APUSH Chapter 3-19
Webster's closing statement
"Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"
E Pluribus unum
"Out of many, one" - phrase on the official seal of the United States
Paragon
"a whole floating town," was the third steamboat operated on the Hudson River by Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston
John Charles Fremont
"the Pathfinder" - Was the most enthusiastic champion of American settlement - was a junior army officer - found paths that mountain men showed him - was a second lieutenant of the U.S. Topographical Corps - father-in-law was Thomas Hart Benton
Compromise of 1850
(1) California entered the Union as a free state, ending forever the old balance of free and slave states; (2) the Texas-New Mexico Act made New Mexico a territory and set the Texas boundary at its present location. In return for giving up its claims, Texas was paid $10 million, which secured payment of the state's debt; (3) the Utah Act set up the Utah Territory. The territorial act in each case omitted reference to slavery except to give the territorial legislature authority over "all rightful subjects of legislation" with provision for appeal to the federal courts. For the sake of agreement, the deliberate ambiguity of the statement was its merit. Northern congressmen could assume that the territorial legislatures might act to exclude slavery; southern congressmen assumed that they could not; (4) a new Fugitive Slave Act put the matter of apprehending runaway slaves wholly under federal jurisdiction and stacked the cards in favor of slave catchers; and, (5) as a gesture to anti-slavery forces, the public sale of slaves, but not slavery itself, was abolished in the District of Columbia. Became this compromise - went into action when President Fillmore signed it into law
American System
(1) high tariffs to impede the import of European products and thereby "protect" fledgling American industries, (2) higher prices for federal lands, the proceeds of which would be distributed to the states to finance internal improvements that would facilitate the movement of goods to markets, and (3) a strong national bank to regulate the nation's money supply and thereby ensure sustained economic growth. benefited industrialists at the expense of farmers and the "common" people
Monroe Doctrine
(1) that "the American continents . . . are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers"; (2) that the political system of European powers was dif- ferent from that of the United States, which would "consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as danger- ous to our peace and safety"; (3) that the United States would not interfere with existing European-controlled colonies; and (4) that the United States would keep out of the internal affairs of European nations and their wars; had no standing in international law
Reasons for war
(1) to protest the British Orders in Council, which allowed the Royal Navy to interfere with American shipping; (2) to stop the British impressments of sailors from American ships; and (3) to end British encouragement of Indian attacks on Americans living along the western and northern frontiers
English Civil War
(1642 - 1646) War between Parliament and King - reduced money to colonists, kept England from overseeing colonial affairs
Marbury v. Madison
(1803) - sparked midnight judicial appointments - Supreme Court declared a federal law unconstitutional
Elias Boudinot
(Gallegina Watie) Was the editor of the Cherokee Pheonix - signed the Indian Removal Act treaty in 1835 and was subsequently murdered
Effects of Railroads
-Opened West to economic development -Suppress Native American resistance -European and Asian immigrants travel across the country -Agriculture became a big economy -Transport raw materials to factories
Railroad Problems
-Tragic accidents -Political corruption -Lobbying
Proportion of church goers in southern colonies
1 in 15
Proportion of Slaves that died on passage
1 in 6
Four Mass Migrations
1. 20,000 Puritans came to Massachusetts Bay Colony 2. Royalist Cavaliers (aristocrats) and their indentured servants came to Virginia from Southern England 3. 23,000 Quakers from north Midlands of England to the colonies of West Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware 4. Hundreds of thousands of Celtic Britons and Scots-Irish came and settles in rugged Appalachian Mountains
Explanation for lag in development
1. Slaves were unsuited for factory work 2. Ruling plantation elite disliked industrial production
Factors For Cotton's Growth
1. The introduction of cotton gin exponentially increased the amount of cotton that could be cultivated 2. The demand for southern cotton among British and French textile manufacturers soared as the industry grew in size and technological sophistication 3. The aggressive cultivation of farmlands in the newer states of Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas as well as the frontier areas of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Florida (a region then called the Old Southwest)
1860 Immigrant Demographic
1.6 million Irish - 1.2 million Germans, and 588,000 British
Number of troops out with small pox an any day
1/4
1800 Demographic
1/5th of people were enslaved blacks - 5.3 million people
Confederate Nation
11 southern states succeeded from the Union to from this nation - this prompted a civil war
Oliver Hazard Perry
14 year veteran - built ships - went out to search for British and found them at Lake Erie's Put-in-Bay - his ship was destroyed but he swam to another vessel and he made the British surrender
Average age of America
16
Mary Burton
16 - year old indentured servant that confirmed slave conspiracy - she named many people as plotters
Pennsylvania slave policy
1780 - Children of slave mothers would be free after age 28
Rhode Island slave policy
1784 - Freedom to all children born to slaves at age 21 for males and 18 for females
New York slave policy
1799 - Granted freedom to salves born after the enactment of its constitution - but an actin in 1817 set July 4 1827 as the date for the emancipation of the remaining people in slavery
Gabriel
1800 - Slave blacksmith near Richmond , Virginia hatched a revolt to take key parts of Richmond and capture the governor James Monroe and overthrow the uncommon elite - rained on the day of the rebellion - 26 were hung
Denmark Vesey
1822 Charleston - rebels planned to seize ships - burn the city - and head to Haiti - never left the ground though
Pacific Railway Act
1862, allowed for the construction of a rail line running a North-central route, couldn't be passed before the Civil War because the democrats were against internal improvements
Foran Act
1885, penalized employers who used contract labor to not pay so much for employees,
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
1890, broke up some holding companies
Homestead Steel Strike
1892, Henry Frick became president of Andrew Carnegie's company and the skilled workers hated him because of job cuts due to machinery improvements,
In re Debs
1895, Eugene Debs' court case that jailed him and he became a socialist
Gender Ratio of Males to Females
2 - 3 males to 1 female
New England and the South
2 places that opposed federal spending on transportation projects centered
Ratio of army sent by British
2/3 of army and 1/2 of navy
Gilbert du Motier or Marquis de Lafayette
20 year old Frenchman who helped train soldiers at Valley Forge - offered to work for no pay to be a general - became Washington's most trusted aid - was a courageous soldier and diplomat
Congress reward to recruits
20$ and 100 acres of land
Battle of Fallen Timbers
2000 Shawnee, Ottawa Chippewa, and Potawatomi warriors assisted by Canadian militias engaged Wayne's troops south of Detroit
George Washington
21 year old Virginia milita leader went to Fort Le Boeuf and handed the French commander a not from the Virginia governor - the note didn't do anything
Pet Banks
23 state banks that had the benefit of federal deposits
Average Briton tax vs. average America colonist tax
26 shillings vs 1 shilling
Convention of 1800
3 American went to reason with Napoleon Bonaparte - suspended the perpetual alliance, ended the naval conflict, and abrogated (got rid of) all alliances with France
Circuit Courts
3 of them composed of a 2 Supreme Court justices and the district judge who met twice a year in each district - cases go here from district courts
North, West, South
3 powerful regional blocs
Raising Taxes, Printing Paper Money, and Borrowing
3 ways Congress could raise money for the war
Anaconda Strategy
3-pronged attack - designed by Winfield Scott - called first to defend Washington D.C. and to exert pressure on the Confederate capital at Richmond - the navy would block southern ports - the third part would be to divide the Confederates along main water ways
Lincoln's cabinet
4/7 people were his rivals in the presidency - 4 were former Democrats and 3 were former Whigs
North Dakota
45% of residents were immigrants
Corps of Discovery
50 people - In 1804 settled near a village near St. Louis to ascend the Missouri river. Taught by Natives to make stuff
African Americans
50% illiteracy rates, poorest people in the poorest region, per capita black income was 1/3 of the whites,
Number of convicts England transported to North American colonies
50,000
Number of members at Continental Congress
55
New Orleans
5th Largest city
1790 Demographic
61% English, 14% Scottish and Scots-Irish, 9% German, 5% Dutch, French, and Swedish, 4% Irish, 7% unassigned
Lower South
7 states - South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas - grew increasingly dependent on labor intensive cotton production and slave labor - slaves represented half of its population by 1860
Andrew Jackson
7th president
Ratio of unmarried men to unmarried females
8 males to 1 female
War of 1812
80% of Republicans wanted it - signed by Madison because British violated American shipping rights -
New Hampshire
9th state to ratify the Constitution - could be put into effect but needed the approval of Virginia the most populous state and New York which had a key geographic position
Oregon Trail
A 2000 mile trail connecting the Missouri River near St. Louis to Oregon
G.H. Hammond
A Chicago meat packer, shipped the first refrigerated beef in an air-cooled railroad car from Chicago to Boston
Report on the Condition of Indian Tribes
A Congressional committee gathered evidence about the state of the Indians and wrote this document - led to the creation of the Indian Peace Commission
Carl Schurz
A German immigrant and war hero who became a prominent Missouri politician - found a utter absence of nationalism in the South
Levi Strauss
A Jewish tailor who followed the gold rushers to California and created blue jeans Levi's
The Crow Quadrilles
A Minstrel show
Wovoka (Jack Wilson)
A Paiute in Nevada had a vision that a deliverer would come and save the Indians - said that the Indians must take a ceremonial dance every new moon
Lucretia Mott
A Philadelphia Quaker - was a women's rights activist
Charles Goodnight
A Texas cattle rancher who said that they were adventurers
The Trent Affair
A Union warship stopped a British steamship and took two Confederate agents into custody because they were going to seek assistance from Britain and France - Britain said that it would wage war on American if the two were not released
Francis Scott Key
A Washington DC lawyer and poet wrote the star spangled banner after watching the events at Fort McHenry
Poor Richard's Almanac
A collection of homely maxims on success and happiness
Nicodemus, Kansas
A colony founded by southern blacks
Holding company
A company that held most or all of another company's stock, thus controlling them
Ambrose P. Hill
A consummate fighter who challenged one commander to a duel and was in a feud with Stonewall Jackson
Girdled
A cut made around the trunk of a tree
Poor Whites
A degraded class of rural people who owned no land or were relegated the least desirable land to live on - usually hunted, fished or had seasonal employment as laborers on yeomen farms or other unskilled jobs - many people thought they were lazy but they had diseases that caused them to be lazy
All Creation Going to the White House
A depiction of the inaugural address by satirist Robert Cruikshank - draws a parallel to Noah's ark
James Davenport
A fiery New England Congregationalist set about shouting and raging at devil and told listeners to renounce the established clergy and become agents of their own salvation
Preston S. Brooks
A fiery tempered South Carolina congressman - beat Charles Sumner with a cane for his insult on his relative Andrew Pickens Butler
University Greys
A group of 31 college students from Mississippi who were killed in Gettysburg
Essex Junto
A group of Massachusetts Federalists that considered seceding from the Union
Expansionists
A group of them opposed the Buchanan-Pakenham treaty because the wanted more
William B. Travis
A hot-tempered young lawyer from Alabama - led the rebels at the Alamo
Portugal Brazil
A lot of Africans went to Portugal Brazil to work on cane fields
Conservative parties
A name used by Democrats to mollify former Whigs
Republican Ideology
A nation whose citizens (property holding white men) were deemed equal before law and governed themselves through elected and appointed representatives
Washington D.C.
A new federal city, built around capitol hill and the executive mansion, two places of amusement - race track and a theater
Pinckney Pinchback
A northern slave and former Union soldier - won the office of lieutenant governor and served as acting governor when the white governor was indicted for corruption
Jacksonian Treasury Note
A parody of the often-worthless fractional notes issued by local banks and businesses in lieu of coins. These notes proliferated during the panic of 1837, with the emergency suspension of gold and silver payments.
Teetotaler
A person who never drinks alcohol - word was created because people sign T meaning total abstinence
Amanda Worthington
A planter's wife from Mississippi said that her whole world was destroyed
Jay Cooke and Company
A prestigious investment bank that went bankrupt
Old Field Schools
A primitive school with one-room usually made of logs
Sack of Lawrence
A pro-slavery mob came into this free-state town and set-fire to the free-state governor's home, stole property, and demolished the Free-State Hotel - had 1 casualty
Dial
A quarterly review of the group that was edited by Margaret Fuller before it fell to Ralph Waldo Emerson
Winfield Scott
A seasoned 75 year old general of the Union armies
Homestead Act of 1862
A settler or homesteader could gain title to federal land simply by staking out a claim and living on it for five years, or he could buy land at $1.25 an acre after six months.
Credit Mobilier
A sham construction company run by directors of the Union Pacific Railroad who milked the Union Pacific for exorbitant fees in order to line the pockets of insiders who controlled both companies
White Star Line
A ship line that brought many Irish immigrants to the United States and Canada
Black Driver
A slave overseer of a gang
Free Persons of Color
A status between slavery and freedom - subject to racial legal restrictions - could purchase their freedom - others were freed by their masters - most were very poor -
Mason-Dixon Line
A territorial line above which all slaves were gradually freed; it was the Ohio River boundary of the Old Northwest extended the line between slavery all the way to the Mississippi River, encompassing what would become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin
Nat Turner
A trusted overseer and preacher - a solar eclipse told him to launch a slave revolt - was tried and found guilty and got hung
Underground Railroad
A vast system of secret routes and safe stopping places that concealed runaways and spirited them to freedom, often over the Canadian borders
Trail of Tears
A westward journey in which 17000 Cherokees embarked following other tribes on an eight-hundred-mile journey marked by the cruelty and neglect of soldiers and private contractors and scorn and pilferage by whites along the way - 4000 people died - only 8000 people made it to Oklahoma
Clinch County
A women here was whipped 65 times for using abusive language during an encounter with a white woman
The Burr Conspiracy
Aaron Burr tried to make the west and east separate unions and conspired with the British- was wanted for treason and was tried by John Marshall - failed to produce two witnesses so Burr was not guilty
John A. Sutter
Abandoned his family in Europe in order to avoid arrest for bankruptcy - persuaded the Mexican governor to give him land to plant a colony of Swiss emigres at the junction of the Sacramento and American rivers (later the site of Sacramento city) - built an enormous enclosure that guarded an entire village of settlers and shops
Alamo
Abandoned mission - many American volunteers holed up here - had nearly 200 rebels
Methodists
Abandoned the policy of denying slave holders membership because of the decrease of white men in church - Minister's muted their opposition to slavery
James Madison
Ablest political philosopher in the group - central figure in the Constitutional Convention - 1 of 2 delegates to attend every meeting - had prepared a lot for the convention - suffered chronic headaches and was shy - from Virginia
13th Amendment
Abolished Slavery in 1865
13 amendment
Abolished slavery
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery everywhere
William Lloyd Garrison
Abolitionist editor who burned copies of the Fugitive Slave Act and the Constitution in Framingham, Massachusetts
The North Star
Abolitionist newspaper that was published in the north by Frederick Douglass
Cajuns
Acadians that went to Louisiana
Fertilizers
Accelerated the growing cycle but accelerated long-term soil depletion - someone said that it was a shortcut to propserity
1669 Virginia Law
Accidentally killing a slave during punishment would not be considered a felony
Treaty of Greenville
According to the treaty the United States bought land from 12 tribes in the northern quarter of the Northwest Territory and the enclaves at the sites of Detroit, Chicago, and Vincennes, Indiana
Royal Admiralty Courts
Accused smugglers were tried in these courts because colonial juries refused to convict their peers - admiralty cases were seen by judges appointed by the royal governer
Wade-Davis Manifesto
Accused the President of exceeding his constitutional authority
Pueblo Tribes
Acoma, Hopi, Laguna, Taos, Zia, Zuni - where peaceful and sophisticated farmers who lived in adobe villages near rivers where they group corn, beans, and squash
Staten Island
Across from New York Harbor - Redcoats came to occupy this island with huge force - were trying to reconquer America
Women's work
Activities around the house, garden, and yard
Townshend Acts
Acts that generated money for Britain - by Charles Townshend - First suspended New York's assembly
Presidential Election of 1800
Adams and Pinckney and Jefferson and Burr - Jefferson one but there was a tie between him and Burr - House of Representatives chose Jefferson
"corrupt bargain"
Adams gained the presidency and then named Clay his secretary of state, an office from which three successive presidents had risen
Bill of Rights
Additional improvement to the Constitution
Baltimore Carpenter's Society
Admitted only those employers who refused to use forced labor
Ordinance of Nullification
Adopted by South Carolina that repudiated the federal tariff acts of 1828 and 1832 - forbade federal agents from collecting taxes
Rice Coast
Africa's coast where rice cultivation was commonplace
Exodusters
African Americans that migrated west so named because they were making their exodus from the South - many people didn't want the blacks to leave because they needed them for labor
Emancipation
African Americans thought that this was a redemptive act of God -
Exception to migrants who traveled the land to search for what they wanted
Africans
Largest ethnic group
Africans
Forced Migration
Africans were forced to go to places
Effective Melting Pot
Africans with different ethnic groups, language and beliefs formed new communities and new cultures as African Americans - managed to create cultural autonomy for themselves
a generation of war
After ________________________ shortages of farm products in Europe forced up the prices of American products and stimulated agricultural expansion.
British West Indies
After losing the war Britain prevented trade between America and the West Indies - islands still needed wheat, fish, and lumber - was smuggled in
cheap British imports
After the War of 1812 ended, a sudden renewal of these generated pleas for tariffs (taxes on imports) to "protect" infant American industries from foreign competition
expired
After the first national bank ____________________ in 1811, the country fell into a financial muddle
16
Age that almost half of Americans were under
Sioux
Agreed to settle in the Black Hills reservation in Dakota territory - were forced out of here because gold was in the land
William Yancey
Alabama hothead who informed the Democrats that their error was to inform that slavery was a positive good
Old Southwest
Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas
Spanish Santa Fe
All commerce with the United States was banned under Spnanish control
Empire of Liberty
All facets of society - politics, education, science, religion, and livelihoods would experience dramatic changes. Said by Thomas Jefferson
Massachusetts Government Act
All officials would be appointive rather than elective - sheriffs would select jurors - no town would have meetings without the royal governors consent
Immediate Abolition of Slavery
All three sub regions of the south opposed this
Navigation Act of 1660
All trade between colonies must be on English ships - 3/4 of crew must be English - established enumerated products - all exports must stop in England and pay a tax
Grand Alliance
Alliance between Netherlands and New England
Tea Act of 1773
Allowed British Tea merchants to undercut prices by colonial competitors and were able to ship tea without duties
Half-Way Covenant
Allowed baptized children of church members to be admitted to a "halfway" membership in the church and secure baptism for their own children in turn, but allowed them neither a vote in the church, nor communion
Telegraph
Allowed for faster communication
Naturalization of 1790
Allowed free white people to become citizens after as few as only two years of living in the country
Upper South
Also called Border States - Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri - slavery was beginning to decline here
Republicans
Also called Democratic Republicans or Jefferson Republicans - implied federalists aimed at monarchy - worried about the threats to individual freedoms posed by a strong central government - promoted a strict interpretation of the Constitution
Battle of Bull Run
Also called Manassas - General Beaurgard took his Confederate army to the railroad center at Manassas junction in Virginia - Lincoln thought that General Irvin McDowell's troops could overrun them - however Confederate reinforcements came in taking the upper hand
Family System
Also called Rhode Island System or Fall River System - whole families would be hired - men for heavy word and women and children for lighter work
Nullification
Also called interposition - Calhoun said that states could repeal a federal law in its borders if it was unconstitutional - a special state convention would do this - the federal government could then abandon the law or make an amendment
Panning
Also called place mining - miners would sift through riverbeds trying to find gold nuggets
Popular Sovereignty
Also called squatter sovereignty - promised to open land to non-slave holding farmers who would dominate the land
Battle of Lake Champlain
Also called the Battle of Plattsburgh - The entire British fleet was either destroyed or capture - forced British to abandon the northern campaign
Jay's Treaty
Also known as Treaty of London 1794 - 3 main parts 1. British would evacuate from their six northeast forts 2. The British would reimburse America for seizures of ships and cargo 3. Grant American the right to trade with British west indies was known as an infamous act
Ku Klux Klan Act
Also the third enforcement act - outlaws KKK and forming conspiracies, wearing disguises, resisting officers, and intimidating officials - let president suspend habeas corpus to suppress these people
9th and 10th Amendments
Amendments that address the demand for specific statements that the enumeration of rights in the Constitution shall not be construed to deny or disparage others - powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution nor prohibited by it to the states are reserved to the states respectively or the people
West Florida
America got it during a time of disarray for Spain
Currency Act of 1764
America had a shortage of hard currency so they issued their own paper money or sometimes used tobacco as currency - Britain feared the currency would fluctuate in value - currency act stopped Colonies from printing their own currency - caused paper currency to plummet in value in America
Individual Interests
America was created to protect these - life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
Transcendentalists
America's first cohesive group of public individuals
Countries involved in Revolutionary War
America, France, Spain, Netherlands
Victory at Saratoga
American army surrounded the outnumbered British army - Burgoyne surrendered - this victory was important for the alliance of America and France
General Haratio Gates
American commander that faced Burgoyne's redcoats - him and Burgoyne were part of same British regiment, but now commanded opposing armies - inflicted serious defeat on the British forces
Baton Rouge Rebellion
American settlers staged a rebellion to get Spain annexed
Creole
American ship that carried 135 - slaves mutinied on the ship and sailed to Nassau where the British set them free - England finally paid the owners of the slaves
Tariff and Tonnage Acts
American ships had to pay 6 cents tax on each ton upon entering the port - foreign ships had to pay 50 cents tax on each ton
Canada
American's tried to capture it and thought it was very easy to capture. - America was not financially prepared for war
Spoiled Americans
Americans only paid 1/26 of what Britons paid
Dutch, Swedes, Prussians, and Moroccans, China
Americans traded with
Battle of Thames
Americans won causing British to give up Detroit - also in this battle Tecumseh was killed
Beverly Nash
An African American delegate to the South Carolina convention of 1868 - said that black people weren't ready to vote yet but they will be with the proper education
Yarrow Mamout
An African Muslim that was sold into slavery - purchased his freedom - bought land and settled near D.C.
William Cobbett
An English reformer who traveled in the US - said that everybody drank
Joseph Glidden
An Illinois farmer, invented the first effective barbed wire, which ranchers used to fence off their claims at relatively low cost
Amos Bad Heart Bull
An Oglala Sioux who painted The Battle of Little Bighorn
Plan of Union (1801)
An agreement between the Congregational churches of New England and the Presbyterian churches for mutual support and joint effort in evangelizing American frontier
Junction of the Northern and Western Canals
An aqua-tint by John Hill about the Erie Canal
Andrew Pickens Butler
An elderly senator from South Carolina who was singled out by Charles Sumner and was blamed on for the incidents in Kansas
Transcendental Club
An informal discussion group that met in Concord Mass - discussed philosophy, literature, and religion
Chesapeake region denomination
Anglican
Virginia official denomination of Christianity
Anglican
Jefferson Day Dinner
Annual event hosted in Washington on the birthday of Thomas Jefferson - Van Buren said that Jackson should propose a toast proclaiming his opposition to the nullification instead said "Our Union-It must be preserved"
Great Decliner
Another name for Horatio Seymour because he neither sought nor embraced the nomination
United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing
Another name for Shakers
Locofocos
Another name for a radical wing of Jacksonian Democrats - were so called because Tammany Hall turned off the gaslights at one of their meetings so they used candles and lit them with a match of the same name
Immediatism
Another name for abolitionism
American Minister in Paris
Another name for ambassador - Thomas Jefferson at the time
Prizefighting
Another name for boxing
Bawdy houses
Another name for brothels
Disorderly houses
Another name for brothels in Puritan Boston
sound money
Another name for hard money
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Another name for mormons
Interposition
Another name for nullification
Squatter Sovereignty
Another name for popular sovereignty
"Age of the common man"
Another name for the Jacksonian era - misleading because political participation increased, but common folk were still common folk
Mr. Polk's War
Another name for the Mexican War
Nauvoo Legion
Another name for the Nauvoo militia
Know-nothing party
Another name for the Order of the Star Spangled Banner - they won a lot of seats in the House of Representatives
Tariff of Abomination
Another name for the tariff of 1828
The Liberator
Anti-slavery newspaper published by William Loyd Garrison
Anarchism
Any kind of government was an abusive system created by the rich to take advantage of the poor, used dramatic acts of violence to show their cause
Jefferson's Inaugural Address
Appealed for unity between Federalists and Republicans,
When did Parliament repeal Townshend acts
April 1770 - didn't repeal Tea Tax though
Orthodox Calvinists
Argued that people could neither earn nor choose salvation on their own accord
Royalist Cavaliers
Aristocrats that came to Virginia with their indentured servants
Press-Gangs
Armed gangs that kidnapped men - used in impressment
Ann Lee
Arrived in New York from England with 8 followers - got inspiration from the Holy Ghost and they danced hence their name Shakers
How did Europeans view the land?
