currency act stopped Colonies from printing their own currency - caused paper currency to plummet in value in America

Individual Interests

America was created to protect these - life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

Transcendentalists

America's first cohesive group of public individuals

Countries involved in Revolutionary War

America, France, Spain, Netherlands

Victory at Saratoga

American army surrounded the outnumbered British army - Burgoyne surrendered - this victory was important for the alliance of America and France

General Haratio Gates

American commander that faced Burgoyne's redcoats - him and Burgoyne were part of same British regiment, but now commanded opposing armies - inflicted serious defeat on the British forces

Baton Rouge Rebellion

American settlers staged a rebellion to get Spain annexed

Creole

American ship that carried 135 - slaves mutinied on the ship and sailed to Nassau where the British set them free - England finally paid the owners of the slaves

Tariff and Tonnage Acts

American ships had to pay 6 cents tax on each ton upon entering the port - foreign ships had to pay 50 cents tax on each ton

Canada

American's tried to capture it and thought it was very easy to capture. - America was not financially prepared for war

Spoiled Americans

Americans only paid 1/26 of what Britons paid

Dutch, Swedes, Prussians, and Moroccans, China

Americans traded with

Battle of Thames

Americans won causing British to give up Detroit - also in this battle Tecumseh was killed

Beverly Nash

An African American delegate to the South Carolina convention of 1868 - said that black people weren't ready to vote yet but they will be with the proper education

Yarrow Mamout

An African Muslim that was sold into slavery - purchased his freedom - bought land and settled near D.C.

William Cobbett

An English reformer who traveled in the US - said that everybody drank

Joseph Glidden

An Illinois farmer, invented the first effective barbed wire, which ranchers used to fence off their claims at relatively low cost

Amos Bad Heart Bull

An Oglala Sioux who painted The Battle of Little Bighorn

Plan of Union (1801)

An agreement between the Congregational churches of New England and the Presbyterian churches for mutual support and joint effort in evangelizing American frontier

Junction of the Northern and Western Canals

An aqua-tint by John Hill about the Erie Canal

Andrew Pickens Butler

An elderly senator from South Carolina who was singled out by Charles Sumner and was blamed on for the incidents in Kansas

Transcendental Club

An informal discussion group that met in Concord Mass - discussed philosophy, literature, and religion

Chesapeake region denomination

Anglican

Virginia official denomination of Christianity

Anglican

Jefferson Day Dinner

Annual event hosted in Washington on the birthday of Thomas Jefferson - Van Buren said that Jackson should propose a toast proclaiming his opposition to the nullification instead said "Our Union-It must be preserved"

Great Decliner

Another name for Horatio Seymour because he neither sought nor embraced the nomination

United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing

Another name for Shakers

Locofocos

Another name for a radical wing of Jacksonian Democrats - were so called because Tammany Hall turned off the gaslights at one of their meetings so they used candles and lit them with a match of the same name

Immediatism

Another name for abolitionism

American Minister in Paris

Another name for ambassador - Thomas Jefferson at the time

Prizefighting

Another name for boxing

Bawdy houses

Another name for brothels

Disorderly houses

Another name for brothels in Puritan Boston

sound money

Another name for hard money

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Another name for mormons

Interposition

Another name for nullification

Squatter Sovereignty

Another name for popular sovereignty

"Age of the common man"

Another name for the Jacksonian era - misleading because political participation increased, but common folk were still common folk

Mr. Polk's War

Another name for the Mexican War

Nauvoo Legion

Another name for the Nauvoo militia

Know-nothing party

Another name for the Order of the Star Spangled Banner - they won a lot of seats in the House of Representatives

Tariff of Abomination

Another name for the tariff of 1828

The Liberator

Anti-slavery newspaper published by William Loyd Garrison

Anarchism

Any kind of government was an abusive system created by the rich to take advantage of the poor, used dramatic acts of violence to show their cause

Jefferson's Inaugural Address

Appealed for unity between Federalists and Republicans,

When did Parliament repeal Townshend acts

April 1770 - didn't repeal Tea Tax though

Orthodox Calvinists

Argued that people could neither earn nor choose salvation on their own accord

Royalist Cavaliers

Aristocrats that came to Virginia with their indentured servants

Press-Gangs

Armed gangs that kidnapped men - used in impressment

Ann Lee

Arrived in New York from England with 8 followers - got inspiration from the Holy Ghost and they danced hence their name Shakers

How did Europeans view the land?

As privately owned commodities to be exploited for profit

Calhoun

As secretary of state under Monroe he wanted to discipline Jackson for his unauthorized invasion of Spanish-held Florida

Declaratory Act

Asserted the power of Parliament in make laws binding the colonies in all cases whatsoever

Outdoor Relief

Assistant to poor people in the form of money, food, clothing, fuel

Native American Association

Association that emerged in Washington DC

Christian Activists

Assumed that the United States had a God-mandated mission to provide the world with a shining example of republican virtue

Needed to ratify the Constitution

At least 9 states needed to ratify the Constitution for it to be in effect

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

At the Battle of Bull Run he had a brigade that was like a stonewall so his nickname became stonewall - fearless mathematics professor at the Virginia Military Institute -

Pittsburgh

At the head of the Ohio river - was the center of iron production

Cincinnati

At the mouth of the Little Miami River surpassed all other meat packing centers

Edmund Randolph

Attorney General

Roger B. Taney

Attorney General who moved into the treasury department - drew on government accounts with Biddles' bank but deposited all new federal receipts in state banks

George Mason

Author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights - had deep rooted suspicion of all government

Force bill

Authorized the president to use the army to comply obedience with federal law in South Carolina

Article 1 Section 8

Authorizes congress to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers

8

Average number of kids

Commercial Innovations

Barbed wire, air brakes for trains, steam turbines, electrical devices, typewriters and vacuum cleaners

Proclamation of Amnesty

Barred everybody with property worth more than 20000 from being pardoned - this included wealthy planters, bankers, merchants

Coopers

Barrel Makers

Battle of Princeton

Battle that Americans won by out maneuvering the British before taking refuge in Morristown in the hills of New Jersey

Battle of Pea Ridge (March 6-8, 1862)

Battle that took place just over the state line of Arkansas

Guilford Courthouse

Became Greensboro - Morgan's army linked up with Greene's - attacked Cornwallis's army here and inflicted serious damages

College of New Jersey

Became Princeton and was founded by Presbyterians in 1746

French and Indian War

Became Seven Years war in Europe

Boston

Became a bastion of Federalism

Battle of the Alamo

Became a heroic legend and battle cry for Texans - was a costly win for the Mexicans

Free-Soil

Became a rallying point for those who opposed slavery

Colored Society

Became a third caste - people where somewhere between whites and blacks - often operated inns -

Lumbering

Became a thriving industry in the South because of the need for housing - surpasses textiles in value

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union

Became active during the war - congress was a body serving as the substitute for a monarch - it was to be a legislative body rather than Parliament

Millard Fillmore

Became president after Taylor's sudden death - supported the Compromise of 1850

Timothy Dwight

Became president of Yale College in 1795 - was an early revivalist leader - tried to purify a campus that had turned into a "hotbed of infidelity" - Jonathon Edwards was his grandfather

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Became the high priest of transcendentalism - was a poet, essayist, and speaker - gave a notable speech at Harvard called The American Scholar - also wrote Self-Reliance

Second Bank of the United States

Became the most powerful lending institution in the country - had 29 branches -

Mississippi Valley

Became the new breadbasket after the two way traffic from the Mississippi river

Peso

Became the primary medium for exchange in Missouri

French Navy

Because of them the British navy lost control of the Chesapeake Bay

Slave Markets

Because slaves were in such high demand these sprung up - buying and selling slaves became a big business

Edison Electric Illuminating Company

Began the electric industry by supplying 85 people with electric lights

Chartered corporations and commercial banks

Began to dominate local economies

Michael Cudahy

Began to work at a Milwaukee meat packing business and then became the head of Cudahy Packing Company and developed a process for curing meats under refrigeration

Heresy

Belief contradictory to common belief - The persistent tension in the New World led Protestants to change authority in the name of private conscience - was classified as heresy

African Religious Beliefs

Believed in one supreme god and an array of lesser gods that tied to nature specific forces

Stamp Act Congress beliefs

Believed that Parliament shouldn't tax them when they don't have any representatives

Romantics

Believed that people were justified in faith and also thought that religious impulses were too strong to be dismissed as illusions

William - royal governor of New Jersey

Ben Franklin's illegitimate son - was a loyalist - Benjamin Franklin later removed him from his will

Who wrote Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind?

Benjamin Franklin

National Continental Army

Better trained and moe reliable than militiamen - mostly poor native-borne Americans or immigrants who had been indentured servants or convicts

Subdue the Earth

Biblical command - colonists viewed the Earth as a commodity to make money

Elizabeth Lucas Pinckney

Big exception to common women roles - managed fathers plantations

Parlor games

Billiards, Cards, or chess

John Carroll

Bishop of Baltimore

Flatboats

Boats that were used before steamboats - they could no travel up river so after they went down river they were chopped up for fire wood - after steamboats they were still used to transport resources

John Pope

Bombastic leader of the Washington defense force

Boonesborough

Boone and 30 men aided by their wives and children held off an assault by more than 400 Indians here

Edgar Allen Poe

Born in Boston, reared in Virginia - was a master of Gothic horror and inventor of the detective story - wrote Tell-Tale Heart and The Pit and the Pendulum

How was America different from other nations?

Born out of ideas and ideals rather than from racial or ancestral bonds.

Lowell

Boston Associates developed a new water-powered mill at a village along the Merrimack river

James Otis

Boston attorney that formulated the Adams-Otis

Charles Chauncey and Jonathan Mayhew

Boston ministers who found Puritan theology to forbidding

Harriet Hunt

Boston teacher that tried to become a doctor even though Harvard Medical School rejected her twice

Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce

Both Mississippi natives who were educated in the north - they served in the North

Revivalists and Rationalists

Both groups believed that people could improve the world by improving people

Most of Africans were taken to

Brazil or West Indies

Whiskey ring

Bribed tax collectors to bilk the government out of millions of dollars in revenue

Gettysburg Address

Brief remarks that Lincoln gave about the battle - said that war was bad and that government of the people, was by the people, to the people

Louisiana Purchase

Brilliant diplomatic coup that doubled the size of the US - was part of France who got it from Spain as it was to expensive to handle - was sold to the Americans because the French suffered serious loss in Haiti and France needed to cut the losses - was controversial because Jefferson bought it under a loose interpretation of the Constitution

British West Indies

Britain's exclusion of American ships from here reserved that lucrative trade for the British.

Essex Case

British Court ruled that the practice of shipping French and Spanish goods through U.S. Ports on their way elsewhere did not neutralize enemy goods from seizure

Lobster Backs

British Soldiers

Gaspee

British Warship that breached while chasing smugglers - crew commandeered local sheep, pig, and poultry. Locals were mad - shot captain, removed the crew, and set fire to the vessel - reignited conflicts between America and Britain

Henry Clinton

British commander - deployed 3000 redcoats, Hessians, and Loyalists to take Savannah - enlisted support from Cherokees and local Loyalists

Battle of Trafalgar

British defeated French and Spanish fleets

John Murray

British ex-Methodist clergyman who founded Universalism in Gloucester Mass

William Howe

British general - had 32,000 troops - largest single British force

John Andre

British go-between - his capture ended Arnold's plot - was hanged as a spy

Attack on Washington DC

British marched to the undefended Washington DC and set fire to the White House - Dolley Madison (James Madison's wife) escaped with the Declaration of Independence wand a portrait of George Washington - British set fire to multiple building because the Americans burned and sacked the Canadian capital of York

David Erskine

British minister in Washington - said that British would take away trade restrictions in 1809 so Madison reopened trade with them - acted on his own and this didn't happen so they stopped trade

Fort McHenry

British tried to capture the fort but they were unable to - the star spangled banner was written after this fort - inability to capture the fort made the British give up trying to capture Baltimore

Leopard

British warship that wanted to search the Chesapeake (a U.S. naval vessel) for deserters from the British Navy - Chesapeake refused to the ship opened fire and killed 3 and wounded 18 - found 4 people who were hung

Twice-Told Tails (1837)

Brought Nathaniel Hawthorne fame and presented powerful moral allegories - examined sin and its consequences, pride, selfishness, secret guilt, and the impossibility of rooting sin out of the human soul

Panic of 1857

Brought by a reduction in foreign demand for American grain overly aggressive railroad construction, a surge in manufacturing production that outran the growth of market demand, and the continued confusion caused by the state banknote system

Treaty of Paris

Brought end to Seven Years war - Britain took everything east if Mississippi and all of Canada became Spanish Florida including Alabama and Mississippi

"Market Economy"

Brought greater regional specialization - south grew more dependent on cotton - north east witness first stages of industrialization

Religious energy and fervent social idealism

Brought major reforms and advances in human rights

Isaac Newton

Brought the climax of the scientific revolution with the theory of gravitation - said natural laws govern all things

Water Transportation Cities

Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, and Milwaukee

Clipper ships

Built for speed - the equivalent of a supersonic jetliner - long and lean with taller masts and more sails - lacked cargo space

What John Sullivan and his men did

Burned 40 Seneca and Cayuga villages together with their orchards and food supplies leaving many Indians homeless without enough provisions to survive - Broke the Iroquois confederacy - sporadic encounters with various tribes continued to the end of the war

Free Enterprise

Business operates largely free of governmental control

Ohio Company

Business venture to develop 200,000 acres in western Pennsylvania

St. Louis

Bustling city at the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers - hard many ethnic people - born in Germany and Central Europe, most of whom were Roman Catholics intensely opposed to slavery and the Confederacy -

slave and free states

By 1819 the country had an equal number of these type of states—eleven of each. The line between them was defined by the southern and western boundaries of Pennsylvania and the Ohio River

Two Treatises on Government

By John Locke - offered justification of the revolution - refuted divine rights of kings to govern with absolute power - people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property - protection of these natural rights led to government

Joint Resolution

By this John Tyler asked Congress to annex Texas

Bear Flag Republic

California - only lasted for a month

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Called "the Commodore," got very rich off of connecting Albany and Buffalo via railways and

Vicksburg

Called Gibraltar of the West because it was a strategic city - the Union troops holed up the Confederate troops in the city forcing them to eat horses, mules, and rats while the Union troops ate well

International Workingmen's Association

Called the First International, founded by Karl Marx, inspired some Marxist affiliates in the US

Tariff of 1828

Called the Tariff of Abomination because it pushed up rates of almost 50% of the value of imported goods - Calhoun objected it - tried to protect Northern manufacturers from foreign competition

Mother Jones

Called the most dangerous woman in America, was a beloved labor agitator who promoted higher wages, shorter hours, safer workplaces and child labor restrictions, was jailed twice

Kentucky

Came from Cherokee name Ken-Ta-Ke (Great Meadows)

Celtic Britons

Came to America in mass migration and settled in Appalachian Mountains

Scots-Irish

Came to new world and settled in Appalachian mountains

George H. Pendleton

Came up with the Ohio Idea

Log cabin

Campaign newspaper for Harrison

Synonyms for slave

Canaanite and Slav

War in the North

Canada was full of loyalists and Britain supplied them with ammunition - Madison opted for a three prong attack

John Paul Jones

Captain of ship that took over a British frigate

Colonel Henry Knox

Capture Ticonderoga?

Tensions with Great Britain

Capture Tyler's attention

British in South

Captured strategic port cities - Savannah, and Charleston - occupied much of Georgia and South Carolina and killed, wounded or captured 7000 America soldiers equal to the losses at Saratoga

The Rats Laeving a Fallen House

Cartoon that public confidence in the stability of Jackson's administration is toppling.

Things Congress offered to recruits

Cash, land, clothing, and blankets

French Revolution

Caused the interest in Deism to increase

West African Economy

Centered around on hunting, fishing, and farming - men and women worked alongside each other in the fields

Conscience Whigs

Centered in Massachusetts - promoted free-soil - battled the Cotton Whigs - also did not like the nominee because he was a slave holder

Modern system

Centralized workshops, mills, and factories dependent on wage laborers

Stamp Tax

Cerated revenue stamps to be purchased and affixed on every form of printed matter - newspapers, pamphlets, bonds, leases, etc. First outright internal tax

Ghost Dance

Ceremonial dance performed on a new moon for a savior for the Natives to come - was adopted very quickly on the Lakota reservations that the Whites banned it

Coffles

Chained groups - slaves were usually moves in this is from plantations to slave markets

King Louis XIV

Changed New France to a royal colony - shipped more settlers including women and provided livestock and fishing nets

American Capitalism

Changed from an agrarian economy to a market-oriented capitalist economy

Imperial policy

Changed from mercantile system to imperial policy

Invisible Charges

Charges like freight payments to shippers, commissions, storage charges, interest payments to merchants, insurance premiums, inspection and custom duties and outlays to purchase indentured servants and slaves - fees for the middle man

Joseph Brant

Charismatic Mohawk that led Iroquois to kill hundreds of militiamen along the Pennsylvania frontier

City with most slaves

Charleston - second was New York

Denmark Vesey Slave Insurrection (1822)

Charleston, South Carolina was thrown into panic even though the uprising was quickly and brutally put down

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Cheif Justice John Marshall ruled that the court had no jurisdiction because the Cherokees were a domestic dependant nation rather than a foreign state - Marshall said that Cherokees had an unquestionable right to their land though

Treaty of Hopewell (1785)

Cherokees gave up all claims in South Carolina, much of western North Carolina, and large portions of present day Kentucky and Tennessee

Most Powerful Tribes

Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court - adopted Hamilton's words

John Marshall

Chief Justice that inaugurated Thomas Jefferson into office in Washington D.C - said the Marbury deserved commission, but the court did not have jurisdiction

Geronimo

Chief of the Chiricahua Apaches who fought the whites for 15 years in the Southwest

Sitting Bull

Chief of the Sioux who led them well

Spotting Tail

Chief of the Sioux who said that one the reservation the Indians would no longer have to move but they have done so 5 times already

Fort Laramie Treaty (1851)

Chiefs agreed to accept tribal barriers and allow white immigrants to pass through them unmolested - worked for awhile until emigrants started to take the Native American's land

Virginia law on slave children - 1667

Children of slaves baptized as Christians would still be slaves

Quakers

Christian movement started by George Fox - reject formal ministry

Anglicanism

Church of England - William Berkeley changed Virginia to Anglicanism

Philadelphia

City captured by General Howe

Westward Expansion

Civilians moved to the west of the Appalachian Mountains - by 1840 nearly 40% of people lived in the west

Itinerant Evangelists

Claimed that parish ministers were incompetent

Religious Revivalism

Clashed with a new rationalism that questioned many aspects of Christian belief

Result of weakening major Indian tribes along the frontier

Cleared the way for white settlers to seize Indian lands after the war

Flying Cloud

Clipper ship- took 89 days and 8 hours to travel from New York to San Francisco

Boston Port Act

Closed Boston harbor until the tea was payed back

Robert Morris

Closest thing to leader of the Confederation - created a tax program to make the national government financially stable

Bill of Rights

Cluster of amendments that protected individual freedoms, states' rights, and civil liberties - freedom of religion, press, speech, and assembly, right to own firearms, right to refuse to house soldiers, unreasonable searches and seziures, right to refuse to testify against oneself, right to a speedy public trial with a jury and legal counsel present, protection against cruel and unusual punishment - women , African Americans, or Indians did not get protection from the Bill of Rights

Blood-Sports

Cockfighting and dog fighting or boxing

Hard Currency

Coins

The Federalist

Collection of 85 essays originally published in New York newspapers - Alexander Hamilton published them under the name of Publius - 50 written by Hamilton, 30 written by Madison, and 5 written by Jay

Stamp Act Congress

Colonial assemblies sent delegates to confer in New York about their opposition to the stamp act - formulates a Declaration of Rights and Grievances of the Colonies

J.E.B. Stuart

Colorful young cavalry man

Thomas Gage

Commander in chief of British forces in North America - became governor of Massachusetts

Major Robert Anderson

Commander of Fort Sumter - Lincoln told him to take his troops out of the fort in order to preserve peace

Napoleon Bonaparte

Commander of French revolutionary forces

Robert Gould Shaw

Commander of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment - was a Harvard graduate - launched an attack on Fort Wagner - a blockade guarding Charleston

Plan of Union

Committee led by Benjamin Franklin - innovative plan with central government and legislative body with 48 members - central government would oversee defense and Indian relations and levy taxes - was rejected or ignored for the most part

Committee of Correspondence

Committee that issued a statement of rights and grievances and invited other town to do the same

Continental Congress

Committee that represented all of the colonies - first meeting was in Philadelphia

Redemptionars

Common name for indentured servants

American Revenue Act of 1764

Commonly known as sugar act - cut the duty on molasses in half - was momentous because it was to raise revenue and not merely regulate trade - did not raise additional net revenue

Uncommon elite

Comprised of men whom had power and privileged in their hands

National Labor Union (NLU)

Comprised of reform groups interested in political and social reform rather than making deals with their employers, devised greenbackism and the eight hour workday

Battle of Seven Pines (Fair Oaks)

Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston struck McClellan's forces - the Union got reinforcements which prevented a huge loss - Johnston was severely injured

General Beuargard

Confederate general at the Battle of Bull Run

Gettysburg

Confederate troops entered the area in search of shoes but encountered a Union cavalry - main forces joined in - George Meade was the commander of the Union - was a very bloody battle with the Confederates taking huge losses

Chancellorsville

Confederate troops were in a line and Stonewall Jackson rode out to see where the Union troops were however they fired at Jackson - he died of pneumonia soon after

Confederacy

Confederates said that it was the only Christian nation

Draft

Confederates started it with all men 17-50 required to serve 3 years - 2 loopholes where that you could pay 500 dollars or substitute an able-bodied individual who was not yet of draft age or if you had 20 or more slaves you were excluded from the draft - started in the Union later - drafted men 20-45 - for 300 dollars one could avoid service

Jonathan Edwards

Congregationalist minister in Northampton - promoted revivals in New England - said that young were practicing sinful behaviors such as night walking and going to the tavern

Old Light

Congregationalists split into old and new light. People who did not change are old light

Colored Cavalry

Congress formed these - they were army regiments for African Americans - were called buffalo soldiers by the Indians

Homestead Act of 1862

Congress provided free federal homesteads of 160 acres to settlers who had to occupy the land to gain title - no cash was needed

Legal Tender Act

Congress ultimately authorized $450 million in paper currency, which soon became known as greenbacks because of the color of the ink used to print the bills. The congressional decision to allow the Treasury to print paper money was a profoundly important development for the U.S. economy, then and since - helped the economy a lot - greenbacks could not be exchanged for gold or silver

Habeus Corpus Act (1863)

Congresse allowed the president to suspend the writ

Alexander Hamilton

Congressman from New York and former aide to George Washington - sough to bring Washington into the plan

Erie Canal

Connected Lake Erie and the Hudson river - was said to have brought a river of gold - longest canal in the world at the time

Jay Gould and James Fisk

Connived with the president's brother in law - they wanted to buy massive amounts of gold to drive the price up however the treasury started to sell a lot of gold causing a devaluation in its price

Donner Party

Consisted of 82 people - started to late in the year and took a short cut through the Utah desert - they reached Truckee pass where the separated into two groups - one group went up the mountain and they resorted to cannibalism - only 7 lived in this group - in the other group there was cannibalism but a rescue party saved them

Slave conspiracy

Conspiracy that slaves were going to burn down New York

American militiamen

Constituted a home guard, defended their communities, and they helped augment the Continental army - dressed in hunting shirts, and had their own muskets - mostly performed ambushes

African American Religion

Contained a mixture of African, Caribbean, and Christian elements - had biracial churches and independent black-only churches - also had crude shelters as churches - had a supreme god and lesser gods - 20% of slaves were Christian and many had Christian elements in their practice

Covenant Theory

Contract with worshippers through which they can secure salvation - contained kernels of democracy in church and state

American Tobacco Company

Controlled 9/10 of the nation's cigarette production and also 3/4 of the tobacco production - was broken up by the Supreme Court because it violated the Sherman Antitrust Act

Standard Oil Company of Ohio

Controlled over 90% of oil refining in the country, was incredibly self-sufficient in terms of economics (storing money in case of a depression, made their own barrels, pumped their own oil, etc.)