As privately owned commodities to be exploited for profit
Calhoun
As secretary of state under Monroe he wanted to discipline Jackson for his unauthorized invasion of Spanish-held Florida
Declaratory Act
Asserted the power of Parliament in make laws binding the colonies in all cases whatsoever
Outdoor Relief
Assistant to poor people in the form of money, food, clothing, fuel
Native American Association
Association that emerged in Washington DC
Christian Activists
Assumed that the United States had a God-mandated mission to provide the world with a shining example of republican virtue
Needed to ratify the Constitution
At least 9 states needed to ratify the Constitution for it to be in effect
Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
At the Battle of Bull Run he had a brigade that was like a stonewall so his nickname became stonewall - fearless mathematics professor at the Virginia Military Institute -
Pittsburgh
At the head of the Ohio river - was the center of iron production
Cincinnati
At the mouth of the Little Miami River surpassed all other meat packing centers
Edmund Randolph
Attorney General
Roger B. Taney
Attorney General who moved into the treasury department - drew on government accounts with Biddles' bank but deposited all new federal receipts in state banks
George Mason
Author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights - had deep rooted suspicion of all government
Force bill
Authorized the president to use the army to comply obedience with federal law in South Carolina
Article 1 Section 8
Authorizes congress to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers
8
Average number of kids
Commercial Innovations
Barbed wire, air brakes for trains, steam turbines, electrical devices, typewriters and vacuum cleaners
Proclamation of Amnesty
Barred everybody with property worth more than 20000 from being pardoned - this included wealthy planters, bankers, merchants
Coopers
Barrel Makers
Battle of Princeton
Battle that Americans won by out maneuvering the British before taking refuge in Morristown in the hills of New Jersey
Battle of Pea Ridge (March 6-8, 1862)
Battle that took place just over the state line of Arkansas
Guilford Courthouse
Became Greensboro - Morgan's army linked up with Greene's - attacked Cornwallis's army here and inflicted serious damages
College of New Jersey
Became Princeton and was founded by Presbyterians in 1746
French and Indian War
Became Seven Years war in Europe
Boston
Became a bastion of Federalism
Battle of the Alamo
Became a heroic legend and battle cry for Texans - was a costly win for the Mexicans
Free-Soil
Became a rallying point for those who opposed slavery
Colored Society
Became a third caste - people where somewhere between whites and blacks - often operated inns -
Lumbering
Became a thriving industry in the South because of the need for housing - surpasses textiles in value
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
Became active during the war - congress was a body serving as the substitute for a monarch - it was to be a legislative body rather than Parliament
Millard Fillmore
Became president after Taylor's sudden death - supported the Compromise of 1850
Timothy Dwight
Became president of Yale College in 1795 - was an early revivalist leader - tried to purify a campus that had turned into a "hotbed of infidelity" - Jonathon Edwards was his grandfather
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Became the high priest of transcendentalism - was a poet, essayist, and speaker - gave a notable speech at Harvard called The American Scholar - also wrote Self-Reliance
Second Bank of the United States
Became the most powerful lending institution in the country - had 29 branches -
Mississippi Valley
Became the new breadbasket after the two way traffic from the Mississippi river
Peso
Became the primary medium for exchange in Missouri
French Navy
Because of them the British navy lost control of the Chesapeake Bay
Slave Markets
Because slaves were in such high demand these sprung up - buying and selling slaves became a big business
Edison Electric Illuminating Company
Began the electric industry by supplying 85 people with electric lights
Chartered corporations and commercial banks
Began to dominate local economies
Michael Cudahy
Began to work at a Milwaukee meat packing business and then became the head of Cudahy Packing Company and developed a process for curing meats under refrigeration
Heresy
Belief contradictory to common belief - The persistent tension in the New World led Protestants to change authority in the name of private conscience - was classified as heresy
African Religious Beliefs
Believed in one supreme god and an array of lesser gods that tied to nature specific forces
Stamp Act Congress beliefs
Believed that Parliament shouldn't tax them when they don't have any representatives
Romantics
Believed that people were justified in faith and also thought that religious impulses were too strong to be dismissed as illusions
William - royal governor of New Jersey
Ben Franklin's illegitimate son - was a loyalist - Benjamin Franklin later removed him from his will
Who wrote Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind?
Benjamin Franklin
National Continental Army
Better trained and moe reliable than militiamen - mostly poor native-borne Americans or immigrants who had been indentured servants or convicts
Subdue the Earth
Biblical command - colonists viewed the Earth as a commodity to make money
Elizabeth Lucas Pinckney
Big exception to common women roles - managed fathers plantations
Parlor games
Billiards, Cards, or chess
John Carroll
Bishop of Baltimore
Flatboats
Boats that were used before steamboats - they could no travel up river so after they went down river they were chopped up for fire wood - after steamboats they were still used to transport resources
John Pope
Bombastic leader of the Washington defense force
Boonesborough
Boone and 30 men aided by their wives and children held off an assault by more than 400 Indians here
Edgar Allen Poe
Born in Boston, reared in Virginia - was a master of Gothic horror and inventor of the detective story - wrote Tell-Tale Heart and The Pit and the Pendulum
How was America different from other nations?
Born out of ideas and ideals rather than from racial or ancestral bonds.
Lowell
Boston Associates developed a new water-powered mill at a village along the Merrimack river
James Otis
Boston attorney that formulated the Adams-Otis
Charles Chauncey and Jonathan Mayhew
Boston ministers who found Puritan theology to forbidding
Harriet Hunt
Boston teacher that tried to become a doctor even though Harvard Medical School rejected her twice
Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce
Both Mississippi natives who were educated in the north - they served in the North
Revivalists and Rationalists
Both groups believed that people could improve the world by improving people
Most of Africans were taken to
Brazil or West Indies
Whiskey ring
Bribed tax collectors to bilk the government out of millions of dollars in revenue
Gettysburg Address
Brief remarks that Lincoln gave about the battle - said that war was bad and that government of the people, was by the people, to the people
Louisiana Purchase
Brilliant diplomatic coup that doubled the size of the US - was part of France who got it from Spain as it was to expensive to handle - was sold to the Americans because the French suffered serious loss in Haiti and France needed to cut the losses - was controversial because Jefferson bought it under a loose interpretation of the Constitution
British West Indies
Britain's exclusion of American ships from here reserved that lucrative trade for the British.
Essex Case
British Court ruled that the practice of shipping French and Spanish goods through U.S. Ports on their way elsewhere did not neutralize enemy goods from seizure
Lobster Backs
British Soldiers
Gaspee
British Warship that breached while chasing smugglers - crew commandeered local sheep, pig, and poultry. Locals were mad - shot captain, removed the crew, and set fire to the vessel - reignited conflicts between America and Britain
Henry Clinton
British commander - deployed 3000 redcoats, Hessians, and Loyalists to take Savannah - enlisted support from Cherokees and local Loyalists
Battle of Trafalgar
British defeated French and Spanish fleets
John Murray
British ex-Methodist clergyman who founded Universalism in Gloucester Mass
William Howe
British general - had 32,000 troops - largest single British force
John Andre
British go-between - his capture ended Arnold's plot - was hanged as a spy
Attack on Washington DC
British marched to the undefended Washington DC and set fire to the White House - Dolley Madison (James Madison's wife) escaped with the Declaration of Independence wand a portrait of George Washington - British set fire to multiple building because the Americans burned and sacked the Canadian capital of York
David Erskine
British minister in Washington - said that British would take away trade restrictions in 1809 so Madison reopened trade with them - acted on his own and this didn't happen so they stopped trade
Fort McHenry
British tried to capture the fort but they were unable to - the star spangled banner was written after this fort - inability to capture the fort made the British give up trying to capture Baltimore
Leopard
British warship that wanted to search the Chesapeake (a U.S. naval vessel) for deserters from the British Navy - Chesapeake refused to the ship opened fire and killed 3 and wounded 18 - found 4 people who were hung
Twice-Told Tails (1837)
Brought Nathaniel Hawthorne fame and presented powerful moral allegories - examined sin and its consequences, pride, selfishness, secret guilt, and the impossibility of rooting sin out of the human soul
Panic of 1857
Brought by a reduction in foreign demand for American grain overly aggressive railroad construction, a surge in manufacturing production that outran the growth of market demand, and the continued confusion caused by the state banknote system
Treaty of Paris
Brought end to Seven Years war - Britain took everything east if Mississippi and all of Canada became Spanish Florida including Alabama and Mississippi
"Market Economy"
Brought greater regional specialization - south grew more dependent on cotton - north east witness first stages of industrialization
Religious energy and fervent social idealism
Brought major reforms and advances in human rights
Isaac Newton
Brought the climax of the scientific revolution with the theory of gravitation - said natural laws govern all things
Water Transportation Cities
Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, and Milwaukee
Clipper ships
Built for speed - the equivalent of a supersonic jetliner - long and lean with taller masts and more sails - lacked cargo space
What John Sullivan and his men did
Burned 40 Seneca and Cayuga villages together with their orchards and food supplies leaving many Indians homeless without enough provisions to survive - Broke the Iroquois confederacy - sporadic encounters with various tribes continued to the end of the war
Free Enterprise
Business operates largely free of governmental control
Ohio Company
Business venture to develop 200,000 acres in western Pennsylvania
St. Louis
Bustling city at the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers - hard many ethnic people - born in Germany and Central Europe, most of whom were Roman Catholics intensely opposed to slavery and the Confederacy -
slave and free states
By 1819 the country had an equal number of these type of states—eleven of each. The line between them was defined by the southern and western boundaries of Pennsylvania and the Ohio River
Two Treatises on Government
By John Locke - offered justification of the revolution - refuted divine rights of kings to govern with absolute power - people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property - protection of these natural rights led to government
Joint Resolution
By this John Tyler asked Congress to annex Texas
Bear Flag Republic
California - only lasted for a month
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Called "the Commodore," got very rich off of connecting Albany and Buffalo via railways and
Vicksburg
Called Gibraltar of the West because it was a strategic city - the Union troops holed up the Confederate troops in the city forcing them to eat horses, mules, and rats while the Union troops ate well
International Workingmen's Association
Called the First International, founded by Karl Marx, inspired some Marxist affiliates in the US
Tariff of 1828
Called the Tariff of Abomination because it pushed up rates of almost 50% of the value of imported goods - Calhoun objected it - tried to protect Northern manufacturers from foreign competition
Mother Jones
Called the most dangerous woman in America, was a beloved labor agitator who promoted higher wages, shorter hours, safer workplaces and child labor restrictions, was jailed twice
Kentucky
Came from Cherokee name Ken-Ta-Ke (Great Meadows)
Celtic Britons
Came to America in mass migration and settled in Appalachian Mountains
Scots-Irish
Came to new world and settled in Appalachian mountains
George H. Pendleton
Came up with the Ohio Idea
Log cabin
Campaign newspaper for Harrison
Synonyms for slave
Canaanite and Slav
War in the North
Canada was full of loyalists and Britain supplied them with ammunition - Madison opted for a three prong attack
John Paul Jones
Captain of ship that took over a British frigate
Colonel Henry Knox
Capture Ticonderoga?
Tensions with Great Britain
Capture Tyler's attention
British in South
Captured strategic port cities - Savannah, and Charleston - occupied much of Georgia and South Carolina and killed, wounded or captured 7000 America soldiers equal to the losses at Saratoga
The Rats Laeving a Fallen House
Cartoon that public confidence in the stability of Jackson's administration is toppling.
Things Congress offered to recruits
Cash, land, clothing, and blankets
French Revolution
Caused the interest in Deism to increase
West African Economy
Centered around on hunting, fishing, and farming - men and women worked alongside each other in the fields
Conscience Whigs
Centered in Massachusetts - promoted free-soil - battled the Cotton Whigs - also did not like the nominee because he was a slave holder
Modern system
Centralized workshops, mills, and factories dependent on wage laborers
Stamp Tax
Cerated revenue stamps to be purchased and affixed on every form of printed matter - newspapers, pamphlets, bonds, leases, etc. First outright internal tax
Ghost Dance
Ceremonial dance performed on a new moon for a savior for the Natives to come - was adopted very quickly on the Lakota reservations that the Whites banned it
Coffles
Chained groups - slaves were usually moves in this is from plantations to slave markets
King Louis XIV
Changed New France to a royal colony - shipped more settlers including women and provided livestock and fishing nets
American Capitalism
Changed from an agrarian economy to a market-oriented capitalist economy
Imperial policy
Changed from mercantile system to imperial policy
Invisible Charges
Charges like freight payments to shippers, commissions, storage charges, interest payments to merchants, insurance premiums, inspection and custom duties and outlays to purchase indentured servants and slaves - fees for the middle man
Joseph Brant
Charismatic Mohawk that led Iroquois to kill hundreds of militiamen along the Pennsylvania frontier
City with most slaves
Charleston - second was New York
Denmark Vesey Slave Insurrection (1822)
Charleston, South Carolina was thrown into panic even though the uprising was quickly and brutally put down
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Cheif Justice John Marshall ruled that the court had no jurisdiction because the Cherokees were a domestic dependant nation rather than a foreign state - Marshall said that Cherokees had an unquestionable right to their land though
Treaty of Hopewell (1785)
Cherokees gave up all claims in South Carolina, much of western North Carolina, and large portions of present day Kentucky and Tennessee
Most Powerful Tribes
Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles
John Marshall
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court - adopted Hamilton's words
John Marshall
Chief Justice that inaugurated Thomas Jefferson into office in Washington D.C - said the Marbury deserved commission, but the court did not have jurisdiction
Geronimo
Chief of the Chiricahua Apaches who fought the whites for 15 years in the Southwest
Sitting Bull
Chief of the Sioux who led them well
Spotting Tail
Chief of the Sioux who said that one the reservation the Indians would no longer have to move but they have done so 5 times already
Fort Laramie Treaty (1851)
Chiefs agreed to accept tribal barriers and allow white immigrants to pass through them unmolested - worked for awhile until emigrants started to take the Native American's land
Virginia law on slave children - 1667
Children of slaves baptized as Christians would still be slaves
Quakers
Christian movement started by George Fox - reject formal ministry
Anglicanism
Church of England - William Berkeley changed Virginia to Anglicanism
Philadelphia
City captured by General Howe
Westward Expansion
Civilians moved to the west of the Appalachian Mountains - by 1840 nearly 40% of people lived in the west
Itinerant Evangelists
Claimed that parish ministers were incompetent
Religious Revivalism
Clashed with a new rationalism that questioned many aspects of Christian belief
Result of weakening major Indian tribes along the frontier
Cleared the way for white settlers to seize Indian lands after the war
Flying Cloud
Clipper ship- took 89 days and 8 hours to travel from New York to San Francisco
Boston Port Act
Closed Boston harbor until the tea was payed back
Robert Morris
Closest thing to leader of the Confederation - created a tax program to make the national government financially stable
Bill of Rights
Cluster of amendments that protected individual freedoms, states' rights, and civil liberties - freedom of religion, press, speech, and assembly, right to own firearms, right to refuse to house soldiers, unreasonable searches and seziures, right to refuse to testify against oneself, right to a speedy public trial with a jury and legal counsel present, protection against cruel and unusual punishment - women , African Americans, or Indians did not get protection from the Bill of Rights
Blood-Sports
Cockfighting and dog fighting or boxing
Hard Currency
Coins
The Federalist
Collection of 85 essays originally published in New York newspapers - Alexander Hamilton published them under the name of Publius - 50 written by Hamilton, 30 written by Madison, and 5 written by Jay
Stamp Act Congress
Colonial assemblies sent delegates to confer in New York about their opposition to the stamp act - formulates a Declaration of Rights and Grievances of the Colonies
J.E.B. Stuart
Colorful young cavalry man
Thomas Gage
Commander in chief of British forces in North America - became governor of Massachusetts
Major Robert Anderson
Commander of Fort Sumter - Lincoln told him to take his troops out of the fort in order to preserve peace
Napoleon Bonaparte
Commander of French revolutionary forces
Robert Gould Shaw
Commander of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment - was a Harvard graduate - launched an attack on Fort Wagner - a blockade guarding Charleston
Plan of Union
Committee led by Benjamin Franklin - innovative plan with central government and legislative body with 48 members - central government would oversee defense and Indian relations and levy taxes - was rejected or ignored for the most part
Committee of Correspondence
Committee that issued a statement of rights and grievances and invited other town to do the same
Continental Congress
Committee that represented all of the colonies - first meeting was in Philadelphia
Redemptionars
Common name for indentured servants
American Revenue Act of 1764
Commonly known as sugar act - cut the duty on molasses in half - was momentous because it was to raise revenue and not merely regulate trade - did not raise additional net revenue
Uncommon elite
Comprised of men whom had power and privileged in their hands
National Labor Union (NLU)
Comprised of reform groups interested in political and social reform rather than making deals with their employers, devised greenbackism and the eight hour workday
Battle of Seven Pines (Fair Oaks)
Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston struck McClellan's forces - the Union got reinforcements which prevented a huge loss - Johnston was severely injured
General Beuargard
Confederate general at the Battle of Bull Run
Gettysburg
Confederate troops entered the area in search of shoes but encountered a Union cavalry - main forces joined in - George Meade was the commander of the Union - was a very bloody battle with the Confederates taking huge losses
Chancellorsville
Confederate troops were in a line and Stonewall Jackson rode out to see where the Union troops were however they fired at Jackson - he died of pneumonia soon after
Confederacy
Confederates said that it was the only Christian nation
Draft
Confederates started it with all men 17-50 required to serve 3 years - 2 loopholes where that you could pay 500 dollars or substitute an able-bodied individual who was not yet of draft age or if you had 20 or more slaves you were excluded from the draft - started in the Union later - drafted men 20-45 - for 300 dollars one could avoid service
Jonathan Edwards
Congregationalist minister in Northampton - promoted revivals in New England - said that young were practicing sinful behaviors such as night walking and going to the tavern
Old Light
Congregationalists split into old and new light. People who did not change are old light
Colored Cavalry
Congress formed these - they were army regiments for African Americans - were called buffalo soldiers by the Indians
Homestead Act of 1862
Congress provided free federal homesteads of 160 acres to settlers who had to occupy the land to gain title - no cash was needed
Legal Tender Act
Congress ultimately authorized $450 million in paper currency, which soon became known as greenbacks because of the color of the ink used to print the bills. The congressional decision to allow the Treasury to print paper money was a profoundly important development for the U.S. economy, then and since - helped the economy a lot - greenbacks could not be exchanged for gold or silver
Habeus Corpus Act (1863)
Congresse allowed the president to suspend the writ
Alexander Hamilton
Congressman from New York and former aide to George Washington - sough to bring Washington into the plan
Erie Canal
Connected Lake Erie and the Hudson river - was said to have brought a river of gold - longest canal in the world at the time
Jay Gould and James Fisk
Connived with the president's brother in law - they wanted to buy massive amounts of gold to drive the price up however the treasury started to sell a lot of gold causing a devaluation in its price
Donner Party
Consisted of 82 people - started to late in the year and took a short cut through the Utah desert - they reached Truckee pass where the separated into two groups - one group went up the mountain and they resorted to cannibalism - only 7 lived in this group - in the other group there was cannibalism but a rescue party saved them
Slave conspiracy
Conspiracy that slaves were going to burn down New York
American militiamen
Constituted a home guard, defended their communities, and they helped augment the Continental army - dressed in hunting shirts, and had their own muskets - mostly performed ambushes
African American Religion
Contained a mixture of African, Caribbean, and Christian elements - had biracial churches and independent black-only churches - also had crude shelters as churches - had a supreme god and lesser gods - 20% of slaves were Christian and many had Christian elements in their practice
Covenant Theory
Contract with worshippers through which they can secure salvation - contained kernels of democracy in church and state
American Tobacco Company
Controlled 9/10 of the nation's cigarette production and also 3/4 of the tobacco production - was broken up by the Supreme Court because it violated the Sherman Antitrust Act
Standard Oil Company of Ohio
Controlled over 90% of oil refining in the country, was incredibly self-sufficient in terms of economics (storing money in case of a depression, made their own barrels, pumped their own oil, etc.)
Constitutional Convention
Convention where delegates from the states came - except Rhode Island - to talk about new government - only 3 delegates refused to sign the Constitution
How women supported army
Cooked, cleaned, and nursed soldiers - often followed their husbands to camp
Camp Followers
Cooks, laundresses, entertainers, and prostitutes
Magistrial Boston minister claimed that women are more godly and that there are more godly women then men - pain of childbirth caused women to commit their lives to Christ
Cotton Mather
King Cotton
Cotton developed phenomenal profits in the south. - mainly depended on enslaves labor, New England merchants, and shippers (middle men) and a worldwide demand for cotton
Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Company
Court case where Lorenzo Sawyer outlawed the dumping of mining debris where it could reach farms or navigable rivers - first major environmental ruling
Cowpens
Cow grazing area in Northern South Carolina - Tarleton's British army was ambushed here - one of the only times Americans won when the two sides were evenly matched - Cornwallis said the victory broke his heart
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Crafted by Jefferson and Madison - denounced the Alien and Sedition Acts as infractions of constitutional rights
National Banking Act
Created a uniform system of banking and banknotes currency and helped finance the war
Greenville Dodge
Created the Alabama Infantry regiment
Bill of Attainder
Criminal condemnation by a legislative act - forbidden to be passed by Congress
Cotton
Crop that did very well with new technology production went from 3 million to 93 million pounds
Border Ruffians
Crossed the river from Missouri - illegally swept the polls for pro-slavery forces and vowed to kill every abolitionist in the territory
Brush Arbors
Crude outdoor shelters used for religious gatherings - were common
Greenbacks
Currency issued under the Legal Tender Act - they could not be exchanged for gold or silver and greatly helped the economy
Democratic Tariff of 1857
Cut rates on imports to their lowest since 1816
Joseph Warren
Dapper Boston physician died in the battle of Bunker Hill
July 2 1776
Day Congress voted for independence
Patrick Henry
Decided that war was imminent - said "Give me liberty, or give me death"
Land Ordinance of 1785
Declared that the Northwest was to be surveyed and six-square-mile townships established along east-west and north-south lines, then further divided and sold for no less than $1 per acre
William Loyd Garrison
Declared that the framers of the constitution had forged a covenant with death and an agreement with hell
Suffolk Reserves
Declared the Coercive acts null and void and urged Massachusetts to resist Britain tryranny
George Fitzhugh
Defended slavery as a good system
John Adams
Defense attorney for British soldiers - said they were victims of circumstance and they were acquitted except two who were charge with manslaughter
Washington-on-the-Brazos
Delegates from 59 Texas towns met here and signed a declaration of independance
Border States
Deleware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri
Henry David Thoreou
Delivered a fiery speech about the Burns case and said that it really was the trial of Massachusetts
The Significance of the Frontier in American History
Delivered to the American Historical Association in 1893 - written by Turner
Boom and Bust
Demands for goods imported from London created a vigorous market of exports to America - a buying spree followed by a money shortage and economic troubles
David Wilmot
Democratic congressman from Pennsylvania - endorsed the annexation of Texas as a slave state -
Republican Congress
Democratic party said that it dissolved the Union
Election of 1852
Democrats - Franklin Pierce, Winfield Scott - Northern Whigs, Free-Soilers - John P. Hale - Franklin Pierce won by a majority
1864 National Convention in Chicago
Democrats called for an immediate end to the war, to be followed by a national convention that would restore the Union. They named General George B. McClellan as their candidate, but McClellan distanced himself from the peace platform by declaring that agreement on Union would have to precede peace
Isaac Stiles
Denounced the intrusion of choice into spiritual matters
Alexander Hamilton
Department of Treasury - was orphaned in Nevis - attended King's college and entered the Continental army - he wanted to protect the ability to go from poverty to success - created a budget system a funded government debt a national bank and a customs service
Railroad
Described as "one of the noblest triumphs of human ingenuity" by a New Yorker -grew exponentially - greatly reduced the price of travel expenses -
"battle of the currents"
Described the switch to alternating current over direct current to use for lighting because its range and voltage were much higher
Navigation Act of 1651
Designed to increase England's profits by restricting economic freedom of colonies - all imports had to be on English ships
New Mexico and Arizona
Developed a lucrative beaver pelt business
Gustavus Swift
Developed a more efficient system of mechanical refrigeration, an innovation that earned him a fortune and provided the cattle industry with a major stimulus
Loyalists
Did not want to dissolve the political bands with Britain - tried to uphold royal authority
Slave Childhood
Didn't last long - usually by age 5 or 6 they were put to work by collecting firewood, cotton etc. By age 10 they were full time field hands
Mission Indians
Died at an alarming rate - were whipped or imprisoned for rebelling - infectious diseases killed them, but grueling labor had its toll
King George II
Died of ruptured artery on toilet
Hard Rock Mining
Digging to find precious metals by hydraulic mining, dredging, or deep-shaft mining - destroyed the environment
Second Reconstruction Act
Directed all military leaders to register all adults who swore they were qualified
New Quartering Act
Directed officials to provide lodging for British troops
Civil War
Directly affected British and French economies and Europe showed great interest in the war - placed the British government in a difficult position
Common Sense
Directly attacked monarchy, King George III bore the responsibility of the rebellion - more than 150,000 copies were circulating
Tariffs
Discouraged the sale of foreign goods in the United States - reduced the ability of the British and French to buy southern cotton because of the loss of export income
California Gold
Discovered in 1848 - lured many people to California
Comstock Lode
Discovered near Gold Hill, Nevada - discovered by H.T.P. Comstock - he talked his way into a share in the discovery and gave it his name - it yielded more than 300 million
Sam Houston
Disliked the Kansas-Nebraska Act because it violated the Missouri Compromise and Indian lands
James K. Polk
Dismissed the proviso as foolish
Rice
Dominated the economy of coastal areas of South Carolina and Georgia - was labor intensive and spawned many plantations - Helped rise Savannah and Charleston as urban trade centers - 80% of slaves lived on these plantations -
Morrill Tariff
Doubled the average level of import duties
Dred Scott v. Sanford
Dred Scott said that his journey through Illinois and Wisconsin made him free - it lost in the Supreme court because Dred Scott was not a legal citizen
Cotton
Drew many settlers into Texas
Transcendentalism
Drew much inspiration from Immanuel Kant and the Romantic movement - sought to embody the truest piety - became the most inflectional intellectual and spiritual force in American culture
Minstrelsy
Drew up on African American subjects and reinforced stereotypes
Buffalo chips
Dried buffalo dung that was used as fuel
Buffalo Chips
Dried dung used for fuel
Democrats
Dropped Republicans after their name - bacame a major political party
Freeport doctrine
During the second debate, at Freeport, Lincoln asked Douglas how he could reconcile his concept of popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott ruling that citizens had the right to carry slaves into any territory. Douglas's answer, thenceforth known as this - stated whatever the Supreme Court might say about slavery, it could not exist anywhere unless supported by local police regulations.
Alien Enemies Act
During times of war authorized the president to expel or imprison enemy aliens at will
Iron Plows
Eased the backbreaking job of tilling the soil
Eastern Theater
East of the Appalachians - nothing that important happened before May 1862
Rip Van Winkle
Easygoing farmer in Washington Irving's tale. Fell asleep for twenty years - slept before the Revolution and woke up 20 years later to find everything changed.