Constitutional Convention

Convention where delegates from the states came - except Rhode Island - to talk about new government - only 3 delegates refused to sign the Constitution

How women supported army

Cooked, cleaned, and nursed soldiers - often followed their husbands to camp

Camp Followers

Cooks, laundresses, entertainers, and prostitutes

Magistrial Boston minister claimed that women are more godly and that there are more godly women then men - pain of childbirth caused women to commit their lives to Christ

Cotton Mather

King Cotton

Cotton developed phenomenal profits in the south. - mainly depended on enslaves labor, New England merchants, and shippers (middle men) and a worldwide demand for cotton

Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Company

Court case where Lorenzo Sawyer outlawed the dumping of mining debris where it could reach farms or navigable rivers - first major environmental ruling

Cowpens

Cow grazing area in Northern South Carolina - Tarleton's British army was ambushed here - one of the only times Americans won when the two sides were evenly matched - Cornwallis said the victory broke his heart

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Crafted by Jefferson and Madison - denounced the Alien and Sedition Acts as infractions of constitutional rights

National Banking Act

Created a uniform system of banking and banknotes currency and helped finance the war

Greenville Dodge

Created the Alabama Infantry regiment

Bill of Attainder

Criminal condemnation by a legislative act - forbidden to be passed by Congress

Cotton

Crop that did very well with new technology production went from 3 million to 93 million pounds

Border Ruffians

Crossed the river from Missouri - illegally swept the polls for pro-slavery forces and vowed to kill every abolitionist in the territory

Brush Arbors

Crude outdoor shelters used for religious gatherings - were common

Greenbacks

Currency issued under the Legal Tender Act - they could not be exchanged for gold or silver and greatly helped the economy

Democratic Tariff of 1857

Cut rates on imports to their lowest since 1816

Joseph Warren

Dapper Boston physician died in the battle of Bunker Hill

July 2 1776

Day Congress voted for independence

Patrick Henry

Decided that war was imminent - said "Give me liberty, or give me death"

Land Ordinance of 1785

Declared that the Northwest was to be surveyed and six-square-mile townships established along east-west and north-south lines, then further divided and sold for no less than $1 per acre

William Loyd Garrison

Declared that the framers of the constitution had forged a covenant with death and an agreement with hell

Suffolk Reserves

Declared the Coercive acts null and void and urged Massachusetts to resist Britain tryranny

George Fitzhugh

Defended slavery as a good system

John Adams

Defense attorney for British soldiers - said they were victims of circumstance and they were acquitted except two who were charge with manslaughter

Washington-on-the-Brazos

Delegates from 59 Texas towns met here and signed a declaration of independance

Border States

Deleware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri

Henry David Thoreou

Delivered a fiery speech about the Burns case and said that it really was the trial of Massachusetts

The Significance of the Frontier in American History

Delivered to the American Historical Association in 1893 - written by Turner

Boom and Bust

Demands for goods imported from London created a vigorous market of exports to America - a buying spree followed by a money shortage and economic troubles

David Wilmot

Democratic congressman from Pennsylvania - endorsed the annexation of Texas as a slave state -

Republican Congress

Democratic party said that it dissolved the Union

Election of 1852

Democrats - Franklin Pierce, Winfield Scott - Northern Whigs, Free-Soilers - John P. Hale - Franklin Pierce won by a majority

1864 National Convention in Chicago

Democrats called for an immediate end to the war, to be followed by a national convention that would restore the Union. They named General George B. McClellan as their candidate, but McClellan distanced himself from the peace platform by declaring that agreement on Union would have to precede peace

Isaac Stiles

Denounced the intrusion of choice into spiritual matters

Alexander Hamilton

Department of Treasury - was orphaned in Nevis - attended King's college and entered the Continental army - he wanted to protect the ability to go from poverty to success - created a budget system a funded government debt a national bank and a customs service

Railroad

Described as "one of the noblest triumphs of human ingenuity" by a New Yorker -grew exponentially - greatly reduced the price of travel expenses -

"battle of the currents"

Described the switch to alternating current over direct current to use for lighting because its range and voltage were much higher

Navigation Act of 1651

Designed to increase England's profits by restricting economic freedom of colonies - all imports had to be on English ships

New Mexico and Arizona

Developed a lucrative beaver pelt business

Gustavus Swift

Developed a more efficient system of mechanical refrigeration, an innovation that earned him a fortune and provided the cattle industry with a major stimulus

Loyalists

Did not want to dissolve the political bands with Britain - tried to uphold royal authority

Slave Childhood

Didn't last long - usually by age 5 or 6 they were put to work by collecting firewood, cotton etc. By age 10 they were full time field hands

Mission Indians

Died at an alarming rate - were whipped or imprisoned for rebelling - infectious diseases killed them, but grueling labor had its toll

King George II

Died of ruptured artery on toilet

Hard Rock Mining

Digging to find precious metals by hydraulic mining, dredging, or deep-shaft mining - destroyed the environment

Second Reconstruction Act

Directed all military leaders to register all adults who swore they were qualified

New Quartering Act

Directed officials to provide lodging for British troops

Civil War

Directly affected British and French economies and Europe showed great interest in the war - placed the British government in a difficult position

Common Sense

Directly attacked monarchy, King George III bore the responsibility of the rebellion - more than 150,000 copies were circulating

Tariffs

Discouraged the sale of foreign goods in the United States - reduced the ability of the British and French to buy southern cotton because of the loss of export income

California Gold

Discovered in 1848 - lured many people to California

Comstock Lode

Discovered near Gold Hill, Nevada - discovered by H.T.P. Comstock - he talked his way into a share in the discovery and gave it his name - it yielded more than 300 million

Sam Houston

Disliked the Kansas-Nebraska Act because it violated the Missouri Compromise and Indian lands

James K. Polk

Dismissed the proviso as foolish

Rice

Dominated the economy of coastal areas of South Carolina and Georgia - was labor intensive and spawned many plantations - Helped rise Savannah and Charleston as urban trade centers - 80% of slaves lived on these plantations -

Morrill Tariff

Doubled the average level of import duties

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Dred Scott said that his journey through Illinois and Wisconsin made him free - it lost in the Supreme court because Dred Scott was not a legal citizen

Cotton

Drew many settlers into Texas

Transcendentalism

Drew much inspiration from Immanuel Kant and the Romantic movement - sought to embody the truest piety - became the most inflectional intellectual and spiritual force in American culture

Minstrelsy

Drew up on African American subjects and reinforced stereotypes

Buffalo chips

Dried buffalo dung that was used as fuel

Buffalo Chips

Dried dung used for fuel

Democrats

Dropped Republicans after their name - bacame a major political party

Freeport doctrine

During the second debate, at Freeport, Lincoln asked Douglas how he could reconcile his concept of popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott ruling that citizens had the right to carry slaves into any territory. Douglas's answer, thenceforth known as this - stated whatever the Supreme Court might say about slavery, it could not exist anywhere unless supported by local police regulations.

Alien Enemies Act

During times of war authorized the president to expel or imprison enemy aliens at will

Iron Plows

Eased the backbreaking job of tilling the soil

Eastern Theater

East of the Appalachians - nothing that important happened before May 1862

Rip Van Winkle

Easygoing farmer in Washington Irving's tale. Fell asleep for twenty years - slept before the Revolution and woke up 20 years later to find everything changed.

Mercantile System

Economic and political policy - belief that international power and influence depended on the wealth and self-sustainability of a nation - government controlled all economic activities tried to make exports more numerous than imports amount of money

Karl Marx

Economist and Co-author of the Communist Manifesto who noted that with out cotton you have no modern slavery and without slavery you have no cotton

North

Economy that recovered the fastest - North or South

American economy after the war

Economy was devastated - faced inflation and exports plummeted- not enough money in the country

Henry W. Grady

Editor of the Atlanta Constitution - was a major prophet of the New South - said that the Old South relied on slavery while the New South was a perfect democracy - his view of the New South was modeled after the North

Citizen Genet

Edmond-Charles-Edouard Genet - French ambassador to America - recruited privateers to capture British ships and organized attacks on Spanish Florida and Louisiana - became an embarrassment and had to go, but didn't want the guillotine so he sought asylum in America

Colonization

Effort to ship slaves and freed blacks to Africa

Grannies

Elderly women - kept children during the day when their mothers went to work

Victor Herbert

Emerged as on of America's most revered composers

Samuel Adams

Emerged as supreme genius of revolutionary agitation - organized protests for the Sons of Liberty

Peter Cartwright

Emerged as the most successful circuit rider - roamed across Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Indiana- preached for about 20 hours each day

Henry David Thoreau

Emerson's neighbor - did many things well - revered nature as a living Bible - wanted to be free of the complexities of life - wrote Walden, or Life in the Woods (1854) - wrote Civil Disobedience (1849) - lived in a cabin

Spirituals

Emotional songs sung at African American congregations

Great Awakening

Emphasized individualistic strand in Protestantism - spawns Protestant evangelicalism

Penn Station

Employed 3 thousand people, was the first major railroad port that set the precedent for many people leaving cities via railroad stations

Paternalism

Employers dominated the life of mill villages - employees worked from sun up to sun down

Alien Act

Empowered the president to deport dangerous aliens

Horses

Enabled the plains Indians to follow the moving buffalo herds

Spirituals

Encoded songs used by slaves to worship discretely

Contract Labor Act (1864)

Encouraged the importation of immigrant labor

Treaty of Paris

Ended Revolutionary war - recognized America as independent - recognized Mississippi as westernmost border - Florida went to Spain - British Merchants meet with no leRepublicgal impediment to seek money that is owed to them - Loyalists properties with be restored

13th Amendment

Ended slavery

1783 Peace of Paris

Ended the American Revolutionary War - left western and southern boundaries of the United States disputed

Compromise of 1877

Ended the Radical Reconstruction

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the war of 1812

Medicine Lodge Conference

Ended with the Kiowas, Comanches, Araphos, and Cheyennes accepting to go to lands in western Oklohoma

John Wesley

English Anglican priest that founded Methodism - gravestone read "Lord let me not live to be useless."

James Smithson

English man that started the Smithsonian for the increase and diffusion of knowledge

Utah

Entered the Union in 1896 after the Mormons abandoned polygamy

Joseph Martin

Enthusiastic young Connecticut farmer who joined George Washington's army in 1776 and said that The Americans were invincible

Franciscan friars

Enticed the Indians with gifts and once the Indians were inside the mission the friars baptized them, taught them Spanish, and stripped them of their native heritage

Irish Potato Famine

Epidemic of potato rot killed more than 1 million peasants so many people fled the country

Benjamin Franklin

Epitomized the Enlightenment in the eyes of Americans and Europeans - founded library, helped start U. Penn, started fire stations

Women

Especially flocked to rural revivals - played the predominant role in camp meetings - they had high spiritual energies

On the Equality of Sexes

Essay written by Judith Sargent Murray of Gloucester Massachusetts that stressed that women were capable of excelling in roles outside the home

Self-Reliance (1841)

Essay written by Ralph Waldo Emerson - had a timeless appeal to youth, with its message of individualism and independence

Internal Revenue Act

Established Internal Revenue Service to implement an income tax

Pierre Le Moyne, sieur d'Iberville

Established a colony near Biloxi, Mississippi

Anglican Church

Established as the official religion in 5 colonies and parts of two others - tended to be pro-British

Quebec Act

Established royal governor in Canada with no representative assembly - also extended Canada borders

Massachusetts

Established the first all black army units

Articles of Confederation

Established unicameral Congress dominated by state legislatures

Rancho

Estates that Hispanic settlers got under the 1824 colonization act Mexico passed - they used Indians as slave labor and lived a life of luxury and ease - resembles southern plantations but Indian death rate was twice as high has enslaved blacks

Black Reconstruction

Exaggerates African American political influence which was limited to voting

Religious and Cultural life

Experienced wrenching strains and new outlooks

William Henry Drayton

Expressed horror that impertinent slaves were claiming that the Revolutionary war was obliging us to give them freedom

Land Act of 1796

Extended the rectangular surveys ordained in 1785 but doubled the price to 2 dollars an acre with only 1 year to complete the payment - minimum cost wast 1280 alternate townships would be sold in blocks of eight sections, or 5,120 acres, making the minimum cost $10,240. Either price was well beyond the means of ordinary settlers and a bit much even for speculators, who could still pick up state-owned lands at lower prices.

Zachary Taylor

Fame grew from Buena Vista - was the Whig nominee - born in Virginia, but was raised in Kentucky - was a Louisiana resident who owned more than a hundred slaves - was the 12th president - wanted to make California and New Mexico free states while keeping slavery in states it was already in

Duke

Family that was very important in the production of tobacco and cigarettes - had a factory that produced a lot of tobacco

"corrupt" banks

Farmers unable to pay debts lost their farms to these - farmers thought the benefited from governmental favoritism and they engaged in reckless speculative ventures

Bonanza farms

Farms with machinery for mass production

James Madison

Father of the Constitution - became the 4th president

Radical Republicans

Favored a sweeping transformation of southern society based upon granting freed slaves full-fledged citizenship - wanted to dismantle the Republican Party and the planter elite

South

Favored free trade because they wanted to import British goods in exchange for the profitable cotton they provided British textile mills

Liberal Republicans

Favored free trade rather than tariffs, the redemption of greenbacks with gold, a stable currency, an end to federal Reconstruction efforts in the South, the restoration of the rights of former Confederates, and civil service reform

Harriet Tubman

Fearless slave runaway that risked everything to venture back to the South 19 times to help 300 slaves escape

Lorenzo Sawyer

Federal judge and previous miner who made the decision in the case Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Company

Revenuers

Federal tax officers

California

Felt the first influence of European culture when Spain grew concerned about Russian seal traders moving south along the Pacific coast from Alaska - Spanish anchored in San Francisco constructed military garrisons and Catholic missions

Eastern Band

Few Cherokees held out in the mountains and acquired title to federal land in North Carolina

Slave Women Roles

Field workers, wives, and mothers responsible for child rearing and household affairs

Federalists

Fierce advocates for the Constitution

Gilded Age

Final quarter of the 1800s, featured unrestricted capitalism and big business booms

Oberlin College

Finney accepted the professorship of theology at this newly formed college - was the first college to accept women and blacks - women had to clean man's rooms and could not speak or recite graduation

Phillis Wheatley

First African American to see her poetry published - said it was hypocritical of whites to get freedom while still ruling over salves

John Jay

First Chief Justice - also American minister (ambassador) in Spain

Abilene

First Kansas cow town

The Irish

First Minority Group

Clermont

First commercially successful steamboat which went up New York's Hudson River - sent by Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston

First Reports on Public Credit

First one dealt with the 79 million debt - said that citizens holding deflated war bonds could exchange them for new interest-bearing bonds and the federal government should assume state debts - authored by Hamilton

John Adams

First vice president - second president with Jefferson as vice president

Fisheries

Fished and supplied product profitably to Europe and to West Indies as slave food

Frederick Douglass

Fled enslavement from Maryland - spoke at a meeting of the American Anti-Slavery Society - wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass - started an abolitionist newspaper for blacks the North Star

Andrew Jackson

Florida became a U.S. territory, and he was its first governor (1845 achieved statehood)

Common-Law Tradition

Flowing water could not be made into private property

David Crockett

Folk hero - Congressman from Tennessee - was a Whig - disliked Jackson

Deists

Followers of Sir Isaac Newton's idea of natural law, reducing God to the position of a remote Creator -thought best way to improve society and nature by reason and virtue

Spain

Forbade manufacturing in its colonies and were limited to trading with Native Americans - also failed to produce settlements

Logan Act (1799)

Forbids private citizens from negotiating with foreign governments without official authorizations

Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)

Forced Iroquois to cede land in western New York and Pennsylvania

3 Executive Departments

Foreign Affairs, Finance, and War

Benjamin "Pap" Singleton

Foremost promoter of black migration to the West - born a slave in Tennessee he escaped to Michigan - he along with his followers established the Dunlop community

California Trail

Forked off the Oregon trail near lake Tahoe

Theocracy

Form of government where church and state are combined

Boston Manufacturing Company

Formed by Boston Associates on of whom was Francis Cabot Lowell

Anti-Debris Association

Formed by California farmers to oppose mining companies - had its own militia - they took companies to the court

Liberty Party

Formed by the American Anti-Slavery Society in order to elect an American who would abolish slavery - nominee was James Gillespie Birney

D.H. Hill

Former engineering professor at Davidson college -

Nicholas Biddle

Former president of the Second Bank of the United States

James Gillespie Birney

Former slave owner turned abolitionist from Alabama - was the executive secretary of the American Anti-Slavery Society

Frederick Douglass

Former slave that said slaves sing most when they are unhappy

Alexander Stephens

Former vice-president of the Confederacy - now had a seat in the Senate -

Declaration of Rights and Grievances of the Colonies

Formulated by the Stamp Act congress about the rights of the colonies

Fort Sumter

Fort in South Carolina that the Union had troops in - the Confederacy circled it with a "ring of fire"

Fort Duquesne

Fort where Pittsburgh would be - intersection of the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio rivers

Slave Forts

Forts along the Atlantic where slaves were held before being sold to European traders

Battle of Bunker Hill

Fought on Breed's Hill - first major clash - had three senior generals William Howe, Sir Henry Clinton, and John Burgoyne - British won but suffered a lot of casualties - made British more cautious - and Continental Congress recommended that all able bodied men fought in the war

Indians

Fought on both sides of the war - even caused some tribes to split like the Cherokees

Evangelists

Found ready audiences among lonely frontier folk hungry for spiritual intensity

Robert Owen

Founded New Harmony which was based on secular principles - set forth a scheme for a model community in his pamphlet A New View of Society (1813) - was supposed to be a Utopian society

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania and was a Quaker

Socialist Party of America

Founded by Eugene Debs from the remnants of the American Railway Union, gained 6% of the popular vote in 1912, later split by the Communist Party

Knights of Labor

Founded by Uriah Stephens, created a union based on secrecy and rituals that would protect employees from retaliation, aimed to put pressure on employers through strikes and boycotts, declined due to Powderly's inability to publicly distinguish the Knights from the anarchists

Sears, Roebuck and Company

Founded by mid-western entrepreneurs, was essentially the first shipping by mail company, had a catalog that contained tons of daily items available for purchase, helped create a truly national market that reached people on small farms

Shakers

Founded by mother Ann - they danced for inspiration and followed the Holy Ghost

Harvard College

Founded in 1636 because Puritans didn't want illiterate ministry in the church

College of William and Mary

Founded in 1693 to strengthen Anglican ministry

King's College

Founded in 1754 renamed Columbia was an Anglican institution

Order of the Star Spangled Banner

Founded in New York City - members pledged never to vote for a foreign born or Catholic candidate became the Know nothing party because when asked about the order they said I know nothing

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Founded on class struggle and the tension between workingmen and capitalists, seemed to wage class war, called the Wobblies, wanted to destroy the government and replace it with one big union, reached out to the unskilled workers, declined due to a failed silk strike

Samuel Gompers

Founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL), replaced the Knights of Labor, didn't like anarchy but also didn't like social injustice

Eugene Debs

Founded the American Railway Union, wanted to organize all railway workers no matter their skill level, angry workers ignored his pleas for a boycott and assaulted the strikers

Joseph Smith

Founder of Mormonism - said that he had a vision of the angel Moroni who was the son of Mormon - said that the angel showed him some golden tablets which was the book of Mormon - ordered the stop of opposition newspaper so he and his brother were killed by a mob

New York

Free-soilers split the Demoratic vote enough to give it to the Whigs -

Ohio

Free-soilers split up the Whig vote enough to give it to the Democrats

Osawatomie Kansas

Free-state settlement where pro-slavery members burned and looted houses - also John Brown's son Frederick was shot and killed

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed all slaves in the Confederate slaves - dashed the Confederacy's hopes of foreign recognition - changed the focus of the war from preserving the Union to abolishing slavery - said that Confederate states that came back to the Union could keep their slaves - none accepted the offer - slaves in border states were not freed but they claimed their freedom any way

George Washington

Freed his slaves after his death

13th Amendment

Freed the slaves

Salutary Neglect

Freedom to colonies where they could export what they want - this blossomed to the Revolution - Lax administration of laws

François-Joseph-Paul de Grasse

French admiral that was coming from the West Indies with his large fleet and his 3000 troops

Duke de Cadore

French foreign minister - wrote Cadore letter that was carefully written so that it said that the Milan and Berlin decrees would be lifted if British did the same

Terror of 1793 - 1794

French government started war with Austria and Prussia, and executed many political prisoners and barbarism ruled the streets of Paris

Bastille

French prison that marked monarchical tyranny

Walloons

French speaking celtic people of southern Belgium

Alexis de Tocqueville

French visitor who said that no country in the world had a greater influence of their people than America

Philadelphia

Frigate that was burnt by Stephen Decatur because it was captured

Era of Reconstruction

From 1865 - 1877 - was a period of political complexity and social implications - people questioned freedom, equality, and opportunity during this period

American Boundaries

From Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi river

John C. Breckinridge

From Kentucky - Vice President - the Charleston suceeders wanted him as their president

John J. Crittenden

From Kentucky - proposed resolutions that allowed for slavery in the territories south of the 36°30′ parallel and guaranteed the maintenance of slavery where it already existed.

James Gillespie Blaine

From Maine - former Speaker of the House - emerged as the Republican fore-runner - had a scandal with James Mulligan - involved shady railroad deals

Thomas Hart Benton

From Missouri - was a nationalist -

Franklin Pierce

From New Hampshire - he was chosen by the Democrats to be president in 1852 - promoted westward expansion - was a failure as president

Jethro Wood

From New York - developed an iron plow with separate replaceable parts

Rutherford B. Hayes

From Ohio - was the Republican nominee because of Blaine's scandals

Elizabeth Blackwell

From Ohio managed to gain admission to Geneva Medical College of Western New York despite the disapproval of faculty - became a professor

Mary Boykin Chestnut

From South Carolina - complained that there is no slave like a wife

John C. Calhoun

From South Carolina - said that the war was "the forbidden fruit; the penalty of eating it would be to subject our institutions to political death" - knew that the acquisition of territory would unleash the firestorm about slavery - said the slaves were property and not letting them in states would violate the fifth amendment

Francis Pickens

From South Carolina - said the Democrats triumphed with the nomination of Polk because Polk was a slave holder who planted cotton

Cowboys

From Texas - were nomadic - migrated northward onto the plains and across the Rocky mountains into the Great Basin of Utah

Matthew Lyon

From Vermont Republican congressmen - castigated Adams so he was imprisoned for 4 months and fined 1000 dollars. Continued to write articles from his cell and became a martyr

Cyrus Hall McCormick

From Virginia - invented a mechanical reaper to harvest wheat - moved to Chicago to build a plant to build and sell his reapers

John "Bowie Knife" Potter

From Wisconsin - yanked off a wig from a congressman and said I have scalped him

Western Theater

From the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River - several encounters occurred and a major Confederate win

Anthony Burns

Fugitive slave that free blacks in Boston helped, however the law apprehended him and he was put in jail. Abolitionists came to the jail to free hims. During his trial a compromise was made that Bostonians could buy his freedom however President Pierce would not allow it

Religious Fundamentalists

Fundamentalist movement within protestant community

John Quincy Adams

Future American President - gave commencement ceremony at Harvard, bemoaned the Articles of Confederation

James Buchanan

Future president - was head of the Pennsylvania Democrats - said the Van Buren's stance on Texas cost him the nomination - was Polk's secretary of state

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

Gave each state 30000 acres of land per member of Congress

American Bible Society

Gave free Bibles to new converts

Homestead Act

Gave settlers 160 acres if they agreed to work the land for 5 years

Battle of Shiloh

General Johnston caught Grant's troops uncovered so he attacked them - most died in their bedrolls - however Johnston was injured and his second in command called of the attack - both sides suffered about 20000 casualties

Winfield Scott

General in chief of the army - was a politically ambitious Whig - was in charge of the southern Texas front

Writs of Assistance

General search warrants that didn't have to specify the place being searched

Joseph E. Johnston

General that came with Confederate reinforcements at the battle of Bull Run

Guy Carleton

General that organized the mass evacuations of Loyalists and run away slaves - violated the Treaty of Paris

Henry Lee

General that took 13000 soldiers over the Alleghenies to end the Whiskey rebellion - met with little opposition - found 20 people and took them to jail - for a couple of days George Washington commanded troops - only president to lead troops while in office

Philip Sheridan

General who forced the Indians to disband and end the Red River War - Summarized the plight of the Indians by saying that Americans took everything from them and that is why they started the wars

Ulysses S. Grant

General who moved Union soldiers into Peducah Kentucky

Uncle Tom

Generous slave in Uncle Tom's Cabin

Proclamation of 1763

George III issued this to keep peace with Indians - said that the colonists couldn't go beyond the Appalachian mountains - was first step in a series of efforts to regulate the colonies

Pullman Strike

George Pullman laid off 3 thousand workers and cut wages by 25-40 percent, caused a strike

Battle of Trenton

George Washington with 2400 men crossed the icy Delaware river on Christmas night 1776 and surprised a garrison of 1500 sleeping Hessians - only 500 escaped - 2 of Washington's men were killed 4 were injured

Mount Vernon

George Washington's Virginia home

Mount Vernon

George Washington's home

William H. Crawford

Georgian secretary of the Treasury under Monroe

Mennonites

German Baptists who had similar beliefs to Quakers

Immanuel Kant

German philosopher who wrote the Critique of Pure Reason (1781)

Pensylvania Dutch

Germans

Hessians

Germans that served in America that were from the principality of Hesse-Cassel - 17,000 members

German Settlements

Germantown near Philidelphia was settled by German Baptists (Mennonites)

Salem Witch Trials

Girls accused many people usually women who didn't go to church or lived alone of being witches

Mill Girls

Girls who worked in the mills

Personal misfortune

God decided ones station in life - slavery was just a misfortune to Africans

Hard money

Gold coins

Hard money

Gold or silver coins - creditors demanded borrowers to pay back loans in this

Spanish in America looked for

Gold, and setting up missions

William Writ

Got only 7 electoral votes from Vermont

Lords of Trade

Government agency under Charles II that forced colonists to abide mercantile system

William Henry Harrison

Governor of Indian Territory - gathered 1000 troops to march onto Prophetsville (Tecumseh's capital)

John Winthrop

Governor of Massachusetts bay colony - minister

Governor Morris

Governor of New York - hated all common people

John Floyd

Governor of Virginia got only 11 votes from South Carolina

Eli Whitney

Graduate from Yale who invented the Cotton Gin on a visit ti Mulberry Grove

Latin School

Grammer school that prepared kids for college

George III

Grandson of George II became king - proved to be a strong leader - oversaw military defeat of France and Spain

Election of 1872

Grant won by a lot over Horace Greeley

William Tecumseh Sherman

Grant's Lieutenant - operations in Georgia were entrusted to him

What did the House of Commons do on March 16, 1778

Granted all demands that the American rebels wanted - repealed all the acts and sent peace commissioners to Philadelphia - Congress refused to begin any negotiations until Britain recognized American independence or withdrew its forces

Vice-Admiralty court of Halifax

Granted single judge jurisdiction over al of the American colonies ensuring no one would be sympathetic toward smugglers

Norwegians and Swedes

Gravitated towards Wisconsin and Minnesota

Northern Whigs

Gravitated towards new parties - one was the know-nothing party and the other one was the conscience Whigs

Results of Seven Years' War

Great Britain emerged as world most powerful nation - Solidified control over Scotland and Ireland - Shook relationship between the colonies and England - Caused England to get huge navy - huge debt led to more taxes and led parliament to charge that traditional liberties were being usurped by a tyrannical central government

Electricity

Greatly accelerated the Second Industrial Revolution, advanced power and efficiency of machines, caused great urban growth

Female Seminaries

Grew into colleges

Anti-Masonic Party

Grew out of popular hostility toward the Masonic fraternal order, a private social organization that originated in Great Britain early in the eighteenth century. By the start of the American Revolution, there were a hundred Masonic "lodges" scattered across the United States with about a thousand members, including George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. By 1830 the number had grown to two thousand lodges and one hundred thousand Masons, including Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay.

Haymarket Affair

Grew out of prolonged agitation of the want for an eight hour workday, composed of 40 thousand Chicago workers striking due to not receiving the eight hour workday, police shot two people and enraged many more, bombs were thrown and people were shot arbitrarily

Methodists

Grew to the largest Protestant church in the nation

Ohio Company of Associates

Group of former army officers - organized in Boston - wanted land for Revolutionary War veterans sent plan with Reverend Manasseh Cutler

Slave Gangs

Groups that slaves worked in

1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights

Guaranteed the free exercise of religion

Results of the war in the Carolinas

Guerilla-style raids and reprisals between partisan Patriots and local Loyalists with Cherokees allied with the British

German Turnvereins

Gymnastic societies

Joint Committee on Reconstruction

Had 9 members from the House and 6 from the Senate -

South Carolina

Had African Americans in its state legislature until 1900

Georgia

Had African Americans in its state legislature until 1908

Richard Montgomery

Had a Patriot force that went to to Quebec - his group suffered smallpox - was killed in attack

Cherokees

Had a constitution and even owned slaves

Andrew Jackson

Had a gamecock look

South

Had a higher percentage of college students but a lowed percentage of public-school students

Confederate Economy

Had a lot of inflation and they did not tax well

Samuel Slater

Had a plan for a water-powered spinning machine - built a mill in Pawtucket and was used for textiles

Auburn Penititionary

Had a system where prisoners had separate cells and only met each other for meals and group labor - prisoners were not allowed to talk to each other - system was copied by many prisons

Margaret O'Neale

Had an affair with John Eaton who used to be the senator of Tennessee and she was the daughter of an Irish tavern owner

John M. Chivington

Had an untrained militia at fort Lyon who attacked peaceful Indians

Spain

Had diplomacy issues with the colonists; they disputed southern boundary of the US and the right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi River

Women

Had domestic roles initially but found themselves pitching in to fix a wheel on the wagon and gather buffalo chips

North

Had good transportation and made most of the manufactured goods

Confederation Congress

Had little authority - could only ask the states to do something - had no power to enforce rules

Enlightenment Secularism

Had made its way into the minds of the most educated Americans

Slave Marriages

Had no legal standing but many slave holder accepted it as it had a stabilizing affect on the plantation -

Blackfeet and Crows

Had to leave their homes in Montana

National Responsibility

Hamilton said war debts were this because everyone benefited from independence

Federalists

Hamilton's controversial financial ideas provided economic foundation for this party - believed that the constitution should be interpreted broadly

Compromise of 1790

Hamilton's debt plan was signed if the new capital was moved to somewhere on the Potomac river - became Washington - in return for Northern votes on this Madison would get Southern votes on Hamilton's debt plan

Whiskey Rebellion

Hamilton's liquor tax enraged farmers because it taxed them on their most profitable commodity - nearly all people drank alcohol because it is safer to drink than contaminated water and cheaper than tea - a mob of 500 men burned the house of a tax collector - attacked people and robbed malls - threatened an assault on Pittsburgh - George Washington tried to reason but they did not respond so he asked the militia to suppress them

Leading Federalists

Hamilton, Madison, Jay

Thomas Jeremiah

Hanged by a mob in Charleston because he told slaves that British were here to free the negroes

Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)

Harriet Beecher Stove's best selling novel - talks about the racial underpinnings of the abolitionist movement

Coercive Acts

Harsh measures intended to punish rebellious Boston

Elbridge Gerry

Harvard graduate - called Old Grumbletonian because he opposed everything he did not propose

John Quincy Adams

Harvard professor - was aloof and very different from Andrew Jackson

"plural marriage"

Have multiple wives - Joseph Smith practiced this -

Hartford Convention (1814)

Hayne used this in his argument - New Englanders had taken the same position against federal positions as South Carolina did now

Thomas Jefferson

Head of the Department of State - architect - was brilliant

Charles Francis Adams Jr.

Head of the Union Pacific Railroad

Lord Sandwich

Head of the navy - said colonists were cowards

Dorothea Lynde Dix

Heightened the public's awareness of the plight of the mentally ill - was instructed to teach Sunday school at East Cambridge House of Correction where she found a roomful of insane people completely neglected - she then conducted a 2-year investigation of jails in Massachusetts

Modocs

Held out along the California-Oregon boundary for 6 months

Richard Allen

Helped found the African American Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church - said no other sect fit black people as well as Methodism -

Demand for cotton

Helped fuel an economic boom and a transportation revolution

Circuit-riding preacher and the camp meeting

Helped keep the fires of revivalism burning in the backwoods

Deep South

Henry Grady's dream of small landowners wasn't happening - there were very low rates of farm ownership

Dakota Territory

Here the Indians outnumbered the whites 2 to 1 in 1870 but in 1880 the whites outnumbered the Indians 6 to 1

How were African Tribal kingdoms arranged?

Hierarchical - Priests and nobility - farmers and craftspeople - slaves, war captives, criminals, or debtors

Women

Higher education was hardly an option - could not vote - had not control over property or children - legal status was that of a minor, slave or free black

Black Overseers (Driver)

Highest management a slave could be - were placed in small groups (gangs) of slaves with the duty of getting them to work

Charles Cornwallis

Him and Clinton bottled up an American Force at the Charleston Peninsula

Albert Sydney Johnston

Him and his 40000 men stretched 150 miles

Daniel Boone

Him and small band of settlers repeatedly clashed with Shawnees and their British and Loyalist allies

Mercenaries

Hired foreign soldiers - 30,000 Germans served in America - 17,000 were Hessians

Lowell Idea

Hired women to work in the mills because they have dexterous hands

Hamilton's Scheme

His scheme was to cut Pinckney out of both presidency and vice presidency and elect Jefferson as vice president - didn't work

John Peter Zenger

His trial was important for the progress of the freedom of press - he criticized New York Governor

Alcohol Consumption

Hit new heights during this time

Gone with the Wind (1939)

Hollywood film that portrayed the South as a stable agrarian society led by paternalistic white planters and their families, who live in white-columned mansions and represent a "natural" aristocracy of virtue and talent within their communities - represents slave owners as kind to their slaves and devoted to rural values of independence and chivalric honor and values celebrated by Thomas Jefferson

Mulberry Grove

Home of Catharine Greene widow of Revolutionary war hero Nathanael Greene

Sod houses

Homes built of sod

Phoebe Worrall Palmer

Hosted revival meetings in New York City - then traveled across the country as a camp meeting evangelist

Legislative bodies in America

House of Burgesses (Virginia), Delegates (Maryland), Representatives (Massachusetts) or lower houses - chosen by vote in counties, towns or parishes

Slave Jails

Housed the shackled men, women, and children waiting to be sold to the highest bidder

Beastly Passions

How white slave owners fathered slave children and then sold them like livestock

Battle of Brandywine Creek

Howe and army routed the American on September 11 and took over Philadelphia - Howe missed chance to deal Washington the knockout blow

Chicago

Hub of water transportation and railways because it connected the Northeast, the South, and the trans-Mississippi west

Three Great Rivers

Hudson, Delaware, and Susquehanna

Township Grants

Huge tracts of land given out to groups and the group would divide it out among its members based on rough principle of equity - larger families got more land etc.

The Bank of the United States

Hydra-headed monster

Hydraulic Mining

Hydraulic cannons shot enormous streams of water under high pressure stripping topsoil and gravel from bedrock creating steep-sloping barren canyons that could not sustain plant life - also tons of dirt seeps into rivers killing fish and other animals

Providential Destiny

Idea that Americans had to displace the Indians and subdue the entire continent

Papist Plot

Idea to turn America into a Catholic nation

Cult of domesticity

Idealized a women's role in civilizing husband and family

"reasonable" ideas

Ideas of the Enlightenment - influenced religion, literature, and the arts, and various social reforms

Stephen A. Douglas

Illinois Senator that supported a land grant for a north-south rail line connecting Chicago and Mobile, Alabama

Lymann Trumball

Illinois Senator who wrote the Civil Rights Act and the 13th Amendment

Joseph G. McCoy

Illinois livestock dealer, recognized the possibilities of moving the cattle trade west - purchased land in Abilene, Kansas

Article 2 Section 3

Immigrant has to live in the United State for 9 years to be eligible to serve in the Senate

Article 2 Section 2

Immigrant has to live in the United States for 7 years to be eligible to serve in the House of Representatives

Indigo

Important crop in South Carolina vanished with the loss of British bounties for this source of blue dye used to make clothes

Taverns

Important part of colonial transport - movement at night was treacherous - most were operated by women and outnumbered all other businesses

Way Governments get Money

Impose taxes, can borrow money by selling interest-paying government bonds, they can print money

Molasses Act of 1733

Imposed a tax on molasses that if enforced could seriously hurt a major colonial industry

Isaac Merritt Singer

Improved the sewing machine

James Watt

Improved the steam engine (Britain)

Charles Townshend

In 1767 was guiding force in ministry - high abilities low judgement -held Americans in contempt - took advantage of Pitt's confusion to enact money-generating policies aimed at the colonies

second Bank of the United States (B.U.S.)

In 1816, Congress adopted, over the protest of Old Republicans, a provision for this which would be located in Philadelphia

Transcontinental Treaty

In 1819, Adams convinced the Spanish to sign this (also called the Adams-Onís Treaty), which gave all of Florida to the United States in return for a cash settlement; specified that the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase would run along the Sabine River and then, in stair-step fashion, up to the Red River, along the Red, and up to the Arkansas River. From the source of the Arkansas, it would go north to the 42nd parallel and thence west to the Pacific coast.

The American Unitarian Association

In 1826 had 125 churches (all but a handful in Massachusetts)

Battle of Waterloo

In Belgium Napoleon had been defeated

The George Barrell Emerson School

In Boston - taught women higher education - taught them Math, Physics, history, art, music, and the social graces

Alabama Infantry Regiment

In Corinth, Mississippi General Grenville Dodge armed a thousand escaped slaves to form this - first regiment of all African descent

Willard's Hotel

In D.C. a peace conference met here

Black Hawk War

In Illinois and Wisconsin territory an armed clash ruptured in 1832 the Sauk and Fox sought to reoccupy land they had abandoned the previous year.

Cyprien Ricard

In Louisiana paid 250000 for an estate that had 91 slaves

Brook Farm

In Massachusetts - was the most celebrated of all utopian communities - started by George Ripley - first secular utopian community - had a good private school that brought in tuition payers from the outside - townhouse burned in 1846 and the community spirit burned with it

William Johnson

In Natchez Mississippi - son of white father and mulatto mother - operated 3 barbershops and owned 1500 acres of land and several slaves - also said that slaves should reproduce a lot

Fort Mandan

In North Dakota, was made survive the winter, sent a lot of samples downriver

Naval Shipyard

In Philadelphia place where president Jackson established the 10 hour work say in repsone to a strike

Cotton

In South this plant became the major crop - required a lot of manual labor to separate fibers from the seeds

Cumberland Gap

In Southwest Virginia - found by Daniel Boone when he went on the Warrior's path - took people through the Appalachian mountains into Kentucky

Scandinavian regiment

In Union army was 15th Wisconsin Infantry

French Regiment

In Union army was 55th New York Infantry

Polish Legion

In Union army was 58th New York Infantry

Highland Scots Unit

In Union army was 79th New York Infantry

Yorktown

In Virginia - place where Cornwallis's and Arnold's army linked up - most of army was preoccupied in attacking New York so there was little worry about a siege

U.S. Watervliet Arsenal

In Watervliet, New York - Held most of the nations firearms

Recharter of the Bank of the United States

In congress it passes but Jackson vetoed it

Election of 1824

In the Electoral College, Jackson had 99 votes, Adams 84, Crawford 41, Clay 37. In the popular vote the trend ran about the same: Jackson, 154,000; Adams, 109,000; Crawford, 47,000; and Clay, 47,000; was a defeat for Clay's American System promoting national economic development; Adams got the victory of presidency

Lynching

In the case of Charles Lynch - whipping

Lincoln's second inaugural address

In this Lincoln said that no one expected the war to become so fundamental and astonishing

Commonwealth v. Hunt

In this case, the court declared that forming a trade union was not in itself illegal, nor was a demand that employers hire only members of the union. The court also declared that workers could strike if an employer hired nonunion laborers

First annual message

In this message Jackson questioned the banks constitutionality -

Ohio

In this state in 1803, Congress decreed that 5 percent of the proceeds from land sales in the state would go toward building a National Road from the Atlantic coast into the state and beyond as the territory developed.

Middle Men

Inbetweeners between two trades that took the invisible charges

Ethical Code

Included for Southerners: a combative sensitivity to slights; loyalty to family, locality, state, and region; deference to elders and social "betters"; and an almost theatrical hospitality

49rs

Included people from every social class and every state and territory - most went over land while some went over water - their influx made the Hispanics there the minority

Plains Indians

Included the Arapaho, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Sioux - all used Horses - they migrated across the plains and carried their tepees with them

Department of the Navy

Included the ships - the Constitution, the United States, and the Constellation

Second tier of trans-Mississippi states

Includes Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, and western Minnesota

Half of colonist population were made of these two groups

Indentured servants or slaves

Red River War

Indian resistance in the southern plains continued until this

Ill-fated race

Indians - Andrew Jackson wanted to remove all of them

Mission Daily Routine

Indians worked in missions 6 days a week excluding religious holidays - children and elderly were expected to work on the fields - women did domestic things and some men were trained to be masonry and other jobs - in harvest season everyone was expected to work - in lieu of wages Indians received clothing, food, housing, and religious instruction - rebellious Indians were whipped or imprisoned

Frederick Jackson Turner

Influential historian who wrote The Significance of the Frontier in American History

Patroons

Influential men

Indians and Hispanics

Inhabitants of the West that were swept aside by successive waves of American settlement

John Randolph

Initially loyal to Jefferson but became one of the most conspicuous of the Republican dissidents - wanted to go back to the old way Republicans were - strict interpretation of the Constitution

Charles Deslondes

Initiated the largest slave rebellion - 1811 in New Orleans - Planters sons was killed - they got weapons and burnt houses and killed whites - were taken out by the militia - there heads were placed on poles along the Mississipppi

Locusts

Insects that came in swarms and destroyed the plants

John Calvin

Instituted a system of Christian theology called Calvinism - branch of protestantism

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Introduced by Stephen A. Douglas - said that people in the state could vote to have slavery or note - renewed sectional tensions - it would destroy the Whig party, fragment the Democratic party, and start a territorial civil war in Kansas

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney - gin is short for engine - it separated seeds from cotton - allowed operator to separate much more cotton in a day

Levi Strauss

Invented denim jeans - was a German-Jewish immigrant - pants know known as Levi's

George Westinghouse

Invented the air brake and alternating current systems for lighting

Nikola Tesla

Invented the alternating current motor, allowed factories to be build anywhere

Thomas Edison

Invented the phonograph, light bulb, mimeograph, storage battery, motor and motion picture

Richard Hoe

Invented the rotary press which printed 20000 sheets an hour

Samuel F.B. Morse

Invented the telegraph using Joseph Henry's work on electromagnetism

William Tennent

Irish born Presbyterian revivalist - him and sons claimed local ministers were cold and sapless

Alexander T. Stewart

Irish immigrant that became the owner of the nation's largest department store and accumulated many real estate holdings in Manhattan

Homestead Act of 1862

Issued 160 acre land grants to women and African Americans (as well as all other citizens)

Land Banks

Issued paper money as loans to farmers using land as collateral

Indian Removal Act

It authorized the president to give Indians federal land west of the Mississippi River in exchange for the land they occupied in the East and the South

14th Amendment

It established a constitutional guarantee of basic citizenship for all Americans including African Americans - prevents any state from not giving full privileges to all citizens

Covenant

It is a contract

Macon's Bill number 2

It reopened trade with the warring powers but provided that if either Great Britain or France dropped its restrictions on American trade, the United States would embargo trade with the other.

Convention of 1818

It settled the north- ern limit of the Louisiana Purchase by extending the national boundary along the 49th parallel west from Lake of the Woods in what would become Minnesota to the crest of the Rocky Mountains. West of that point the Oregon Country would be open to joint occupation by the British and the Ameri- cans, but the boundary remained unsettled. The right of Americans to fish off Newfoundland and Labrador, granted in 1783, was acknowledged once again.

Marry Surratt

It was at her boarding house Booth and others plotted to kill Lincoln, Johnson, and Seward

Fort Donelson

Its capture was the first big win for the Union

Newspaper

Its circulation skyrocketed with the invention of the rotary press and the napier press - helped improve literacy

Gold

Its discovery in California sent a tidal wave of white expansion which hurt Native Americans and Mexicans

A Century of Dishonor (1881)

Its impact of views toward Indians was comparable to the change in views caused by Uncle Tom's Cabin

Cotton gin

Its invention cotton production soaring deepening the South's dependence on slavery

Tobacco

Its production along with cigarette manufacturing increased - Duke family was very important

Coal

Its production in the South grew from 5 million tons to 49 million tons

Independent Treasury Act

Its proposal for repeal was set forth by Henry Clay and it was repealed by John Tyler

Impractical Absurdity

Jackson followed the nullification with a proclamation that said the doctrine of nullification was this

Election of 1828

Jackson had won presidency by a comfortable margin

New Orleans

Jackson took control of the city declared martial law, and ruled with an iron fist for two months, imposing a nightly curfew, censoring the newspaper, jailing city officials (including judges), and threatening to execute dissenters.

Indian Policy

Jackson wanted to move all of the Indians into the Great American Desert

Great American Desert

Jackson wanted to move all the Indians here - it was west of the Missouri

Old Hickory

Jackson's nickname because he was tough and ferocious

Buchanan-Pakenham Treaty

James Buchanan signed it during Polk's presidency - extended the border between Canada and America to the 49th parallel

Secretary of State

James Madison

1822 Cumberland Road bill

James Monroe vetoed this; denied the authority of Congress to collect tolls to pay for its repair and maintenance

national transportation system

Jefferson and both of his successors recommended a constitutional amendment to give the federal government undisputed authority to improve this ( the movement of troops through the western wilderness had proved very difficult in this system)

Result of Leopard

Jefferson forced all British warships out of American ports

Essential Principles

Jefferson's principles that would guide him in office - Equal and exact justice to all men; peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none; freedom of religion; freedom of the press; and freedom of person under the protection of the habeas corpus; and trial by juries impartially selected. The wisdom of our sages and the blood of our heroes have been devoted to their attainment.