Mercantile System
Economic and political policy - belief that international power and influence depended on the wealth and self-sustainability of a nation - government controlled all economic activities tried to make exports more numerous than imports amount of money
Karl Marx
Economist and Co-author of the Communist Manifesto who noted that with out cotton you have no modern slavery and without slavery you have no cotton
North
Economy that recovered the fastest - North or South
American economy after the war
Economy was devastated - faced inflation and exports plummeted- not enough money in the country
Henry W. Grady
Editor of the Atlanta Constitution - was a major prophet of the New South - said that the Old South relied on slavery while the New South was a perfect democracy - his view of the New South was modeled after the North
Citizen Genet
Edmond-Charles-Edouard Genet - French ambassador to America - recruited privateers to capture British ships and organized attacks on Spanish Florida and Louisiana - became an embarrassment and had to go, but didn't want the guillotine so he sought asylum in America
Colonization
Effort to ship slaves and freed blacks to Africa
Grannies
Elderly women - kept children during the day when their mothers went to work
Victor Herbert
Emerged as on of America's most revered composers
Samuel Adams
Emerged as supreme genius of revolutionary agitation - organized protests for the Sons of Liberty
Peter Cartwright
Emerged as the most successful circuit rider - roamed across Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Indiana- preached for about 20 hours each day
Henry David Thoreau
Emerson's neighbor - did many things well - revered nature as a living Bible - wanted to be free of the complexities of life - wrote Walden, or Life in the Woods (1854) - wrote Civil Disobedience (1849) - lived in a cabin
Spirituals
Emotional songs sung at African American congregations
Great Awakening
Emphasized individualistic strand in Protestantism - spawns Protestant evangelicalism
Penn Station
Employed 3 thousand people, was the first major railroad port that set the precedent for many people leaving cities via railroad stations
Paternalism
Employers dominated the life of mill villages - employees worked from sun up to sun down
Alien Act
Empowered the president to deport dangerous aliens
Horses
Enabled the plains Indians to follow the moving buffalo herds
Spirituals
Encoded songs used by slaves to worship discretely
Contract Labor Act (1864)
Encouraged the importation of immigrant labor
Treaty of Paris
Ended Revolutionary war - recognized America as independent - recognized Mississippi as westernmost border - Florida went to Spain - British Merchants meet with no leRepublicgal impediment to seek money that is owed to them - Loyalists properties with be restored
13th Amendment
Ended slavery
1783 Peace of Paris
Ended the American Revolutionary War - left western and southern boundaries of the United States disputed
Compromise of 1877
Ended the Radical Reconstruction
Treaty of Ghent
Ended the war of 1812
Medicine Lodge Conference
Ended with the Kiowas, Comanches, Araphos, and Cheyennes accepting to go to lands in western Oklohoma
John Wesley
English Anglican priest that founded Methodism - gravestone read "Lord let me not live to be useless."
James Smithson
English man that started the Smithsonian for the increase and diffusion of knowledge
Utah
Entered the Union in 1896 after the Mormons abandoned polygamy
Joseph Martin
Enthusiastic young Connecticut farmer who joined George Washington's army in 1776 and said that The Americans were invincible
Franciscan friars
Enticed the Indians with gifts and once the Indians were inside the mission the friars baptized them, taught them Spanish, and stripped them of their native heritage
Irish Potato Famine
Epidemic of potato rot killed more than 1 million peasants so many people fled the country
Benjamin Franklin
Epitomized the Enlightenment in the eyes of Americans and Europeans - founded library, helped start U. Penn, started fire stations
Women
Especially flocked to rural revivals - played the predominant role in camp meetings - they had high spiritual energies
On the Equality of Sexes
Essay written by Judith Sargent Murray of Gloucester Massachusetts that stressed that women were capable of excelling in roles outside the home
Self-Reliance (1841)
Essay written by Ralph Waldo Emerson - had a timeless appeal to youth, with its message of individualism and independence
Internal Revenue Act
Established Internal Revenue Service to implement an income tax
Pierre Le Moyne, sieur d'Iberville
Established a colony near Biloxi, Mississippi
Anglican Church
Established as the official religion in 5 colonies and parts of two others - tended to be pro-British
Quebec Act
Established royal governor in Canada with no representative assembly - also extended Canada borders
Massachusetts
Established the first all black army units
Articles of Confederation
Established unicameral Congress dominated by state legislatures
Rancho
Estates that Hispanic settlers got under the 1824 colonization act Mexico passed - they used Indians as slave labor and lived a life of luxury and ease - resembles southern plantations but Indian death rate was twice as high has enslaved blacks
Black Reconstruction
Exaggerates African American political influence which was limited to voting
Religious and Cultural life
Experienced wrenching strains and new outlooks
William Henry Drayton
Expressed horror that impertinent slaves were claiming that the Revolutionary war was obliging us to give them freedom
Land Act of 1796
Extended the rectangular surveys ordained in 1785 but doubled the price to 2 dollars an acre with only 1 year to complete the payment - minimum cost wast 1280 alternate townships would be sold in blocks of eight sections, or 5,120 acres, making the minimum cost $10,240. Either price was well beyond the means of ordinary settlers and a bit much even for speculators, who could still pick up state-owned lands at lower prices.
Zachary Taylor
Fame grew from Buena Vista - was the Whig nominee - born in Virginia, but was raised in Kentucky - was a Louisiana resident who owned more than a hundred slaves - was the 12th president - wanted to make California and New Mexico free states while keeping slavery in states it was already in
Duke
Family that was very important in the production of tobacco and cigarettes - had a factory that produced a lot of tobacco
"corrupt" banks
Farmers unable to pay debts lost their farms to these - farmers thought the benefited from governmental favoritism and they engaged in reckless speculative ventures
Bonanza farms
Farms with machinery for mass production
James Madison
Father of the Constitution - became the 4th president
Radical Republicans
Favored a sweeping transformation of southern society based upon granting freed slaves full-fledged citizenship - wanted to dismantle the Republican Party and the planter elite
South
Favored free trade because they wanted to import British goods in exchange for the profitable cotton they provided British textile mills
Liberal Republicans
Favored free trade rather than tariffs, the redemption of greenbacks with gold, a stable currency, an end to federal Reconstruction efforts in the South, the restoration of the rights of former Confederates, and civil service reform
Harriet Tubman
Fearless slave runaway that risked everything to venture back to the South 19 times to help 300 slaves escape
Lorenzo Sawyer
Federal judge and previous miner who made the decision in the case Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Company
Revenuers
Federal tax officers
California
Felt the first influence of European culture when Spain grew concerned about Russian seal traders moving south along the Pacific coast from Alaska - Spanish anchored in San Francisco constructed military garrisons and Catholic missions
Eastern Band
Few Cherokees held out in the mountains and acquired title to federal land in North Carolina
Slave Women Roles
Field workers, wives, and mothers responsible for child rearing and household affairs
Federalists
Fierce advocates for the Constitution
Gilded Age
Final quarter of the 1800s, featured unrestricted capitalism and big business booms
Oberlin College
Finney accepted the professorship of theology at this newly formed college - was the first college to accept women and blacks - women had to clean man's rooms and could not speak or recite graduation
Phillis Wheatley
First African American to see her poetry published - said it was hypocritical of whites to get freedom while still ruling over salves
John Jay
First Chief Justice - also American minister (ambassador) in Spain
Abilene
First Kansas cow town
The Irish
First Minority Group
Clermont
First commercially successful steamboat which went up New York's Hudson River - sent by Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston
First Reports on Public Credit
First one dealt with the 79 million debt - said that citizens holding deflated war bonds could exchange them for new interest-bearing bonds and the federal government should assume state debts - authored by Hamilton
John Adams
First vice president - second president with Jefferson as vice president
Fisheries
Fished and supplied product profitably to Europe and to West Indies as slave food
Frederick Douglass
Fled enslavement from Maryland - spoke at a meeting of the American Anti-Slavery Society - wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass - started an abolitionist newspaper for blacks the North Star
Andrew Jackson
Florida became a U.S. territory, and he was its first governor (1845 achieved statehood)
Common-Law Tradition
Flowing water could not be made into private property
David Crockett
Folk hero - Congressman from Tennessee - was a Whig - disliked Jackson
Deists
Followers of Sir Isaac Newton's idea of natural law, reducing God to the position of a remote Creator -thought best way to improve society and nature by reason and virtue
Spain
Forbade manufacturing in its colonies and were limited to trading with Native Americans - also failed to produce settlements
Logan Act (1799)
Forbids private citizens from negotiating with foreign governments without official authorizations
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)
Forced Iroquois to cede land in western New York and Pennsylvania
3 Executive Departments
Foreign Affairs, Finance, and War
Benjamin "Pap" Singleton
Foremost promoter of black migration to the West - born a slave in Tennessee he escaped to Michigan - he along with his followers established the Dunlop community
California Trail
Forked off the Oregon trail near lake Tahoe
Theocracy
Form of government where church and state are combined
Boston Manufacturing Company
Formed by Boston Associates on of whom was Francis Cabot Lowell
Anti-Debris Association
Formed by California farmers to oppose mining companies - had its own militia - they took companies to the court
Liberty Party
Formed by the American Anti-Slavery Society in order to elect an American who would abolish slavery - nominee was James Gillespie Birney
D.H. Hill
Former engineering professor at Davidson college -
Nicholas Biddle
Former president of the Second Bank of the United States
James Gillespie Birney
Former slave owner turned abolitionist from Alabama - was the executive secretary of the American Anti-Slavery Society
Frederick Douglass
Former slave that said slaves sing most when they are unhappy
Alexander Stephens
Former vice-president of the Confederacy - now had a seat in the Senate -
Declaration of Rights and Grievances of the Colonies
Formulated by the Stamp Act congress about the rights of the colonies
Fort Sumter
Fort in South Carolina that the Union had troops in - the Confederacy circled it with a "ring of fire"
Fort Duquesne
Fort where Pittsburgh would be - intersection of the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio rivers
Slave Forts
Forts along the Atlantic where slaves were held before being sold to European traders
Battle of Bunker Hill
Fought on Breed's Hill - first major clash - had three senior generals William Howe, Sir Henry Clinton, and John Burgoyne - British won but suffered a lot of casualties - made British more cautious - and Continental Congress recommended that all able bodied men fought in the war
Indians
Fought on both sides of the war - even caused some tribes to split like the Cherokees
Evangelists
Found ready audiences among lonely frontier folk hungry for spiritual intensity
Robert Owen
Founded New Harmony which was based on secular principles - set forth a scheme for a model community in his pamphlet A New View of Society (1813) - was supposed to be a Utopian society
William Penn
Founded Pennsylvania and was a Quaker
Socialist Party of America
Founded by Eugene Debs from the remnants of the American Railway Union, gained 6% of the popular vote in 1912, later split by the Communist Party
Knights of Labor
Founded by Uriah Stephens, created a union based on secrecy and rituals that would protect employees from retaliation, aimed to put pressure on employers through strikes and boycotts, declined due to Powderly's inability to publicly distinguish the Knights from the anarchists
Sears, Roebuck and Company
Founded by mid-western entrepreneurs, was essentially the first shipping by mail company, had a catalog that contained tons of daily items available for purchase, helped create a truly national market that reached people on small farms
Shakers
Founded by mother Ann - they danced for inspiration and followed the Holy Ghost
Harvard College
Founded in 1636 because Puritans didn't want illiterate ministry in the church
College of William and Mary
Founded in 1693 to strengthen Anglican ministry
King's College
Founded in 1754 renamed Columbia was an Anglican institution
Order of the Star Spangled Banner
Founded in New York City - members pledged never to vote for a foreign born or Catholic candidate became the Know nothing party because when asked about the order they said I know nothing
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Founded on class struggle and the tension between workingmen and capitalists, seemed to wage class war, called the Wobblies, wanted to destroy the government and replace it with one big union, reached out to the unskilled workers, declined due to a failed silk strike
Samuel Gompers
Founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL), replaced the Knights of Labor, didn't like anarchy but also didn't like social injustice
Eugene Debs
Founded the American Railway Union, wanted to organize all railway workers no matter their skill level, angry workers ignored his pleas for a boycott and assaulted the strikers
Joseph Smith
Founder of Mormonism - said that he had a vision of the angel Moroni who was the son of Mormon - said that the angel showed him some golden tablets which was the book of Mormon - ordered the stop of opposition newspaper so he and his brother were killed by a mob
New York
Free-soilers split the Demoratic vote enough to give it to the Whigs -
Ohio
Free-soilers split up the Whig vote enough to give it to the Democrats
Osawatomie Kansas
Free-state settlement where pro-slavery members burned and looted houses - also John Brown's son Frederick was shot and killed
Emancipation Proclamation
Freed all slaves in the Confederate slaves - dashed the Confederacy's hopes of foreign recognition - changed the focus of the war from preserving the Union to abolishing slavery - said that Confederate states that came back to the Union could keep their slaves - none accepted the offer - slaves in border states were not freed but they claimed their freedom any way
George Washington
Freed his slaves after his death
13th Amendment
Freed the slaves
Salutary Neglect
Freedom to colonies where they could export what they want - this blossomed to the Revolution - Lax administration of laws
François-Joseph-Paul de Grasse
French admiral that was coming from the West Indies with his large fleet and his 3000 troops
Duke de Cadore
French foreign minister - wrote Cadore letter that was carefully written so that it said that the Milan and Berlin decrees would be lifted if British did the same
Terror of 1793 - 1794
French government started war with Austria and Prussia, and executed many political prisoners and barbarism ruled the streets of Paris
Bastille
French prison that marked monarchical tyranny
Walloons
French speaking celtic people of southern Belgium
Alexis de Tocqueville
French visitor who said that no country in the world had a greater influence of their people than America
Philadelphia
Frigate that was burnt by Stephen Decatur because it was captured
Era of Reconstruction
From 1865 - 1877 - was a period of political complexity and social implications - people questioned freedom, equality, and opportunity during this period
American Boundaries
From Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi river
John C. Breckinridge
From Kentucky - Vice President - the Charleston suceeders wanted him as their president
John J. Crittenden
From Kentucky - proposed resolutions that allowed for slavery in the territories south of the 36°30′ parallel and guaranteed the maintenance of slavery where it already existed.
James Gillespie Blaine
From Maine - former Speaker of the House - emerged as the Republican fore-runner - had a scandal with James Mulligan - involved shady railroad deals
Thomas Hart Benton
From Missouri - was a nationalist -
Franklin Pierce
From New Hampshire - he was chosen by the Democrats to be president in 1852 - promoted westward expansion - was a failure as president
Jethro Wood
From New York - developed an iron plow with separate replaceable parts
Rutherford B. Hayes
From Ohio - was the Republican nominee because of Blaine's scandals
Elizabeth Blackwell
From Ohio managed to gain admission to Geneva Medical College of Western New York despite the disapproval of faculty - became a professor
Mary Boykin Chestnut
From South Carolina - complained that there is no slave like a wife
John C. Calhoun
From South Carolina - said that the war was "the forbidden fruit; the penalty of eating it would be to subject our institutions to political death" - knew that the acquisition of territory would unleash the firestorm about slavery - said the slaves were property and not letting them in states would violate the fifth amendment
Francis Pickens
From South Carolina - said the Democrats triumphed with the nomination of Polk because Polk was a slave holder who planted cotton
Cowboys
From Texas - were nomadic - migrated northward onto the plains and across the Rocky mountains into the Great Basin of Utah
Matthew Lyon
From Vermont Republican congressmen - castigated Adams so he was imprisoned for 4 months and fined 1000 dollars. Continued to write articles from his cell and became a martyr
Cyrus Hall McCormick
From Virginia - invented a mechanical reaper to harvest wheat - moved to Chicago to build a plant to build and sell his reapers
John "Bowie Knife" Potter
From Wisconsin - yanked off a wig from a congressman and said I have scalped him
Western Theater
From the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River - several encounters occurred and a major Confederate win
Anthony Burns
Fugitive slave that free blacks in Boston helped, however the law apprehended him and he was put in jail. Abolitionists came to the jail to free hims. During his trial a compromise was made that Bostonians could buy his freedom however President Pierce would not allow it
Religious Fundamentalists
Fundamentalist movement within protestant community
John Quincy Adams
Future American President - gave commencement ceremony at Harvard, bemoaned the Articles of Confederation
James Buchanan
Future president - was head of the Pennsylvania Democrats - said the Van Buren's stance on Texas cost him the nomination - was Polk's secretary of state
Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)
Gave each state 30000 acres of land per member of Congress
American Bible Society
Gave free Bibles to new converts
Homestead Act
Gave settlers 160 acres if they agreed to work the land for 5 years
Battle of Shiloh
General Johnston caught Grant's troops uncovered so he attacked them - most died in their bedrolls - however Johnston was injured and his second in command called of the attack - both sides suffered about 20000 casualties
Winfield Scott
General in chief of the army - was a politically ambitious Whig - was in charge of the southern Texas front
Writs of Assistance
General search warrants that didn't have to specify the place being searched
Joseph E. Johnston
General that came with Confederate reinforcements at the battle of Bull Run
Guy Carleton
General that organized the mass evacuations of Loyalists and run away slaves - violated the Treaty of Paris
Henry Lee
General that took 13000 soldiers over the Alleghenies to end the Whiskey rebellion - met with little opposition - found 20 people and took them to jail - for a couple of days George Washington commanded troops - only president to lead troops while in office
Philip Sheridan
General who forced the Indians to disband and end the Red River War - Summarized the plight of the Indians by saying that Americans took everything from them and that is why they started the wars
Ulysses S. Grant
General who moved Union soldiers into Peducah Kentucky
Uncle Tom
Generous slave in Uncle Tom's Cabin
Proclamation of 1763
George III issued this to keep peace with Indians - said that the colonists couldn't go beyond the Appalachian mountains - was first step in a series of efforts to regulate the colonies
Pullman Strike
George Pullman laid off 3 thousand workers and cut wages by 25-40 percent, caused a strike
Battle of Trenton
George Washington with 2400 men crossed the icy Delaware river on Christmas night 1776 and surprised a garrison of 1500 sleeping Hessians - only 500 escaped - 2 of Washington's men were killed 4 were injured
Mount Vernon
George Washington's Virginia home
Mount Vernon
George Washington's home
William H. Crawford
Georgian secretary of the Treasury under Monroe
Mennonites
German Baptists who had similar beliefs to Quakers
Immanuel Kant
German philosopher who wrote the Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
Pensylvania Dutch
Germans
Hessians
Germans that served in America that were from the principality of Hesse-Cassel - 17,000 members
German Settlements
Germantown near Philidelphia was settled by German Baptists (Mennonites)
Salem Witch Trials
Girls accused many people usually women who didn't go to church or lived alone of being witches
Mill Girls
Girls who worked in the mills
Personal misfortune
God decided ones station in life - slavery was just a misfortune to Africans
Hard money
Gold coins
Hard money
Gold or silver coins - creditors demanded borrowers to pay back loans in this
Spanish in America looked for
Gold, and setting up missions
William Writ
Got only 7 electoral votes from Vermont
Lords of Trade
Government agency under Charles II that forced colonists to abide mercantile system
William Henry Harrison
Governor of Indian Territory - gathered 1000 troops to march onto Prophetsville (Tecumseh's capital)
John Winthrop
Governor of Massachusetts bay colony - minister
Governor Morris
Governor of New York - hated all common people
John Floyd
Governor of Virginia got only 11 votes from South Carolina
Eli Whitney
Graduate from Yale who invented the Cotton Gin on a visit ti Mulberry Grove
Latin School
Grammer school that prepared kids for college
George III
Grandson of George II became king - proved to be a strong leader - oversaw military defeat of France and Spain
Election of 1872
Grant won by a lot over Horace Greeley
William Tecumseh Sherman
Grant's Lieutenant - operations in Georgia were entrusted to him
What did the House of Commons do on March 16, 1778
Granted all demands that the American rebels wanted - repealed all the acts and sent peace commissioners to Philadelphia - Congress refused to begin any negotiations until Britain recognized American independence or withdrew its forces
Vice-Admiralty court of Halifax
Granted single judge jurisdiction over al of the American colonies ensuring no one would be sympathetic toward smugglers
Norwegians and Swedes
Gravitated towards Wisconsin and Minnesota
Northern Whigs
Gravitated towards new parties - one was the know-nothing party and the other one was the conscience Whigs
Results of Seven Years' War
Great Britain emerged as world most powerful nation - Solidified control over Scotland and Ireland - Shook relationship between the colonies and England - Caused England to get huge navy - huge debt led to more taxes and led parliament to charge that traditional liberties were being usurped by a tyrannical central government
Electricity
Greatly accelerated the Second Industrial Revolution, advanced power and efficiency of machines, caused great urban growth
Female Seminaries
Grew into colleges
Anti-Masonic Party
Grew out of popular hostility toward the Masonic fraternal order, a private social organization that originated in Great Britain early in the eighteenth century. By the start of the American Revolution, there were a hundred Masonic "lodges" scattered across the United States with about a thousand members, including George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. By 1830 the number had grown to two thousand lodges and one hundred thousand Masons, including Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay.
Haymarket Affair
Grew out of prolonged agitation of the want for an eight hour workday, composed of 40 thousand Chicago workers striking due to not receiving the eight hour workday, police shot two people and enraged many more, bombs were thrown and people were shot arbitrarily
Methodists
Grew to the largest Protestant church in the nation
Ohio Company of Associates
Group of former army officers - organized in Boston - wanted land for Revolutionary War veterans sent plan with Reverend Manasseh Cutler
Slave Gangs
Groups that slaves worked in
1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights
Guaranteed the free exercise of religion
Results of the war in the Carolinas
Guerilla-style raids and reprisals between partisan Patriots and local Loyalists with Cherokees allied with the British
German Turnvereins
Gymnastic societies
Joint Committee on Reconstruction
Had 9 members from the House and 6 from the Senate -
South Carolina
Had African Americans in its state legislature until 1900
Georgia
Had African Americans in its state legislature until 1908
Richard Montgomery
Had a Patriot force that went to to Quebec - his group suffered smallpox - was killed in attack
Cherokees
Had a constitution and even owned slaves
Andrew Jackson
Had a gamecock look
South
Had a higher percentage of college students but a lowed percentage of public-school students
Confederate Economy
Had a lot of inflation and they did not tax well
Samuel Slater
Had a plan for a water-powered spinning machine - built a mill in Pawtucket and was used for textiles
Auburn Penititionary
Had a system where prisoners had separate cells and only met each other for meals and group labor - prisoners were not allowed to talk to each other - system was copied by many prisons
Margaret O'Neale
Had an affair with John Eaton who used to be the senator of Tennessee and she was the daughter of an Irish tavern owner
John M. Chivington
Had an untrained militia at fort Lyon who attacked peaceful Indians
Spain
Had diplomacy issues with the colonists; they disputed southern boundary of the US and the right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi River
Women
Had domestic roles initially but found themselves pitching in to fix a wheel on the wagon and gather buffalo chips
North
Had good transportation and made most of the manufactured goods
Confederation Congress
Had little authority - could only ask the states to do something - had no power to enforce rules
Enlightenment Secularism
Had made its way into the minds of the most educated Americans
Slave Marriages
Had no legal standing but many slave holder accepted it as it had a stabilizing affect on the plantation -
Blackfeet and Crows
Had to leave their homes in Montana
National Responsibility
Hamilton said war debts were this because everyone benefited from independence
Federalists
Hamilton's controversial financial ideas provided economic foundation for this party - believed that the constitution should be interpreted broadly
Compromise of 1790
Hamilton's debt plan was signed if the new capital was moved to somewhere on the Potomac river - became Washington - in return for Northern votes on this Madison would get Southern votes on Hamilton's debt plan
Whiskey Rebellion
Hamilton's liquor tax enraged farmers because it taxed them on their most profitable commodity - nearly all people drank alcohol because it is safer to drink than contaminated water and cheaper than tea - a mob of 500 men burned the house of a tax collector - attacked people and robbed malls - threatened an assault on Pittsburgh - George Washington tried to reason but they did not respond so he asked the militia to suppress them
Leading Federalists
Hamilton, Madison, Jay
Thomas Jeremiah
Hanged by a mob in Charleston because he told slaves that British were here to free the negroes
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)
Harriet Beecher Stove's best selling novel - talks about the racial underpinnings of the abolitionist movement
Coercive Acts
Harsh measures intended to punish rebellious Boston
Elbridge Gerry
Harvard graduate - called Old Grumbletonian because he opposed everything he did not propose
John Quincy Adams
Harvard professor - was aloof and very different from Andrew Jackson
"plural marriage"
Have multiple wives - Joseph Smith practiced this -
Hartford Convention (1814)
Hayne used this in his argument - New Englanders had taken the same position against federal positions as South Carolina did now
Thomas Jefferson
Head of the Department of State - architect - was brilliant
Charles Francis Adams Jr.
Head of the Union Pacific Railroad
Lord Sandwich
Head of the navy - said colonists were cowards
Dorothea Lynde Dix
Heightened the public's awareness of the plight of the mentally ill - was instructed to teach Sunday school at East Cambridge House of Correction where she found a roomful of insane people completely neglected - she then conducted a 2-year investigation of jails in Massachusetts
Modocs
Held out along the California-Oregon boundary for 6 months
Richard Allen
Helped found the African American Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church - said no other sect fit black people as well as Methodism -
Demand for cotton
Helped fuel an economic boom and a transportation revolution
Circuit-riding preacher and the camp meeting
Helped keep the fires of revivalism burning in the backwoods
Deep South
Henry Grady's dream of small landowners wasn't happening - there were very low rates of farm ownership
Dakota Territory
Here the Indians outnumbered the whites 2 to 1 in 1870 but in 1880 the whites outnumbered the Indians 6 to 1
How were African Tribal kingdoms arranged?