Sephardic Jews

Jews who landed in New Amsterdam

His Rotundity

John Adams because he was short and paunchy body

Midnight Appointments

John Adams had Congress abolished circuit judgeship and other offices

2nd President Nominees

John Adams, Jefferson, and Aaron Burr

Harpers Ferry

John Brown raided a federal arsenal here in present day West Virginia - tried to free all the slaves in Washington D.C. - tried to seize the arsenal and arm all the slaves

Pottawatomie Massacre

John Brown took 4 of his sons and 3 other men and hacked 5 people to death - set off a guerrilla war in the Kansas territory

Frederick Brown

John Brown's son who was shot during a raid of Osawatomie Kansas

Peggy Eaton Affair

John Eaton was a close friend of Jackson - Eaton married his mistress Margaret O'Neale who was a widow whose husband supposedly committed suicide after learning of her affair with then-senator Eaton of Tennessee

Rebel Leaders

John Hancock and Sam Adams

Reasons why people wanted independence

John Hancock didn't want to sped a fortune on taxes, Henry Laurens and Landon Carter didn't want slavery to end

The Federalist

John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison co-authored them that helped champion the Constitution

McCulloch v. Maryland

John Marshall's single most impor- tant interpretation of the constitutional system; James McCulloch, a clerk in the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the United States, had failed to affix state revenue stamps to banknotes as required by a Maryland law taxing the notes. Indicted by the state, McCulloch, acting for the bank, appealed to the Supreme Court, which handed down a unanimous judgment upholding the power of Congress to charter the bank and deny- ing any right of the state to tax it

New York Weekly Journal

John Peter Zenger's newspaper where he criticized the governor of New York

Organized Civil War

John Quincy Adams said that the nullification would lead to this

Journeycakes

Johnnycakes - dry flour cakes suitable for travelers

Bentonville

Johnston's last major battle - Johnston attacked Sherman and his troops

Deborah Sampson

Joined Massachusetts regiment under the name of Robert Shurtleff and served by the concealment of her gender

Robert E. Lee

Joined the Confederacy

Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God

Jonathon Edward's most famous sermon - reminded congregation that hell is real and that God's vision is omnipotent

Cult of Domesticity

Kept women at home

Steam Engine

Kicked off British Industrial Revolution

John Wilkes Booth

Killed Lincoln

River of Gold

Lake Erie brought this because it allowed small cities to blossom into major commercial cities

Samuel De Champlain

Landed in Acadia, and St. Lawrence River in 1608 and 1603 respectively. Governed New France and explored much of Northern America and Canada. Exploration group was attacked by Iroquois so he shot and killed 2 chiefs which fueled Iroquois hatred towards French

Constogas

Large horse-drawn wagons

Fence-Cutters' War of 1883-1884

Large ranchers fenced in large areas of public land and this left small ranchers with not enough land so they cut the fences - in the war several ranchers were killed and dozens wounded before the state outlawed the fence cutting

Dutch Reformed Church

Largest Christian denomination in Netherlands

Catholicism

Largest denomination in the United States

Great Sioux War

Largest military event since the end of the Civil War - lasted 15 months and had 15 battles - Sitting Bull led the Sioux

Seven Years' War

Lasted 7 years in America - Was most significant of 4 great wars - in the previous great wars most fighting was done in Europe - this war profoundly shook international balance as Spain declined and England and France fought for supremacy - sparked by claims of Indian land in Ohio river valley

Ex Post Facto laws

Laws adapted after an event to criminalize deeds that have already been committed - Congress was not allowed to pass these

Catharine Beecher

Leader in an education movement and founder of women's schools in Connecticut and Ohio - wrote a best-selling guide prescribing the domestic sphere for women A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841)

Napoleon Bonaparte

Leader of France that sold the Louisiana to the Americans

Barrimore "Barry" St. Leger

Leader of smaller army sent by Burgoyne to go southward on Lake Ontario to Oswego - were joined by Iroquois allies

Osceola

Leader of the Seminoles - was seized by treachery under a flag of truce, imprisoned, and later left to die at Fort Moultrie near Charleston Harbor

George Washington

Leader of the patriot forces

Major Pitcairn

Led British to Concord to intercept rebels and take John Hancock and Sam Adams

Andrew Pickens

Led Carolina militia men to burn dozens of Cherokee villages east of the Blue Ridge mountains destroying their corn, orchards, and livestock

Juinpero Serra

Led Franciscan friars and established a Catholic mission at San Diego

Shays' Rebellion

Led by Daniel Shays, a destitute war veteran, a ragtag "army of 1K-2K farmers advanced upon a federal arsenal at Springfield in 1787 for the sake of more flexible monetary policy, laws allowing them to use corn and wheat as money, and the right to postpone paying taxes until the postwar agricultural depression lifted; 4,400 militia sent with cannons killed 4 farmers; taxes were relieved a bit which showed conservatism and nationalism

Radical Republicans

Led by House members such as Thaddeus Stevens and George Washington Julian and senators such as Charles Sumner, Benjamin Franklin Wade, and Zachariah Chandler - pushed for confiscation of southern plantations, immediate emancipation of slaves, and a more vigorous prosecution of the war

Whigs

Led by abolitionists their opposition was important for the defeat of the Texas annexation treaty

Colonel John Stark

Led militia men to decimate Hessians and Loyalists looking for supplies in Bennington, Vermont

Clay's stand on Texas

Led more people to vote for the Liberty party

Robert F. Stockton

Led the American occupation of Santa Barbara and Los Angeles

Chief Black Hawk

Led the Indians in the Black Hawk War

George Donner

Led the most tragic story of the Overland trails - was a 62 year old farmer from Illinois

North Carolina

Led the way for state-supported education in the South - had more than 2/3s of white kids enrolled but only for 4 months because they had to work on the farms

Appomattox Court House

Lee surrendered here

James Longstreet

Lee's "warhorse"

Naturalization Act

Lengthened the time from 5 to 14 years to get citizenship

Women

Less then 8% in California - were virtually non existent in mining camps

New Spain and New France had

Less women than British America so their were lower birth rates

15th Amendment

Lets all citizens vote no matter there race, religion etc.

Adams-Otis Letter

Letter that the Massachusetts assembly passed to other colonies that was polite and discussed the illegality of taxation without representation

Revenue Act of 1767

Levied duties on glass, led, paint, paper, and tea - increased government revenue but intangible costs were greater - hurt British manufactures and added conflict with colonists

Second Confiscation Act

Liberated slaves held by anyone aiding the rebellion

Robert E. Lee

Lieutenant Colonel - arrives at Harpers Ferry - helped end John Brown's raid

George A. Custer

Lieutenant general - reckless and glory-seeking -

"Great Democratic God"

Lifted Andrew Jackson from the pebbles

Western Units

Lincoln dispatched them to protect the shipments of gold and silver and to win over western support of his presidency

Andrew Johnson

Lincoln promoted him as vice-president - was a war democrat from Tennessee

Ambrose E. Burnside

Lincoln turned to him to protect Washington - however he was bad strategists - sent 122000 men to attack Lee across the Rappahannock River - Union had 12000 casualties and Confederates only had 6000

Preservation of the Union

Lincoln's ultimate goal in the Civil War

Proclamation Line

Line that the Proclamation prohibited Americans were crossing

Women Role

Living in a slave culture - expected to behave as exemplars of Christian piety and sexual

Lousiville

Located at the falls of the Ohio river became and important trading center

Major German Settlements

Located near southwestern Illinois and Missouri (around St. Louis), Texas (near San Antonio), Ohio, and Wisconsin (especially around Milwaukee)

Fort Ticonderoga

Located on Lake Champlain - Taken over by British lead by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold

Fort Lyon

Located on Sand Creek - the governor of Colorado told the Natives to come here where they were promised protection but a militia attacked and killed 200 peaceful Indians

John Murray

Lord Dunmore - Last royal governor of Virginia - said that slaves would get freedom if they bear arms against America

Compel Obedience

Lord North's job was to compel obedience in the colonies

Ethiopian Regiment

Lots of slaves joined British army and were part of this group - joined because they were promised that they would get freedom if they bear arms for Britain

Knights of White Camelia

Louisiana's version of the KKK

Francophile

Loved France - Thomas Jefferson

John Rockefeller

Loved discipline and organization, straightened out the oil industry

John Stevens

Loyalist that said he was dragged with a rope on his neck across the Susquehanna river because he reused to sign an oath supporting the Revoution

Tories

Loyalists

Prostitution

Lucrative trade among colonial women, many indentured servants became prostitutes once their service was done

Ursuline Covenant

Lyman Beecher indirectly caused a mob to attack and burn this church

Results of Marbury v. Madison

Made Supreme Court have final jurisdiction in interpreting the Constitution - established the foundations for American jurisprudence, the authority of the Supreme Court, and the constitutional supremacy of the national government over the states.

Bessemer process

Made steel cheap, could be directly converted from crude pig iron into steel

British West Indies

Made sugar and grew sugar cane part of the triangle trade - in 1675 had over 100000 slaves

James Oliver

Made the chilled-iron and steel plow in 1855

Lincoln's Inaguration

Made the civil war inevitable

John Deere

Made the steel plow in 1837

1808 Election

Madison won by a lot of votes

Indigo

Major cash crop of the south

Martin Delaney

Major in the 104th U.S. Colored Troops - before the war he was a free black and a prominent abolitionist - said that abolition was a result of blacks undermining the Confederacy

Orthodox Christian

Majority in the United States -

People who could vote

Male property owners who had a tangible stake in society

Winfield Scott

Managed to keep the hotheads in check at the Canadian border

Nicholas Biddle

Manager of the second bank of the united states

Religious salvation

Many Americans were interested in this more than political engagement

James Knox Polk

Many Democrats rallied to nominate him for president - was former Speaker of the House and governor of Tennessee - "Young Hickory" - was one the few presidents that completed all their major goals and one of the few presidents to pledge to only serve one term

Kentucky

Many Indians killed people in this state - killed or captured 1500 people - originally part of Virginia - got statehood in 1792 after rapid settlement

Coffin Ships

Many Irish people died on the journey to other countries from dysentery, typhus, and malnutrition - so the ships were called this

Democrats

Many Irish people were this party - they supported Andrew Jackson

Mississippi Rifle Club and South Carolina Red Shirts

Many Klan members joined this for barefaced intimidation

Doctors

Many healers assumed the title of doctor - most were self taught

Europe and Canada

Many immigrants were from these two places

Unfertile

Many lands became this after much use

Colorado

Many locations had gold - the Centennial state - entered the Union in 1876

Merrimack River

Many mills were located on this river that runs through Massachusetts and New Hampshire

Martin Van Buren

Many of his supporters left him because of his opposition to Texas annexation -

Santa Fe Trail

Many people made the trek from St. Louis to Santa Fe forging this trail -

Migrants

Many people migrated to the west - 3/4 were men and they included Anglo-Americans, African Americans, Mexicans, Europeans, and Chinese

West

Many people settled here between 1870 - 1900

Colleges

Many popped up including the first state schools -

American Colonization Society

Many prominent people supported it - was denounced by blacks because they said America was their native land - sent free slaves to Liberia - not many people emigrated

Souther Farmers

Many supported Jackson's Democratic party - were willing to move for better land - they supported slavery because they feared free slaves would compete with them -

Black Slave Holders

Many were free blacks who bought family members with the intent of freeing them

Paternalism

Many white slave holders in the upper south held fewer slaves than their counterparts in the lower south - the upper southerners were morally ambivalent to slavery - incorporated the slaves into their households

Hispanics

Many whites were as contemptuous as them as they were of Indians

Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770 colonists threw icicles at British soldiers - soldier was knocked down and started to fire and everyone else did to 5 people died 8 more were wounded

Little Magician

Martin Van Buren's nickname

Mary Ludwig Hays

Mary Pitcher - took the place of her husband when he fell of heat exhaustion

William Marbury

Maryland Federalist, a prominent land speculator, and justice of peace in the District of Columbia, his letter of commission was signed by John Adams two days before he left office, and Jefferson told James Madison to hold the letter to Marbury sued for a court order directing Madison to deliver his commission

Lake Village, New Hampshire

Massive dam that villagers tried to destroy because of its negative effects on the environment

Turnpike

Meant a pole or pike at the tollgate which was turned to allow traffic

Sense of community and camaraderie

Meant emotional and psychological survival

Places fighting spread to

Mediterranean, Africa, India, the West Indies, and the high seas

Albany Congress

Meeting when the first shots sounded at the Great Meadows - little was accomplished

Washington Duke

Member of the Duke family - story goes that he took tobacco beat it with hickory stick and then stuffed it in bags and with a wagon and a mule he sold them

6

Members in the highest court (now 9) - chief justice and 5 associates

Overmountain men

Men from southwestern Virginia and western North and South Carolina mostly hunters

Newburgh Conspiracy

Men from the continental army wanted to make a coup and make sure congress pays them and gives them their land

War Hawks

Men in congress who called for war for national honor and to get rid of the Indian problem

Minutemen

Men who could get ready in a minute - farmers etc.

Putting-Out system

Merchant-employers "put out" materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes but sometimes labored in workshops or in turn put out work to others.

Second Continental Congress

Met in Philadelphia - unanimously named George Washington as commander in chief - chose him because he was an experience officer, was wealthy, and looked like a leader (tall, strong)

Bishop Francis Asbury

Methodist Bishop of Baltimore held a general conference in Baltimore

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexico gave up all claims to Texas above the Rio Grande and ceded California and New Mexico to the United States. In return for the transfer of half a million square miles of territory, more than half of all of Mexico, the United States agreed to pay $15 million and assume the claims of U.S. citizens against Mexico up to $3.25 million

Colonization Act (1824)

Mexico passed this - it granted hundreds of huge rancho estates to Hispanic settlers

1848 Democratic Convention

Michigan Senator Lewis Cass won the presidential nomination - party refused to endorse his popular sovereignty plans

Rank of indentured servants

Middle rank between slaves and free men

Truest Republicans

Middling People - Thomas Jefferson believed this

Presidios

Military garrisons - the Spanish constructed these in San Diego and Monterey

New England Factory Village

Mills and factories gradually transformed the New England landscape in the early nineteenth century

Marysville

Mining town that had 17 murders in one week

White Line

Mississippi's version of the KKK

Thomas Hart Benton

Missouri senator who predicted that the currency-short western towns would be at the mercy of a centralized eastern bank. "They may be devoured by it any moment! They are in the jaws of the monster! A lump of butter in the mouth of a dog! One gulp, one swallow, and all is gone!"

"nonintercourse"

Monroe approved this term to totally end commerce with British vessels, with all British colonies in the Americas, and even with goods taken to England and reexported

Election of 1820

Monroe was reelected without opposition

Tranappalachia

More than half the nation's population lived here

William Morgan

Morgan had provocatively announced plans to publish a pamphlet revealing the secret rituals of the Masonic order. Masons, some of them local officials, had burned down Morgan's shop and arrested him. Soon thereafter, someone paid for his release and spirited Morgan away. His body was never found. Between 1826 and 1831 the state of New York launched over twenty investigations into Morgan's disappearance (and presumed murder) and conducted a dozen trials but never gained a conviction. Each legal effort aroused more public indignation because most of the judges, lawyers, and jurors were Masons.

Nauvoo

Mormon city in Illinois - was next to the Mississippi river

Bank of North America

Morris got congressional charter to allow this bank to gold government funds, lend money to government, and issue currency - depended on government having secure income though

Liens

Mortgages

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Most decisive battle of Creek War - Jackson and Cherokee allies surrounded the Creek Fort and killed 900 Creeks - worst defeat inflicted on Natives

Federalist Essay 10

Most famous of the essays, argued that the very size and diversity of the expanding US would make it impossible fr any single faction to form a majority that could dominate the government - written by James Madison

Theater

Most popular form of indoor entertainment

Philadelphia

Most populated city near the end of 18th century

Cotton

Most profitable cash crop in the south

Lower South

Most slaves in this region worked on large plantations with 20 or more slaves

Emily Dickinson

Most strikingly original and elusive of the New England poets - did not marry - had eye trouble and loved a married minister

Charles Grandison Finney

Most successful evangelist in the burned-over district - was an enigmatic former lawyer - generated over 100000 conversions - his audiences attracted more affluent seekers

Slavery

Most volatile thing in the convention - unsure of its future

Unitarianism

Most well-educated New Englanders were this - consisted of a belief that emphasizes the oneness and benevolence of a loving god, the inherent goodness of mankind, reason and conscious over church and creeds - believed Jesus was saintly but not divine - also believed that people are able to do tremendous good and all are eligible for salvation

Dutch Settlements

Mostly along the Hudson river

Entrepreneurs

Mostly located in the north - wanted to exploit regions by providing capital for urbanization and industrialization

Liberty to Slaves

Motto that was embroidered in the uniforms of all black-regiments

Miners

Moved east from California drawn by one strike after another

Abolition

Movement to end slavery

"land-office business"

Much of federal surplus resulted from this - in western property sales and was therefore in the form of banknotes that had been issued to speculators.

"wicked machinations"

Name Jackson gave to the criticisms by Calhoun's wife, Floride Calhoun

forty-niners

Name for California gold miners because of the year 1849

Tar Heels

Name for North Carolinans because they produced pine tar which was in great demand for maritime industry

"Log Cabin and Hard Cider"

Name of Harrison's campaign

Unitarian

Name that "liberal" churches adopted

Critical Period

Name used to label the time during which the United Stated governed under the Articles of Confederation - 1781-1787

Chair Man

Name used to refer to father because he sat in the only chair - everyone else stood or sat on stools

1902 Newlands Reclamation Act

Named after Senator Francis G. Newlands of Nevada - Set up the Bureau of Reclamation

Continental Army

Named because soldiers from different colonies had same view point

Anthony Wayne

Named by George Washington to head a military expedition into the Northwest Territory because of Indian conflicts

Milan Decree

Napolean ruled that neutral ships that complied with British regulations were subject to seizure when they reached European ports.

Harper's Weekly

Nation's foremost magazine - wanted southern society punished and transformed

Cumberland Road

National Road; originally called this; it was the first federally financed interstate roadway; helped accelerate the commercialization of agriculture.

George Washington

Nations first president

One scholar called the greatest known loss of wild species

Native America Hunting Practices

Lamanites

Native Americans

Slash and Burn agriculture

Native Americans burned forests to make room for crop land and this also made way for berries and grasses which attracted game

Kentucky

Native States of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis - remained mostly loyal to the Union - was said to have joined the Confederacy only after the war

Scalawags

Native white Republicans - opposed secession - collaborated with the northern Republicans during the Reconstruction for profit

Oneidas

Natives that fought on the side of the American Patriots

3 theaters of War of 1812

Naval theater, southern theater - commanded by Andrew Jackson, and Canadian theater which may be referred to as the Canadian-American war

Mosquito Fleet

Navy of small gunboats

For Moultrie

Near Charleston Harbor - Place where Seminole leader Osceola was left to die

Battle of Franklin

Near Nashville - It was mass suicide. Six waves broke against the Union lines, leaving the ground strewn with Confederate dead. Six Confederate generals were killed at Franklin. A Confederate captain from Texas, scarred by the battle's senseless butchery, wrote that the "wails and cries of the widows and orphans made at Franklin,

South Platte River

Near Pikes Peak Colorado where miners found gold and 100000 fifty-niners came in

Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

Nearly century after the exploration a good copy of this could be found - book where Lewis and Clark's discoveries were written

Paper money

Nearly non-existent after the depreciation of wartime currency

1776 New Jersey Constitution

Neglected to specify an exclusively male franchise because they took the distinction for granted

Rice

Never regained its prewar levels of production or profit

Frederick Lord North

New Chief Minister

George Greenville

New Chief Minister - was an accountant - George III despised him - ordered tighter enforcement of the Navigation acts

Sectional Vote

New England states voted against the war even though their economy was based on shipping (still made money from smuggling) South voted for the war because they couldn't ship goods also could be because of Native American attacks that were blamed on British agents

Presbygational Churches

New Englanders became Presbyterians by the way of these churches

Triangular Trade

New Englanders shipped rum to Africa where they bartered for slaves, took slaves to the west indies and returned with sugar and molasses

Torytown

New York City - Another name for British occupied NYC

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

New York's Troy Female Seminary who refused to be merely "a household drudge," called a convention to discuss "the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women" - organized the Seneca Falls convention

Middle Atlantic States

New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Maryland - boasted a well balanced economy, the largest cities, and the most diverse religious and ethnic groups

Largest Cities

New York, Philadel- phia, Baltimore, and Boston, and New Orleans

Terence Powderly

New head of the Knights of Labor after Stephens, was responsible for massive growth of the Knights but also the huge decline after the Great Railroad Strike

Hemp, woolens, iron, glass, salt

New tariffs were placed on these items

The York Tribune

Newspaper that expressed concern that Irish, having themselves escaped from "a galling, degrading bondage" in their homeland, voted against proposals for equal rights for blacks and frequently arrived at the polls shouting, "Down with the Nagurs! Let them go back to Africa, where they belong."

Southern Patriot

Newspaper where editor exclaimed what a day about Independence day

Pennsylvania Gazette

Newspapers that Benjamin Franklin edited and published

Joseph

Nez Perce Chief who had a very eloquent surrender speech

King Mob

Nickname for Andrew Jackson

Fort Frick

Nickname for Carnegie's factory building once Henry Frick took it over and built a wall guarded by Pinkerton detectives and guards

Buffalo Soldiers

Nickname for colored cavalries by the Indians

Prarie schooners

Nickname for ox-drawn canvas-covered wagons

Joseph Hooker

Nickname was fighting Joe - led an attack on Chancellorsville

Familiar slogan to all Americans

No taxation without representation

Oregon

Nobody doubted that it would become a free state

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney

Nominee for vice president

After Treaty of Paris how much land did France have in the New World

None

"scabs"

Nonunion workers who defied the Haymarket Affair strikes

Race-based slavery

Normal aspect of life - Africans were slaves because they were African

3/5 Compromise

Northern states wanted to count slaves as part of population for taxes but not representation - this compromise stated that 3/5 of all slaves will be counted towards taxation and representation

Role of African Women

Not subordinate to women and served as priests and cult leaders

Moby-Dick

Novel written by Herman Melville that celebrated the democratic dignity of ordinary men

Helen Hunt Jackson

Novelists who wrote A Century of Dishonor

Northwest Territory

Now Ohio and Indiana

13

Number of federal district courts

Role of women

Obey and serve husbands, nurture children, maintain household

Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)

Occured near Antietam creek - the Confederates were outnumbered 2-1 - 6400 were killed on both sides and 17000 injured - Confederates had to retreat -

Battle of New Orleans

Occurred after the Treaty of Ghent because it took time for the news to reach the people - fought over control of New Orleans's port - Jackson won - ensured that both governments acted quickly to ratify the treaty - if the American's lost Madison would have gotten impeached

Most Intense Fighting

Occurred along the Kansas-Missouri border

Second Bull Run

Occurred in almost the same place as the first one - John Pope face Lee's and Jackson's army - the Union suffered a crushing defeat - a dishonored Pope went to fight Indians and McClellan was once again called to service

William Ellery Channing

Of Boston's Federal Street Congregational Church was the most inspiring Unitarian leader

Henry Clay

Of Kentucky claimed that almost all the successful factory owners he knew were "enterprising self-made men, who have whatever wealth they possess by patient and diligent labor."

Mercy Otis Warren

Of Massachusetts most prominent woman in the new nation - wrote regular political commentary - compared the constitution to shackles on our own neck

Thomas Hart Benton

Of Missouri - denounced Foot Resolution as an effort to slow settlement of the West so that the East could get cheap factory labor and maintain its political leverage

Robert Y. Hayne

Of South Carolina took Benton's side - saw that the issue could strengthen the political alliance between the south and the west - people could get western support for lower tariffs - said that the policy would hurt one part of the nation while benefiting the other

Richard Henry Lee

Of Virginia said that Colonies should bee free and independent states

"Jeffersonian" economy

Of artisans and craftsmen and subsistence farmers

boom-and-bust cycle

Of the 1830s - there was souring inflation - British goods could be bought using credits - there was an increase of gold and silver payments from England, France and Mexico

St. Helena Island

Off the Coast of South Carolina - many free black met here in an abandoned church - were addressed by Martin Delaney

Post Civil War West

Offered the promise democratic individualism, economic opportunity, and personal freedom

Tarifs

Often called duties or taxes

Landlords

Often swindled the tenants by not giving them the fair share of crops

Baptists

Often unschooled - embraced a simplicity in doctrine and organization that appealed to rural people - supported equality of all before God - had adult baptisms - and supported free will and universal redemption - had infallible belief in Bible

Small slaveholder

Often worked side by side with slaves doing the same tasks

Reverend Manasseh Cutler

Ohio Company of Associates sent their plan with him to get land for the Revolutionary War veterans - argued of reducing national debt and encouraging new settlement and sales of federal land

William Henry Harrison

Ohio soldier and politician - had impressive credentials victor at the Battle of Tippecanoe against the Shawnees in 1811, former governor of the Indiana Territory, briefly congressman and senator from Ohio, more briefly minister to Colombia - Anti-Masons like him

John A. Sutter

On his property gold would be discovered

Overseers

On the largest plantations are usually the middle class of small farmers or skilled workers or were sons of planters

Overland Trails

On this trail most of the people were settlers rather than traders - traveled in family groups - The Oregon-bound wagon trains followed the trail west from Independence, Missouri, along the North Platte River into what is now Wyoming, through South Pass down to Fort Bridger (abode of the celebrated mountain man Jim Bridger), then down the Snake River to the Columbia River and along the Columbia to their goal in Oregon's fertile Willamette River valley. They usually left Missouri in late spring, completing the gruel- ing two-thousand-mile trek in six months.