Hierarchical - Priests and nobility - farmers and craftspeople - slaves, war captives, criminals, or debtors
Women
Higher education was hardly an option - could not vote - had not control over property or children - legal status was that of a minor, slave or free black
Black Overseers (Driver)
Highest management a slave could be - were placed in small groups (gangs) of slaves with the duty of getting them to work
Charles Cornwallis
Him and Clinton bottled up an American Force at the Charleston Peninsula
Albert Sydney Johnston
Him and his 40000 men stretched 150 miles
Daniel Boone
Him and small band of settlers repeatedly clashed with Shawnees and their British and Loyalist allies
Mercenaries
Hired foreign soldiers - 30,000 Germans served in America - 17,000 were Hessians
Lowell Idea
Hired women to work in the mills because they have dexterous hands
Hamilton's Scheme
His scheme was to cut Pinckney out of both presidency and vice presidency and elect Jefferson as vice president - didn't work
John Peter Zenger
His trial was important for the progress of the freedom of press - he criticized New York Governor
Alcohol Consumption
Hit new heights during this time
Gone with the Wind (1939)
Hollywood film that portrayed the South as a stable agrarian society led by paternalistic white planters and their families, who live in white-columned mansions and represent a "natural" aristocracy of virtue and talent within their communities - represents slave owners as kind to their slaves and devoted to rural values of independence and chivalric honor and values celebrated by Thomas Jefferson
Mulberry Grove
Home of Catharine Greene widow of Revolutionary war hero Nathanael Greene
Sod houses
Homes built of sod
Phoebe Worrall Palmer
Hosted revival meetings in New York City - then traveled across the country as a camp meeting evangelist
Legislative bodies in America
House of Burgesses (Virginia), Delegates (Maryland), Representatives (Massachusetts) or lower houses - chosen by vote in counties, towns or parishes
Slave Jails
Housed the shackled men, women, and children waiting to be sold to the highest bidder
Beastly Passions
How white slave owners fathered slave children and then sold them like livestock
Battle of Brandywine Creek
Howe and army routed the American on September 11 and took over Philadelphia - Howe missed chance to deal Washington the knockout blow
Chicago
Hub of water transportation and railways because it connected the Northeast, the South, and the trans-Mississippi west
Three Great Rivers
Hudson, Delaware, and Susquehanna
Township Grants
Huge tracts of land given out to groups and the group would divide it out among its members based on rough principle of equity - larger families got more land etc.
The Bank of the United States
Hydra-headed monster
Hydraulic Mining
Hydraulic cannons shot enormous streams of water under high pressure stripping topsoil and gravel from bedrock creating steep-sloping barren canyons that could not sustain plant life - also tons of dirt seeps into rivers killing fish and other animals
Providential Destiny
Idea that Americans had to displace the Indians and subdue the entire continent
Papist Plot
Idea to turn America into a Catholic nation
Cult of domesticity
Idealized a women's role in civilizing husband and family
"reasonable" ideas
Ideas of the Enlightenment - influenced religion, literature, and the arts, and various social reforms
Stephen A. Douglas
Illinois Senator that supported a land grant for a north-south rail line connecting Chicago and Mobile, Alabama
Lymann Trumball
Illinois Senator who wrote the Civil Rights Act and the 13th Amendment
Joseph G. McCoy
Illinois livestock dealer, recognized the possibilities of moving the cattle trade west - purchased land in Abilene, Kansas
Article 2 Section 3
Immigrant has to live in the United State for 9 years to be eligible to serve in the Senate
Article 2 Section 2
Immigrant has to live in the United States for 7 years to be eligible to serve in the House of Representatives
Indigo
Important crop in South Carolina vanished with the loss of British bounties for this source of blue dye used to make clothes
Taverns
Important part of colonial transport - movement at night was treacherous - most were operated by women and outnumbered all other businesses
Way Governments get Money
Impose taxes, can borrow money by selling interest-paying government bonds, they can print money
Molasses Act of 1733
Imposed a tax on molasses that if enforced could seriously hurt a major colonial industry
Isaac Merritt Singer
Improved the sewing machine
James Watt
Improved the steam engine (Britain)
Charles Townshend
In 1767 was guiding force in ministry - high abilities low judgement -held Americans in contempt - took advantage of Pitt's confusion to enact money-generating policies aimed at the colonies
second Bank of the United States (B.U.S.)
In 1816, Congress adopted, over the protest of Old Republicans, a provision for this which would be located in Philadelphia
Transcontinental Treaty
In 1819, Adams convinced the Spanish to sign this (also called the Adams-Onís Treaty), which gave all of Florida to the United States in return for a cash settlement; specified that the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase would run along the Sabine River and then, in stair-step fashion, up to the Red River, along the Red, and up to the Arkansas River. From the source of the Arkansas, it would go north to the 42nd parallel and thence west to the Pacific coast.
The American Unitarian Association
In 1826 had 125 churches (all but a handful in Massachusetts)
Battle of Waterloo
In Belgium Napoleon had been defeated
The George Barrell Emerson School
In Boston - taught women higher education - taught them Math, Physics, history, art, music, and the social graces
Alabama Infantry Regiment
In Corinth, Mississippi General Grenville Dodge armed a thousand escaped slaves to form this - first regiment of all African descent
Willard's Hotel
In D.C. a peace conference met here
Black Hawk War
In Illinois and Wisconsin territory an armed clash ruptured in 1832 the Sauk and Fox sought to reoccupy land they had abandoned the previous year.
Cyprien Ricard
In Louisiana paid 250000 for an estate that had 91 slaves
Brook Farm
In Massachusetts - was the most celebrated of all utopian communities - started by George Ripley - first secular utopian community - had a good private school that brought in tuition payers from the outside - townhouse burned in 1846 and the community spirit burned with it
William Johnson
In Natchez Mississippi - son of white father and mulatto mother - operated 3 barbershops and owned 1500 acres of land and several slaves - also said that slaves should reproduce a lot
Fort Mandan
In North Dakota, was made survive the winter, sent a lot of samples downriver
Naval Shipyard
In Philadelphia place where president Jackson established the 10 hour work say in repsone to a strike
Cotton
In South this plant became the major crop - required a lot of manual labor to separate fibers from the seeds
Cumberland Gap
In Southwest Virginia - found by Daniel Boone when he went on the Warrior's path - took people through the Appalachian mountains into Kentucky
Scandinavian regiment
In Union army was 15th Wisconsin Infantry
French Regiment
In Union army was 55th New York Infantry
Polish Legion
In Union army was 58th New York Infantry
Highland Scots Unit
In Union army was 79th New York Infantry
Yorktown
In Virginia - place where Cornwallis's and Arnold's army linked up - most of army was preoccupied in attacking New York so there was little worry about a siege
U.S. Watervliet Arsenal
In Watervliet, New York - Held most of the nations firearms
Recharter of the Bank of the United States
In congress it passes but Jackson vetoed it
Election of 1824
In the Electoral College, Jackson had 99 votes, Adams 84, Crawford 41, Clay 37. In the popular vote the trend ran about the same: Jackson, 154,000; Adams, 109,000; Crawford, 47,000; and Clay, 47,000; was a defeat for Clay's American System promoting national economic development; Adams got the victory of presidency
Lynching
In the case of Charles Lynch - whipping
Lincoln's second inaugural address
In this Lincoln said that no one expected the war to become so fundamental and astonishing
Commonwealth v. Hunt
In this case, the court declared that forming a trade union was not in itself illegal, nor was a demand that employers hire only members of the union. The court also declared that workers could strike if an employer hired nonunion laborers
First annual message
In this message Jackson questioned the banks constitutionality -
Ohio
In this state in 1803, Congress decreed that 5 percent of the proceeds from land sales in the state would go toward building a National Road from the Atlantic coast into the state and beyond as the territory developed.
Middle Men
Inbetweeners between two trades that took the invisible charges
Ethical Code
Included for Southerners: a combative sensitivity to slights; loyalty to family, locality, state, and region; deference to elders and social "betters"; and an almost theatrical hospitality
49rs
Included people from every social class and every state and territory - most went over land while some went over water - their influx made the Hispanics there the minority
Plains Indians
Included the Arapaho, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Sioux - all used Horses - they migrated across the plains and carried their tepees with them
Department of the Navy
Included the ships - the Constitution, the United States, and the Constellation
Second tier of trans-Mississippi states
Includes Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, and western Minnesota
Half of colonist population were made of these two groups
Indentured servants or slaves
Red River War
Indian resistance in the southern plains continued until this
Ill-fated race
Indians - Andrew Jackson wanted to remove all of them
Mission Daily Routine
Indians worked in missions 6 days a week excluding religious holidays - children and elderly were expected to work on the fields - women did domestic things and some men were trained to be masonry and other jobs - in harvest season everyone was expected to work - in lieu of wages Indians received clothing, food, housing, and religious instruction - rebellious Indians were whipped or imprisoned
Frederick Jackson Turner
Influential historian who wrote The Significance of the Frontier in American History
Patroons
Influential men
Indians and Hispanics
Inhabitants of the West that were swept aside by successive waves of American settlement
John Randolph
Initially loyal to Jefferson but became one of the most conspicuous of the Republican dissidents - wanted to go back to the old way Republicans were - strict interpretation of the Constitution
Charles Deslondes
Initiated the largest slave rebellion - 1811 in New Orleans - Planters sons was killed - they got weapons and burnt houses and killed whites - were taken out by the militia - there heads were placed on poles along the Mississipppi
Locusts
Insects that came in swarms and destroyed the plants
John Calvin
Instituted a system of Christian theology called Calvinism - branch of protestantism
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Introduced by Stephen A. Douglas - said that people in the state could vote to have slavery or note - renewed sectional tensions - it would destroy the Whig party, fragment the Democratic party, and start a territorial civil war in Kansas
Cotton Gin
Invented by Eli Whitney - gin is short for engine - it separated seeds from cotton - allowed operator to separate much more cotton in a day
Levi Strauss
Invented denim jeans - was a German-Jewish immigrant - pants know known as Levi's
George Westinghouse
Invented the air brake and alternating current systems for lighting
Nikola Tesla
Invented the alternating current motor, allowed factories to be build anywhere
Thomas Edison
Invented the phonograph, light bulb, mimeograph, storage battery, motor and motion picture
Richard Hoe
Invented the rotary press which printed 20000 sheets an hour
Samuel F.B. Morse
Invented the telegraph using Joseph Henry's work on electromagnetism
William Tennent
Irish born Presbyterian revivalist - him and sons claimed local ministers were cold and sapless
Alexander T. Stewart
Irish immigrant that became the owner of the nation's largest department store and accumulated many real estate holdings in Manhattan
Homestead Act of 1862
Issued 160 acre land grants to women and African Americans (as well as all other citizens)
Land Banks
Issued paper money as loans to farmers using land as collateral
Indian Removal Act
It authorized the president to give Indians federal land west of the Mississippi River in exchange for the land they occupied in the East and the South
14th Amendment
It established a constitutional guarantee of basic citizenship for all Americans including African Americans - prevents any state from not giving full privileges to all citizens
Covenant
It is a contract
Macon's Bill number 2
It reopened trade with the warring powers but provided that if either Great Britain or France dropped its restrictions on American trade, the United States would embargo trade with the other.
Convention of 1818
It settled the north- ern limit of the Louisiana Purchase by extending the national boundary along the 49th parallel west from Lake of the Woods in what would become Minnesota to the crest of the Rocky Mountains. West of that point the Oregon Country would be open to joint occupation by the British and the Ameri- cans, but the boundary remained unsettled. The right of Americans to fish off Newfoundland and Labrador, granted in 1783, was acknowledged once again.
Marry Surratt
It was at her boarding house Booth and others plotted to kill Lincoln, Johnson, and Seward
Fort Donelson
Its capture was the first big win for the Union
Newspaper
Its circulation skyrocketed with the invention of the rotary press and the napier press - helped improve literacy
Gold
Its discovery in California sent a tidal wave of white expansion which hurt Native Americans and Mexicans
A Century of Dishonor (1881)
Its impact of views toward Indians was comparable to the change in views caused by Uncle Tom's Cabin
Cotton gin
Its invention cotton production soaring deepening the South's dependence on slavery
Tobacco
Its production along with cigarette manufacturing increased - Duke family was very important
Coal
Its production in the South grew from 5 million tons to 49 million tons
Independent Treasury Act
Its proposal for repeal was set forth by Henry Clay and it was repealed by John Tyler
Impractical Absurdity
Jackson followed the nullification with a proclamation that said the doctrine of nullification was this
Election of 1828
Jackson had won presidency by a comfortable margin
New Orleans
Jackson took control of the city declared martial law, and ruled with an iron fist for two months, imposing a nightly curfew, censoring the newspaper, jailing city officials (including judges), and threatening to execute dissenters.
Indian Policy
Jackson wanted to move all of the Indians into the Great American Desert
Great American Desert
Jackson wanted to move all the Indians here - it was west of the Missouri
Old Hickory
Jackson's nickname because he was tough and ferocious
Buchanan-Pakenham Treaty
James Buchanan signed it during Polk's presidency - extended the border between Canada and America to the 49th parallel
Secretary of State
James Madison
1822 Cumberland Road bill
James Monroe vetoed this; denied the authority of Congress to collect tolls to pay for its repair and maintenance
national transportation system
Jefferson and both of his successors recommended a constitutional amendment to give the federal government undisputed authority to improve this ( the movement of troops through the western wilderness had proved very difficult in this system)
Result of Leopard
Jefferson forced all British warships out of American ports
Essential Principles
Jefferson's principles that would guide him in office - Equal and exact justice to all men; peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none; freedom of religion; freedom of the press; and freedom of person under the protection of the habeas corpus; and trial by juries impartially selected. The wisdom of our sages and the blood of our heroes have been devoted to their attainment.
Sephardic Jews
Jews who landed in New Amsterdam
His Rotundity
John Adams because he was short and paunchy body
Midnight Appointments
John Adams had Congress abolished circuit judgeship and other offices
2nd President Nominees
John Adams, Jefferson, and Aaron Burr
Harpers Ferry
John Brown raided a federal arsenal here in present day West Virginia - tried to free all the slaves in Washington D.C. - tried to seize the arsenal and arm all the slaves
Pottawatomie Massacre
John Brown took 4 of his sons and 3 other men and hacked 5 people to death - set off a guerrilla war in the Kansas territory
Frederick Brown
John Brown's son who was shot during a raid of Osawatomie Kansas
Peggy Eaton Affair
John Eaton was a close friend of Jackson - Eaton married his mistress Margaret O'Neale who was a widow whose husband supposedly committed suicide after learning of her affair with then-senator Eaton of Tennessee
Rebel Leaders
John Hancock and Sam Adams
Reasons why people wanted independence
John Hancock didn't want to sped a fortune on taxes, Henry Laurens and Landon Carter didn't want slavery to end
The Federalist
John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison co-authored them that helped champion the Constitution
McCulloch v. Maryland
John Marshall's single most impor- tant interpretation of the constitutional system; James McCulloch, a clerk in the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the United States, had failed to affix state revenue stamps to banknotes as required by a Maryland law taxing the notes. Indicted by the state, McCulloch, acting for the bank, appealed to the Supreme Court, which handed down a unanimous judgment upholding the power of Congress to charter the bank and deny- ing any right of the state to tax it
New York Weekly Journal
John Peter Zenger's newspaper where he criticized the governor of New York
Organized Civil War
John Quincy Adams said that the nullification would lead to this
Journeycakes
Johnnycakes - dry flour cakes suitable for travelers
Bentonville
Johnston's last major battle - Johnston attacked Sherman and his troops
Deborah Sampson
Joined Massachusetts regiment under the name of Robert Shurtleff and served by the concealment of her gender
Robert E. Lee
Joined the Confederacy
Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God
Jonathon Edward's most famous sermon - reminded congregation that hell is real and that God's vision is omnipotent
Cult of Domesticity
Kept women at home
Steam Engine
Kicked off British Industrial Revolution
John Wilkes Booth
Killed Lincoln
River of Gold
Lake Erie brought this because it allowed small cities to blossom into major commercial cities
Samuel De Champlain
Landed in Acadia, and St. Lawrence River in 1608 and 1603 respectively. Governed New France and explored much of Northern America and Canada. Exploration group was attacked by Iroquois so he shot and killed 2 chiefs which fueled Iroquois hatred towards French
Constogas
Large horse-drawn wagons
Fence-Cutters' War of 1883-1884
Large ranchers fenced in large areas of public land and this left small ranchers with not enough land so they cut the fences - in the war several ranchers were killed and dozens wounded before the state outlawed the fence cutting
Dutch Reformed Church
Largest Christian denomination in Netherlands
Catholicism
Largest denomination in the United States
Great Sioux War
Largest military event since the end of the Civil War - lasted 15 months and had 15 battles - Sitting Bull led the Sioux
Seven Years' War
Lasted 7 years in America - Was most significant of 4 great wars - in the previous great wars most fighting was done in Europe - this war profoundly shook international balance as Spain declined and England and France fought for supremacy - sparked by claims of Indian land in Ohio river valley
Ex Post Facto laws
Laws adapted after an event to criminalize deeds that have already been committed - Congress was not allowed to pass these
Catharine Beecher
Leader in an education movement and founder of women's schools in Connecticut and Ohio - wrote a best-selling guide prescribing the domestic sphere for women A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841)
Napoleon Bonaparte
Leader of France that sold the Louisiana to the Americans
Barrimore "Barry" St. Leger
Leader of smaller army sent by Burgoyne to go southward on Lake Ontario to Oswego - were joined by Iroquois allies
Osceola
Leader of the Seminoles - was seized by treachery under a flag of truce, imprisoned, and later left to die at Fort Moultrie near Charleston Harbor
George Washington
Leader of the patriot forces
Major Pitcairn
Led British to Concord to intercept rebels and take John Hancock and Sam Adams
Andrew Pickens
Led Carolina militia men to burn dozens of Cherokee villages east of the Blue Ridge mountains destroying their corn, orchards, and livestock
Juinpero Serra
Led Franciscan friars and established a Catholic mission at San Diego
Shays' Rebellion
Led by Daniel Shays, a destitute war veteran, a ragtag "army of 1K-2K farmers advanced upon a federal arsenal at Springfield in 1787 for the sake of more flexible monetary policy, laws allowing them to use corn and wheat as money, and the right to postpone paying taxes until the postwar agricultural depression lifted; 4,400 militia sent with cannons killed 4 farmers; taxes were relieved a bit which showed conservatism and nationalism
Radical Republicans
Led by House members such as Thaddeus Stevens and George Washington Julian and senators such as Charles Sumner, Benjamin Franklin Wade, and Zachariah Chandler - pushed for confiscation of southern plantations, immediate emancipation of slaves, and a more vigorous prosecution of the war
Whigs
Led by abolitionists their opposition was important for the defeat of the Texas annexation treaty
Colonel John Stark
Led militia men to decimate Hessians and Loyalists looking for supplies in Bennington, Vermont
Clay's stand on Texas
Led more people to vote for the Liberty party
Robert F. Stockton
Led the American occupation of Santa Barbara and Los Angeles
Chief Black Hawk
Led the Indians in the Black Hawk War
George Donner
Led the most tragic story of the Overland trails - was a 62 year old farmer from Illinois
North Carolina
Led the way for state-supported education in the South - had more than 2/3s of white kids enrolled but only for 4 months because they had to work on the farms
Appomattox Court House
Lee surrendered here
James Longstreet
Lee's "warhorse"
Naturalization Act
Lengthened the time from 5 to 14 years to get citizenship
Women
Less then 8% in California - were virtually non existent in mining camps
New Spain and New France had
Less women than British America so their were lower birth rates
15th Amendment
Lets all citizens vote no matter there race, religion etc.
Adams-Otis Letter
Letter that the Massachusetts assembly passed to other colonies that was polite and discussed the illegality of taxation without representation
Revenue Act of 1767
Levied duties on glass, led, paint, paper, and tea - increased government revenue but intangible costs were greater - hurt British manufactures and added conflict with colonists
Second Confiscation Act
Liberated slaves held by anyone aiding the rebellion
Robert E. Lee
Lieutenant Colonel - arrives at Harpers Ferry - helped end John Brown's raid
George A. Custer
Lieutenant general - reckless and glory-seeking -
"Great Democratic God"
Lifted Andrew Jackson from the pebbles
Western Units
Lincoln dispatched them to protect the shipments of gold and silver and to win over western support of his presidency
Andrew Johnson
Lincoln promoted him as vice-president - was a war democrat from Tennessee
Ambrose E. Burnside
Lincoln turned to him to protect Washington - however he was bad strategists - sent 122000 men to attack Lee across the Rappahannock River - Union had 12000 casualties and Confederates only had 6000
Preservation of the Union
Lincoln's ultimate goal in the Civil War
Proclamation Line
Line that the Proclamation prohibited Americans were crossing
Women Role
Living in a slave culture - expected to behave as exemplars of Christian piety and sexual
Lousiville
Located at the falls of the Ohio river became and important trading center
Major German Settlements
Located near southwestern Illinois and Missouri (around St. Louis), Texas (near San Antonio), Ohio, and Wisconsin (especially around Milwaukee)
Fort Ticonderoga
Located on Lake Champlain - Taken over by British lead by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold
Fort Lyon
Located on Sand Creek - the governor of Colorado told the Natives to come here where they were promised protection but a militia attacked and killed 200 peaceful Indians
John Murray
Lord Dunmore - Last royal governor of Virginia - said that slaves would get freedom if they bear arms against America
Compel Obedience
Lord North's job was to compel obedience in the colonies
Ethiopian Regiment
Lots of slaves joined British army and were part of this group - joined because they were promised that they would get freedom if they bear arms for Britain
Knights of White Camelia
Louisiana's version of the KKK
Francophile
Loved France - Thomas Jefferson
John Rockefeller
Loved discipline and organization, straightened out the oil industry
John Stevens
Loyalist that said he was dragged with a rope on his neck across the Susquehanna river because he reused to sign an oath supporting the Revoution
Tories
Loyalists
Prostitution
Lucrative trade among colonial women, many indentured servants became prostitutes once their service was done
Ursuline Covenant
Lyman Beecher indirectly caused a mob to attack and burn this church
Results of Marbury v. Madison
Made Supreme Court have final jurisdiction in interpreting the Constitution - established the foundations for American jurisprudence, the authority of the Supreme Court, and the constitutional supremacy of the national government over the states.
Bessemer process
Made steel cheap, could be directly converted from crude pig iron into steel
British West Indies
Made sugar and grew sugar cane part of the triangle trade - in 1675 had over 100000 slaves
James Oliver
Made the chilled-iron and steel plow in 1855
Lincoln's Inaguration
Made the civil war inevitable
John Deere
Made the steel plow in 1837
1808 Election
Madison won by a lot of votes
Indigo
Major cash crop of the south
Martin Delaney
Major in the 104th U.S. Colored Troops - before the war he was a free black and a prominent abolitionist - said that abolition was a result of blacks undermining the Confederacy
Orthodox Christian
Majority in the United States -
People who could vote
Male property owners who had a tangible stake in society
Winfield Scott
Managed to keep the hotheads in check at the Canadian border
Nicholas Biddle
Manager of the second bank of the united states
Religious salvation
Many Americans were interested in this more than political engagement
James Knox Polk
Many Democrats rallied to nominate him for president - was former Speaker of the House and governor of Tennessee - "Young Hickory" - was one the few presidents that completed all their major goals and one of the few presidents to pledge to only serve one term
Kentucky
Many Indians killed people in this state - killed or captured 1500 people - originally part of Virginia - got statehood in 1792 after rapid settlement
Coffin Ships
Many Irish people died on the journey to other countries from dysentery, typhus, and malnutrition - so the ships were called this
Democrats
Many Irish people were this party - they supported Andrew Jackson
Mississippi Rifle Club and South Carolina Red Shirts
Many Klan members joined this for barefaced intimidation
Doctors
Many healers assumed the title of doctor - most were self taught
Europe and Canada
Many immigrants were from these two places
Unfertile
Many lands became this after much use
Colorado
Many locations had gold - the Centennial state - entered the Union in 1876
Merrimack River
Many mills were located on this river that runs through Massachusetts and New Hampshire
Martin Van Buren
Many of his supporters left him because of his opposition to Texas annexation -
Santa Fe Trail
Many people made the trek from St. Louis to Santa Fe forging this trail -
Migrants
Many people migrated to the west - 3/4 were men and they included Anglo-Americans, African Americans, Mexicans, Europeans, and Chinese
West
Many people settled here between 1870 - 1900
Colleges
Many popped up including the first state schools -
American Colonization Society
Many prominent people supported it - was denounced by blacks because they said America was their native land - sent free slaves to Liberia - not many people emigrated
Souther Farmers
Many supported Jackson's Democratic party - were willing to move for better land - they supported slavery because they feared free slaves would compete with them -
Black Slave Holders
Many were free blacks who bought family members with the intent of freeing them
Paternalism
Many white slave holders in the upper south held fewer slaves than their counterparts in the lower south - the upper southerners were morally ambivalent to slavery - incorporated the slaves into their households
Hispanics
Many whites were as contemptuous as them as they were of Indians
Boston Massacre
March 5, 1770 colonists threw icicles at British soldiers - soldier was knocked down and started to fire and everyone else did to 5 people died 8 more were wounded
Little Magician
Martin Van Buren's nickname
Mary Ludwig Hays
Mary Pitcher - took the place of her husband when he fell of heat exhaustion
William Marbury
Maryland Federalist, a prominent land speculator, and justice of peace in the District of Columbia, his letter of commission was signed by John Adams two days before he left office, and Jefferson told James Madison to hold the letter to Marbury sued for a court order directing Madison to deliver his commission
Lake Village, New Hampshire
Massive dam that villagers tried to destroy because of its negative effects on the environment
Turnpike
Meant a pole or pike at the tollgate which was turned to allow traffic
Sense of community and camaraderie
Meant emotional and psychological survival
Places fighting spread to
Mediterranean, Africa, India, the West Indies, and the high seas
Albany Congress
Meeting when the first shots sounded at the Great Meadows - little was accomplished
Washington Duke
Member of the Duke family - story goes that he took tobacco beat it with hickory stick and then stuffed it in bags and with a wagon and a mule he sold them
6
Members in the highest court (now 9) - chief justice and 5 associates
Overmountain men
Men from southwestern Virginia and western North and South Carolina mostly hunters
Newburgh Conspiracy
Men from the continental army wanted to make a coup and make sure congress pays them and gives them their land
War Hawks
Men in congress who called for war for national honor and to get rid of the Indian problem
Minutemen
Men who could get ready in a minute - farmers etc.
Putting-Out system
Merchant-employers "put out" materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes but sometimes labored in workshops or in turn put out work to others.
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - unanimously named George Washington as commander in chief - chose him because he was an experience officer, was wealthy, and looked like a leader (tall, strong)
Bishop Francis Asbury
Methodist Bishop of Baltimore held a general conference in Baltimore
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico gave up all claims to Texas above the Rio Grande and ceded California and New Mexico to the United States. In return for the transfer of half a million square miles of territory, more than half of all of Mexico, the United States agreed to pay $15 million and assume the claims of U.S. citizens against Mexico up to $3.25 million
Colonization Act (1824)
Mexico passed this - it granted hundreds of huge rancho estates to Hispanic settlers
1848 Democratic Convention
Michigan Senator Lewis Cass won the presidential nomination - party refused to endorse his popular sovereignty plans
Rank of indentured servants
Middle rank between slaves and free men
Truest Republicans
Middling People - Thomas Jefferson believed this
Presidios
Military garrisons - the Spanish constructed these in San Diego and Monterey
New England Factory Village
Mills and factories gradually transformed the New England landscape in the early nineteenth century
Marysville
Mining town that had 17 murders in one week
White Line
Mississippi's version of the KKK
Thomas Hart Benton
Missouri senator who predicted that the currency-short western towns would be at the mercy of a centralized eastern bank. "They may be devoured by it any moment! They are in the jaws of the monster! A lump of butter in the mouth of a dog! One gulp, one swallow, and all is gone!"
"nonintercourse"
Monroe approved this term to totally end commerce with British vessels, with all British colonies in the Americas, and even with goods taken to England and reexported
Election of 1820
Monroe was reelected without opposition
Tranappalachia
More than half the nation's population lived here
William Morgan
Morgan had provocatively announced plans to publish a pamphlet revealing the secret rituals of the Masonic order. Masons, some of them local officials, had burned down Morgan's shop and arrested him. Soon thereafter, someone paid for his release and spirited Morgan away. His body was never found. Between 1826 and 1831 the state of New York launched over twenty investigations into Morgan's disappearance (and presumed murder) and conducted a dozen trials but never gained a conviction. Each legal effort aroused more public indignation because most of the judges, lawyers, and jurors were Masons.
Nauvoo
Mormon city in Illinois - was next to the Mississippi river
Bank of North America
Morris got congressional charter to allow this bank to gold government funds, lend money to government, and issue currency - depended on government having secure income though
Liens
Mortgages
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Most decisive battle of Creek War - Jackson and Cherokee allies surrounded the Creek Fort and killed 900 Creeks - worst defeat inflicted on Natives
Federalist Essay 10
Most famous of the essays, argued that the very size and diversity of the expanding US would make it impossible fr any single faction to form a majority that could dominate the government - written by James Madison
Theater
Most popular form of indoor entertainment
Philadelphia
Most populated city near the end of 18th century
Cotton
Most profitable cash crop in the south
Lower South
Most slaves in this region worked on large plantations with 20 or more slaves
Emily Dickinson
Most strikingly original and elusive of the New England poets - did not marry - had eye trouble and loved a married minister
Charles Grandison Finney
Most successful evangelist in the burned-over district - was an enigmatic former lawyer - generated over 100000 conversions - his audiences attracted more affluent seekers
Slavery
Most volatile thing in the convention - unsure of its future
Unitarianism
Most well-educated New Englanders were this - consisted of a belief that emphasizes the oneness and benevolence of a loving god, the inherent goodness of mankind, reason and conscious over church and creeds - believed Jesus was saintly but not divine - also believed that people are able to do tremendous good and all are eligible for salvation
Dutch Settlements
Mostly along the Hudson river
Entrepreneurs
Mostly located in the north - wanted to exploit regions by providing capital for urbanization and industrialization
Liberty to Slaves
Motto that was embroidered in the uniforms of all black-regiments
Miners
Moved east from California drawn by one strike after another
Abolition
Movement to end slavery
"land-office business"
Much of federal surplus resulted from this - in western property sales and was therefore in the form of banknotes that had been issued to speculators.
"wicked machinations"
Name Jackson gave to the criticisms by Calhoun's wife, Floride Calhoun
forty-niners
Name for California gold miners because of the year 1849
Tar Heels
Name for North Carolinans because they produced pine tar which was in great demand for maritime industry
"Log Cabin and Hard Cider"
Name of Harrison's campaign
Unitarian
Name that "liberal" churches adopted
Critical Period
Name used to label the time during which the United Stated governed under the Articles of Confederation - 1781-1787
Chair Man
Name used to refer to father because he sat in the only chair - everyone else stood or sat on stools
1902 Newlands Reclamation Act
Named after Senator Francis G. Newlands of Nevada - Set up the Bureau of Reclamation
Continental Army
Named because soldiers from different colonies had same view point
Anthony Wayne
Named by George Washington to head a military expedition into the Northwest Territory because of Indian conflicts
Milan Decree
Napolean ruled that neutral ships that complied with British regulations were subject to seizure when they reached European ports.
Harper's Weekly
Nation's foremost magazine - wanted southern society punished and transformed
Cumberland Road
National Road; originally called this; it was the first federally financed interstate roadway; helped accelerate the commercialization of agriculture.
George Washington
Nations first president
One scholar called the greatest known loss of wild species
Native America Hunting Practices
Lamanites
Native Americans
Slash and Burn agriculture
Native Americans burned forests to make room for crop land and this also made way for berries and grasses which attracted game
Kentucky
Native States of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis - remained mostly loyal to the Union - was said to have joined the Confederacy only after the war
Scalawags
Native white Republicans - opposed secession - collaborated with the northern Republicans during the Reconstruction for profit
Oneidas
Natives that fought on the side of the American Patriots
3 theaters of War of 1812
Naval theater, southern theater - commanded by Andrew Jackson, and Canadian theater which may be referred to as the Canadian-American war
Mosquito Fleet
Navy of small gunboats
For Moultrie
Near Charleston Harbor - Place where Seminole leader Osceola was left to die
Battle of Franklin
Near Nashville - It was mass suicide. Six waves broke against the Union lines, leaving the ground strewn with Confederate dead. Six Confederate generals were killed at Franklin. A Confederate captain from Texas, scarred by the battle's senseless butchery, wrote that the "wails and cries of the widows and orphans made at Franklin,
South Platte River
Near Pikes Peak Colorado where miners found gold and 100000 fifty-niners came in
Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
Nearly century after the exploration a good copy of this could be found - book where Lewis and Clark's discoveries were written
Paper money
Nearly non-existent after the depreciation of wartime currency
1776 New Jersey Constitution
Neglected to specify an exclusively male franchise because they took the distinction for granted
Rice
Never regained its prewar levels of production or profit
Frederick Lord North
New Chief Minister
George Greenville
New Chief Minister - was an accountant - George III despised him - ordered tighter enforcement of the Navigation acts
Sectional Vote
New England states voted against the war even though their economy was based on shipping (still made money from smuggling) South voted for the war because they couldn't ship goods also could be because of Native American attacks that were blamed on British agents
Presbygational Churches
New Englanders became Presbyterians by the way of these churches
Triangular Trade
New Englanders shipped rum to Africa where they bartered for slaves, took slaves to the west indies and returned with sugar and molasses
Torytown
New York City - Another name for British occupied NYC
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
New York's Troy Female Seminary who refused to be merely "a household drudge," called a convention to discuss "the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women" - organized the Seneca Falls convention
Middle Atlantic States
New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Maryland - boasted a well balanced economy, the largest cities, and the most diverse religious and ethnic groups
Largest Cities
New York, Philadel- phia, Baltimore, and Boston, and New Orleans
Terence Powderly
New head of the Knights of Labor after Stephens, was responsible for massive growth of the Knights but also the huge decline after the Great Railroad Strike
Hemp, woolens, iron, glass, salt
New tariffs were placed on these items
The York Tribune
Newspaper that expressed concern that Irish, having themselves escaped from "a galling, degrading bondage" in their homeland, voted against proposals for equal rights for blacks and frequently arrived at the polls shouting, "Down with the Nagurs! Let them go back to Africa, where they belong."
Southern Patriot
Newspaper where editor exclaimed what a day about Independence day
Pennsylvania Gazette
Newspapers that Benjamin Franklin edited and published
Joseph
Nez Perce Chief who had a very eloquent surrender speech
King Mob
Nickname for Andrew Jackson
Fort Frick
Nickname for Carnegie's factory building once Henry Frick took it over and built a wall guarded by Pinkerton detectives and guards
Buffalo Soldiers
Nickname for colored cavalries by the Indians
Prarie schooners
Nickname for ox-drawn canvas-covered wagons
Joseph Hooker
Nickname was fighting Joe - led an attack on Chancellorsville
Familiar slogan to all Americans
No taxation without representation
Oregon
Nobody doubted that it would become a free state
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Nominee for vice president
After Treaty of Paris how much land did France have in the New World
None
"scabs"
Nonunion workers who defied the Haymarket Affair strikes
Race-based slavery
Normal aspect of life - Africans were slaves because they were African
3/5 Compromise
Northern states wanted to count slaves as part of population for taxes but not representation - this compromise stated that 3/5 of all slaves will be counted towards taxation and representation
Role of African Women
Not subordinate to women and served as priests and cult leaders
Moby-Dick
Novel written by Herman Melville that celebrated the democratic dignity of ordinary men
Helen Hunt Jackson
Novelists who wrote A Century of Dishonor
Northwest Territory
Now Ohio and Indiana
13
Number of federal district courts
Role of women
Obey and serve husbands, nurture children, maintain household
Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)
Occured near Antietam creek - the Confederates were outnumbered 2-1 - 6400 were killed on both sides and 17000 injured - Confederates had to retreat -
Battle of New Orleans
Occurred after the Treaty of Ghent because it took time for the news to reach the people - fought over control of New Orleans's port - Jackson won - ensured that both governments acted quickly to ratify the treaty - if the American's lost Madison would have gotten impeached
Most Intense Fighting
Occurred along the Kansas-Missouri border
Second Bull Run
Occurred in almost the same place as the first one - John Pope face Lee's and Jackson's army - the Union suffered a crushing defeat - a dishonored Pope went to fight Indians and McClellan was once again called to service
William Ellery Channing
Of Boston's Federal Street Congregational Church was the most inspiring Unitarian leader
Henry Clay
Of Kentucky claimed that almost all the successful factory owners he knew were "enterprising self-made men, who have whatever wealth they possess by patient and diligent labor."
Mercy Otis Warren
Of Massachusetts most prominent woman in the new nation - wrote regular political commentary - compared the constitution to shackles on our own neck
Thomas Hart Benton
Of Missouri - denounced Foot Resolution as an effort to slow settlement of the West so that the East could get cheap factory labor and maintain its political leverage
Robert Y. Hayne
Of South Carolina took Benton's side - saw that the issue could strengthen the political alliance between the south and the west - people could get western support for lower tariffs - said that the policy would hurt one part of the nation while benefiting the other
Richard Henry Lee
Of Virginia said that Colonies should bee free and independent states
"Jeffersonian" economy
Of artisans and craftsmen and subsistence farmers
boom-and-bust cycle
Of the 1830s - there was souring inflation - British goods could be bought using credits - there was an increase of gold and silver payments from England, France and Mexico
St. Helena Island
Off the Coast of South Carolina - many free black met here in an abandoned church - were addressed by Martin Delaney
Post Civil War West
Offered the promise democratic individualism, economic opportunity, and personal freedom
Tarifs
Often called duties or taxes
Landlords
Often swindled the tenants by not giving them the fair share of crops
Baptists
Often unschooled - embraced a simplicity in doctrine and organization that appealed to rural people - supported equality of all before God - had adult baptisms - and supported free will and universal redemption - had infallible belief in Bible
Small slaveholder
Often worked side by side with slaves doing the same tasks
Reverend Manasseh Cutler
Ohio Company of Associates sent their plan with him to get land for the Revolutionary War veterans - argued of reducing national debt and encouraging new settlement and sales of federal land
William Henry Harrison
Ohio soldier and politician - had impressive credentials victor at the Battle of Tippecanoe against the Shawnees in 1811, former governor of the Indiana Territory, briefly congressman and senator from Ohio, more briefly minister to Colombia - Anti-Masons like him
John A. Sutter
On his property gold would be discovered
Overseers
On the largest plantations are usually the middle class of small farmers or skilled workers or were sons of planters
Overland Trails
On this trail most of the people were settlers rather than traders - traveled in family groups - The Oregon-bound wagon trains followed the trail west from Independence, Missouri, along the North Platte River into what is now Wyoming, through South Pass down to Fort Bridger (abode of the celebrated mountain man Jim Bridger), then down the Snake River to the Columbia River and along the Columbia to their goal in Oregon's fertile Willamette River valley. They usually left Missouri in late spring, completing the gruel- ing two-thousand-mile trek in six months.
France's "Two Heads"
One amid Canada and the other amid Louisiana
Banastre Tarleton
One of Cornwallis' two most ruthless officers in charge of mobilizing, training, and leading Loyalists militiamen
Patrick Ferguson
One of Cornwallis' two most ruthless officers in charge of mobilizing, training, and leading Loyalists militiamen - sealed his doom when he threatened to hang the mostly Scots-Irish country Patriot leaders
Fur Traders Descending the Missouri (1845)
One of George Caleb Bingham's paintings from his winter in central Missouri
James Wilson
One of the ablest lawyers - next in importance to Washington and Madison
Teaching
One of the fastest growing professions - paid really low so nobody wanted to do it
Gold
One of the few precious metals that can be mined at little expense - everybody could become a miner
North Carolina
Only had 4 newspapers
Detroit, Michigan
Only military force stopped the rescue of a slave from an angry mob
Virginia
Only state where Baptists and Methodists didn't outnumber Anglicans
South Carolina and Georgia
Only states that didn't promise freedom to slaves that fought the British
Louisiana and Alabama
Only states to forbid the separation of a child younger than ten from his or her mother
Vassar
Opened in Poughkeepsie, New York and is credited as the first women's college
Whigs
Opponents to Jackson - name linked them to the Patriots of the American Revolution - bacame a major political party - supported Henry Clay and economic nationalism and high tariffs and a national bank - tended to be native born
Jayhawkers
Opponents to William Quantrill
Bourbons
Opponents to the redeemers - were said the have forgotten nothing and have learned nothing in the ordeal of the Confederacy and the Civil War - they didn't suppress African American voice in politics - helped advance the southern t
Mexican Government
Opposed slavery
Seneca Falls Convention
Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton - said that all men and women are created equal - was an important step for women
Battle of Oriskany
Oriskany, New York - band of militia members - local German farmers and Indian allies withstood an ambush by the Loyalists and Indians - gained tim for Patriot reinforcements to arrives - British soldiers fought but Iroquois abandoned them which led to their defeat
Slavery Bill of 1807
Outlaws the importation of slaves - South Carolina was the only state still importing slaves- slaves were still smuggled in though
Paxton Boys
Outraged by the unwillingness to suppress Indians by the Quakers in the Pennsylvania Assembly they massacred peaceful Susquehannock Indians - Ben Franklin talked them out of killing more Indians saying that they will get more protection along the border of the frontier
Battle of King's Mountain
Overmountain men went after Ferguson's force and after an hour long battle destroyed them and killed Ferguson
The Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)
Painting by Amos Bad Heart Bull, an Oglala Sioux
California New (1850)
Painting by William Sydney Mount - showed how San Francisco became a cosmopolitan city
The American Crisis
Pamphlet by Thomas Paine that bolstered the shaken morale of the patriots - not as important as things Congress offered to recruits
Common Sense
Pamphlet by Thomas Paine that encouraged American Independence - originally published anonymously because of its treasonous content
Banknotes
Paper money
Emancipation Act (1833)
Parliament ended slavery in Britain by passing this law
William Hull
Part of 3 prong attack - marched his troops across the Detroit river - the Redcoats cleverly ambushed them and Hull fearing for the massacre of the Detroit citizens surrendered
Berlin Decree
Part of Continental System - Napoleon declared his own blockade of the British Isles and barred British ships from ports under French control.
3 Distinct Sub regions
Part of the Old South - each had its own economic interests and diverging degrees of commitment to slavery
Cotton Whigs
Part of the Whig party - battle Conscience Whigs - was made up of northern business men and southern planters
Shaysites
Participants in Shay's Rebellion - Jefferson and Abigail Adams said they were ignorant, restless desperadoes without conscience or principals
Middle Passage
Passage that slaves took to get to the New World from Africa
National Law of 1820
Passed after the Panic of 1819 which reduced the price of federal land
Charles Goodyear
Patented a process for vulcanizing rubber which made it stronger and more elastic
The telephone
Patented by Alexander Graham Bell, caused the formation of the Bell Telephone Company and took over telegraphs
Elias Howe
Patented his design of the sewing machine which was improved on by Isaac Merritt Singer
Warrior's Path
Path that Boone used to find the Cumberland gap - was widened do it became the Wilderness Road
Daniel Boone
Pathfinder that settlers followed along the Wilderness Road into a territory known as Kentucky or Kaintuck - found the Warrior's path which led him through the Cumberland gap
Leading Non-Federalists
Patrick Henry, George Mason, Richard Henry Lee, future president James Monroe, George Clinton, Samuel Adams, Luther Martin, and Samuel Chase
3 Colonial groups of the Revolution
Patriots / Whigs - formed and fought in state armies Loyalists/Tories - less committed middle group which swayed mostly between the better organized or more energetic radicals
Boston Tea Party
Patriots disguised as Mohawks boarded 3 British ships and threw 342 chests of East India Company tea overboard
Philadelphia-Lancaster Turnpike
Paved road that was completed in Pennsylvania in 1794 - its completion pushed the want for more roads
Nez Perce
Peaceful tribe who converted to Christianity and embraced white culture - refused to surrender land along the Salmon River so prolonged fighting erupted in Oregon
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
Penned in August during the French Revolution by revolutionary leaders
George Logan
Pennsylvania Quaker and Republican Sympathizer went to Paris to secure the release of American seamen
States where male taxpayers could vote
Pennsylvania, Delaware, North Carolina, and Georgia
John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Alexander Hamilton
People absent from the Constitutional Convention
Whiskey Boys
People associated with the Whiskey rebellion
due-process clause
People cannot be denied life liberty or process except by law
King Andrew the First
People considered Jackson's veto of the Maysville road bill an abuse of power - Cartoon shows Jackson trampling the constitution, internal improvements, and the Bank of the United States - nickname given because of Jackson's imperious demeanor and feisty champion of democracy
Natives
People native to America
Meztizos
People of Indian and European descent
Mulattoes
People of mixed racial ancestry - census of 1860 reported 412000 people about 10% of blacks as this
Oregon Fever
People spread into Oregon - everyone wanted to move here -
Prejudice
People started enslaving by the color of peoples skin - did slavery start prejudice
Bohemians
People that came from Bohemia
Specie Resumption Act of 1875
People were allowed to trade greenbacks for gold - made gold equal to the price of greenbacks
Apprentice-Journeyman system
People were taken as apprentices and journeymen were the masters
Non-Federalists
People who favored a more de-centralized form of government
Middling People
People who made their livings with their hands
Sharecroppers
People who would work someones land for seed, fertilizer, supplies, and usually half the share of the crops
10%
Percentage of blacks that lived outside the South
James Buchanan "Buck" Duke
Perfected the method to mass produce cigarettes - he brought together his competitors to form the American Tobacco Company
Antebellum period
Period after the War of 1812 but before the Civil War
Great Awakening
Period of time where religious fervor was quickened and reinforced the idea of the nation's fulfilling promise
Benjamin Rush
Philadelphia doctor and scientist - said that American war is over but this is far from being the case with the American Revolution. On the contrary but the first act of the great drama is closed
Benjamin Rush
Physician who noted the bad effects of alcohol on the mind and body
Heinrich Steinweg
Piano maker that changed his name to Steinway who became famous for the quality of his instruments
Charleston Peninsula
Place where American force got bottles up - Congress turned to Haratio Gates to bail them out but it was unsuccessful
Weehawken, New Jersey
Place where Burr and Hamilton had their famous duel
Massachusetts
Place where Whigs who promoted free-soil were centered
Urban
Place with a population of 8000 inhabitants or more
Punishments for violating army rules
Placed in the stockade, flogged, sent packing, some deserters were hanged
Virginia Plan
Plan that delegates scrap the Articles of Confederation and start over with a new document - proposed by Madison - 3 branches of government - Congress would be divided into a lower house chosen by the people and an upper house chosen by state legislatures
Workingmen's Party of California
Platform to stop the Chinese from immigrating into the country, said they were a foreign peril, caused a ten-year Chinese immigration ban
Slavery
Played a crucial role in the series of events dividing the nation and prompting secession and civil war
Long Cattle Drives
Played out because they were economically unsound
Whigs
Policy that no Englishmen could be taxed without his consent
Zachary Taylor
Polk ordered several thousand troops under him to advance into the Texas frontier -
Abolitionism
Polk said that this would destroy the Union
36°30′
Polk suggested moving the Missouri compromise down to this latitude all the way to the Pacific Ocean
Characteristics of people who settled in colonial America
Poor white males
Lyman Beecher
Popular congregationalist minister who served as president of Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati gave many anti-Catholic sermons - incited a mob to attack and burn the Ursuline Covenant
Corn Likker
Potent whiskey made by many pioneer families in their crude mills
Powers of Governor
Power resembled that of the King, they could appoint and remove officials, grant pardons, and command militia
Henry Ward Beecher
Powerful New York minister - his sister was Harriet Beecher Stowe - he wanted white planters to oversee the Reconstruction instead of federal officials or African Americans
Louisia May Alcott
Praised John Brown for his anti-slavery mission
"circuit rider" system
Preachers would scrounge areas looking for people to convert
Andrew Jackson
Predicted in 1833 that the south will break the union and form a confederacy
Corn
Preferable crop grown by pioneers
Lymann Beecher
Presbyterian minister who moved to Boston - deplored the inroads that had been made by the new rationalist faith - said that everything was Unitarian - said Great Awakening was to reform human society
Kaskaskia
Present day Illinois
New South
Presents a perfect democracy of small farms and diversifying industries - postwar south - Textile industry exploded and many women and children worked in the mills - became the largest cotton fabric producer in the nation - has a shortage of money
Rutherford B. Hayes
President - said that the Americans were the cause of many Indian wars
Differences Between President and Monarch
President can be impeached by Congress with a 2/3 vote
Creeks
Pressed by the state of Georgia to cede portions of their lands in 1784-1785, went to war in the summer of 1786 with covert aid from Spanish-controlled Florida; when Spanish aid-diminished, Creek chief traveled to NY and got Creeks favorable trade arrangements with the US
Giles Corey
Pressed to death because he refused to sacrifice family and friends to the demands of the court
Code of the Gentleman
Presumed that a man's honor was more sacred than his life
Article 2 Section 1
Prevented any immigrant from being president
Graduation Act of 1854
Prices of unsold lands were to be lowered in stages of the next 30 years
Daniel De Leon
Primary member of the Socialist Labor party, wanted to abolish the government once his movements gained power,
Robert Walpole
Prime Minister and lord of treasury gave freedom to colonies
William Pitt
Prime minister of British government - had big ego that instilled confidence - decided that war would be in New England and mobilized 45,000 troops - half were colonists
Jay Gould
Prince of the robber barons, sold compromised and ruined railroads, bribed politicians and judges
Joseph Henry
Princeton physicist who researched on electromagnetism - provided the basis for the telegraph - became the head of the Smithsonian Institution
Dame Schools
Private schools where children were taught to read
Apostles of Forgiveness
Prized white unity over racial equality
Roger B. Taney
Pro-slavery chief justice
Declaration of American Rights
Proclaimed that Americans had the same rights as English citizens
Massachusetts Constitution of 1780
Proclaimed the inherent liberty to all
Texas Longhorns
Produced by natural selection - they were noted more for speed and endurance than for yielding a choice steak
Textile Industry
Produced cotton based bedding and clothing - exploded in the New South
Rice
Production required a lot of money for floodgates, irrigation ditches, and machinery, - only large plantations could afford it - production was limited to plantations in North and South Carolina, and Georgia where fields were easily flooded
Enumerated Products
Products that were to be sold only to England or its colonies - included tobacco, cotton, indigo, ginger, sugar - rice, hemp, masts, copper, and furs were later added
Engineering
Profession that grew rapidly during the industrial revolution
Law of April 6, 1830
Prohibited further American immigration into Texas - also encouraged Mexicans to move to Texas
18th Amendment
Prohibited the sales, manufacturing, or transportation of alcoholic beverages
What Americans were trying to do
Prolong the battle to win it - test of endurance
William Preston
Prominent South Carolina leader who declared cotton is not our king - slavery is our king
American Protestantism
Promoted the image of a white republic that conflated whiteness, godliness, and nationalism
Chattel
Property - how Africans were being treated - chattel slavery
Matrilineal
Property and social status, descending through mother rather than the father
1/5
Proportion of blacks to whites
Foot Resolution
Proposal by senator Samuel A. Foot from Connecticut to have federal government restrict land sales in the west
Dominion of New England
Proposal to consolidate New England into one royal colony that would undermine the authority of Puritanism and abolish elected assemblies - to tell colonies they were subordinate and to institute tighter regulations
Henry Clay
Proposed a compromise between the federal government and South Carolina to gradually reduce tariff until 1842
Second Reports on Public Credit
Proposed a liquor tax and recommended the establishment of a national bank and a national mint - set up in 1791-1792 - authored by Hamilton
Report on Manufactures
Proposed an extensive government aid and other encouragements to stimulate the development if manufacturing enterprises to reduce American dependence on imported goods
Bank of the United States
Proposed by Hamilton - opened in Philadelphia in 1791 - 3 main functions 1. Serve as a secure repository for government funds and facilitate in the transfer of monies to other nations 2. Provide loans to the federal government and to other banks to facilitate economic development 3. To manage the nation's money supply by regulating money-issuing activities of state-chartered banks
Alien and Sedition Acts
Proposed by extreme Federalists in Congress. Was only passed by Adams at the urging of Abigail. Was the greatest mistake of his presidency. Passed during a time period of patriotic war fever. These and two other acts limited freedom of speech, press, and aliens. Reflected hostility towards foreigners, especially the French and Irish
Hartford Convention
Proposed seven constitutional amendments designed to limit Republican (and southern) influence: abolishing the counting of slaves in apportioning state representation in Congress, requiring a two- thirds vote to declare war or admit new states, prohibiting embargoes lasting more than sixty days, excluding foreign-born individuals from holding fed- eral office, limiting the president to one term, and forbidding successive presidents from the same state
DeWitt Clinton
Proposed to connect Lake Erie and the Hudson river - the Erie canal was created
Thomas Jefferson
Proposed to set June 1 the day of the Boston Port Act as a day of prayer and fasting
Huguenots
Protestants
Property
Protestants were hostile towards this
Huegonots
Protestants whose religious freedom had been revoked by Catholic France
Sons of Liberty
Protesters of the acts called themselves this. Met underneath liberty trees - Great elm in Boston - Live oak in Charleston, South Carolina
Old Puritan Churches
Proved the most vulnerable to appeal of religious liberalism
Arthur and Lewis Tappan
Provided Garrison with he funds to launch his abolitionist newspaper The Liberator - also established Oberlin college
South and West
Provided enticing opportunities for American inventiveness and entrepreneurship
Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)
Provided federal aid to state colleges teaching "agricultural and mechanical arts"
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
Provided naval joint patrols off the coast of Africa to suppress the outlawed slave trade - also settled the dispute between America's northern border
15th Amendment
Provided that black men could vote
Methodists
Provided the largest number of clergy men to the military camps
Camp meetings
Provided the opportunity for women to participate as equals in a large gathering
American Sunday School Union
Provided weekly educational instruction, including basic literacy, even in backwoods communities
Friedrich Wilhelm, baron von Steuben
Prussian soldier of fortune - used an interpreter and frequent profanity to teach troops fundamentals of how to march in formation and how to handle weapons
David Walker
Published Walker's Appeal in which he denounced the hypocrisy of Christians in the slave holding South endorsing the practice of race-based human bondage.