France's "Two Heads"

One amid Canada and the other amid Louisiana

Banastre Tarleton

One of Cornwallis' two most ruthless officers in charge of mobilizing, training, and leading Loyalists militiamen

Patrick Ferguson

One of Cornwallis' two most ruthless officers in charge of mobilizing, training, and leading Loyalists militiamen - sealed his doom when he threatened to hang the mostly Scots-Irish country Patriot leaders

Fur Traders Descending the Missouri (1845)

One of George Caleb Bingham's paintings from his winter in central Missouri

James Wilson

One of the ablest lawyers - next in importance to Washington and Madison

Teaching

One of the fastest growing professions - paid really low so nobody wanted to do it

Gold

One of the few precious metals that can be mined at little expense - everybody could become a miner

North Carolina

Only had 4 newspapers

Detroit, Michigan

Only military force stopped the rescue of a slave from an angry mob

Virginia

Only state where Baptists and Methodists didn't outnumber Anglicans

South Carolina and Georgia

Only states that didn't promise freedom to slaves that fought the British

Louisiana and Alabama

Only states to forbid the separation of a child younger than ten from his or her mother

Vassar

Opened in Poughkeepsie, New York and is credited as the first women's college

Whigs

Opponents to Jackson - name linked them to the Patriots of the American Revolution - bacame a major political party - supported Henry Clay and economic nationalism and high tariffs and a national bank - tended to be native born

Jayhawkers

Opponents to William Quantrill

Bourbons

Opponents to the redeemers - were said the have forgotten nothing and have learned nothing in the ordeal of the Confederacy and the Civil War - they didn't suppress African American voice in politics - helped advance the southern t

Mexican Government

Opposed slavery

Seneca Falls Convention

Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton - said that all men and women are created equal - was an important step for women

Battle of Oriskany

Oriskany, New York - band of militia members - local German farmers and Indian allies withstood an ambush by the Loyalists and Indians - gained tim for Patriot reinforcements to arrives - British soldiers fought but Iroquois abandoned them which led to their defeat

Slavery Bill of 1807

Outlaws the importation of slaves - South Carolina was the only state still importing slaves- slaves were still smuggled in though

Paxton Boys

Outraged by the unwillingness to suppress Indians by the Quakers in the Pennsylvania Assembly they massacred peaceful Susquehannock Indians - Ben Franklin talked them out of killing more Indians saying that they will get more protection along the border of the frontier

Battle of King's Mountain

Overmountain men went after Ferguson's force and after an hour long battle destroyed them and killed Ferguson

The Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)

Painting by Amos Bad Heart Bull, an Oglala Sioux

California New (1850)

Painting by William Sydney Mount - showed how San Francisco became a cosmopolitan city

The American Crisis

Pamphlet by Thomas Paine that bolstered the shaken morale of the patriots - not as important as things Congress offered to recruits

Common Sense

Pamphlet by Thomas Paine that encouraged American Independence - originally published anonymously because of its treasonous content

Banknotes

Paper money

Emancipation Act (1833)

Parliament ended slavery in Britain by passing this law

William Hull

Part of 3 prong attack - marched his troops across the Detroit river - the Redcoats cleverly ambushed them and Hull fearing for the massacre of the Detroit citizens surrendered

Berlin Decree

Part of Continental System - Napoleon declared his own blockade of the British Isles and barred British ships from ports under French control.

3 Distinct Sub regions

Part of the Old South - each had its own economic interests and diverging degrees of commitment to slavery

Cotton Whigs

Part of the Whig party - battle Conscience Whigs - was made up of northern business men and southern planters

Shaysites

Participants in Shay's Rebellion - Jefferson and Abigail Adams said they were ignorant, restless desperadoes without conscience or principals

Middle Passage

Passage that slaves took to get to the New World from Africa

National Law of 1820

Passed after the Panic of 1819 which reduced the price of federal land

Charles Goodyear

Patented a process for vulcanizing rubber which made it stronger and more elastic

The telephone

Patented by Alexander Graham Bell, caused the formation of the Bell Telephone Company and took over telegraphs

Elias Howe

Patented his design of the sewing machine which was improved on by Isaac Merritt Singer

Warrior's Path

Path that Boone used to find the Cumberland gap - was widened do it became the Wilderness Road

Daniel Boone

Pathfinder that settlers followed along the Wilderness Road into a territory known as Kentucky or Kaintuck - found the Warrior's path which led him through the Cumberland gap

Leading Non-Federalists

Patrick Henry, George Mason, Richard Henry Lee, future president James Monroe, George Clinton, Samuel Adams, Luther Martin, and Samuel Chase

3 Colonial groups of the Revolution

Patriots / Whigs - formed and fought in state armies Loyalists/Tories - less committed middle group which swayed mostly between the better organized or more energetic radicals

Boston Tea Party

Patriots disguised as Mohawks boarded 3 British ships and threw 342 chests of East India Company tea overboard

Philadelphia-Lancaster Turnpike

Paved road that was completed in Pennsylvania in 1794 - its completion pushed the want for more roads

Nez Perce

Peaceful tribe who converted to Christianity and embraced white culture - refused to surrender land along the Salmon River so prolonged fighting erupted in Oregon

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

Penned in August during the French Revolution by revolutionary leaders

George Logan

Pennsylvania Quaker and Republican Sympathizer went to Paris to secure the release of American seamen

States where male taxpayers could vote

Pennsylvania, Delaware, North Carolina, and Georgia

John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Alexander Hamilton

People absent from the Constitutional Convention

Whiskey Boys

People associated with the Whiskey rebellion

due-process clause

People cannot be denied life liberty or process except by law

King Andrew the First

People considered Jackson's veto of the Maysville road bill an abuse of power - Cartoon shows Jackson trampling the constitution, internal improvements, and the Bank of the United States - nickname given because of Jackson's imperious demeanor and feisty champion of democracy

Natives

People native to America

Meztizos

People of Indian and European descent

Mulattoes

People of mixed racial ancestry - census of 1860 reported 412000 people about 10% of blacks as this

Oregon Fever

People spread into Oregon - everyone wanted to move here -

Prejudice

People started enslaving by the color of peoples skin - did slavery start prejudice

Bohemians

People that came from Bohemia

Specie Resumption Act of 1875

People were allowed to trade greenbacks for gold - made gold equal to the price of greenbacks

Apprentice-Journeyman system

People were taken as apprentices and journeymen were the masters

Non-Federalists

People who favored a more de-centralized form of government

Middling People

People who made their livings with their hands

Sharecroppers

People who would work someones land for seed, fertilizer, supplies, and usually half the share of the crops

10%

Percentage of blacks that lived outside the South

James Buchanan "Buck" Duke

Perfected the method to mass produce cigarettes - he brought together his competitors to form the American Tobacco Company

Antebellum period

Period after the War of 1812 but before the Civil War

Great Awakening

Period of time where religious fervor was quickened and reinforced the idea of the nation's fulfilling promise

Benjamin Rush

Philadelphia doctor and scientist - said that American war is over but this is far from being the case with the American Revolution. On the contrary but the first act of the great drama is closed

Benjamin Rush

Physician who noted the bad effects of alcohol on the mind and body

Heinrich Steinweg

Piano maker that changed his name to Steinway who became famous for the quality of his instruments

Charleston Peninsula

Place where American force got bottles up - Congress turned to Haratio Gates to bail them out but it was unsuccessful

Weehawken, New Jersey

Place where Burr and Hamilton had their famous duel

Massachusetts

Place where Whigs who promoted free-soil were centered

Urban

Place with a population of 8000 inhabitants or more

Punishments for violating army rules

Placed in the stockade, flogged, sent packing, some deserters were hanged

Virginia Plan

Plan that delegates scrap the Articles of Confederation and start over with a new document - proposed by Madison - 3 branches of government - Congress would be divided into a lower house chosen by the people and an upper house chosen by state legislatures

Workingmen's Party of California

Platform to stop the Chinese from immigrating into the country, said they were a foreign peril, caused a ten-year Chinese immigration ban

Slavery

Played a crucial role in the series of events dividing the nation and prompting secession and civil war

Long Cattle Drives

Played out because they were economically unsound

Whigs

Policy that no Englishmen could be taxed without his consent

Zachary Taylor

Polk ordered several thousand troops under him to advance into the Texas frontier -

Abolitionism

Polk said that this would destroy the Union

36°30′

Polk suggested moving the Missouri compromise down to this latitude all the way to the Pacific Ocean

Characteristics of people who settled in colonial America

Poor white males

Lyman Beecher

Popular congregationalist minister who served as president of Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati gave many anti-Catholic sermons - incited a mob to attack and burn the Ursuline Covenant

Corn Likker

Potent whiskey made by many pioneer families in their crude mills

Powers of Governor

Power resembled that of the King, they could appoint and remove officials, grant pardons, and command militia

Henry Ward Beecher

Powerful New York minister - his sister was Harriet Beecher Stowe - he wanted white planters to oversee the Reconstruction instead of federal officials or African Americans

Louisia May Alcott

Praised John Brown for his anti-slavery mission

"circuit rider" system

Preachers would scrounge areas looking for people to convert

Andrew Jackson

Predicted in 1833 that the south will break the union and form a confederacy

Corn

Preferable crop grown by pioneers

Lymann Beecher

Presbyterian minister who moved to Boston - deplored the inroads that had been made by the new rationalist faith - said that everything was Unitarian - said Great Awakening was to reform human society

Kaskaskia

Present day Illinois

New South

Presents a perfect democracy of small farms and diversifying industries - postwar south - Textile industry exploded and many women and children worked in the mills - became the largest cotton fabric producer in the nation - has a shortage of money

Rutherford B. Hayes

President - said that the Americans were the cause of many Indian wars

Differences Between President and Monarch

President can be impeached by Congress with a 2/3 vote

Creeks

Pressed by the state of Georgia to cede portions of their lands in 1784-1785, went to war in the summer of 1786 with covert aid from Spanish-controlled Florida; when Spanish aid-diminished, Creek chief traveled to NY and got Creeks favorable trade arrangements with the US

Giles Corey

Pressed to death because he refused to sacrifice family and friends to the demands of the court

Code of the Gentleman

Presumed that a man's honor was more sacred than his life

Article 2 Section 1

Prevented any immigrant from being president

Graduation Act of 1854

Prices of unsold lands were to be lowered in stages of the next 30 years

Daniel De Leon

Primary member of the Socialist Labor party, wanted to abolish the government once his movements gained power,

Robert Walpole

Prime Minister and lord of treasury gave freedom to colonies

William Pitt

Prime minister of British government - had big ego that instilled confidence - decided that war would be in New England and mobilized 45,000 troops - half were colonists

Jay Gould

Prince of the robber barons, sold compromised and ruined railroads, bribed politicians and judges

Joseph Henry

Princeton physicist who researched on electromagnetism - provided the basis for the telegraph - became the head of the Smithsonian Institution

Dame Schools

Private schools where children were taught to read

Apostles of Forgiveness

Prized white unity over racial equality

Roger B. Taney

Pro-slavery chief justice

Declaration of American Rights

Proclaimed that Americans had the same rights as English citizens

Massachusetts Constitution of 1780

Proclaimed the inherent liberty to all

Texas Longhorns

Produced by natural selection - they were noted more for speed and endurance than for yielding a choice steak

Textile Industry

Produced cotton based bedding and clothing - exploded in the New South

Rice

Production required a lot of money for floodgates, irrigation ditches, and machinery, - only large plantations could afford it - production was limited to plantations in North and South Carolina, and Georgia where fields were easily flooded

Enumerated Products

Products that were to be sold only to England or its colonies - included tobacco, cotton, indigo, ginger, sugar - rice, hemp, masts, copper, and furs were later added

Engineering

Profession that grew rapidly during the industrial revolution

Law of April 6, 1830

Prohibited further American immigration into Texas - also encouraged Mexicans to move to Texas

18th Amendment

Prohibited the sales, manufacturing, or transportation of alcoholic beverages

What Americans were trying to do

Prolong the battle to win it - test of endurance

William Preston

Prominent South Carolina leader who declared cotton is not our king - slavery is our king

American Protestantism

Promoted the image of a white republic that conflated whiteness, godliness, and nationalism

Chattel

Property - how Africans were being treated - chattel slavery

Matrilineal

Property and social status, descending through mother rather than the father

1/5

Proportion of blacks to whites

Foot Resolution

Proposal by senator Samuel A. Foot from Connecticut to have federal government restrict land sales in the west

Dominion of New England

Proposal to consolidate New England into one royal colony that would undermine the authority of Puritanism and abolish elected assemblies - to tell colonies they were subordinate and to institute tighter regulations

Henry Clay

Proposed a compromise between the federal government and South Carolina to gradually reduce tariff until 1842

Second Reports on Public Credit

Proposed a liquor tax and recommended the establishment of a national bank and a national mint - set up in 1791-1792 - authored by Hamilton

Report on Manufactures

Proposed an extensive government aid and other encouragements to stimulate the development if manufacturing enterprises to reduce American dependence on imported goods

Bank of the United States

Proposed by Hamilton - opened in Philadelphia in 1791 - 3 main functions 1. Serve as a secure repository for government funds and facilitate in the transfer of monies to other nations 2. Provide loans to the federal government and to other banks to facilitate economic development 3. To manage the nation's money supply by regulating money-issuing activities of state-chartered banks

Alien and Sedition Acts

Proposed by extreme Federalists in Congress. Was only passed by Adams at the urging of Abigail. Was the greatest mistake of his presidency. Passed during a time period of patriotic war fever. These and two other acts limited freedom of speech, press, and aliens. Reflected hostility towards foreigners, especially the French and Irish

Hartford Convention

Proposed seven constitutional amendments designed to limit Republican (and southern) influence: abolishing the counting of slaves in apportioning state representation in Congress, requiring a two- thirds vote to declare war or admit new states, prohibiting embargoes lasting more than sixty days, excluding foreign-born individuals from holding fed- eral office, limiting the president to one term, and forbidding successive presidents from the same state

DeWitt Clinton

Proposed to connect Lake Erie and the Hudson river - the Erie canal was created

Thomas Jefferson

Proposed to set June 1 the day of the Boston Port Act as a day of prayer and fasting

Huguenots

Protestants

Property

Protestants were hostile towards this

Huegonots

Protestants whose religious freedom had been revoked by Catholic France

Sons of Liberty

Protesters of the acts called themselves this. Met underneath liberty trees - Great elm in Boston - Live oak in Charleston, South Carolina

Old Puritan Churches

Proved the most vulnerable to appeal of religious liberalism

Arthur and Lewis Tappan

Provided Garrison with he funds to launch his abolitionist newspaper The Liberator - also established Oberlin college

South and West

Provided enticing opportunities for American inventiveness and entrepreneurship

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

Provided federal aid to state colleges teaching "agricultural and mechanical arts"

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Provided naval joint patrols off the coast of Africa to suppress the outlawed slave trade - also settled the dispute between America's northern border

15th Amendment

Provided that black men could vote

Methodists

Provided the largest number of clergy men to the military camps

Camp meetings

Provided the opportunity for women to participate as equals in a large gathering

American Sunday School Union

Provided weekly educational instruction, including basic literacy, even in backwoods communities

Friedrich Wilhelm, baron von Steuben

Prussian soldier of fortune - used an interpreter and frequent profanity to teach troops fundamentals of how to march in formation and how to handle weapons

David Walker

Published Walker's Appeal in which he denounced the hypocrisy of Christians in the slave holding South endorsing the practice of race-based human bondage.

The Universal Asylum and Columbian Magazine

Published in Philadelphia in 1790 - America is represented as a women laying down her shield to engage in education, art, commerce, and agriculture

Massachusetts Centenial

Published the Federal Pillars after Massachusetts ratified the Constitution - said United they Stand - Divided fall

Celia

Purchased by Robert Newsom at 14 years of age - he had an affair with her and treated her as his mistress - she gave birth to two kids presumably his - reveals the complexity of slavery and the difficult choices that needed to be made - she killed him with a stick and then she was hung for the crime

English Civil War lead to the formation of

Puritan Commonwealth and Protectorate

Zion

Puritans set out to build this Utopian society

Non-separating Congregationalists

Puritans wanted to purify Anglican church not separate from it

Tariff of 1832

Pushed by John Quincy Adams - it reduced taxes on many items but tariffs on cloth and iron remained high

Only denomination that let women preach

Quakers

Nebraska

Quarter of the residents were foreign born

Most decisive victory in French and Indian War

Quebec - was gateway to Canada

Utopian Communites

Quickly ran out of steam - where perfect communities

Transcontinentals

Railroads that spanned deserts, mountains, canyons and rivers

Barbed Wire Wars

Ranchers cut other ranchers barbed wire fences or policed their own

Hide and Tallow Trade

Ranchos in California produced cowhide and beef tallow in large quantities - both of these products were in demand - cowhide for shoes and beef tallow for candles

Declaration of Independence

Reasonable Enlightenment ideas were vividly set forth in Thomas Jefferson's document

Thomas Paine

Recent emigrant to America from England wrote Common Sense a pamphlet

Continental Association of 1774

Recommended all communities to form committees that boycotted British goods - required Colonists to sign an oath and those who didn't were ostracized and tarred and feathers

Fort Mims

Red stick creeks allied with British attacked this fort and killed 535 people- massacred the people - angered Andrew Jackson and he took up arms against them

Land Act of 1800

Reduced the minimum unit to 320 acres and spread payments over four years. Thus, with a down payment of $160, one could buy a farm.

Civil War

Reduced the the influence of the planter elite in politics and elevated the power of the northern industry

Polk's presidential objectives

Reducing tariffs on imports - reestablished Van Buren's independent Treasury - resolving the Oregon boundary dispute with Britain - and acquiring California from Mexico - he did all of these

Edmund Randolph

Refused to sign the document - but changed and signed it when the Bill of Rights was announced

US Patent Office

Registered 235 thousand patents after 1890, mostly happened as a result of steel and oil production

Railroad

Reignited sectional rivalries and reopened the slavery issue

Revivalists

Related to Great Awakening - revival of faith

United States

Remained largely rural - 23 million people were very diverse - participation in civil life was high

Spoils system

Removal of federal employees so candidate can replace federal officials with his own supporters

College of Rhode Island

Renamed Brown University which was Baptist founded in 1764

Queens College

Renamed Rutgers founded in 1766 was Dutch reformed

Academy of Philadelphia

Renamed University of Pennsylvania was the only colonial college founded out of secular impulse

Lord Rockingham

Replaced Greenville- leader of a whig faction - Rockingham led government repealed the Stamp act

John B. Hood

Replaced Joseph E. Johnston - was a natural fighter but an inept strategist who did not know the meaning of retreat

George B. McClellan

Replaced McDowell as commander - was Stonewall Jackson's classmate at west point - was very timid to attack

King's Friends

Replaced inner politicians of George II's reign with a compliment group

James Tallmadge Jr.

Representative, a New York congressman, who proposed a resolution prohibiting the transport of more slaves into Missouri, which already had some ten thousand, and providing freedom at age twenty-five to those slaves born after the territory's admission as a state

Benjamin Franklin

Represented America in France - was already there

Judiciary Act of 1801

Republican-Controlled Congress repealed it in 1802

Act to Prevent Frauds and Abuses of 1696

Require colonial governors to enforce trade laws - allowed custom officials to use writs of assistance

Tenure of Office Act

Required Senate permission for the president to remove any federal officeholder whose appointment was confirmed by the Senate

Sugar

Required a lot of money to purchase machinery to grind from cane - need the prop of tariff to allow it to compete with foreign suppliers - produced that anomaly of pro-tariff congressmen from Louisiana where this was king

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Required a period of preparation for statehood - state would need 5000 free male adults to be eligible for an assembly. Congress would choose names of members in assembly and governor could veto actions by the territorial assembly and so could Congress - resembles old royal colonies once state had 60,000 free residents it could apply for statehood - Ohio was first territory to receive statehood this way - banned slavery from the Northwest - new states were equals

Geary Act

Required all Chinese people to carry a resident permit that said they were citizens, if they didn't they would be deported, Chinese people called it the Dog Taw Law

Command of Army Act

Required all orders from the command in chief go through the headquarters of the general of the army

Quartering Act

Required colonies to feed and house British troops - affected mainly New York

Wade-Davis Bill

Required that a majority of white male citizens declare their allegiance for a state to join the Union - only those who took oath against the Confederacy could vote or serve in the state constitutional conventions - Lincoln vetoed it

Textile system

Required the use of flowing water to power machinery

Great Compromise

Resolved clash involving congressional representation - sometimes called Connecticut compromise because it was proposed by Roger Sherman - bigger state got more delegates in House of Representatives and smaller states got equal representation in the Senate

Northern victory

Restored the Union and helped America accelerate into becoming a modern nation-state

National Typographical Union

Revived the effort to organize skilled crafts on a national scale

Band of Brothers

Revolutionary generation of leader - what John Adams called them - they began to separate

Most profitable crops

Rice, Tobacco, Indigo

William Byrd II

Rich plantation owner that said the unhappy effect of owning many Negroes is the necessity of being severe

Jacksonian Inequality

Rich were really rich and poor were really poor

Tredegar Iron Works

Richmond, VA - employed 12000 workers

Walton Road

Road that led people to Tennesee through the Appalachian Mountains

Fire Eaters

Robert Barnwell Rhett of South Carolina, William Lowndes Yancey of Alabama, and Edmund Ruffin of Virginia - the fed the abstract doctrine of secession into reality

J.E.B Stuart

Robert E. Lee's aid - he helped end John Brown's raid

James Callender

Rogue journalist hired by Thomas Jefferson to produce a document that described President Adams as a deranged monarch with the intent of becoming king

Acadians

Roman Catholic residents of Canada - were expelled from Nova Scotia - many went to Lousiana and became Cajuns

Andrew Carnegie

Rose from poor to rich similar to Rockefeller, made hsi fortune off of a new method of producing cheap steel

Wilderness Road

Route to Kentucky through the Cumberland Gap - made transportation a little easier

Thomas Hutchinson

Royal Governor of Massachusetts vetoed the cry of freedom

Sir Francis Bernard

Royal governor of Massachusetts at the time

William Berkeley

Royal governor of Virginia - made Virginia Anglican

Sir Edmund Andros

Royal governor of the dominion of New England - enforced all laws and took over a Puritan church and made it Anglican

Boston King

Runaway slave

Coureurs de Bois

Runners of woods - roamed the interior in quest of furs

Crop-Lien System

Rural merchants furnished supplies to small farm owners in return for liens on their future crops

William Sherman

Said railroads were "the work of giants," describing how difficult it is to build such structures

Polk Inaugural address

Said that America's claim to Oregon was clear and questionable

Edward Rutledge

Said that British decision to arm and liberate slaves did more to create eternal separation between Great Britain and the colonies than any other expedient

Harper's Weekly

Said that Bull Run dates the war - a war that breaks hearts

Baltimore Republican

Said that Harrison should be retired drinking apple cider in a log cabin - Whigs seized upon this and said Harrison was a simple man

Lecompton Constitution

Said that Kansas would become a slave state

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Said that Mexico will poison us - agreed with Calhoun

Josiah Atkins

Said that Revolution's ideals were strikingly inconsistent with the widespread practice of slavery

Wilmot Proviso

Said that Texas could be a slave state, but other land acquired from Mexico would be free - festered the debate over the extension of slavery - House of Representatives adopted it while the Senate did not - Polk dismissed it - kept popping up in Congress

Increase Mather

Said that drink is good but too much is drink of satan

Abraham Lincoln

Said that he voted for the Wilmot Proviso at least 40 times - the Nebraska-Kansas act angered him -

Lincoln's Inaugural Address

Said that he wouldn't interfere with slavery in states that it already existed - also said that no state could get out of the Union -

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

Said that rebel states could form a Union government whenever a number 10% of people who had voted in 1860 too oath of allegiance to the Constitution and the Union and had to receive a presidential pardon

Ohio Idea

Said that since most war bongs were bought with depreciated green-backs they should be paid off in them too instead of gold

John C. Calhoun

Said that slavery was a great good

Dunmore's proclamation

Said that slaves would get freedom if they bear arms against America

United States v. Cruikshank (1876)

Said that states' rights trumped federal authority when it came to protecting freed blacks from white terrorists

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Said that the Civil War has assumed such huge proportions that it threatens to engulf us all—no preoccupation can exclude it, & no hermitage hide us."