The Universal Asylum and Columbian Magazine
Published in Philadelphia in 1790 - America is represented as a women laying down her shield to engage in education, art, commerce, and agriculture
Massachusetts Centenial
Published the Federal Pillars after Massachusetts ratified the Constitution - said United they Stand - Divided fall
Celia
Purchased by Robert Newsom at 14 years of age - he had an affair with her and treated her as his mistress - she gave birth to two kids presumably his - reveals the complexity of slavery and the difficult choices that needed to be made - she killed him with a stick and then she was hung for the crime
English Civil War lead to the formation of
Puritan Commonwealth and Protectorate
Zion
Puritans set out to build this Utopian society
Non-separating Congregationalists
Puritans wanted to purify Anglican church not separate from it
Tariff of 1832
Pushed by John Quincy Adams - it reduced taxes on many items but tariffs on cloth and iron remained high
Only denomination that let women preach
Quakers
Nebraska
Quarter of the residents were foreign born
Most decisive victory in French and Indian War
Quebec - was gateway to Canada
Utopian Communites
Quickly ran out of steam - where perfect communities
Transcontinentals
Railroads that spanned deserts, mountains, canyons and rivers
Barbed Wire Wars
Ranchers cut other ranchers barbed wire fences or policed their own
Hide and Tallow Trade
Ranchos in California produced cowhide and beef tallow in large quantities - both of these products were in demand - cowhide for shoes and beef tallow for candles
Declaration of Independence
Reasonable Enlightenment ideas were vividly set forth in Thomas Jefferson's document
Thomas Paine
Recent emigrant to America from England wrote Common Sense a pamphlet
Continental Association of 1774
Recommended all communities to form committees that boycotted British goods - required Colonists to sign an oath and those who didn't were ostracized and tarred and feathers
Fort Mims
Red stick creeks allied with British attacked this fort and killed 535 people- massacred the people - angered Andrew Jackson and he took up arms against them
Land Act of 1800
Reduced the minimum unit to 320 acres and spread payments over four years. Thus, with a down payment of $160, one could buy a farm.
Civil War
Reduced the the influence of the planter elite in politics and elevated the power of the northern industry
Polk's presidential objectives
Reducing tariffs on imports - reestablished Van Buren's independent Treasury - resolving the Oregon boundary dispute with Britain - and acquiring California from Mexico - he did all of these
Edmund Randolph
Refused to sign the document - but changed and signed it when the Bill of Rights was announced
US Patent Office
Registered 235 thousand patents after 1890, mostly happened as a result of steel and oil production
Railroad
Reignited sectional rivalries and reopened the slavery issue
Revivalists
Related to Great Awakening - revival of faith
United States
Remained largely rural - 23 million people were very diverse - participation in civil life was high
Spoils system
Removal of federal employees so candidate can replace federal officials with his own supporters
College of Rhode Island
Renamed Brown University which was Baptist founded in 1764
Queens College
Renamed Rutgers founded in 1766 was Dutch reformed
Academy of Philadelphia
Renamed University of Pennsylvania was the only colonial college founded out of secular impulse
Lord Rockingham
Replaced Greenville- leader of a whig faction - Rockingham led government repealed the Stamp act
John B. Hood
Replaced Joseph E. Johnston - was a natural fighter but an inept strategist who did not know the meaning of retreat
George B. McClellan
Replaced McDowell as commander - was Stonewall Jackson's classmate at west point - was very timid to attack
King's Friends
Replaced inner politicians of George II's reign with a compliment group
James Tallmadge Jr.
Representative, a New York congressman, who proposed a resolution prohibiting the transport of more slaves into Missouri, which already had some ten thousand, and providing freedom at age twenty-five to those slaves born after the territory's admission as a state
Benjamin Franklin
Represented America in France - was already there
Judiciary Act of 1801
Republican-Controlled Congress repealed it in 1802
Act to Prevent Frauds and Abuses of 1696
Require colonial governors to enforce trade laws - allowed custom officials to use writs of assistance
Tenure of Office Act
Required Senate permission for the president to remove any federal officeholder whose appointment was confirmed by the Senate
Sugar
Required a lot of money to purchase machinery to grind from cane - need the prop of tariff to allow it to compete with foreign suppliers - produced that anomaly of pro-tariff congressmen from Louisiana where this was king
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Required a period of preparation for statehood - state would need 5000 free male adults to be eligible for an assembly. Congress would choose names of members in assembly and governor could veto actions by the territorial assembly and so could Congress - resembles old royal colonies once state had 60,000 free residents it could apply for statehood - Ohio was first territory to receive statehood this way - banned slavery from the Northwest - new states were equals
Geary Act
Required all Chinese people to carry a resident permit that said they were citizens, if they didn't they would be deported, Chinese people called it the Dog Taw Law
Command of Army Act
Required all orders from the command in chief go through the headquarters of the general of the army
Quartering Act
Required colonies to feed and house British troops - affected mainly New York
Wade-Davis Bill
Required that a majority of white male citizens declare their allegiance for a state to join the Union - only those who took oath against the Confederacy could vote or serve in the state constitutional conventions - Lincoln vetoed it
Textile system
Required the use of flowing water to power machinery
Great Compromise
Resolved clash involving congressional representation - sometimes called Connecticut compromise because it was proposed by Roger Sherman - bigger state got more delegates in House of Representatives and smaller states got equal representation in the Senate
Northern victory
Restored the Union and helped America accelerate into becoming a modern nation-state
National Typographical Union
Revived the effort to organize skilled crafts on a national scale
Band of Brothers
Revolutionary generation of leader - what John Adams called them - they began to separate
Most profitable crops
Rice, Tobacco, Indigo
William Byrd II
Rich plantation owner that said the unhappy effect of owning many Negroes is the necessity of being severe
Jacksonian Inequality
Rich were really rich and poor were really poor
Tredegar Iron Works
Richmond, VA - employed 12000 workers
Walton Road
Road that led people to Tennesee through the Appalachian Mountains
Fire Eaters
Robert Barnwell Rhett of South Carolina, William Lowndes Yancey of Alabama, and Edmund Ruffin of Virginia - the fed the abstract doctrine of secession into reality
J.E.B Stuart
Robert E. Lee's aid - he helped end John Brown's raid
James Callender
Rogue journalist hired by Thomas Jefferson to produce a document that described President Adams as a deranged monarch with the intent of becoming king
Acadians
Roman Catholic residents of Canada - were expelled from Nova Scotia - many went to Lousiana and became Cajuns
Andrew Carnegie
Rose from poor to rich similar to Rockefeller, made hsi fortune off of a new method of producing cheap steel
Wilderness Road
Route to Kentucky through the Cumberland Gap - made transportation a little easier
Thomas Hutchinson
Royal Governor of Massachusetts vetoed the cry of freedom
Sir Francis Bernard
Royal governor of Massachusetts at the time
William Berkeley
Royal governor of Virginia - made Virginia Anglican
Sir Edmund Andros
Royal governor of the dominion of New England - enforced all laws and took over a Puritan church and made it Anglican
Boston King
Runaway slave
Coureurs de Bois
Runners of woods - roamed the interior in quest of furs
Crop-Lien System
Rural merchants furnished supplies to small farm owners in return for liens on their future crops
William Sherman
Said railroads were "the work of giants," describing how difficult it is to build such structures
Polk Inaugural address
Said that America's claim to Oregon was clear and questionable
Edward Rutledge
Said that British decision to arm and liberate slaves did more to create eternal separation between Great Britain and the colonies than any other expedient
Harper's Weekly
Said that Bull Run dates the war - a war that breaks hearts
Baltimore Republican
Said that Harrison should be retired drinking apple cider in a log cabin - Whigs seized upon this and said Harrison was a simple man
Lecompton Constitution
Said that Kansas would become a slave state
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Said that Mexico will poison us - agreed with Calhoun
Josiah Atkins
Said that Revolution's ideals were strikingly inconsistent with the widespread practice of slavery
Wilmot Proviso
Said that Texas could be a slave state, but other land acquired from Mexico would be free - festered the debate over the extension of slavery - House of Representatives adopted it while the Senate did not - Polk dismissed it - kept popping up in Congress
Increase Mather
Said that drink is good but too much is drink of satan
Abraham Lincoln
Said that he voted for the Wilmot Proviso at least 40 times - the Nebraska-Kansas act angered him -
Lincoln's Inaugural Address
Said that he wouldn't interfere with slavery in states that it already existed - also said that no state could get out of the Union -
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
Said that rebel states could form a Union government whenever a number 10% of people who had voted in 1860 too oath of allegiance to the Constitution and the Union and had to receive a presidential pardon
Ohio Idea
Said that since most war bongs were bought with depreciated green-backs they should be paid off in them too instead of gold
John C. Calhoun
Said that slavery was a great good
Dunmore's proclamation
Said that slaves would get freedom if they bear arms against America
United States v. Cruikshank (1876)
Said that states' rights trumped federal authority when it came to protecting freed blacks from white terrorists
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Said that the Civil War has assumed such huge proportions that it threatens to engulf us all—no preoccupation can exclude it, & no hermitage hide us."
Public Credit Act
Said that the federal debt must be paid in gold
Independent Treasury Act
Said that the government should cease risking its deposits in shaky state banks and set up an independent Treasury - elicited opposition from a combination of Whigs and conservative Democrats who feared deflation
New York Herald
Said that the north had gotten tired of the negro
Gilbert Livingstone
Said that the ratification of the Constitution was the greatest transaction of their lives
Eliza Wilkinson
Said that women have a weaker body but can do as much as men
Empress of China
Sailed to New York City and to Canton - opened up large trade with China for silk and tea - came from Kuang-Chou (present day Guangzhou)
Status of women
Same status - wife was obliged to obey here husband - were limited to the domestic sphere
Grimke Sisters
Sarah and Angelina - brought the issue of women's rights to center stage - were daughters of planters, but were abolitionists
Clara Barton
Saw the distribution of medecines to the Union troops - was a nurse - later helped found the American Red Cross
Tenure of Office Act
Says that the president cannot remove officers without the Senate's consent - Johnson removed his secretary
French in Illinois
Scattered French Settlers began farming on fertile land
James Howard
School teacher that fought and had a stand off with Redcoat - fired simultaneously - Redcoat died, Howard suffered a head wound
Barbarians
Scots Irish back-country patriot leaders
Major General Edward Braddock
Seasoned, stubborn, and overconfident officer, was marching to Fort Duquesne - they failed to recruit Indian scouts so the British were ambushed and a lot of men were killed including Braddock
Martin Van Buren
Secretary of State - 8th president - son of shop keeper - was governor of New York but resigned to join Andrew Jackson - inherited a very bad economic crisis
Louis McLane
Secretary of Treasury - Jackson fired him
Albert Gallatin
Secretary of Treasury - political ally and longtime neighbor of Thomas Jefferson - Swiss born Pennsylvanian republican whose financial skills won him the respect of the Federalists
Jefferson Davis
Secretary of War- promoted the Gadsden purchase - wanted a southern route for the transcontinental railroad - was the president of the Confederacy
Results of the Revolution
Secured American independence, generated a sense of nationalism, created unique system of self governance, transformed the lives of people who had been pushed aside by society - Natives, Women, and Africans.
Plotters
Seducers of the slaves - people who conspired with the slaves
Barbary Pirates
Seized ships in the Mediterranean and made the country pay ransom and blackmailed the country - declared a war
Van Burenite "Barnburners"
Seized upon the issue of free-soil as a moral imperative
Plantation Mistress
Seldom led a life of idle leisure - supervised the domestic household -
New England was
Self Governing
Roger Sherman
Self-trained lawyer adept at negotiating compromises
How did British officials end up viewing colonists
Selfish and self-centered because they weren't paying their fair share of taxes
Seminole Wars
Seminole Indians were soon fighting white settlers in the area, and in 1817, Americans burned a Seminole border settlement; Secretary of War Calhoun authorized the use of federal troops against the Seminoles, and he summoned General Andrew Jackson from Nashville to take command; assault at St. Marks
Samuel A. Foot
Senator from Connecticut - proposed that the federal government restrict land sales in the west
Stephen A. Douglas
Senator from Illinois - Endorsed popular sovereignty - was a rising star in the Democratic party - wanted a northern transcontinental railroad where Chicago would be the eastern terminus
Charles Sumner
Senator from Massachusetts - disliked slavery - blamed the Kansas incident on Andrew Pickens Butler
Henry L. Dawes
Senator from Massachusetts - sponsored the Dawes Severalty Act
Lewis Cass
Senator from Michigan - suggested that citizens of a territory regulate there own internal concerns - won the Democratic nomination
George Poindexter
Senator from Mississippi - Jackson thought that he had hired the assassin
Daniel Webster
Senator who scoffed at unruly crowd at Jackson's inaugural address - Senator from Massachusetts defended the east in the Webster-Hayne debate - was foremost orator and lawyer - denied that the East had ever shown a restrictive policy towards the west
Conciliatory Proposition
Sent to individual colonies - Continental Congress was unrecognized - said that Britain would impose no taxes if colonies paid for its share of military defense and the salary of royal governors
John Adams
Sent to represent America in Netherlands - said to have hated everybody so didn't do a good job
John Jay
Sent to represent America in Spain
Mechanical Thrashers
Separated the grains of wheat from the straw
Virginia Resolves
Series of resolutions inspired by Patrick Henry - declared the Virginians were entitled to rights of Englishmen and could only be taxed by their elected officials
Second Great Awakening
Series of revivals that arose out of fears of secularism - had two very different centers of activity - one from elite colleges especially Yale and then spread to New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois - the other came together in the backwoods of Kentucky and Tennessee - both basically said that salvation was available to everyone
Land Prices and Sustainability
Served as a magnet to the Old Southwest when the seaboard economy faltered
American Federation of Labor
Served as a skilled worker's union, founded by Gompers
Military Reconstruction Act
Set a precedent among former slave societies in providing voting rights to freed slaves almost immediately after emancipation - it was the first effort in building a military-enforced nation
Bureau of Reclamation
Set about building such major projects as the Boulder (later the Hoover) Dam on the Nevada-Arizona line, the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona, the Elephant Butte Dam in New Mexico, and the Arrowrock Dam in Idaho
14th Amendment
Set forth guarantees for civil rights of African American
Panic of 1873
Set off a depression that lasted six years, the longest and most severe that Americans had yet suffered. Thousands of businesses went bankrupt, millions of people lost their jobs, and as usually occurs, voters blamed the party in power for their economic woes
Paul Revere
Set out to ward the rebels of the British
William Dawes
Set out to ward the rebels of the British
Pinckney's Treaty
Set the American southern boundary at the 31st parallel and opened access for Americans to ship goods on the Mississippi river and the right to transport goods to Spanish - controlled New Orleans and a promise by each side to refrain from inciting Indian attacks on the other side
Yale College
Set up in 1701 to educate the Puritans in Connecticut who thought Harvard was drifting from the strictest orthodoxy
Californios
Settlers of Hispanic descent
1712 New York Slave revolts
Several dozen slaves revolted - the militia stopped the slaves - the slaves were burned alive or executed 6 committed suicide
No secessionists in Congress
Several projects that caused controversy were passed - transcontinental railroad was made - Homestead act was passed - National Banking Act was passed - Morrill Land Grant Act was passed - Contract Labor Act was passed
John C. Calhoun
Shared the ambivalent outlook - Would the agrarian Republic retain its virtue and cohesion amid the chaotic commercial development
Webster-Hayne Debate
Sharpened the line between state's rights and the Union and provoked a national crisis
Tecumseh
Shawnee leader - tried to unite the tribes
Delegation of Northern Indians
Shawnees, Delawares, and Mohawks talked Cherokees into striking frontier settlements in Virginia and the Carolinas
March to Sea
Sherman went from Tennessee to Charleston - Hood left a trail of destruction
Chesapeake
Ship that the Leopard fired upon around 8 miles from the coast of Virginia
Sacagawea
Shoshone woman who helped Lewis and Clark as a guide, translator, and negotiator
Alexander Berkman
Shot Frick thrice and stabbed him twice, but Frick lived somehow (wtf), and got a fifth of the striking workers back after they accepted the company's terms
"Robber barons"
Shrewd, undermined and dishonest men who often used illegal scams to make money, like the Crédit Mobilier
Railroads
Shrunk time and distance, were the most used method of transportation during the Second Industrial Revolution, prompted the creation of international time zones, 200 thousand miles by 1897
Battle of Yorktown
Siege began on September 28 De Grasse brought his ships and a total of 16000 men fought and forced Cornwallis to surrender
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Signed by Mexico and the United States
Enlightenment
Significant burst of intellectual activity that started in Europe and came to the colonies - Enlightenment celebrated rational inquiry, scientific research, and individual freedom
"coolie" laborers
Single Chinese men who wanted to make money quickly and return to their homeland so they could marry and buy land
Artisans
Skilled workers who made products
Mechanics
Skilled workers who made, used or repaired tools and machines
Walker Tariff (1846)
Slashed tariff rates
African slavery differences from New World slavery
Slave servitude would not always be permanent - and children would not always be slaves
Missouri Compromise
Slavery thus would continue in the Arkansas Territory and in the new state of Missouri but would be excluded from the remainder of the area;
Belief of Slavery
Slavery was a thing when Americans were fighting for their freedom - was said by Abigail Adams and George Washington
Slave Culture
Slaves lived in towns and cities - most of the slaves in New York came from the Caribbean
Contrabands
Slaves who sought protection and freedom with the Union
Lying with the wenches
Sleeping with prostitutes
Stephen Decatur
Slipped into Tripoli Harbor and set fire to the frigate Philadelphia which was captured - the pasha set a 60,000 ransom on the crew of the Philadelphia - led the war on the Barbary coast during the War of 1812
Samuel Prescott
Slipped through British patrol and warned the rebels in Concord
Embargo of 1807
Slowed American textile production
Yeomen
Small farmers - most numerous white settlers - lived with their families in simple cabins - many had some says while most had none - usually traded and grew some corn and cotton - women usually did domestic chores
Corsairs
Small fast ships used by Mediterranean pirates captured American vessels and crew
Andrew Jackson
Small in stature, self-made soldier, politician, and slave-owning land speculator - didn't sanction equality - born to Scots-Irish - father died and mother was a housekeeper - him and his brothers fought in Revolutionary war - 1 died - he was captured and got a scar from a British saber - hated British
Disease that affected lots of troops
Small pox
Red Mountain
So named because of its iron ore
Regulators
Societies to administer vigilante justice in the region
Ohio Women's Rights Convention (1851)
Sojourner Truth spoke here and said she was a woman
Hired Out
Some city slaves did this where some of their earnings would go to their owners
John Quincy Adams
Son of John Adams became president
John Humphrey Noyes
Son of Vermont congressman and educated at Dartmouth - established the Oneida Community - said every man was married to every women - called themselves "Perfectionists" - was arrested for practicing free love
Degüello
Song played by the Mexicans at the attack of the Alamo
New Jersey Plan
Sought to keep existing structure bit give Congress the power to levy taxes and regulate commerce and authority to name an executive and a supreme court
Robert Y. Hayne
South Carolina Senator - commented on how the fields were being abandoned
James H. Hammond
South Carolina Senator that said not to make war with cotton - cotton is king - it represented how the South got cocky and belligerent about cotton production
Ordinance of Seccession
South Carolina passed this because a purely section party held the white house
Stono uprising
South Carolina slave rebellion of 1739 - slaves heads were cut off and placed at every mile post
Southern Dependancy
South depended on the North to ship its cotton and tobacco
Southern Differences
South differed in architecture, its penchant for fighting, guns, horsemanship, and the military, and its attachment to an agrarian ideal and a cult of masculine "honor"
Protestant
South was overwhelmingly this Christian denomination
31st Parallel
Southern Boundary line that America called its southern border
10th Amendment
Sovereignty was reserved to the state
Yazoo River
Spain claimed Americas southern border was this river
3 Great European Powers
Spain, England, and France
Tejanos
Spanish-speaking Texans of Mexican or Spanish descent clustered around San Antonio - Anglos outnumbered them 10 to 1
Vermont Constitution of 1777
Specifically forbade slavery
The American Scholar (1837)
Speech delivered by Ralph Waldo Emerson at Harvard which urged the young to put aside their awe of Europe and explore their own new world
George Whitefield
Spellbinding evangelist - claimed that congregations were lifeless - goal was to restore religious fervor in American congregations
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
Sponsored by senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts - the act divided tribal lands, granting 160 acres to each head of a family and lesser amounts to others - increased white plundering of Indian land
The Sand-lot Incident
Sporadic anti-Chinese people attacked Chinatown because white people believed the Asians took their jobs
Birmingham, Alabama
Sprang up in the 1870s under the shadow of Red Mountain - was so called the Pittsburgh of the South because it made steel
Tobacco
Spread to Kentucky and as far west as Missouri
Preemption Act of 1830
Squatters could stake out claims ahead of the land surveys and later get 160 acres at the minimum price of $1.25
Due Subordination
Stamp Act congress recognized its right to regulate colonial trade
Scientific Revolution
Started by Copernicus - period of scientific discovery where people moved away from church
Battle of Wounded Knee
Started by an accidental rifle discharge by a soldier into a group of Indians - ended in 200 Indians and 25 soldiers dead
Creek War
Started by the attack of Fort Mims - Andrew Jackson and his crew killed many Creeks because the massacred people at Fort Mims
French Revolution
Started foreign problems for America - French rebels marched on Bastille and created their own Constitution
Second Industrial Revolution
Started in the 1850s in the USA and Germany, included the finishing of the undersea telegraph lines, railroad networks, steamships, etc
Industrial Revolution
Started in the North through technological breakthroughs like the cotton gin, mechanical harvester, and railroad - also gave rise to the factory system
Mexican Traders
Started leading caravans east to Missouri
George Ripley
Started the Brook Farm utopian community
Fall of Fort Sumter
Started the Civil War and created a wave a bravado across the Confederacy
Ferdinand Schumacher
Started the Quaker Oats Company
Francis Asbury
Started the circuit rider system - was a tireless British revivalist
South Carolina
State that suffered from prolonged agricultural depression - would lose almost 70000 residents to emigration
Convention of 1818
Stated that Britain and America had joint occupation of the Oregon territory
12th Amendment
Stated that electors have to use separate ballot to vote for the president and the vice president
Article IV
Stated that the federal Constitution and federal laws are the laws of the land
1830 Georgia Law
Stated that whites in the Cherokee territory had to obtain licenses authorizing their new residence their and make an oath of allegiance to the state
Women's Work
Still worked primarily in the home - the only professions that were readily available were nursing and teaching
July 4, 1791
Stock in the new Bank of the United States was put up for sale and sold out within an hour
Fort Necessity
Stockade at Great Meadows - vengeful French soldiers attacked during a rainstorm and 100 of Washington's 300 men were killed or wounded - Washington surrendered
Bathsheba Kingsley
Stole her husbands horse and spread the gospel in her town after "immediate revelations from heaven"
Embargo Act
Stopped all exports of American goods and prohibited American ships from leaving for foreign ports - was very bad - was repealed
What trees were used by Royal Navy
Straightest and tallest America trees mostly pine and oak - American ships were prized for their quality and price
Enlightenment rationalism
Stressed human kinds inherent goodness rather than its depravity and encouraged a belief in social progress and the promise of individual perfectibility
Frederick Douglass
Stressed that military service was the way to go for African Americans -
Oregon Country
Stretched from the 42nd parallel north to 54°40' - both Spain and Russia had claims to it but they gave them up leaving Britain and America as the only claimants
Old Republicans
Strictly adhered to Republican party principles
1849 drought
Struck the region west of the Mississippi river so Indians had to resort to begging white travelers for food
Protestants
Struggled to reunite after the war because they split up into north and south denominations
Brigham Young
Successor to Joseph Smith as the Mormon leader - was strong-minded and intelligent - had 26 wives - took Mormons to Utah
Anglicanism
Suffered after the American Revolution being in alignment with the Church of England - lost its status as the official religion in most states
Tories
Supporters of Jackson
Joseph Story
Supreme Court Justice - said he had never see such a mixture of people than at Jackson's inaugural address
Judicial Review
Supreme Court could decide whether acts of Congress were Constitutional or not
Riding the Circuit
Supreme court judges were initially itinerant judges that spent most of their year going to circuit courts
Protestant Preachers
Switched from attacking slavery to defending it as a divinely ordained social system sanctioned by in the Bible
African words in English language
Tabby, tote, cooter, goober, yam, banana
Tariff of Abominations
Tariff of 1828 and cause of South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Tariff
Tax on imports
Morrill Tariff
Tax on imports and taxes manufacturers and nearly every profession
Prohibitive duties
Taxes on certain major colonial exports
Battle of Tippecanoe
Tecumseh's followers attacked Harrison's encampment but lost - Tecumseh's dream went up in flames - Harrison lit up Prophetsville
Important Inventions
Telephones, typewriters, adding machines, sewing machines, cameras, elevators and farm machinery
Southern Whigs
Tended to abstain from voting
War Democrats
Tennessee senator Andrew Johnson and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, supported Lincoln's policies, while a peace wing of the party preferred an end to the fighting, even if that meant risking the Union.