Public Credit Act

Said that the federal debt must be paid in gold

Independent Treasury Act

Said that the government should cease risking its deposits in shaky state banks and set up an independent Treasury - elicited opposition from a combination of Whigs and conservative Democrats who feared deflation

New York Herald

Said that the north had gotten tired of the negro

Gilbert Livingstone

Said that the ratification of the Constitution was the greatest transaction of their lives

Eliza Wilkinson

Said that women have a weaker body but can do as much as men

Empress of China

Sailed to New York City and to Canton - opened up large trade with China for silk and tea - came from Kuang-Chou (present day Guangzhou)

Status of women

Same status - wife was obliged to obey here husband - were limited to the domestic sphere

Grimke Sisters

Sarah and Angelina - brought the issue of women's rights to center stage - were daughters of planters, but were abolitionists

Clara Barton

Saw the distribution of medecines to the Union troops - was a nurse - later helped found the American Red Cross

Tenure of Office Act

Says that the president cannot remove officers without the Senate's consent - Johnson removed his secretary

French in Illinois

Scattered French Settlers began farming on fertile land

James Howard

School teacher that fought and had a stand off with Redcoat - fired simultaneously - Redcoat died, Howard suffered a head wound

Barbarians

Scots Irish back-country patriot leaders

Major General Edward Braddock

Seasoned, stubborn, and overconfident officer, was marching to Fort Duquesne - they failed to recruit Indian scouts so the British were ambushed and a lot of men were killed including Braddock

Martin Van Buren

Secretary of State - 8th president - son of shop keeper - was governor of New York but resigned to join Andrew Jackson - inherited a very bad economic crisis

Louis McLane

Secretary of Treasury - Jackson fired him

Albert Gallatin

Secretary of Treasury - political ally and longtime neighbor of Thomas Jefferson - Swiss born Pennsylvanian republican whose financial skills won him the respect of the Federalists

Jefferson Davis

Secretary of War- promoted the Gadsden purchase - wanted a southern route for the transcontinental railroad - was the president of the Confederacy

Results of the Revolution

Secured American independence, generated a sense of nationalism, created unique system of self governance, transformed the lives of people who had been pushed aside by society - Natives, Women, and Africans.

Plotters

Seducers of the slaves - people who conspired with the slaves

Barbary Pirates

Seized ships in the Mediterranean and made the country pay ransom and blackmailed the country - declared a war

Van Burenite "Barnburners"

Seized upon the issue of free-soil as a moral imperative

Plantation Mistress

Seldom led a life of idle leisure - supervised the domestic household -

New England was

Self Governing

Roger Sherman

Self-trained lawyer adept at negotiating compromises

How did British officials end up viewing colonists

Selfish and self-centered because they weren't paying their fair share of taxes

Seminole Wars

Seminole Indians were soon fighting white settlers in the area, and in 1817, Americans burned a Seminole border settlement; Secretary of War Calhoun authorized the use of federal troops against the Seminoles, and he summoned General Andrew Jackson from Nashville to take command; assault at St. Marks

Samuel A. Foot

Senator from Connecticut - proposed that the federal government restrict land sales in the west

Stephen A. Douglas

Senator from Illinois - Endorsed popular sovereignty - was a rising star in the Democratic party - wanted a northern transcontinental railroad where Chicago would be the eastern terminus

Charles Sumner

Senator from Massachusetts - disliked slavery - blamed the Kansas incident on Andrew Pickens Butler

Henry L. Dawes

Senator from Massachusetts - sponsored the Dawes Severalty Act

Lewis Cass

Senator from Michigan - suggested that citizens of a territory regulate there own internal concerns - won the Democratic nomination

George Poindexter

Senator from Mississippi - Jackson thought that he had hired the assassin

Daniel Webster

Senator who scoffed at unruly crowd at Jackson's inaugural address - Senator from Massachusetts defended the east in the Webster-Hayne debate - was foremost orator and lawyer - denied that the East had ever shown a restrictive policy towards the west

Conciliatory Proposition

Sent to individual colonies - Continental Congress was unrecognized - said that Britain would impose no taxes if colonies paid for its share of military defense and the salary of royal governors

John Adams

Sent to represent America in Netherlands - said to have hated everybody so didn't do a good job

John Jay

Sent to represent America in Spain

Mechanical Thrashers

Separated the grains of wheat from the straw

Virginia Resolves

Series of resolutions inspired by Patrick Henry - declared the Virginians were entitled to rights of Englishmen and could only be taxed by their elected officials

Second Great Awakening

Series of revivals that arose out of fears of secularism - had two very different centers of activity - one from elite colleges especially Yale and then spread to New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois - the other came together in the backwoods of Kentucky and Tennessee - both basically said that salvation was available to everyone

Land Prices and Sustainability

Served as a magnet to the Old Southwest when the seaboard economy faltered

American Federation of Labor

Served as a skilled worker's union, founded by Gompers

Military Reconstruction Act

Set a precedent among former slave societies in providing voting rights to freed slaves almost immediately after emancipation - it was the first effort in building a military-enforced nation

Bureau of Reclamation

Set about building such major projects as the Boulder (later the Hoover) Dam on the Nevada-Arizona line, the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona, the Elephant Butte Dam in New Mexico, and the Arrowrock Dam in Idaho

14th Amendment

Set forth guarantees for civil rights of African American

Panic of 1873

Set off a depression that lasted six years, the longest and most severe that Americans had yet suffered. Thousands of businesses went bankrupt, millions of people lost their jobs, and as usually occurs, voters blamed the party in power for their economic woes

Paul Revere

Set out to ward the rebels of the British

William Dawes

Set out to ward the rebels of the British

Pinckney's Treaty

Set the American southern boundary at the 31st parallel and opened access for Americans to ship goods on the Mississippi river and the right to transport goods to Spanish - controlled New Orleans and a promise by each side to refrain from inciting Indian attacks on the other side

Yale College

Set up in 1701 to educate the Puritans in Connecticut who thought Harvard was drifting from the strictest orthodoxy

Californios

Settlers of Hispanic descent

1712 New York Slave revolts

Several dozen slaves revolted - the militia stopped the slaves - the slaves were burned alive or executed 6 committed suicide

No secessionists in Congress

Several projects that caused controversy were passed - transcontinental railroad was made - Homestead act was passed - National Banking Act was passed - Morrill Land Grant Act was passed - Contract Labor Act was passed

John C. Calhoun

Shared the ambivalent outlook - Would the agrarian Republic retain its virtue and cohesion amid the chaotic commercial development

Webster-Hayne Debate

Sharpened the line between state's rights and the Union and provoked a national crisis

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader - tried to unite the tribes

Delegation of Northern Indians

Shawnees, Delawares, and Mohawks talked Cherokees into striking frontier settlements in Virginia and the Carolinas

March to Sea

Sherman went from Tennessee to Charleston - Hood left a trail of destruction

Chesapeake

Ship that the Leopard fired upon around 8 miles from the coast of Virginia

Sacagawea

Shoshone woman who helped Lewis and Clark as a guide, translator, and negotiator

Alexander Berkman

Shot Frick thrice and stabbed him twice, but Frick lived somehow (wtf), and got a fifth of the striking workers back after they accepted the company's terms

"Robber barons"

Shrewd, undermined and dishonest men who often used illegal scams to make money, like the Crédit Mobilier

Railroads

Shrunk time and distance, were the most used method of transportation during the Second Industrial Revolution, prompted the creation of international time zones, 200 thousand miles by 1897

Battle of Yorktown

Siege began on September 28 De Grasse brought his ships and a total of 16000 men fought and forced Cornwallis to surrender

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Signed by Mexico and the United States

Enlightenment

Significant burst of intellectual activity that started in Europe and came to the colonies - Enlightenment celebrated rational inquiry, scientific research, and individual freedom

"coolie" laborers

Single Chinese men who wanted to make money quickly and return to their homeland so they could marry and buy land

Artisans

Skilled workers who made products

Mechanics

Skilled workers who made, used or repaired tools and machines

Walker Tariff (1846)

Slashed tariff rates

African slavery differences from New World slavery

Slave servitude would not always be permanent - and children would not always be slaves

Missouri Compromise

Slavery thus would continue in the Arkansas Territory and in the new state of Missouri but would be excluded from the remainder of the area;

Belief of Slavery

Slavery was a thing when Americans were fighting for their freedom - was said by Abigail Adams and George Washington

Slave Culture

Slaves lived in towns and cities - most of the slaves in New York came from the Caribbean

Contrabands

Slaves who sought protection and freedom with the Union

Lying with the wenches

Sleeping with prostitutes

Stephen Decatur

Slipped into Tripoli Harbor and set fire to the frigate Philadelphia which was captured - the pasha set a 60,000 ransom on the crew of the Philadelphia - led the war on the Barbary coast during the War of 1812

Samuel Prescott

Slipped through British patrol and warned the rebels in Concord

Embargo of 1807

Slowed American textile production

Yeomen

Small farmers - most numerous white settlers - lived with their families in simple cabins - many had some says while most had none - usually traded and grew some corn and cotton - women usually did domestic chores

Corsairs

Small fast ships used by Mediterranean pirates captured American vessels and crew

Andrew Jackson

Small in stature, self-made soldier, politician, and slave-owning land speculator - didn't sanction equality - born to Scots-Irish - father died and mother was a housekeeper - him and his brothers fought in Revolutionary war - 1 died - he was captured and got a scar from a British saber - hated British

Disease that affected lots of troops

Small pox

Red Mountain

So named because of its iron ore

Regulators

Societies to administer vigilante justice in the region

Ohio Women's Rights Convention (1851)

Sojourner Truth spoke here and said she was a woman

Hired Out

Some city slaves did this where some of their earnings would go to their owners

John Quincy Adams

Son of John Adams became president

John Humphrey Noyes

Son of Vermont congressman and educated at Dartmouth - established the Oneida Community - said every man was married to every women - called themselves "Perfectionists" - was arrested for practicing free love

Degüello

Song played by the Mexicans at the attack of the Alamo

New Jersey Plan

Sought to keep existing structure bit give Congress the power to levy taxes and regulate commerce and authority to name an executive and a supreme court

Robert Y. Hayne

South Carolina Senator - commented on how the fields were being abandoned

James H. Hammond

South Carolina Senator that said not to make war with cotton - cotton is king - it represented how the South got cocky and belligerent about cotton production

Ordinance of Seccession

South Carolina passed this because a purely section party held the white house

Stono uprising

South Carolina slave rebellion of 1739 - slaves heads were cut off and placed at every mile post

Southern Dependancy

South depended on the North to ship its cotton and tobacco

Southern Differences

South differed in architecture, its penchant for fighting, guns, horsemanship, and the military, and its attachment to an agrarian ideal and a cult of masculine "honor"

Protestant

South was overwhelmingly this Christian denomination

31st Parallel

Southern Boundary line that America called its southern border

10th Amendment

Sovereignty was reserved to the state

Yazoo River

Spain claimed Americas southern border was this river

3 Great European Powers

Spain, England, and France

Tejanos

Spanish-speaking Texans of Mexican or Spanish descent clustered around San Antonio - Anglos outnumbered them 10 to 1

Vermont Constitution of 1777

Specifically forbade slavery

The American Scholar (1837)

Speech delivered by Ralph Waldo Emerson at Harvard which urged the young to put aside their awe of Europe and explore their own new world

George Whitefield

Spellbinding evangelist - claimed that congregations were lifeless - goal was to restore religious fervor in American congregations

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

Sponsored by senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts - the act divided tribal lands, granting 160 acres to each head of a family and lesser amounts to others - increased white plundering of Indian land

The Sand-lot Incident

Sporadic anti-Chinese people attacked Chinatown because white people believed the Asians took their jobs

Birmingham, Alabama

Sprang up in the 1870s under the shadow of Red Mountain - was so called the Pittsburgh of the South because it made steel

Tobacco

Spread to Kentucky and as far west as Missouri

Preemption Act of 1830

Squatters could stake out claims ahead of the land surveys and later get 160 acres at the minimum price of $1.25

Due Subordination

Stamp Act congress recognized its right to regulate colonial trade

Scientific Revolution

Started by Copernicus - period of scientific discovery where people moved away from church

Battle of Wounded Knee

Started by an accidental rifle discharge by a soldier into a group of Indians - ended in 200 Indians and 25 soldiers dead

Creek War

Started by the attack of Fort Mims - Andrew Jackson and his crew killed many Creeks because the massacred people at Fort Mims

French Revolution

Started foreign problems for America - French rebels marched on Bastille and created their own Constitution

Second Industrial Revolution

Started in the 1850s in the USA and Germany, included the finishing of the undersea telegraph lines, railroad networks, steamships, etc

Industrial Revolution

Started in the North through technological breakthroughs like the cotton gin, mechanical harvester, and railroad - also gave rise to the factory system

Mexican Traders

Started leading caravans east to Missouri

George Ripley

Started the Brook Farm utopian community

Fall of Fort Sumter

Started the Civil War and created a wave a bravado across the Confederacy

Ferdinand Schumacher

Started the Quaker Oats Company

Francis Asbury

Started the circuit rider system - was a tireless British revivalist

South Carolina

State that suffered from prolonged agricultural depression - would lose almost 70000 residents to emigration

Convention of 1818

Stated that Britain and America had joint occupation of the Oregon territory

12th Amendment

Stated that electors have to use separate ballot to vote for the president and the vice president

Article IV

Stated that the federal Constitution and federal laws are the laws of the land

1830 Georgia Law

Stated that whites in the Cherokee territory had to obtain licenses authorizing their new residence their and make an oath of allegiance to the state

Women's Work

Still worked primarily in the home - the only professions that were readily available were nursing and teaching

July 4, 1791

Stock in the new Bank of the United States was put up for sale and sold out within an hour

Fort Necessity

Stockade at Great Meadows - vengeful French soldiers attacked during a rainstorm and 100 of Washington's 300 men were killed or wounded - Washington surrendered

Bathsheba Kingsley

Stole her husbands horse and spread the gospel in her town after "immediate revelations from heaven"

Embargo Act

Stopped all exports of American goods and prohibited American ships from leaving for foreign ports - was very bad - was repealed

What trees were used by Royal Navy

Straightest and tallest America trees mostly pine and oak - American ships were prized for their quality and price

Enlightenment rationalism

Stressed human kinds inherent goodness rather than its depravity and encouraged a belief in social progress and the promise of individual perfectibility

Frederick Douglass

Stressed that military service was the way to go for African Americans -

Oregon Country

Stretched from the 42nd parallel north to 54°40' - both Spain and Russia had claims to it but they gave them up leaving Britain and America as the only claimants

Old Republicans

Strictly adhered to Republican party principles

1849 drought

Struck the region west of the Mississippi river so Indians had to resort to begging white travelers for food

Protestants

Struggled to reunite after the war because they split up into north and south denominations

Brigham Young

Successor to Joseph Smith as the Mormon leader - was strong-minded and intelligent - had 26 wives - took Mormons to Utah

Anglicanism

Suffered after the American Revolution being in alignment with the Church of England - lost its status as the official religion in most states

Tories

Supporters of Jackson

Joseph Story

Supreme Court Justice - said he had never see such a mixture of people than at Jackson's inaugural address

Judicial Review

Supreme Court could decide whether acts of Congress were Constitutional or not

Riding the Circuit

Supreme court judges were initially itinerant judges that spent most of their year going to circuit courts

Protestant Preachers

Switched from attacking slavery to defending it as a divinely ordained social system sanctioned by in the Bible

African words in English language

Tabby, tote, cooter, goober, yam, banana

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff of 1828 and cause of South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Tariff

Tax on imports

Morrill Tariff

Tax on imports and taxes manufacturers and nearly every profession

Prohibitive duties

Taxes on certain major colonial exports

Battle of Tippecanoe

Tecumseh's followers attacked Harrison's encampment but lost - Tecumseh's dream went up in flames - Harrison lit up Prophetsville

Important Inventions

Telephones, typewriters, adding machines, sewing machines, cameras, elevators and farm machinery

Southern Whigs

Tended to abstain from voting

War Democrats

Tennessee senator Andrew Johnson and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, supported Lincoln's policies, while a peace wing of the party preferred an end to the fighting, even if that meant risking the Union.

Frontier Areas

Tennessee, Kentucky, and Florida

Restoration

Term that Johnson used instead of Reconstruction because he believed that the states never left the Union

Jesuit French Missions

Terre Haute (High Land) and Des Moines (Some Monks)

Land Ordinance of 1784

Territory's population equaled that of the smallest existing state. Written by Thomas Jefferson

Lone Star Republic

Texas - drafted a constitution that legalized slavery and banned free blacks, elected Sam Houston its first president, voted overwhelmingly for annexation to the United States, and began systematically suppressing and displacing the Indians living in Texas.

Expanded Enterprises

Textiles, banking, transportation, publishing, retailing, teaching, preaching, medicine, law, construction, and engineering

Mary McLeod Bethune

The 15th child of slaves - she learned how to read and walked 5 miles to school everyday - she founded a school that turned into a 4 year college in Florida

Fort Laramie Treaty

The American Government invited many Native American Tribes for a conference and almost 10000 of them showed up - annual cash payments for the Indians was given as compensation for the damage caused by wagon trains to hunting grounds - in return Indians would stop harnessing wagon trains and allowed federal forts to be built - also the Indians would confine themselves to a space - was important because it foreshadowed the reservation concept

Financial situation

The Bank of the United States 20 year charter ended - so it did not exist anymore - a lot of new banks opened and they just gave out money - also imports were cut because British navy blocked American ports

George Canning

The British foreign minister who told the U.S. minister to London that the two countries should jointly oppose any incursions by France or Spain in the Western Hemisphere

Thomas Sumter

The Carolina Gamecock - guerrilla leader

Pierre G.T. Beaurgard

The Confederate general - was a Louisiana native - learned the use of artillery under Anderson - started attacking Fort Sumter

Texas v. White (1869)

The Court asserted the right for Congress to reframe state governments - endorsed the radical Republican point of view

Merciless Indian Savages

The Declaration of Independence dismissed them as

Calvinist orthodoxy

The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening eroded this belief

San Francisco

The Gold Rush transformed this city in to the largest city west of Chicago

Gag rule

The House adopted a rule putting abolition petitions on the table - John Quincy Adams said this was a violation of the first amendment - rule was repealed

Great Plains

The Native Americans last refuge

Pacific Northwest Indians

The Nisqually, Spokane, Yakama, Chinook, Klamath, and Nez Perce (Pierced Nose) - enjoyed the most abundant resources and the most temperate climate - ate berries, nuts, and game

Tenskwatawa

The Prophet - Tecumseh's twin brother

Why Union would win

The South had sparse industrial development, smaller pool of able-bodied men, paucity of gold and warships, and spotty transportation network

Convict Leasing

The South leased convicts to generate money and to avoid penitentiary expenses - many convicts were African Americans

Francis Marion

The Swamp Fox - guerrilla leader

Dred Scott Decision (1858)

The U.S. Supreme Court said that enslaved Africans and their descendants where not eligible for citizenship

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

The United States paid Mexico 10 million dollars for what is New Mexico and Arizona because the land was nice for a continental railroad

Maysville Road bill (1830)

The bill authorized a road running from Maysville, Kentucky to Lexington - it would be constructed by the Maysville Turnpike Road Company - Jackson called it unconstitutional

Boston

The center of the Unitarian movement - flourished chiefly with Congregational churches

William Pendleton

The chief artillery officer under Robert E. Lee - named his 4 favorite cannons Christian names

Republican Party

The combination of conscious Whigs, independent Democrats, and Free-Soilers created this party

The University of Virginia

The curriculum modeled Thomas Jefferson's view on education

Treaty of Fort Jackson

The devastated Creeks were forced to cede two thirds of their land to the United States, some twenty-three million acres, including a third of Georgia and most of Alabama. Even those Creeks who had fought on Jackson's side were forced to give up their lands.

Mississippi River Valley

The expansion fever ran high and the war with Mexico was very popular

All of Oregon or none

The expansionists cried this when they were prepared to go to war with the British

Waltham, Massachusetts

The factory system sprang full-blown here in 1813 - integrated plant of Boston Manufacturing Company - formed by the Boston Associates on who was Francis Cabot Lowell - first plant with power machinery

Federal Highways Act of 1916

The federal government did not enter the field on a large scale until passage of this act

Distribution Act

The federal governments surplus money would go to the states government - proposed by Henry Clay

The Rainbow

The first clipper ship set sail in 1846 -

New Helvita

The fort that Sutter built - Americans called it Sutter's fort - became a magnet for Americans traveling to Sacramento country - stood at the end of the California trail - was worked by local Indians

Lowell Girls

The girls who worked in the mills in Lowell - were provided with tolerable work, prepared meals, comfortable boardinghouses, moral discipline, and educational and cultural opportunities

Specie Circular

The government would only accept gold or silver coins in the payment for land - put many state banks in a plight

Plantation System

The growth of cash crops helped foster this system and its dependence on slave labor

Panic of 1819

The impressive post-War of 1812 economic expansion ended. Banks throughout the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, triggering widespread unemployment.

Impressment

The kidnapping of men in British and colonial ports to recruit them into the navy because rowers were needed - seizure of American ships provided new recruits

Era of Good Feelings

The label became a popular catchphrase for Monroe's administration, one that historians would later seize upon as a label for the period.; marked a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars

Gila River

The land of the Gadsden purchase south of this river

Reason why South had less immigrants

The main shipping lines went from Europe to northern ports such as Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia - another reason is the immigrants didn't want to compete with slave labor

Lakota Sioux

The most powerful tribe - agreed to the treaty but failed to adhere to it -

Henry Clay

The new speaker of the house - known for his combative temperament and propensity for dueling, yearned for war.

Florida

The new spirit of nationalism reached a climax with the acquisition of this state

Pacific

The new spirit of nationalism reached a climax with the extension of America's southwestern boundary to the this body of water

Sectional differences

The north owed more debt than the south - Madison didn't like Hamilton's plan because of this

John Bull

The personification of England

McCormick's Reaping Machine

The plow eased the transformation of rough plains into fertile farmland, and the reaping machine accelerated farm production

Mississippi River

The right to ship goods by boat down this river was given by the Treaty of Paris; the international boundary ran down the middle of the river for most of its length, entirely within Spanish Louisiana in its lower reaches; was closed n 1784 by Louisiana's Spanish governor so conspiration with the Indians against the US could ensue

Washington D.C.

The sale of slaves was banned but not slavery itself

Henry Clay and Daniel Webster

The two most cunning statesmen

Baptist or Methodist

The vast majority of Southerners were this

John Jacob Astor

The wealthiest man in America (worth more than $20 million at his death in 1848), came of humble if not exactly destitute origins. The son of a minor official in Ger- many, he arrived in the United States in 1784 with little or nothing and made a fortune on the western fur trade, which he then parlayed into a much larger fortune in New York real estate.

North American theater

Theater of operations of the Continental Army

Post inaugural party

There were a mixture of people who only left the White House after liquor was carried out to the law

Merchants

These people were prevented from reviving old trade relationships with Island economies in the British West Indies so they called for trade reprisals against the British

Bribery and Alcohol

These were used to woo the Indian chiefs

What happened to Loyalists

They were forced out - most went to Canada or the Caribbean

Cheyennes

This Indian group and others supplied buffalo meat and skins to white pioneers

Child Labor

This advanced just like the rest of the working class, children did unskilled work for very little pay, numbered nearly 2 million by 1900, received little education or nurturing as a result

Enslaved labor under separate supervision

This distinguished a plantation from a neighboring farm in addition to its size

Fighting

This followed when Whites could not coerce, cajole, or confuse Indian leaders into selling land

Slave Trade Outlaw

This increased the price of slaves causing them to be worth more and causing people to treat them better

The Border Ruffian Code in Kansas (1856)

This map, which appeared in a pamphlet published by Horace Greeley's New York Tribune, shows the nation divided into slave states (dark), free states (white), and those in the middle (gray). It attempts to "prove how the suffering South is oppressed by the North."

St. Louis

This old French town became the funnel through which settlers, largely southerners who brought their slaves with them, rushed westward beyond the Mississippi River.

Greenback party

This party was formed because the Specie Resumption act infuriated those promoting an inflationary monetary policy

Tyler Presidency

This presidency led to the worst economic depression in the history of the young nation - bank failures mounted, unemployment soared,

South Carolina

This southern state voted for the tariff, led by John C. Calhoun, did so because they hoped that the South itself might become a manufacturing center

Discovery of gold

This whetted the white's appetite for Cherokee land and brought prospectors into the country

Deism

Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin were this - believe that people may grasp the natural laws governing the universe - defended freedom of speech and opposed religious coercion - did not believe in the divinity of Jesus or miracles

Prestige

Thomas Jefferson said that it was derived from holding land and having slaves

Mexican War

Thoreau thought that the war was unjust and was to advance the cause of slavery - refused to pay poll tax because of this

Reason that colonists didn't like cheap tea

Thought it was a reason to tax them on the tea

British Ships

Threatened to board American ships to see if there were slaves on board

Glorious Revolution

Threw out King James and William and Mary were king and queen. Colonists rebelled and threw out Andros and became own colonies - Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay became one colony

Era of Good Feelings

Time after the War of 1812

War of Independence

Time when members of Congress distrusted and limited executive power

The Professions

Title of lecture that Henry Day gave at the Western Reserve School of Medicine

Planter

To be this one had to own 20 slaves - only 1 out 30 whites in the south were this according to the 1860 census - they excersized disproportionate social and political influence

Episcopalians

To lose pro-British image Virginian Anglicans renamed themselves - was losing stature and support

Profitable crops

Tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo, and sugarcane

Sphere of Women

Took care of the home and they listened to husband

Margaret Corbin

Took the place of her husband when he fell at an artillery post

Loyalists

Tories - People loyal to Britain

New Harmony

Town started in Harmonie, Indiana - was based on secular principles - management was turned over to a town meeting and council - as good for a while then failed - was supposed to be a Utopian society

Boonsborough

Town that Boone built near Lexington in an area called Transylvania

Jefferson's Presidency

Trade and other sources of income flourished, wise and frugal government that let the government operate on its income,

British Rule of 1756

Trade closed in time of peace would remained closed during a time of war

West Point

Trained some engineers

Benedict Arnold

Traitorous British general - was a general at West Point - was selling America secrets

King William's War

Transatlantic war against France - first of 4 great wars

Theodore Parker

Transcendentalist reformer that said slavery was the blight of the nation

Black religion

Transformed by the Civil War because slaves were able to create churches for the first time -

Aaron Montgomery Ward

Travelling salesmen who came up with mail-order

Chancellor of Exchequer

Treasury

Currency

Treasury notes

Treaty of Alliance

Treaty signed with France that said that both countries would fight until America's independence was won - neither could conclude a truce or peace without the other approving - and guaranteed each other's possessions in America

Treaty of Amity and Commerce

Treaty signed with France, Recognized the United States and offered trade concessions including privileges to American shipping

Witness Trees

Trees that were notched to make boundary claims

Seminoles and Cherokees

Tribes that fought against the Indian Removal Act - Seminoles fought a guerilla war in the Everglades

Paiutes, and Gosiutes

Tribes that struggled to survive the harsh climate of the Great Basin - traveled in family groups and they lived in small villages - they ate berries, pine nuts, insects, and rodents also were adept at fishing

Peaceable Coercion

Tried to remain peaceful and not get into the war between France and Britain

St. Louis

Tripled in size because most of western fur trade was funneled down the Missouri river

Worcester v. Georgia

Two New England missionaries among the Indians refused to abide by the law and were sentenced to four years at hard labor - Marshall said that Cherokee nation was a distinct land within which Georgia law had no effect

1. Whether to amend the Articles of Confederation or to draft a new document 2. Whether to determine congressional representation by state or population

Two major issues faced by Congress

Young Women

Type of worker who mostly worked at Waltham and Lowell

Salmon P. Chase

U.S. Secretary who added "In God We Trust" to American coins expressing the nations religious zeal

Thomas Pinckney

U.S. negotiator that negotiated Pinckney's treaty

XYZ Affair

US had to pay a bribe of 250,000 to start negotiations with France

Treaty of Cession

US obtained the Louisiana Territory for about 15 million

Vagrant Blacks

Unemployed Blacks - were often arrested and were forced to labor on the fields because they could not pay the fines

Richard Lawrence

Unemployed house painter who tried to assassinate Jackson but his pistol misfired - he pulled out another pistol but it too misfired - he was deranged - thought he was the King of England and tried to kill his sister

Irvin McDowell

Union general at the Battle of Bull Run

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general who got the first major win for the Union with the capture of Fort Donelson

Henry Halleck

Union general who was jealous of Grant's success - he spread the rumor that Grant had been drinking so he became the commander

1778 Treaty of Alliance

United States was a perpetual ally of France and was required to defend France's possession of the West Indies

Confederate Constitution

Unlike the U.S. Constitution it explicitly invoked the guidance of God

Burned-over district

Upstate New York received such intense levels of evangelical activity it was labeled this

Benjamin F. Perry

Urged business leaders to educate the masses, industrialize, work hard, and seek Northern investments

Molly Maguires

Used beatings, killings and intimidation to show that the working conditions were very dangerous and needed to be made safer, were a group of Irish people

Southern theater

Used to describe area of America below Virginia

Milldam

Used to produce a head of water for operating a mill

Wage laborers

Usually Irish immigrants who were hired for ditching and other dangerous work - in order to save the high value slaves

Older Women

Usually assumed the primary responsibility for nurturing family and kinship networks and anchoring slave communities

Tenant Farmers

Usually better off than sharecroppers - might of had a mule, a plow, and a line of credit - were entitled to a larger share of the crop - they do the farming on rented land from an owner

Lawyers

Usually started off as teachers but became lawyers after a year or two - no formal standards were in place to be an attorney

"the Eaton Malaria"

Van Buren said this about how all the wives gossiped and disliked Peggy

Free-Soil Party

Van Burenite Democrats, Conscience Whigs, and followers of the Liberty party combined to form it and nominated Van Buren as there nominee - endorsed Wilmot's Proviso - had a catchy slogan "free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men,"

State Constitutions

Varied greatly - had elected governors and senates - embodies separation of powers - also included bill of rights that protected honored rights of petition, speech, trial by jury, freedom form self-incrimination and the like - limited powers of legislatures and led people to quarrel with colonial governors

Transappalachia

Vast region west of the Proclamation line - mostly occupied by Natives

Panic of 1837

Very bad financial panic - economy was tipped over by depression in England - the wheat crop also failed - 1/3 of work force was jobless

Paper Blockade

Vessels headed to European ports were subject to British inspection and were required to get British licenses - was called paper because the British navy was not large enough to monitor every European port

Captain John Parker

Veteran of French and Indian War lead minutemen

John C. Calhoun

Vice President - wanted to preserve southern interests like slavery - him and Jackson despised each other

Spanish view on Indians

Viewed them as ignorant, lazy heathens living in a free and undisciplined society

Saratoga

Village where Burgoyne pulled his forces to - army was desperate for food

Simon Legree

Villanous white planter of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Range Wars

Violent disputes between ranchers and farmers - ranchers tried to drive off farmers and farmers in turn sabotaged the cattle barons, cutting their fences and spooking their herds

Nat Turner Insurrection

Virginia 1831 - enslaved blacks outnumbered whites group of slaves joined Turner and killed whites - was stopped by the militia - terrified the South because of the idea that enslaved blacks would revolt - Virginia responded by restricting the ability for slaves to learn how to read and write and gather for religious meetings

Where were most slaves

Virginia and Maryland

Charles Lynch

Virginia planter that set up vigilante courts to punish Loyalists by lynching them

Middle South

Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas - had more diverse agricultural economies and included large areas without slavery

Indentured Servitude

Voluntary service - accounted for half of white settlers - where servants worked for a set number of years in return for transportation to America

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Wage cuts led to workers striking and blocking tracks, quickly spread to people all across the country striking and destroying property in protest, demonstrated potential union strength

North

Wanted high tariffs on imported manufactures to protect new industries

Richard Dodge

Wanted his men and others to kill buffaloes - said every dead buffalo is an Indian gone

Henry Clay

Wanted to be president really bad - he proposed creating another national bank, repealing the Independent Treasury Act and raise tariffs on imports - also dislike John Tyler -

Confederate Strategy

Wanted to force a stalemate so that British or France could join the Confederates or force Lincoln to reconsider a negotiation

Texas

Wanted to gain independence from Mexico

South Carolina

Wanted to succeed after Abraham Lincoln was elected

Contraband

War supplies - British said they were tar, pitch, and other products needed for warships

William Henry Harrison

Was 68 when he took office in 1841 and was the first Whig to be inaugurated - was inaugurated because of his military skills - died a month after office becoming the first president to die in office

Haiti

Was French-controlled had a large slave revolt

John Tyler

Was Harrison's vice president but he took over after Harrison died practically serving Harrison's whole term - opposed everything associated with the Whig party's "American System" - like state's rights and strict construction of the Constitution - was originally Democratic - believed the South Carolina had a Constitutional right to succeed from the nation - was shunned by both Whigs and Democrats

Crispus Attucks

Was Indian-African American run away slave that died in the Boston Massacre

Andrew Johnson

Was Lincoln's vice-president - was also targeted but escaped danger - was bigoted and short-tempered - delivered his vice-presidential address drunk - was a pro-Union Democrat -

Thomas Hart Benton

Was Missouri Senator and a Van Buren supporter - said that the Texas ordeal foreshadowed a civil war

Rio Grande

Was Texas' southern boundary

Aaron Burr

Was Vice President and tried to be the governor of New York - Hamilton said he was a dangerous man which led to their duel - lost the gubernatorial election after duel but the duel to stop talk of seceding from the Union - tried to garner wealth and stature

H.T.P. Comstock

Was a Canadian born fur trapper who went to the Carson river diggings and talked his way into the discovery of the Comstock lode which he gave his name

James Longstreet

Was a Confederate general who said the Old South needed to change its ways after the loss at Appomattox - he became a successful cotton broker and supported the Radical Reconstruction program

Robert Toombs

Was a Georgia Congressman - said he was in disunion if the House tried to rid slavery or move California slave holders

Haratio Seymour

Was a New York governor who won the Democratic presidential nomination over Johnson

John L. O'Sullivan

Was a New York newspaper editor and Democratic-party propagandist who gave a name to the aggressive territorial expansion - he called it Manifest Destiny

Herman Melville

Was a New Yorker - spent 18 months on a whaler before arriving in the Marquesas Islands in the South Seas - wrote Typee and Omoo - wrote Moby Dick - sought to understand human complexity - also wrote Battle Pieces (1866)

Black Hawk

Was a Sioux chief at Laramie

David Crockett

Was a Tennessee frontiersmen - was at the Alamo - served as a anti-Jackson Whig congressman

Republican Party

Was a coalition of former Whigs, Democrats, immigrants, conservatives, moderates, and radicals

George Meade

Was a commander of the Union armies - was commander during Gettysburg - failed to follow a retreating Lee

Sojourner Truth

Was a courageous black abolitionist - was named Isabella "Bell" Hardenbergh but renamed herself after a meeting with God - spoke about the evils of slavery and traveled throughout the country doing so

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Was a creole priest - took advantage of the fluid situation to convince Indians and mestizos to revolt against Spanish rule in Mexico - the uprising failed and the Spanish captured Hidalgo and executed him

Ulysses S. Grant

Was a general - said Lincoln was the greatest man who he ever knew - won the 1688 election

Stephen Kearny

Was a general was civilian governor

Chattanooga

Was a great Union victory - Union army led by William Rosecrans pursued general Braxton Raggs - Confederates had more troops but the Union won

Winfield Scott

Was a hero in the Mexican War and was selected by the northern Whigs to run for president in 1852 - he lost -

Oh! Susanna

Was a minstrel song by Stephen Foster that was a national hit

Christopher "Kit" Carson

Was a most knowledgeable mountain man and was a frequent associate to Fremont

Carpetbaggers

Was a name given by opposition whites to Northerners who rushed to the South with all of their belongings to grab the political spoils - came to South in hope of economic opportunity and other attractions

Lion of Vicksburg

Was a nickname for Ulysses S. Grant - he was called this because of his military record

Dorothea Lynde Dix

Was a nurse during the Civil War - helped the Union - became the first Superintendent of nurses for the Union - got lots of applications

Walt Whitman

Was a poet who wrote that the Confederates fired on the flag

The West

Was a powerful magnet for adventurous people dreaming of freedom, self-fulfillment, and economic gain

John Wilkes Booth

Was a prominent actor and Confederate sympathizer - shot Lincoln at point-blank range and stabbed a couple times - he was later killed in a burning barn

Stephen F. Austin

Was a promoter of American settlement in Texas Austin promised to create a "buffer" on the northern frontier of Texas between the marauding Comanches and the settlements to the south. Most of the newcomers were southern or western farmers drawn to rich new cotton land selling for only a few cents an acre. A few were wealthy planters who brought large numbers of slaves with them to Texas at a time when Mexico was prohibiting the importation of slaves

Louis Lingg

Was a proud anarchist hung for being suspected of the bombing during the Haymarket Affair, killed himself and became a martyr

James A. Garfield

Was a representative and later president - benefited from the Credit Mobilier scheme

Lewis Cass

Was a senator and expansionist from Michigan who would be the Democratic nominee for president - said the America does no want Mexicans - all America wants is Mexico's territory

John Sherman

Was a senator who said that he preferred gold to paper money

Thomas O. Larkin

Was a shipping company representative to buy and store hides until the company ship arrived - He would play a leading role in acquiring California -

Dred Scott

Was a slave in Virginia - went to Wisonsin and marreid and had two daughters - went to supreme court for his freedom

Horace Mann

Was a supporter of state wide school systems - issued training for teachers - a state institution for teachers - and a minimum school year of 6 months

Manifest Destiny

Was a term coined by John L. O'Sullivan - it was the aggressive territorial expansion - said the God wanted the Americans to go west

Marxism

Was a type of socialism made popular by Karl Marx

Great Plains

Was a vast grassland stretching from the Mississippi River west of the Rocky Mountains and from Canada south to Mexico - was devoid of human presence until Spaniards brought horses into the area

Liberia

Was acquired from local chieftains in Africa so that free slaves could be sent here

Mary Reed

Was allowed to deliver testimonials by her minister even though she was a woman because they were so good

John Brown

Was an abolitionist and had a history of mental instability - was at the sack of Lawrence - took 4 of his sons and 3 other people to Pottawatomie, Kansas - took 5 people out of their homes and hacked them to death

William Loyd Garrison

Was an abolitionist from Massachusetts who published the Liberator - many slave owners and northerners hated him - was dragged on to the streets of Boston by a rope

Frederick Douglass

Was an abolitionist leader and a former slave - said that Uncle Tom's Cabin was like a hot flash

Olive Branch Petition

Was an apeal to the king - King didn't even open it

"The Gospel of Wealth"

Was an essay written by Carnegie, said "Not evil, but good, has come to the race from the accumulation of wealth by those who have the ability and energy that produces it."

J. Pierpont Morgan

Was an investment banker born into wealth, alone controlled a sixth of the nation's railways

American Party

Was anti-Catholic and did not like immigrants

Robert J. Walker

Was appointed as a governor of Kansas -

Great Plains

Was arid and there was no water or timber which rendered useless for the familiar pioneer -

William H. Seward

Was at the state department in Lincoln's cabinet - he advised Lincoln to free slaves after the Union victory

Salmon P. Chase

Was at the treasury department in Lincoln's cabinet

Simon Cameron

Was at the war department in Lincoln's cabinet

Supreme Court

Was called for by the Virginia and New Jersey plans - sparked little debate

Sonoma

Was captured proclaiming the Republic of California

Freedman's Bureau

Was commissioned by Oliver H. Howard - declared that freed slaves can chose their employers and have to be paid for their labor - agents were sent to the south to provide medicare, set up schools, and distribute food to free blacks

Masculine honor

Was common among Germanic and Celtic people - to whom most white southerners were descended to - flourished in hierarchical society where there was face to face meeting -

Abandoned Lands Bureau

Was created to provide provisions clothing and fuel for freed slaves

Congressional Reconstruction

Was designed to prevent white southerners from manipulating the Reconstruction process

Plantation System

Was destroyed by the abolition of slavery, war related disruptions in the economy and the number of lives lost

Star of the West

Was dispatched to Fort Sumter with reinforcements and provisions but the fort shot at it and drove it away

Clement L. Vallandigham

Was dragged out of his home

General Antonio López de Santa Anna

Was elected president of Mexico - opposed slavery - became a self-promoting dictator calling himself the Napoleon of the West -

Presbyterian

Was entrenched among the Scots-Irish from Pennsylvania to Georgia -

Dunlop Community

Was established by Pap Singleton and his followers in Kansas -

King Louis XVI

Was executed in 1793 - Britain and Spain entered a coalition to fight France

Tennessee

Was exempted from the Military Reconstruction Act because it already ratified the 14th amendment

Methodism

Was experiencing dramatic growth - met in Baltimore - said that they were leaving Anglicanism to for a new denomination - one that would aggressively convert new people - discarded prayer books - loved singing hymns and welcomed the poor and oppressed

The American Anti-Slavery Society

Was financed by the Tappans - created newspapers, offices, chapters, and activists - some 160000 people belonged to it

New England Primer

Was first textbook for the colonies - contained alphabet moral teachings etc.

Free-Soil Coalition

Was formed by three main groups - rebellions northern Democrats, anti-slavery Whigs, and members of the Liberty party

Confederation Congress

Was formed under the Articles of Confederation and had the power of foreign affairs - and questions of war and peace - it could decide disputes between states and had the authority of coinage, postal service, and indians affairs - could only ask the states to do things and had no power to levy taxes

Battle of Buena Vista

Was fought against Santa Anna -

American Association for the Advancement of Science

Was founded 2 years after the Smithsonian and was founded to advance science and serve society

Dartmouth College

Was founded in 1769 which was congregationalist and was an outgrowth of a Native American school

Union League

Was founded in Pennsylvania n 1862 to support the Union - was kind of like a cult

John C. Calhoun

Was from South Carolina - secretly talked with Texas - supported Texas annexation as a means of spreading slavery

Mexican Independence

Was gained from Spain - it caused Mexico to be very unstable - corruption flourished and the Americans took advantage of this -

General John "Gentleman Johnny" Burgoyne

Was general of British army based in Canada - plan was to attack from three sides - one from Lake Champlain, on from Oswego, one was from New York City

Sharecropping-Tenant System

Was horribly inefficient and corrupting - was kind of like post-Civil War slavery - caused damage to the land because the people didn't need to take care of the land as it was not theirs

Thomas Pickering

Was impeached as a judge because he was a federalist and he delivered profane drunken harangues from the bench - was secretary of state - became a senator

Rotary press

Was invented by Richard Hoe - could pint 20000 sheets in an hour

Farm Sector

Was just as important as the industrial sector, provided wheat and corn to be made into meal and flour and meat packing became a big industry

Elijah P. Lovejoy

Was killed by a mob in Illinois for his anti slavery views - was a martyr - his print shop was attacked by a mob and one of his supporters fired and then the mob set fire to the warehouse and he was killed

Fugitive Slave Act

Was one of the most clear cut victories for the South - Northerners could capture fugitive slaves - denied fugitives a trial - federal marshals could require citizens to help locate or capture runaways any violators would be imprisoned for 6 months and fined 1000

1844 Presidential Election

Was one of the most significant in history - Henry Clay and Polk where the nominees - Henry Clay changed his views on Texas in the last minute and also said that slavery was going to go extinct one day - Polk one, but he did not win the majority of the votes

American Society for the Promotion of Temperance

Was organized by a group of Boston minsters - organized press campaigns and such

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

Was organized by men in Pulaski, Tennessee - was a social club that had costumes and secret rituals - was first a group of prankster but then they started to intimidate blacks and white Republicans

Thaddeus Stevens

Was part of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction - said the Confederate states should be viewed as conquered provinces, subject to the absolute will of the victors

Temperance Crusade

Was perhaps the most widespread of all social reforms

Walker's Appeal (1829)

Was published by David Walker in which he denounced the hypocrisy of Christians in the slave holding South endorsing the practice of race-based human bondage.