Frontier Areas
Tennessee, Kentucky, and Florida
Restoration
Term that Johnson used instead of Reconstruction because he believed that the states never left the Union
Jesuit French Missions
Terre Haute (High Land) and Des Moines (Some Monks)
Land Ordinance of 1784
Territory's population equaled that of the smallest existing state. Written by Thomas Jefferson
Lone Star Republic
Texas - drafted a constitution that legalized slavery and banned free blacks, elected Sam Houston its first president, voted overwhelmingly for annexation to the United States, and began systematically suppressing and displacing the Indians living in Texas.
Expanded Enterprises
Textiles, banking, transportation, publishing, retailing, teaching, preaching, medicine, law, construction, and engineering
Mary McLeod Bethune
The 15th child of slaves - she learned how to read and walked 5 miles to school everyday - she founded a school that turned into a 4 year college in Florida
Fort Laramie Treaty
The American Government invited many Native American Tribes for a conference and almost 10000 of them showed up - annual cash payments for the Indians was given as compensation for the damage caused by wagon trains to hunting grounds - in return Indians would stop harnessing wagon trains and allowed federal forts to be built - also the Indians would confine themselves to a space - was important because it foreshadowed the reservation concept
Financial situation
The Bank of the United States 20 year charter ended - so it did not exist anymore - a lot of new banks opened and they just gave out money - also imports were cut because British navy blocked American ports
George Canning
The British foreign minister who told the U.S. minister to London that the two countries should jointly oppose any incursions by France or Spain in the Western Hemisphere
Thomas Sumter
The Carolina Gamecock - guerrilla leader
Pierre G.T. Beaurgard
The Confederate general - was a Louisiana native - learned the use of artillery under Anderson - started attacking Fort Sumter
Texas v. White (1869)
The Court asserted the right for Congress to reframe state governments - endorsed the radical Republican point of view
Merciless Indian Savages
The Declaration of Independence dismissed them as
Calvinist orthodoxy
The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening eroded this belief
San Francisco
The Gold Rush transformed this city in to the largest city west of Chicago
Gag rule
The House adopted a rule putting abolition petitions on the table - John Quincy Adams said this was a violation of the first amendment - rule was repealed
Great Plains
The Native Americans last refuge
Pacific Northwest Indians
The Nisqually, Spokane, Yakama, Chinook, Klamath, and Nez Perce (Pierced Nose) - enjoyed the most abundant resources and the most temperate climate - ate berries, nuts, and game
Tenskwatawa
The Prophet - Tecumseh's twin brother
Why Union would win
The South had sparse industrial development, smaller pool of able-bodied men, paucity of gold and warships, and spotty transportation network
Convict Leasing
The South leased convicts to generate money and to avoid penitentiary expenses - many convicts were African Americans
Francis Marion
The Swamp Fox - guerrilla leader
Dred Scott Decision (1858)
The U.S. Supreme Court said that enslaved Africans and their descendants where not eligible for citizenship
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
The United States paid Mexico 10 million dollars for what is New Mexico and Arizona because the land was nice for a continental railroad
Maysville Road bill (1830)
The bill authorized a road running from Maysville, Kentucky to Lexington - it would be constructed by the Maysville Turnpike Road Company - Jackson called it unconstitutional
Boston
The center of the Unitarian movement - flourished chiefly with Congregational churches
William Pendleton
The chief artillery officer under Robert E. Lee - named his 4 favorite cannons Christian names
Republican Party
The combination of conscious Whigs, independent Democrats, and Free-Soilers created this party
The University of Virginia
The curriculum modeled Thomas Jefferson's view on education
Treaty of Fort Jackson
The devastated Creeks were forced to cede two thirds of their land to the United States, some twenty-three million acres, including a third of Georgia and most of Alabama. Even those Creeks who had fought on Jackson's side were forced to give up their lands.
Mississippi River Valley
The expansion fever ran high and the war with Mexico was very popular
All of Oregon or none
The expansionists cried this when they were prepared to go to war with the British
Waltham, Massachusetts
The factory system sprang full-blown here in 1813 - integrated plant of Boston Manufacturing Company - formed by the Boston Associates on who was Francis Cabot Lowell - first plant with power machinery
Federal Highways Act of 1916
The federal government did not enter the field on a large scale until passage of this act
Distribution Act
The federal governments surplus money would go to the states government - proposed by Henry Clay
The Rainbow
The first clipper ship set sail in 1846 -
New Helvita
The fort that Sutter built - Americans called it Sutter's fort - became a magnet for Americans traveling to Sacramento country - stood at the end of the California trail - was worked by local Indians
Lowell Girls
The girls who worked in the mills in Lowell - were provided with tolerable work, prepared meals, comfortable boardinghouses, moral discipline, and educational and cultural opportunities
Specie Circular
The government would only accept gold or silver coins in the payment for land - put many state banks in a plight
Plantation System
The growth of cash crops helped foster this system and its dependence on slave labor
Panic of 1819
The impressive post-War of 1812 economic expansion ended. Banks throughout the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, triggering widespread unemployment.
Impressment
The kidnapping of men in British and colonial ports to recruit them into the navy because rowers were needed - seizure of American ships provided new recruits
Era of Good Feelings
The label became a popular catchphrase for Monroe's administration, one that historians would later seize upon as a label for the period.; marked a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars
Gila River
The land of the Gadsden purchase south of this river
Reason why South had less immigrants
The main shipping lines went from Europe to northern ports such as Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia - another reason is the immigrants didn't want to compete with slave labor
Lakota Sioux
The most powerful tribe - agreed to the treaty but failed to adhere to it -
Henry Clay
The new speaker of the house - known for his combative temperament and propensity for dueling, yearned for war.
Florida
The new spirit of nationalism reached a climax with the acquisition of this state
Pacific
The new spirit of nationalism reached a climax with the extension of America's southwestern boundary to the this body of water
Sectional differences
The north owed more debt than the south - Madison didn't like Hamilton's plan because of this
John Bull
The personification of England
McCormick's Reaping Machine
The plow eased the transformation of rough plains into fertile farmland, and the reaping machine accelerated farm production
Mississippi River
The right to ship goods by boat down this river was given by the Treaty of Paris; the international boundary ran down the middle of the river for most of its length, entirely within Spanish Louisiana in its lower reaches; was closed n 1784 by Louisiana's Spanish governor so conspiration with the Indians against the US could ensue
Washington D.C.
The sale of slaves was banned but not slavery itself
Henry Clay and Daniel Webster
The two most cunning statesmen
Baptist or Methodist
The vast majority of Southerners were this
John Jacob Astor
The wealthiest man in America (worth more than $20 million at his death in 1848), came of humble if not exactly destitute origins. The son of a minor official in Ger- many, he arrived in the United States in 1784 with little or nothing and made a fortune on the western fur trade, which he then parlayed into a much larger fortune in New York real estate.
North American theater
Theater of operations of the Continental Army
Post inaugural party
There were a mixture of people who only left the White House after liquor was carried out to the law
Merchants
These people were prevented from reviving old trade relationships with Island economies in the British West Indies so they called for trade reprisals against the British
Bribery and Alcohol
These were used to woo the Indian chiefs
What happened to Loyalists
They were forced out - most went to Canada or the Caribbean
Cheyennes
This Indian group and others supplied buffalo meat and skins to white pioneers
Child Labor
This advanced just like the rest of the working class, children did unskilled work for very little pay, numbered nearly 2 million by 1900, received little education or nurturing as a result
Enslaved labor under separate supervision
This distinguished a plantation from a neighboring farm in addition to its size
Fighting
This followed when Whites could not coerce, cajole, or confuse Indian leaders into selling land
Slave Trade Outlaw
This increased the price of slaves causing them to be worth more and causing people to treat them better
The Border Ruffian Code in Kansas (1856)
This map, which appeared in a pamphlet published by Horace Greeley's New York Tribune, shows the nation divided into slave states (dark), free states (white), and those in the middle (gray). It attempts to "prove how the suffering South is oppressed by the North."
St. Louis
This old French town became the funnel through which settlers, largely southerners who brought their slaves with them, rushed westward beyond the Mississippi River.
Greenback party
This party was formed because the Specie Resumption act infuriated those promoting an inflationary monetary policy
Tyler Presidency
This presidency led to the worst economic depression in the history of the young nation - bank failures mounted, unemployment soared,
South Carolina
This southern state voted for the tariff, led by John C. Calhoun, did so because they hoped that the South itself might become a manufacturing center
Discovery of gold
This whetted the white's appetite for Cherokee land and brought prospectors into the country
Deism
Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin were this - believe that people may grasp the natural laws governing the universe - defended freedom of speech and opposed religious coercion - did not believe in the divinity of Jesus or miracles
Prestige
Thomas Jefferson said that it was derived from holding land and having slaves
Mexican War
Thoreau thought that the war was unjust and was to advance the cause of slavery - refused to pay poll tax because of this
Reason that colonists didn't like cheap tea
Thought it was a reason to tax them on the tea
British Ships
Threatened to board American ships to see if there were slaves on board
Glorious Revolution
Threw out King James and William and Mary were king and queen. Colonists rebelled and threw out Andros and became own colonies - Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay became one colony
Era of Good Feelings
Time after the War of 1812
War of Independence
Time when members of Congress distrusted and limited executive power
The Professions
Title of lecture that Henry Day gave at the Western Reserve School of Medicine
Planter
To be this one had to own 20 slaves - only 1 out 30 whites in the south were this according to the 1860 census - they excersized disproportionate social and political influence
Episcopalians
To lose pro-British image Virginian Anglicans renamed themselves - was losing stature and support
Profitable crops
Tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo, and sugarcane
Sphere of Women
Took care of the home and they listened to husband
Margaret Corbin
Took the place of her husband when he fell at an artillery post
Loyalists
Tories - People loyal to Britain
New Harmony
Town started in Harmonie, Indiana - was based on secular principles - management was turned over to a town meeting and council - as good for a while then failed - was supposed to be a Utopian society
Boonsborough
Town that Boone built near Lexington in an area called Transylvania
Jefferson's Presidency
Trade and other sources of income flourished, wise and frugal government that let the government operate on its income,
British Rule of 1756
Trade closed in time of peace would remained closed during a time of war
West Point
Trained some engineers
Benedict Arnold
Traitorous British general - was a general at West Point - was selling America secrets
King William's War
Transatlantic war against France - first of 4 great wars
Theodore Parker
Transcendentalist reformer that said slavery was the blight of the nation
Black religion
Transformed by the Civil War because slaves were able to create churches for the first time -
Aaron Montgomery Ward
Travelling salesmen who came up with mail-order
Chancellor of Exchequer
Treasury
Currency
Treasury notes
Treaty of Alliance
Treaty signed with France that said that both countries would fight until America's independence was won - neither could conclude a truce or peace without the other approving - and guaranteed each other's possessions in America
Treaty of Amity and Commerce
Treaty signed with France, Recognized the United States and offered trade concessions including privileges to American shipping
Witness Trees
Trees that were notched to make boundary claims
Seminoles and Cherokees
Tribes that fought against the Indian Removal Act - Seminoles fought a guerilla war in the Everglades
Paiutes, and Gosiutes
Tribes that struggled to survive the harsh climate of the Great Basin - traveled in family groups and they lived in small villages - they ate berries, pine nuts, insects, and rodents also were adept at fishing
Peaceable Coercion
Tried to remain peaceful and not get into the war between France and Britain
St. Louis
Tripled in size because most of western fur trade was funneled down the Missouri river
Worcester v. Georgia
Two New England missionaries among the Indians refused to abide by the law and were sentenced to four years at hard labor - Marshall said that Cherokee nation was a distinct land within which Georgia law had no effect
1. Whether to amend the Articles of Confederation or to draft a new document 2. Whether to determine congressional representation by state or population
Two major issues faced by Congress
Young Women
Type of worker who mostly worked at Waltham and Lowell
Salmon P. Chase
U.S. Secretary who added "In God We Trust" to American coins expressing the nations religious zeal
Thomas Pinckney
U.S. negotiator that negotiated Pinckney's treaty
XYZ Affair
US had to pay a bribe of 250,000 to start negotiations with France
Treaty of Cession
US obtained the Louisiana Territory for about 15 million
Vagrant Blacks
Unemployed Blacks - were often arrested and were forced to labor on the fields because they could not pay the fines
Richard Lawrence
Unemployed house painter who tried to assassinate Jackson but his pistol misfired - he pulled out another pistol but it too misfired - he was deranged - thought he was the King of England and tried to kill his sister
Irvin McDowell
Union general at the Battle of Bull Run
Ulysses S. Grant
Union general who got the first major win for the Union with the capture of Fort Donelson
Henry Halleck
Union general who was jealous of Grant's success - he spread the rumor that Grant had been drinking so he became the commander
1778 Treaty of Alliance
United States was a perpetual ally of France and was required to defend France's possession of the West Indies
Confederate Constitution
Unlike the U.S. Constitution it explicitly invoked the guidance of God
Burned-over district
Upstate New York received such intense levels of evangelical activity it was labeled this
Benjamin F. Perry
Urged business leaders to educate the masses, industrialize, work hard, and seek Northern investments
Molly Maguires
Used beatings, killings and intimidation to show that the working conditions were very dangerous and needed to be made safer, were a group of Irish people
Southern theater
Used to describe area of America below Virginia
Milldam
Used to produce a head of water for operating a mill
Wage laborers
Usually Irish immigrants who were hired for ditching and other dangerous work - in order to save the high value slaves
Older Women
Usually assumed the primary responsibility for nurturing family and kinship networks and anchoring slave communities
Tenant Farmers
Usually better off than sharecroppers - might of had a mule, a plow, and a line of credit - were entitled to a larger share of the crop - they do the farming on rented land from an owner
Lawyers
Usually started off as teachers but became lawyers after a year or two - no formal standards were in place to be an attorney
"the Eaton Malaria"
Van Buren said this about how all the wives gossiped and disliked Peggy
Free-Soil Party
Van Burenite Democrats, Conscience Whigs, and followers of the Liberty party combined to form it and nominated Van Buren as there nominee - endorsed Wilmot's Proviso - had a catchy slogan "free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men,"
State Constitutions
Varied greatly - had elected governors and senates - embodies separation of powers - also included bill of rights that protected honored rights of petition, speech, trial by jury, freedom form self-incrimination and the like - limited powers of legislatures and led people to quarrel with colonial governors
Transappalachia
Vast region west of the Proclamation line - mostly occupied by Natives
Panic of 1837
Very bad financial panic - economy was tipped over by depression in England - the wheat crop also failed - 1/3 of work force was jobless
Paper Blockade
Vessels headed to European ports were subject to British inspection and were required to get British licenses - was called paper because the British navy was not large enough to monitor every European port
Captain John Parker
Veteran of French and Indian War lead minutemen
John C. Calhoun
Vice President - wanted to preserve southern interests like slavery - him and Jackson despised each other
Spanish view on Indians
Viewed them as ignorant, lazy heathens living in a free and undisciplined society
Saratoga
Village where Burgoyne pulled his forces to - army was desperate for food
Simon Legree
Villanous white planter of Uncle Tom's Cabin
Range Wars
Violent disputes between ranchers and farmers - ranchers tried to drive off farmers and farmers in turn sabotaged the cattle barons, cutting their fences and spooking their herds
Nat Turner Insurrection
Virginia 1831 - enslaved blacks outnumbered whites group of slaves joined Turner and killed whites - was stopped by the militia - terrified the South because of the idea that enslaved blacks would revolt - Virginia responded by restricting the ability for slaves to learn how to read and write and gather for religious meetings
Where were most slaves
Virginia and Maryland
Charles Lynch
Virginia planter that set up vigilante courts to punish Loyalists by lynching them
Middle South
Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas - had more diverse agricultural economies and included large areas without slavery
Indentured Servitude
Voluntary service - accounted for half of white settlers - where servants worked for a set number of years in return for transportation to America
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Wage cuts led to workers striking and blocking tracks, quickly spread to people all across the country striking and destroying property in protest, demonstrated potential union strength
North
Wanted high tariffs on imported manufactures to protect new industries
Richard Dodge
Wanted his men and others to kill buffaloes - said every dead buffalo is an Indian gone
Henry Clay
Wanted to be president really bad - he proposed creating another national bank, repealing the Independent Treasury Act and raise tariffs on imports - also dislike John Tyler -
Confederate Strategy
Wanted to force a stalemate so that British or France could join the Confederates or force Lincoln to reconsider a negotiation
Texas
Wanted to gain independence from Mexico
South Carolina
Wanted to succeed after Abraham Lincoln was elected
Contraband
War supplies - British said they were tar, pitch, and other products needed for warships
William Henry Harrison
Was 68 when he took office in 1841 and was the first Whig to be inaugurated - was inaugurated because of his military skills - died a month after office becoming the first president to die in office
Haiti
Was French-controlled had a large slave revolt
John Tyler
Was Harrison's vice president but he took over after Harrison died practically serving Harrison's whole term - opposed everything associated with the Whig party's "American System" - like state's rights and strict construction of the Constitution - was originally Democratic - believed the South Carolina had a Constitutional right to succeed from the nation - was shunned by both Whigs and Democrats
Crispus Attucks
Was Indian-African American run away slave that died in the Boston Massacre
Andrew Johnson
Was Lincoln's vice-president - was also targeted but escaped danger - was bigoted and short-tempered - delivered his vice-presidential address drunk - was a pro-Union Democrat -
Thomas Hart Benton
Was Missouri Senator and a Van Buren supporter - said that the Texas ordeal foreshadowed a civil war
Rio Grande
Was Texas' southern boundary
Aaron Burr
Was Vice President and tried to be the governor of New York - Hamilton said he was a dangerous man which led to their duel - lost the gubernatorial election after duel but the duel to stop talk of seceding from the Union - tried to garner wealth and stature
H.T.P. Comstock
Was a Canadian born fur trapper who went to the Carson river diggings and talked his way into the discovery of the Comstock lode which he gave his name
James Longstreet
Was a Confederate general who said the Old South needed to change its ways after the loss at Appomattox - he became a successful cotton broker and supported the Radical Reconstruction program
Robert Toombs
Was a Georgia Congressman - said he was in disunion if the House tried to rid slavery or move California slave holders
Haratio Seymour
Was a New York governor who won the Democratic presidential nomination over Johnson
John L. O'Sullivan
Was a New York newspaper editor and Democratic-party propagandist who gave a name to the aggressive territorial expansion - he called it Manifest Destiny
Herman Melville
Was a New Yorker - spent 18 months on a whaler before arriving in the Marquesas Islands in the South Seas - wrote Typee and Omoo - wrote Moby Dick - sought to understand human complexity - also wrote Battle Pieces (1866)
Black Hawk
Was a Sioux chief at Laramie
David Crockett
Was a Tennessee frontiersmen - was at the Alamo - served as a anti-Jackson Whig congressman
Republican Party
Was a coalition of former Whigs, Democrats, immigrants, conservatives, moderates, and radicals
George Meade
Was a commander of the Union armies - was commander during Gettysburg - failed to follow a retreating Lee
Sojourner Truth
Was a courageous black abolitionist - was named Isabella "Bell" Hardenbergh but renamed herself after a meeting with God - spoke about the evils of slavery and traveled throughout the country doing so
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Was a creole priest - took advantage of the fluid situation to convince Indians and mestizos to revolt against Spanish rule in Mexico - the uprising failed and the Spanish captured Hidalgo and executed him
Ulysses S. Grant
Was a general - said Lincoln was the greatest man who he ever knew - won the 1688 election
Stephen Kearny
Was a general was civilian governor
Chattanooga
Was a great Union victory - Union army led by William Rosecrans pursued general Braxton Raggs - Confederates had more troops but the Union won
Winfield Scott
Was a hero in the Mexican War and was selected by the northern Whigs to run for president in 1852 - he lost -
Oh! Susanna
Was a minstrel song by Stephen Foster that was a national hit
Christopher "Kit" Carson
Was a most knowledgeable mountain man and was a frequent associate to Fremont
Carpetbaggers
Was a name given by opposition whites to Northerners who rushed to the South with all of their belongings to grab the political spoils - came to South in hope of economic opportunity and other attractions
Lion of Vicksburg
Was a nickname for Ulysses S. Grant - he was called this because of his military record
Dorothea Lynde Dix
Was a nurse during the Civil War - helped the Union - became the first Superintendent of nurses for the Union - got lots of applications
Walt Whitman
Was a poet who wrote that the Confederates fired on the flag
The West
Was a powerful magnet for adventurous people dreaming of freedom, self-fulfillment, and economic gain
John Wilkes Booth
Was a prominent actor and Confederate sympathizer - shot Lincoln at point-blank range and stabbed a couple times - he was later killed in a burning barn
Stephen F. Austin
Was a promoter of American settlement in Texas Austin promised to create a "buffer" on the northern frontier of Texas between the marauding Comanches and the settlements to the south. Most of the newcomers were southern or western farmers drawn to rich new cotton land selling for only a few cents an acre. A few were wealthy planters who brought large numbers of slaves with them to Texas at a time when Mexico was prohibiting the importation of slaves
Louis Lingg
Was a proud anarchist hung for being suspected of the bombing during the Haymarket Affair, killed himself and became a martyr
James A. Garfield
Was a representative and later president - benefited from the Credit Mobilier scheme
Lewis Cass
Was a senator and expansionist from Michigan who would be the Democratic nominee for president - said the America does no want Mexicans - all America wants is Mexico's territory
John Sherman
Was a senator who said that he preferred gold to paper money
Thomas O. Larkin
Was a shipping company representative to buy and store hides until the company ship arrived - He would play a leading role in acquiring California -
Dred Scott
Was a slave in Virginia - went to Wisonsin and marreid and had two daughters - went to supreme court for his freedom
Horace Mann
Was a supporter of state wide school systems - issued training for teachers - a state institution for teachers - and a minimum school year of 6 months
Manifest Destiny
Was a term coined by John L. O'Sullivan - it was the aggressive territorial expansion - said the God wanted the Americans to go west
Marxism
Was a type of socialism made popular by Karl Marx
Great Plains
Was a vast grassland stretching from the Mississippi River west of the Rocky Mountains and from Canada south to Mexico - was devoid of human presence until Spaniards brought horses into the area
Liberia
Was acquired from local chieftains in Africa so that free slaves could be sent here
Mary Reed
Was allowed to deliver testimonials by her minister even though she was a woman because they were so good
John Brown
Was an abolitionist and had a history of mental instability - was at the sack of Lawrence - took 4 of his sons and 3 other people to Pottawatomie, Kansas - took 5 people out of their homes and hacked them to death
William Loyd Garrison
Was an abolitionist from Massachusetts who published the Liberator - many slave owners and northerners hated him - was dragged on to the streets of Boston by a rope
Frederick Douglass
Was an abolitionist leader and a former slave - said that Uncle Tom's Cabin was like a hot flash
Olive Branch Petition
Was an apeal to the king - King didn't even open it
"The Gospel of Wealth"
Was an essay written by Carnegie, said "Not evil, but good, has come to the race from the accumulation of wealth by those who have the ability and energy that produces it."
J. Pierpont Morgan
Was an investment banker born into wealth, alone controlled a sixth of the nation's railways
American Party
Was anti-Catholic and did not like immigrants
Robert J. Walker
Was appointed as a governor of Kansas -
Great Plains
Was arid and there was no water or timber which rendered useless for the familiar pioneer -
William H. Seward
Was at the state department in Lincoln's cabinet - he advised Lincoln to free slaves after the Union victory
Salmon P. Chase
Was at the treasury department in Lincoln's cabinet
Simon Cameron
Was at the war department in Lincoln's cabinet
Supreme Court
Was called for by the Virginia and New Jersey plans - sparked little debate
Sonoma
Was captured proclaiming the Republic of California
Freedman's Bureau
Was commissioned by Oliver H. Howard - declared that freed slaves can chose their employers and have to be paid for their labor - agents were sent to the south to provide medicare, set up schools, and distribute food to free blacks
Masculine honor
Was common among Germanic and Celtic people - to whom most white southerners were descended to - flourished in hierarchical society where there was face to face meeting -
Abandoned Lands Bureau
Was created to provide provisions clothing and fuel for freed slaves
Congressional Reconstruction
Was designed to prevent white southerners from manipulating the Reconstruction process
Plantation System
Was destroyed by the abolition of slavery, war related disruptions in the economy and the number of lives lost
Star of the West
Was dispatched to Fort Sumter with reinforcements and provisions but the fort shot at it and drove it away
Clement L. Vallandigham
Was dragged out of his home
General Antonio López de Santa Anna
Was elected president of Mexico - opposed slavery - became a self-promoting dictator calling himself the Napoleon of the West -
Presbyterian
Was entrenched among the Scots-Irish from Pennsylvania to Georgia -
Dunlop Community
Was established by Pap Singleton and his followers in Kansas -
King Louis XVI
Was executed in 1793 - Britain and Spain entered a coalition to fight France
Tennessee
Was exempted from the Military Reconstruction Act because it already ratified the 14th amendment
Methodism
Was experiencing dramatic growth - met in Baltimore - said that they were leaving Anglicanism to for a new denomination - one that would aggressively convert new people - discarded prayer books - loved singing hymns and welcomed the poor and oppressed
The American Anti-Slavery Society
Was financed by the Tappans - created newspapers, offices, chapters, and activists - some 160000 people belonged to it
New England Primer
Was first textbook for the colonies - contained alphabet moral teachings etc.