Texas

Was rapidly turning into a province of the United States

Lord Ashburton

Was sent by the British to meet with Webster to discuss the relationship between Britain and America

Continental System

Was set forth by Napoleon in the Berlin Decree and the Milan Decree

National Trades' Union

Was set up to federate the city societies

George Alexander Stephens

Was soon to be vice president of the Confederacy

Trans-Mississippi West

Was sparsely settled - beckoned agricultural and commercial development

Mormonism

Was spawned by the Great Awakening - did not believe in original sin and stressed human goodness - :

Napier Press

Was steam driven - could print 4000 sheets of newspaper in an hour

Literacy

Was surprisingly widespread in Jacksonian america - 78% of the total population could read and write -

William H. Seward

Was targeted by Confederate sympathizers and received severe knife wounds

James Buchanan

Was the 15th president - was secretary of state under Polk - promoted territorial expansion

Robert E. Lee

Was the adviser of Jefferson Davis - sent Stonewall Jackson to Shenandoah valley where they pinned two Union armies with more than twice their numbers - commander of the Army of Northern Virginia

Edward Bates

Was the attorney general in Lincoln's cabinet

Salmon P. Chase

Was the chief justice during Johnson's impeachment trial

Roger B. Taney

Was the chief justice who supported slavery

Jehu Jones

Was the colored proprietor of one of Charleston's best hotels

Sam Houston

Was the commander in chief of the Texas forces - a Tennessee frontiersman - led a surprise attack on the Mexican Army screaming "Remember the Alamo" - captured general Santa Anna

Abraham Lincoln

Was the commander of the Illinois volunteers in the Black Hawk War

Jefferson Davis

Was the commander of the regular army in the Black Hawk War

Oliver H. Howard

Was the commissioner of Freedman's Bureau

Slavery

Was the fastest growing element of national life in the 19th century - with the growth slave owners had to develop more rules and such -

54th Massachusetts Regiment

Was the first all black unit - under the command of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw

California Gold Rush

Was the greatest mass migration in American history

Henry Clay

Was the leader of the Whigs

Horace Greeley

Was the liberal republican's presidential candidate - was eccentric - was the editor of the New York Tribune

William Quantrill

Was the most prominent Confederate leader in the Kansas-Missouri area - killed everyone that surrendered

Boston English High School

Was the nations first free public secondary school - mainly for students not going to college

Martin Van Buren

Was the nominee of the Free-Soil Party

Kentucky

Was the only state that failed to ratify 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments

Jefferson Davis

Was the president of the Confederacy

Hamilton Fish

Was the secretary of state for Grant - was the only competent one in Grant's cabinet

Schuyler Colfax

Was the speaker of the House - later was vice-president - was a beneficiary of the Credit Mobilier scheme

Mary Jones

Was the wife of a Confederate minister - who had a son who said that the military camps created religious fervor

Reign of Witches

Was unleashed by the Alien and Sedition Acts

Phosphate

Was used as a fertilizer - allowed for multiple planting each year

Chinese tea

Was very sought after - promoted the manufacturing of clipper ship

Buffalo

Was very useful to the plains Indians who would follow them - their meat was used food and their skins into clothing, bedding, and tepee coverings - the bones and horns served as tools and utensils - its manure could be dried and burned for heat - when Americans entered the Great Plains it was hunted which posed a threat to Indian survival because they depended so heavily on it

Third National Bank

Was vetoed by John Tyler

John Tyler

Was vice-president under William Henry Harrison

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

Was written by Frederick Douglass - was about his escape from slavery

Civil Disobedience (1849)

Was written by Thoreau and influenced many passive-resistance movements

John Sullivan

Washington dispatched 4000 men under him to suppress the hostile tribes and the most mischievous of the Tories

Nathanael Greene

Washington's ablest commander and Rhode Island Quaker ironmaker - Congress chose him as new commander for Southern theater

Morristown, New Jersey

Washington's army suffered a harsh winter here - the army also disintegrated as enlistments expired and deserters fled - brutally cold weather, inadequate food, and widespread disease

Valley Forge

Washington's army was camped here for the winter and was a season of intense suffering - experienced cold, hunger, and disease - lots of people died or deserted

The Executive Mansion

Water color of president's house during Jefferson's term in office - Jefferson described it as big enough for two emperors, one pope, and the grand lama in the bargain

Pitfalls of the Articles of Confederation

Weak central government - unanimous approval instate bodies to levy taxes 9 stats had to approve in measures dealing with war, treaties, coinage, finances, and the army and navy

T.G. Gower

Went off to fight in the Confederate army - his wife took over his estate

"Turned Out"

Went on Strike - women did this because of deteriorating work conditions

George Rogers Clark

Went to Kaskaskia to capture Cohokia and Vicennes - British retook Vicennes so Clark marched back and captured it - went to end English led Indian attacks

American settlement

Were all supported by U.S. presidents who encouraged the nation's continental expansion

Palo Alto (May 8) and Rasaca de la Palma (May 9)

Were big victories for America

Warship

Were bought by the Confederates from the British however they were fitted with cannons in other countries

Workingman's Parties

Were broad reformist groups devoted to the interests of labor, but they faded quickly.

Franciscan Missions

Were built in California and were spaced about a day's journey apart from San Diego to San Francisco - aided Spanish soldiers - it was church, fortress, home, town, farm, and imperial agent - were big agricultural enterprises both for profit and to supply nearby presidios - Indians provided the labor and their labor was thought of as necessary to transform them into industrious Christians

Indian Peace Commission

Were charged with removing the causes of the Indian war - did this by making the Indians go to reservations that were out of they way

Buffalo

Were decimated - this is because their was a huge demand for their leather and robes - one average a hunter killed 100 per day - also died because of competition with horses and other animals and disease - there was also a huge drought

Black Codes

Were designed to restrict the freedom of African Americans - were intended to preserve slavery as nearly as possible

Utes

Were forced to give up their vast territories in western Colorado

Working class people

Were in great demand due to the rise of industries requiring semiskilled workers, some worked 84 hour weeks, work conditions were poor and dangerous and no system was in place to aid people hurt on the job,

Mountain Men

Were inspired by the fur trade to give up civilization in pursuit of beaver pelts and revert to primitive existence

Slave Rebellions

Were met with brutal response - firepower and authority of the south made them hard

Public Schools

Were more popular after the civil war - Massachusetts required high school in each town of 500 or more

Miners

Were mostly unmarried young men

Public Institutions

Were often called asylums - were breeding grounds for brutality and neglect

Enforcement Acts

Were placed to protect black voters - first one levied penalties on anyone interfering with someones right to vote - second one d placed the election of congressmen under surveillance by federal election supervisors and marshals - third one outlaws KKK forming conspiracies, wearing disguises, resisting officers, and intimidating officials - let president suspend habeas corpus to suppress these people

Democrats

Were reluctant to create create new states because the territories were heavily Republican

Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne

Were said to be tormenting the girls and were said to be Satan's servants

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

Were sent into the Northwest beyond the Mississippi to explore it and record its flora and fauna

Enslaved People

Were subject to the authority of their masters - could be moved or sold as the master saw fit - could not legally marry - subject to harsh and violent punishments - were still able to form community and sustain their heritage

Slave Women

Were told to reproduce a lot and were often rewarded if they did so - were expected to do man's work - usually took their babies to fields with them

Irish Immigrants

Were usually cooks and maids

Mining Camps and Shanty towns

Were very dangerous - lawless places that had murders, mobs, whippings etc.

Comanches

Were very powerful - they harassed the Apache and Navajo

Tituba

West Indian Slave owned by a minister - said to be practicing voodoo and fortunetelling

Mechanism for national unity

What Hamilton called national debt

Revolution of 1800

What Jefferson called his election

Black Republican

What Lincoln was called

Tejas

What Mexicans called Texas

Deseret

What Mormons called Utah

"peculiar people"

What Mormons were called

Tribute

What blackmail was called in the nineteenth century

Intolerable Acts

What colonists called the coercive acts

Freedom Dues

What indentured servant got after time is payed off - set by law or custom - usually money, tools, clothing, food, and occasionally small tracts of land

People's belief

What made the South so distinctive

"jerks"

What people "contracted" during an exciting sermon - people laughed, babbled, or got down on all fours and barked like dogs to the tree devil

Peculiar Institution

What southerners called slavery

Great Revival

What the Second Great Awakening was called

Great American Desert

What the great plains region was called because it was unfit for human habitation - this view changed with the transcontinental railroad and new deposits of valuable minerals

Redeemers

What the postwar Democrats were called by their supporters because the saved the South from the Yankees as well as a rural economy - included lawyers. merchants, and entreprenuers

Receipts

When Washington sent troops on foraging explorations they took things in exchange for these to be honored by the Continental Congress

Manumitted

When a master frees their slave

Hoover Dam

When complete it was the largest concrete structure

Ohio

When it got its statehood congress set aside 2 townships for colleges

East Cambridge House of Correction

Where Dorothea Lynde Dix was sent to teach Sunday school - found a roomful of neglected insane people

Fort Clatsop

Where Lewis and Clarke spent the water struggling to find something to eat - near the Columbia river in Oregon

New York City - Manhattan

Where did British withdraw to from Pennsylvania

Duels

Where the ultimate expression of personal honor and manly courage - was outlawed in Northern states after Burr killed Hamilton but it was rarely enforced - many prominent congressmen engaged in duels

French interactions with Native Americans

Where very good to Natives and served as diplomats and mediators between tribes

Apache and Navajo

Where warlike hunters who were enemies to the Pueblo tribes

1844 Presidential Campaign

Whig Henry Clay and Democrat Martin Van Buren - had the same conclusion about the pro-slavery Texas - said that it would spark a civil war

William Seward

Whig senator from New York who said that there was a law higher than the Constitution and demanded the abolition of slavery

Election of 1838

Whigs had multiple candidates to throw off election but Van Buren won by a lot

Anglos or Texans

White settlers that were recruited to become loyal Mexican citizens

Colfax Massacre

White vigilantes were disappointing with the result of a local election so they attacks a group of black Republicans killing 81

Filibusters

White volunteers

Pontiac's Rebellion

Widespread Indian attacks in the summer of 1763 - convinced British that all Indians needed to be killed or removed

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams - told John Adams to remember the women when making the new code of laws - said men were naturally tyrannical

Who replaced Rockingham

William Pitt

Gilbert Tennent

William Tennent's oldest son defended their aggressions by saying that they only invaded parishes when they showed no interest in getting grace and growing in it

Daughters Of Liberty

Women activists that boycotted buying British made goods

Women's role in church

Women should be silent during congregational matters and should not challenge ministerial authority

Rebecca Nurse

Women who was hanged during Salem Witch trials. Owned a frame house with multiple stories.

Union

Won the Civil War

Hispanics and Chinese

Worked as wage laborers to help in panning, separating gold from gravel etc.

Shipping Company Representative

Would buy and store hides until the company ship arrived

Secession of Maryland

Would have isolated Washington D.C. in the Confederacy so Lincoln took great lengths for it to stay with the Union - Lincoln suspended habeas corpus - arrested Confederate leaders

First Transcontinental Railroad

Would run from Omaha, Nebraska, to Sacramento California

Massive migrations

Wreaked havoc on the environment of the great plains - the animals settlers brought at a lot of prairie grass

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Writer that said that the railroad brought "the noisy world into the midst of our slumberous space"

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Written by Calhoun in opposition of the Tariff of 1828 it was an effort to check the most extreme states' rights with a finespun theory - its nullification stopped short of secession from the Union

A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841)

Written by Catharine Beecher - leading handbook of what historians have labeled the cult of domesticity - upheld high standards in women's education - but accepted the prevailing view that the "woman's sphere" was the home

Virginia Declaration of Rights

Written by George Mason - served as a template for the Bill of Rights

Critique of Pure Reason (1781)

Written by German philosopher Immanuel Kant - the book emphasized the limits of science and reason in the universe

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe - represented a dark side to Southern culture - portrayed the planters as arrogant aristocrats who raped enslaved women, brutalized enslaved workers - treated slaves like cattle, broke up slave families, and sold slaves "down the river" to incessant toil in the Louisiana sugar mills and rice plantations

Typee (1846)

Written by Herman Melville based on his exotic adventures

Omoo (1847)

Written by Herman Melville based on his stay in Tahiti

Civil Rights Act

Written by Illinois Senator Lyman Trumball - stated that all persons born in the United States expect Indians had full and equal benefit of all laws

1786 Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom

Written by Thomas Jefferson - said no man shall be compelled to support any religious worship

Walt Whitman

Wrote Leaves of Grass - was the most provocative writer of the century - drew material from places like Manhattan - was described as the greatest democrat - had lots of curing and sexual references in his work

Edwin M. Stanton

Wrote a letter to President Buchanan which said the loss of Bull Run was due to Lincoln's imbecility

Amelia Knight

Wrote in a diary of her journey on the Oregon trail - set out for Oregon with her husband and seven children

John Dickinson

Wrote the Olive Branch petition

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Wrote the Scarlet Letter and The House of Seven Gables - was a supreme writer - wrote Twice-Told Tails which brought him much fame

Stephen Foster

Wrote the most popular minstrel songs - was born in Philadelphia became very famous

Winfield Scott

Young Virginia officer was destined for greatness - said most of the other officers were imbeciles

Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de Bienville

Younger brother of Iberville - was father of Louisiana - founded New Orleans - Louisiana became a royal colony, then proprietary, then corporate and once again a royal colony

Jeremiah Lanphier

a business executive-turned-lay missionary, grew despondent at the suffering in the city as well as an alarming decline in church membership. God, he later claimed, led him to begin a weekly prayer service in the Wall Street financial district so that executives might commune with God - had large crowds

Radicals

a faction that included Old Republicans and those who distrusted the nationalism of John Quincy Adams and John C. Calhoun

Langdon Cheves

a former congressman from South Carolina, as the bank's new president; reduced salaries, postponed the payment of dividends, cut back on the volume of loans, and presented for redemption the state banknotes that came in, thereby forcing the state-chartered banks to keep specie reserves; rescued the bank from near ruin, but only by putting pressure on the state banks. State banks in turn put pressure on their debtors

improved fortifications

a permanent army and a strong navy, a new national bank, protection of new industries from foreign compe- tition, a system of canals and roads for commercial and military use, and to top it off, a great national university. "

Samuel J. Tilden

a wealthy corporation lawyer and reform governor of New York - was the Democratic nominee

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

after the tariff bill passed, (1828), this was issued anonymously along with a series of resolutions by the South Carolina legis- lature. In that document, Calhoun declared that a state could nullify an act of Congress that it found unconstitutional

"Carolina Fever"

an observer called the nullification mania this

Daniel Morgan

and 700 men were sent by Nathanael Greene to sweep the west of Cornwallis's headquarters - engaged Tarleton's British army

Options for poor Republic of Texas

annexation to the United States or closer economic ties to Great Britain

Universalism

anti-Calvinist movement - attracted the working-class people - founded in Gloucester, Mass - stressed the salvation of all people not just a predestined few - said God was to merciful to condemn anyone to eternal punishment

The Bonus Bill of 1817

as legislation proposed by John C. Calhoun to earmark the revenue "bonus" and recently established Second Bank of the United States for an internal improvements fund; questions of the bill's constitutionality; used "implied powers." Although President James Madison approved of the need and stated goals of improvements, he vetoed the bill

colonial Latin America

consequence of the Napoleonic Wars raging across Europe and the French occupation of Spain and Portugal was a series of wars of liberation here

James H. Hammond

declared that his beloved state did "not wish to create a Republican Nationality for herself independent of her southern sister states. What she desires is a Slaveholding Confederacy and to exemplify to the world the perfection of our civilization

Sedition Act

defined as a high misdemeanor any conspiracy against legal measures of the government, including interference with federal officers and insurrection or rioting. What is more, the law forbade writing, publishing, or speaking anything of "a false, scandalous and malicious" nature against the government or any of its officers. - designed to punish Republicans

Henry Day

delivered a lecture titled "The Professions" at the Western Reserve School of Medicine. He declared that the most important social functions in modern life were the professional skills. In fact, he claimed, American society had become utterly dependent upon "professional services."

"necessary and proper" clause

did not mean "absolutely indispensable"; part of Constitution that took controversial interpretation

Congregational Church

disestablishment of this type of church in New England as the official state church came in Vermont in 1807, in New Hampshire in 1817, in Connecticut in 1818, in Maine in 1820, and in Massachusetts in 1834.

Missouri Territory

encompassed all of the Louisiana Purchase except the state of Louisiana and the Arkansas Territory

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

established national supremacy in regulating interstate commerce. In 1808, Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston, who pioneered commercial use of the steamboat, won from the NY legislature the exclusive right to operate steamboats on the state's rivers and lakes. Fulton and Livingston then gave Aaron Ogden the exclusive right to navigate the Hudson River between NY and NJ. Thomas Gibbons, however, operated ships under a federal license that competed with Ogden; the monopoly granted by the state to Ogden conflicted with the federal Coasting Act, under which Gibbons operted.

Jackson's exploits

excited American expansionists and aroused anger in Spain and concern in Washington, D.C. Spain demanded the return of its territory and the punishment of Jackson, but Spain's impotence was plain for all to see

Crittenden Compromise

failed to win the support of either house of Congress

The Tariff of 1824

favored the middle Atlantic and New England manufacturers by raising duties on imported woolens, cotton, iron, and other finished goods in 1824

inflation

fed by the excess of paper money circulating in the economy

Henry Clay

formulated a "second" Missouri Compromise whereby Missouri's admission as a state would depend upon assurance from the Missouri legislature that it would never deny free blacks their constitutional rights

Nicholas Biddle

from Philadelphia and he succeeded Langdon Cheves as bank's new president

Hard money

gold and silver coins - Jackson thought that these were the only legitimate form of currency

soft money

greenbacks

Henry Clay

he had long opposed a national bank, reversed himself; he now asserted that circumstances had made one indispensable; emerged during the first half of the nineteenth century as the foremost spokesman for what he came to call the "American System"; chief proponent of economic nationalism; promoted the "market revolution" and the rapid development of the new western states and territories

Daniel Webster

he led the opposition of the New England Federalists, who did not want the banking center moved from Boston to Philadelphia. Later, after he had moved from New Hampshire to Massachusetts, he would return to Congress as the champion of a much stronger national government

Chief Justice John Marshall

he preserved Hamiltonian Federalism for yet another generation, establishing the power of the Supreme Court by his force of mind and crystalline logic; he served thirty-four years altogether; judicial review

John Randolph

he saw through the shady plot of John C. Calhoun to get Jackson elected as president; "referred to manufactures of no sort or kind, but the manufacture of a President of the United States."

James Monroe

he won the Republican nomination. In the 1816 election, he overwhelmed his Federalist opponent, Rufus King of New York, with 183 to 34 votes in the Electoral College; Virginian planter; last of the Revolutionary generation to serve in the White House and the last president to dress in the old style.

.John C. Calhoun

headed the War Department after Henry Clay refused the job in order to stay on as Speaker of the House under Monroe

South Carolina Declaration on the Immediate Causes of Secession

highlighted "an increasing hostility on the part of the non-slave holding states to the institution of slavery." Yes, southerners asserted their constitutional right to secede from the Union, but it was the passionate desire to preserve slavery that led southern leaders to make such constitutional arguments

Navigation Act of 1817

importation of West Indian products was restricted to American vessels or vessels belonging to West Indian merchants

President James Madison

in his first annual message to Congress after the war, recommended several steps to strengthen the government and the national economy like improved fortications; Congress responded to his proposal by authorizing a standing army of ten thousand and strengthening the navy as well.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

involved an attempt by the New Hampshire legislature to alter a provision in Dartmouth's charter, under which the college's trustees became a self-perpetuating board; The college's original charter, Marshall said, was a valid contract that the legislature had impaired, an act forbidden by the Constitution. This decision implied a new and enlarged definition of contract that seemed to put private corporations beyond the reach of the states that chartered them

Old Republicans

lamented the transition to an increasingly urban-industrial-commercial society, others decided that such democratic capitalism was the wave of the future.

Mulligan letters

linked Blaine to dubious railroad dealings

1744 New Jersey Assembly representatives were

machaniks and ignorant wrenches

higher tariffs

manufacturers, wool processors, and food, sugar, and hemp growers favored these while southern cotton planters and northern shipping interests would oppose these

African Cultures matrilineal or patrilineal

matrilineal

Ye Olde Deluder Satan

means designed to thwart evil one was an act that made every town of 50 families or more set up a grammar school

financial panic of 1819

occurred with the sudden collapse of cotton prices after British textile mills spurned high-priced American cotton in favor of cheaper East Indian cotton. The collapse of cotton prices set off a decline in the demand for other American goods and sud- denly revealed the fragility of the prosperity that had begun after the War of 1812; speculators and settlers saw their income plummet

economic expansion

often depended upon judicial nationalism

banknotes

paper money

Article IV, Section 2

part of the federal Constitution: "The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States."; violated by the proposed state constitution that excluded free blacks and mulattoes from the state

House

passed the Tallmadge Amendment on an almost strictly sectional vote; imbalanced on issue of slavery at this point

Things women couldn't do

preach, hold office, attend schools, bring lawsuits, make contracts, or own property

Jefferson, Madison, Monroe

presidents that urged a constitutional amendment to remove all doubt about federal authority in the field of internal improvements

Mechanics' lien laws

protected workers from nonpayment of wages

nationalism and sectionalism

protecting country and associating with states

Senate

rejected Tallmadge Amendment by a similar tally, but with several northerners joining in the opposition; decided to link Maine's request for separate statehood with Missouri's and voted to admit Maine as a free state and Mis- souri as a slave state, thus maintaining the balance between free and slave states

Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817

resulting from an exchange of letters between Acting Secretary of State Richard Rush and the British minister to the United States, Charles Bagot, the threat of naval competition on the Great Lakes vanished with an arrangement to limit forces there to several U.S. ships collecting customs duties. Although the exchange made no reference to the land boundary between the United States and Canada, its cooperative spirit gave rise to the tradition of an unfortified border between the two North American countries, the longest in the world.

Staple crops

rice in South Carolina, tobacco in Virginia profitable crops

census of 1810

said that the southern states had approximately as many manufacturers as New England

.John Quincy Adams

secretary of state under President Monroe

Jesse Thomas

senator from Illinois who further extended the so-called Missouri Compromise by an amendment to exclude slavery from the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30′, Missouri's southern border; Thomas Amendment passed 1820 in House

Charleston Mercury

spoke for most South Carolinians when it declared that "the existence of slavery is at stake" in the balloting.

specie payments

state banks suspended this type of currency in order to stop exchanging coins for paper money submitted by depositors

Maine

state with coincidental application for statehood made it easier to arrive at an agreement. Since colonial times, it had been the northern province of Massachusetts

concurrent

states had this type of jurisdiction so long as it did not come into conflict with federal action

John C. Calhoun

still in his youthful phase as a war-hawk nationalist, introduced the banking bill and pushed it through, justifying its constitutionality by citing the congressional power to regulate the currency; later on, events would steer him toward a defiant embrace of states' rights; he believed that western development would help his native South by opening up trading relationships

"King Caucus"

system that had fallen into such disrepute that only one-fourth of the Democratic-Republican congressional delegation took part in the caucus, which nominated Secretary of the Treasury William Crawford of Georgia

Battle of Cold Harbor

ten miles east of Richmond. Grant ordered his troops to assault the heavily entrenched Confederate lines. As the Confederates had discovered at Gettysburg, such a frontal assault was murder. The Union army was massacred at Cold Harbor: in twenty minutes, almost seven thousand attacking Federals were killed or wounded

"specie"

term for silver and gold coins

internal improvements

term that describes the proposal for government-financed roads, canals, and eventually railroads

Virginia Dynasty

term to refer to consecutive Virginia presidents

Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816)

the Court overruled Virginia's confiscation of Loyalist prop- erty after the Revolution because it vio- lated treaties with Great Britain

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

the Court upheld Virginia's right to forbid the sale of lottery tickets.

Battle of Nashville

the Federals scattered what was left of the Confederate Army of Tennessee. The Confederate front west of the Appalachians had collapsed.

Pensacola

the Spanish capital of West Florida that Andrew Jackson captured

Battle of Wilderness

the armies fought blindly through the woods, the horror and suffering of the scene heightened by crackling brushfires. Grant's men suffered heavier casualties than the Confederates, but the Rebels were running out of replacements

Tariff of 1816

the first intended more to protect industry against for- eign competition than to raise revenue, passed easily in Congress; south opposed it; New England supported it

Land Act of 1800

the government had extended four years' credit to those who bought western land

Land Act of 1804

the minimum unit was reduced to 160 acres, which became the traditional homestead, and the price per acre went down to $1.64.

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants

Embargo Act

this piece of legislation spawned the factories that Thomas Jefferson abhorred

cheap English goods

threatened America's new manufacturing sector

Lincoln-Douglas debates

took place, from August 21 to October 15, 1858. They attracted thousands of spectators and were read in the newspapers by many more. The debates transformed an Illinois contest for a Senate seat into a battle for the very future of the Republic - two men were very different -

Pinckney's Treaty of 1795

treaty that made Spain a declining power, unable to enforce its obligations to pacify the Florida frontier

Missouri

twenty- fourth state; thought to be the Great American Desert

Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) and Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

two cases the Court assumed the right to consider appeals from state courts on the grounds that the Constitution, the laws, and the treaties of the United States could be kept uniformly the supreme law of the land only if the Court could review decisions of state courts.

Marbury v. Madison (1803) and Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

two cases the Court struck down first a federal law and then a state law as unconstitutional

New England shippers and southern farmers

two socioeconomic classes that opposed tariffs

representation

was reapportioned more nearly in line with the population

Copperhead Democrats

were strongest in states such as Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. They sympathized with the Confederacy and called for an end to the war

Habeas Corpus

writ that is used to bring a party who has been criminally convicted in state court into federal court