Free-Soil Coalition
Was formed by three main groups - rebellions northern Democrats, anti-slavery Whigs, and members of the Liberty party
Confederation Congress
Was formed under the Articles of Confederation and had the power of foreign affairs - and questions of war and peace - it could decide disputes between states and had the authority of coinage, postal service, and indians affairs - could only ask the states to do things and had no power to levy taxes
Battle of Buena Vista
Was fought against Santa Anna -
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Was founded 2 years after the Smithsonian and was founded to advance science and serve society
Dartmouth College
Was founded in 1769 which was congregationalist and was an outgrowth of a Native American school
Union League
Was founded in Pennsylvania n 1862 to support the Union - was kind of like a cult
John C. Calhoun
Was from South Carolina - secretly talked with Texas - supported Texas annexation as a means of spreading slavery
Mexican Independence
Was gained from Spain - it caused Mexico to be very unstable - corruption flourished and the Americans took advantage of this -
General John "Gentleman Johnny" Burgoyne
Was general of British army based in Canada - plan was to attack from three sides - one from Lake Champlain, on from Oswego, one was from New York City
Sharecropping-Tenant System
Was horribly inefficient and corrupting - was kind of like post-Civil War slavery - caused damage to the land because the people didn't need to take care of the land as it was not theirs
Thomas Pickering
Was impeached as a judge because he was a federalist and he delivered profane drunken harangues from the bench - was secretary of state - became a senator
Rotary press
Was invented by Richard Hoe - could pint 20000 sheets in an hour
Farm Sector
Was just as important as the industrial sector, provided wheat and corn to be made into meal and flour and meat packing became a big industry
Elijah P. Lovejoy
Was killed by a mob in Illinois for his anti slavery views - was a martyr - his print shop was attacked by a mob and one of his supporters fired and then the mob set fire to the warehouse and he was killed
Fugitive Slave Act
Was one of the most clear cut victories for the South - Northerners could capture fugitive slaves - denied fugitives a trial - federal marshals could require citizens to help locate or capture runaways any violators would be imprisoned for 6 months and fined 1000
1844 Presidential Election
Was one of the most significant in history - Henry Clay and Polk where the nominees - Henry Clay changed his views on Texas in the last minute and also said that slavery was going to go extinct one day - Polk one, but he did not win the majority of the votes
American Society for the Promotion of Temperance
Was organized by a group of Boston minsters - organized press campaigns and such
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
Was organized by men in Pulaski, Tennessee - was a social club that had costumes and secret rituals - was first a group of prankster but then they started to intimidate blacks and white Republicans
Thaddeus Stevens
Was part of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction - said the Confederate states should be viewed as conquered provinces, subject to the absolute will of the victors
Temperance Crusade
Was perhaps the most widespread of all social reforms
Walker's Appeal (1829)
Was published by David Walker in which he denounced the hypocrisy of Christians in the slave holding South endorsing the practice of race-based human bondage.
Texas
Was rapidly turning into a province of the United States
Lord Ashburton
Was sent by the British to meet with Webster to discuss the relationship between Britain and America
Continental System
Was set forth by Napoleon in the Berlin Decree and the Milan Decree
National Trades' Union
Was set up to federate the city societies
George Alexander Stephens
Was soon to be vice president of the Confederacy
Trans-Mississippi West
Was sparsely settled - beckoned agricultural and commercial development
Mormonism
Was spawned by the Great Awakening - did not believe in original sin and stressed human goodness - :
Napier Press
Was steam driven - could print 4000 sheets of newspaper in an hour
Literacy
Was surprisingly widespread in Jacksonian america - 78% of the total population could read and write -
William H. Seward
Was targeted by Confederate sympathizers and received severe knife wounds
James Buchanan
Was the 15th president - was secretary of state under Polk - promoted territorial expansion
Robert E. Lee
Was the adviser of Jefferson Davis - sent Stonewall Jackson to Shenandoah valley where they pinned two Union armies with more than twice their numbers - commander of the Army of Northern Virginia
Edward Bates
Was the attorney general in Lincoln's cabinet
Salmon P. Chase
Was the chief justice during Johnson's impeachment trial
Roger B. Taney
Was the chief justice who supported slavery
Jehu Jones
Was the colored proprietor of one of Charleston's best hotels
Sam Houston
Was the commander in chief of the Texas forces - a Tennessee frontiersman - led a surprise attack on the Mexican Army screaming "Remember the Alamo" - captured general Santa Anna
Abraham Lincoln
Was the commander of the Illinois volunteers in the Black Hawk War
Jefferson Davis
Was the commander of the regular army in the Black Hawk War
Oliver H. Howard
Was the commissioner of Freedman's Bureau
Slavery
Was the fastest growing element of national life in the 19th century - with the growth slave owners had to develop more rules and such -
54th Massachusetts Regiment
Was the first all black unit - under the command of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw
California Gold Rush
Was the greatest mass migration in American history
Henry Clay
Was the leader of the Whigs
Horace Greeley
Was the liberal republican's presidential candidate - was eccentric - was the editor of the New York Tribune
William Quantrill
Was the most prominent Confederate leader in the Kansas-Missouri area - killed everyone that surrendered
Boston English High School
Was the nations first free public secondary school - mainly for students not going to college
Martin Van Buren
Was the nominee of the Free-Soil Party
Kentucky
Was the only state that failed to ratify 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments
Jefferson Davis
Was the president of the Confederacy
Hamilton Fish
Was the secretary of state for Grant - was the only competent one in Grant's cabinet
Schuyler Colfax
Was the speaker of the House - later was vice-president - was a beneficiary of the Credit Mobilier scheme
Mary Jones
Was the wife of a Confederate minister - who had a son who said that the military camps created religious fervor
Reign of Witches
Was unleashed by the Alien and Sedition Acts
Phosphate
Was used as a fertilizer - allowed for multiple planting each year
Chinese tea
Was very sought after - promoted the manufacturing of clipper ship
Buffalo
Was very useful to the plains Indians who would follow them - their meat was used food and their skins into clothing, bedding, and tepee coverings - the bones and horns served as tools and utensils - its manure could be dried and burned for heat - when Americans entered the Great Plains it was hunted which posed a threat to Indian survival because they depended so heavily on it
Third National Bank
Was vetoed by John Tyler
John Tyler
Was vice-president under William Henry Harrison
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
Was written by Frederick Douglass - was about his escape from slavery
Civil Disobedience (1849)
Was written by Thoreau and influenced many passive-resistance movements
John Sullivan
Washington dispatched 4000 men under him to suppress the hostile tribes and the most mischievous of the Tories
Nathanael Greene
Washington's ablest commander and Rhode Island Quaker ironmaker - Congress chose him as new commander for Southern theater
Morristown, New Jersey
Washington's army suffered a harsh winter here - the army also disintegrated as enlistments expired and deserters fled - brutally cold weather, inadequate food, and widespread disease
Valley Forge
Washington's army was camped here for the winter and was a season of intense suffering - experienced cold, hunger, and disease - lots of people died or deserted
The Executive Mansion
Water color of president's house during Jefferson's term in office - Jefferson described it as big enough for two emperors, one pope, and the grand lama in the bargain
Pitfalls of the Articles of Confederation
Weak central government - unanimous approval instate bodies to levy taxes 9 stats had to approve in measures dealing with war, treaties, coinage, finances, and the army and navy
T.G. Gower
Went off to fight in the Confederate army - his wife took over his estate
"Turned Out"
Went on Strike - women did this because of deteriorating work conditions
George Rogers Clark
Went to Kaskaskia to capture Cohokia and Vicennes - British retook Vicennes so Clark marched back and captured it - went to end English led Indian attacks
American settlement
Were all supported by U.S. presidents who encouraged the nation's continental expansion
Palo Alto (May 8) and Rasaca de la Palma (May 9)
Were big victories for America
Warship
Were bought by the Confederates from the British however they were fitted with cannons in other countries
Workingman's Parties
Were broad reformist groups devoted to the interests of labor, but they faded quickly.
Franciscan Missions
Were built in California and were spaced about a day's journey apart from San Diego to San Francisco - aided Spanish soldiers - it was church, fortress, home, town, farm, and imperial agent - were big agricultural enterprises both for profit and to supply nearby presidios - Indians provided the labor and their labor was thought of as necessary to transform them into industrious Christians
Indian Peace Commission
Were charged with removing the causes of the Indian war - did this by making the Indians go to reservations that were out of they way
Buffalo
Were decimated - this is because their was a huge demand for their leather and robes - one average a hunter killed 100 per day - also died because of competition with horses and other animals and disease - there was also a huge drought
Black Codes
Were designed to restrict the freedom of African Americans - were intended to preserve slavery as nearly as possible
Utes
Were forced to give up their vast territories in western Colorado
Working class people
Were in great demand due to the rise of industries requiring semiskilled workers, some worked 84 hour weeks, work conditions were poor and dangerous and no system was in place to aid people hurt on the job,
Mountain Men
Were inspired by the fur trade to give up civilization in pursuit of beaver pelts and revert to primitive existence
Slave Rebellions
Were met with brutal response - firepower and authority of the south made them hard
Public Schools
Were more popular after the civil war - Massachusetts required high school in each town of 500 or more
Miners
Were mostly unmarried young men
Public Institutions
Were often called asylums - were breeding grounds for brutality and neglect
Enforcement Acts
Were placed to protect black voters - first one levied penalties on anyone interfering with someones right to vote - second one d placed the election of congressmen under surveillance by federal election supervisors and marshals - third one outlaws KKK forming conspiracies, wearing disguises, resisting officers, and intimidating officials - let president suspend habeas corpus to suppress these people
Democrats
Were reluctant to create create new states because the territories were heavily Republican
Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne
Were said to be tormenting the girls and were said to be Satan's servants
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
Were sent into the Northwest beyond the Mississippi to explore it and record its flora and fauna
Enslaved People
Were subject to the authority of their masters - could be moved or sold as the master saw fit - could not legally marry - subject to harsh and violent punishments - were still able to form community and sustain their heritage
Slave Women
Were told to reproduce a lot and were often rewarded if they did so - were expected to do man's work - usually took their babies to fields with them
Irish Immigrants
Were usually cooks and maids
Mining Camps and Shanty towns
Were very dangerous - lawless places that had murders, mobs, whippings etc.
Comanches
Were very powerful - they harassed the Apache and Navajo
Tituba
West Indian Slave owned by a minister - said to be practicing voodoo and fortunetelling
Mechanism for national unity
What Hamilton called national debt
Revolution of 1800
What Jefferson called his election
Black Republican
What Lincoln was called
Tejas
What Mexicans called Texas
Deseret
What Mormons called Utah
"peculiar people"
What Mormons were called
Tribute
What blackmail was called in the nineteenth century
Intolerable Acts
What colonists called the coercive acts
Freedom Dues
What indentured servant got after time is payed off - set by law or custom - usually money, tools, clothing, food, and occasionally small tracts of land
People's belief
What made the South so distinctive
"jerks"
What people "contracted" during an exciting sermon - people laughed, babbled, or got down on all fours and barked like dogs to the tree devil
Peculiar Institution
What southerners called slavery
Great Revival
What the Second Great Awakening was called
Great American Desert
What the great plains region was called because it was unfit for human habitation - this view changed with the transcontinental railroad and new deposits of valuable minerals
Redeemers
What the postwar Democrats were called by their supporters because the saved the South from the Yankees as well as a rural economy - included lawyers. merchants, and entreprenuers
Receipts
When Washington sent troops on foraging explorations they took things in exchange for these to be honored by the Continental Congress
Manumitted
When a master frees their slave
Hoover Dam
When complete it was the largest concrete structure
Ohio
When it got its statehood congress set aside 2 townships for colleges
East Cambridge House of Correction
Where Dorothea Lynde Dix was sent to teach Sunday school - found a roomful of neglected insane people
Fort Clatsop
Where Lewis and Clarke spent the water struggling to find something to eat - near the Columbia river in Oregon
New York City - Manhattan
Where did British withdraw to from Pennsylvania
Duels
Where the ultimate expression of personal honor and manly courage - was outlawed in Northern states after Burr killed Hamilton but it was rarely enforced - many prominent congressmen engaged in duels
French interactions with Native Americans
Where very good to Natives and served as diplomats and mediators between tribes
Apache and Navajo
Where warlike hunters who were enemies to the Pueblo tribes
1844 Presidential Campaign
Whig Henry Clay and Democrat Martin Van Buren - had the same conclusion about the pro-slavery Texas - said that it would spark a civil war
William Seward
Whig senator from New York who said that there was a law higher than the Constitution and demanded the abolition of slavery
Election of 1838
Whigs had multiple candidates to throw off election but Van Buren won by a lot
Anglos or Texans
White settlers that were recruited to become loyal Mexican citizens
Colfax Massacre
White vigilantes were disappointing with the result of a local election so they attacks a group of black Republicans killing 81
Filibusters
White volunteers
Pontiac's Rebellion
Widespread Indian attacks in the summer of 1763 - convinced British that all Indians needed to be killed or removed
Abigail Adams
Wife of John Adams - told John Adams to remember the women when making the new code of laws - said men were naturally tyrannical
Who replaced Rockingham
William Pitt
Gilbert Tennent
William Tennent's oldest son defended their aggressions by saying that they only invaded parishes when they showed no interest in getting grace and growing in it
Daughters Of Liberty
Women activists that boycotted buying British made goods
Women's role in church
Women should be silent during congregational matters and should not challenge ministerial authority
Rebecca Nurse
Women who was hanged during Salem Witch trials. Owned a frame house with multiple stories.
Union
Won the Civil War
Hispanics and Chinese
Worked as wage laborers to help in panning, separating gold from gravel etc.
Shipping Company Representative
Would buy and store hides until the company ship arrived
Secession of Maryland
Would have isolated Washington D.C. in the Confederacy so Lincoln took great lengths for it to stay with the Union - Lincoln suspended habeas corpus - arrested Confederate leaders
First Transcontinental Railroad
Would run from Omaha, Nebraska, to Sacramento California
Massive migrations
Wreaked havoc on the environment of the great plains - the animals settlers brought at a lot of prairie grass
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Writer that said that the railroad brought "the noisy world into the midst of our slumberous space"
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Written by Calhoun in opposition of the Tariff of 1828 it was an effort to check the most extreme states' rights with a finespun theory - its nullification stopped short of secession from the Union
A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841)
Written by Catharine Beecher - leading handbook of what historians have labeled the cult of domesticity - upheld high standards in women's education - but accepted the prevailing view that the "woman's sphere" was the home
Virginia Declaration of Rights
Written by George Mason - served as a template for the Bill of Rights
Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
Written by German philosopher Immanuel Kant - the book emphasized the limits of science and reason in the universe
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe - represented a dark side to Southern culture - portrayed the planters as arrogant aristocrats who raped enslaved women, brutalized enslaved workers - treated slaves like cattle, broke up slave families, and sold slaves "down the river" to incessant toil in the Louisiana sugar mills and rice plantations
Typee (1846)
Written by Herman Melville based on his exotic adventures
Omoo (1847)
Written by Herman Melville based on his stay in Tahiti
Civil Rights Act
Written by Illinois Senator Lyman Trumball - stated that all persons born in the United States expect Indians had full and equal benefit of all laws
1786 Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom
Written by Thomas Jefferson - said no man shall be compelled to support any religious worship
Walt Whitman
Wrote Leaves of Grass - was the most provocative writer of the century - drew material from places like Manhattan - was described as the greatest democrat - had lots of curing and sexual references in his work
Edwin M. Stanton
Wrote a letter to President Buchanan which said the loss of Bull Run was due to Lincoln's imbecility
Amelia Knight
Wrote in a diary of her journey on the Oregon trail - set out for Oregon with her husband and seven children
John Dickinson
Wrote the Olive Branch petition
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Wrote the Scarlet Letter and The House of Seven Gables - was a supreme writer - wrote Twice-Told Tails which brought him much fame
Stephen Foster
Wrote the most popular minstrel songs - was born in Philadelphia became very famous
Winfield Scott
Young Virginia officer was destined for greatness - said most of the other officers were imbeciles
Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de Bienville
Younger brother of Iberville - was father of Louisiana - founded New Orleans - Louisiana became a royal colony, then proprietary, then corporate and once again a royal colony
Jeremiah Lanphier
a business executive-turned-lay missionary, grew despondent at the suffering in the city as well as an alarming decline in church membership. God, he later claimed, led him to begin a weekly prayer service in the Wall Street financial district so that executives might commune with God - had large crowds
Radicals
a faction that included Old Republicans and those who distrusted the nationalism of John Quincy Adams and John C. Calhoun
Langdon Cheves
a former congressman from South Carolina, as the bank's new president; reduced salaries, postponed the payment of dividends, cut back on the volume of loans, and presented for redemption the state banknotes that came in, thereby forcing the state-chartered banks to keep specie reserves; rescued the bank from near ruin, but only by putting pressure on the state banks. State banks in turn put pressure on their debtors
improved fortifications
a permanent army and a strong navy, a new national bank, protection of new industries from foreign compe- tition, a system of canals and roads for commercial and military use, and to top it off, a great national university. "
Samuel J. Tilden
a wealthy corporation lawyer and reform governor of New York - was the Democratic nominee
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
after the tariff bill passed, (1828), this was issued anonymously along with a series of resolutions by the South Carolina legis- lature. In that document, Calhoun declared that a state could nullify an act of Congress that it found unconstitutional
"Carolina Fever"
an observer called the nullification mania this
Daniel Morgan
and 700 men were sent by Nathanael Greene to sweep the west of Cornwallis's headquarters - engaged Tarleton's British army
Options for poor Republic of Texas
annexation to the United States or closer economic ties to Great Britain
Universalism
anti-Calvinist movement - attracted the working-class people - founded in Gloucester, Mass - stressed the salvation of all people not just a predestined few - said God was to merciful to condemn anyone to eternal punishment
The Bonus Bill of 1817
as legislation proposed by John C. Calhoun to earmark the revenue "bonus" and recently established Second Bank of the United States for an internal improvements fund; questions of the bill's constitutionality; used "implied powers." Although President James Madison approved of the need and stated goals of improvements, he vetoed the bill
colonial Latin America
consequence of the Napoleonic Wars raging across Europe and the French occupation of Spain and Portugal was a series of wars of liberation here
James H. Hammond
declared that his beloved state did "not wish to create a Republican Nationality for herself independent of her southern sister states. What she desires is a Slaveholding Confederacy and to exemplify to the world the perfection of our civilization
Sedition Act
defined as a high misdemeanor any conspiracy against legal measures of the government, including interference with federal officers and insurrection or rioting. What is more, the law forbade writing, publishing, or speaking anything of "a false, scandalous and malicious" nature against the government or any of its officers. - designed to punish Republicans
Henry Day
delivered a lecture titled "The Professions" at the Western Reserve School of Medicine. He declared that the most important social functions in modern life were the professional skills. In fact, he claimed, American society had become utterly dependent upon "professional services."
"necessary and proper" clause
did not mean "absolutely indispensable"; part of Constitution that took controversial interpretation
Congregational Church
disestablishment of this type of church in New England as the official state church came in Vermont in 1807, in New Hampshire in 1817, in Connecticut in 1818, in Maine in 1820, and in Massachusetts in 1834.
Missouri Territory
encompassed all of the Louisiana Purchase except the state of Louisiana and the Arkansas Territory
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
established national supremacy in regulating interstate commerce. In 1808, Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston, who pioneered commercial use of the steamboat, won from the NY legislature the exclusive right to operate steamboats on the state's rivers and lakes. Fulton and Livingston then gave Aaron Ogden the exclusive right to navigate the Hudson River between NY and NJ. Thomas Gibbons, however, operated ships under a federal license that competed with Ogden; the monopoly granted by the state to Ogden conflicted with the federal Coasting Act, under which Gibbons operted.
Jackson's exploits
excited American expansionists and aroused anger in Spain and concern in Washington, D.C. Spain demanded the return of its territory and the punishment of Jackson, but Spain's impotence was plain for all to see
Crittenden Compromise
failed to win the support of either house of Congress
The Tariff of 1824
favored the middle Atlantic and New England manufacturers by raising duties on imported woolens, cotton, iron, and other finished goods in 1824
inflation
fed by the excess of paper money circulating in the economy
Henry Clay
formulated a "second" Missouri Compromise whereby Missouri's admission as a state would depend upon assurance from the Missouri legislature that it would never deny free blacks their constitutional rights
Nicholas Biddle
from Philadelphia and he succeeded Langdon Cheves as bank's new president
Hard money
gold and silver coins - Jackson thought that these were the only legitimate form of currency
soft money
greenbacks
Henry Clay
he had long opposed a national bank, reversed himself; he now asserted that circumstances had made one indispensable; emerged during the first half of the nineteenth century as the foremost spokesman for what he came to call the "American System"; chief proponent of economic nationalism; promoted the "market revolution" and the rapid development of the new western states and territories
Daniel Webster
he led the opposition of the New England Federalists, who did not want the banking center moved from Boston to Philadelphia. Later, after he had moved from New Hampshire to Massachusetts, he would return to Congress as the champion of a much stronger national government
Chief Justice John Marshall
he preserved Hamiltonian Federalism for yet another generation, establishing the power of the Supreme Court by his force of mind and crystalline logic; he served thirty-four years altogether; judicial review
John Randolph
he saw through the shady plot of John C. Calhoun to get Jackson elected as president; "referred to manufactures of no sort or kind, but the manufacture of a President of the United States."
James Monroe
he won the Republican nomination. In the 1816 election, he overwhelmed his Federalist opponent, Rufus King of New York, with 183 to 34 votes in the Electoral College; Virginian planter; last of the Revolutionary generation to serve in the White House and the last president to dress in the old style.
.John C. Calhoun
headed the War Department after Henry Clay refused the job in order to stay on as Speaker of the House under Monroe
South Carolina Declaration on the Immediate Causes of Secession
highlighted "an increasing hostility on the part of the non-slave holding states to the institution of slavery." Yes, southerners asserted their constitutional right to secede from the Union, but it was the passionate desire to preserve slavery that led southern leaders to make such constitutional arguments
Navigation Act of 1817
importation of West Indian products was restricted to American vessels or vessels belonging to West Indian merchants
President James Madison
in his first annual message to Congress after the war, recommended several steps to strengthen the government and the national economy like improved fortications; Congress responded to his proposal by authorizing a standing army of ten thousand and strengthening the navy as well.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
involved an attempt by the New Hampshire legislature to alter a provision in Dartmouth's charter, under which the college's trustees became a self-perpetuating board; The college's original charter, Marshall said, was a valid contract that the legislature had impaired, an act forbidden by the Constitution. This decision implied a new and enlarged definition of contract that seemed to put private corporations beyond the reach of the states that chartered them
Old Republicans
lamented the transition to an increasingly urban-industrial-commercial society, others decided that such democratic capitalism was the wave of the future.
Mulligan letters
linked Blaine to dubious railroad dealings
1744 New Jersey Assembly representatives were
machaniks and ignorant wrenches
higher tariffs
manufacturers, wool processors, and food, sugar, and hemp growers favored these while southern cotton planters and northern shipping interests would oppose these
African Cultures matrilineal or patrilineal
matrilineal
Ye Olde Deluder Satan
means designed to thwart evil one was an act that made every town of 50 families or more set up a grammar school
financial panic of 1819
occurred with the sudden collapse of cotton prices after British textile mills spurned high-priced American cotton in favor of cheaper East Indian cotton. The collapse of cotton prices set off a decline in the demand for other American goods and sud- denly revealed the fragility of the prosperity that had begun after the War of 1812; speculators and settlers saw their income plummet
economic expansion
often depended upon judicial nationalism
banknotes
paper money
Article IV, Section 2
part of the federal Constitution: "The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States."; violated by the proposed state constitution that excluded free blacks and mulattoes from the state
House
passed the Tallmadge Amendment on an almost strictly sectional vote; imbalanced on issue of slavery at this point
Things women couldn't do
preach, hold office, attend schools, bring lawsuits, make contracts, or own property
Jefferson, Madison, Monroe
presidents that urged a constitutional amendment to remove all doubt about federal authority in the field of internal improvements
Mechanics' lien laws
protected workers from nonpayment of wages
nationalism and sectionalism
protecting country and associating with states
Senate
rejected Tallmadge Amendment by a similar tally, but with several northerners joining in the opposition; decided to link Maine's request for separate statehood with Missouri's and voted to admit Maine as a free state and Mis- souri as a slave state, thus maintaining the balance between free and slave states
Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817
resulting from an exchange of letters between Acting Secretary of State Richard Rush and the British minister to the United States, Charles Bagot, the threat of naval competition on the Great Lakes vanished with an arrangement to limit forces there to several U.S. ships collecting customs duties. Although the exchange made no reference to the land boundary between the United States and Canada, its cooperative spirit gave rise to the tradition of an unfortified border between the two North American countries, the longest in the world.
Staple crops
rice in South Carolina, tobacco in Virginia profitable crops
census of 1810
said that the southern states had approximately as many manufacturers as New England
.John Quincy Adams
secretary of state under President Monroe
Jesse Thomas
senator from Illinois who further extended the so-called Missouri Compromise by an amendment to exclude slavery from the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30′, Missouri's southern border; Thomas Amendment passed 1820 in House
Charleston Mercury
spoke for most South Carolinians when it declared that "the existence of slavery is at stake" in the balloting.
specie payments
state banks suspended this type of currency in order to stop exchanging coins for paper money submitted by depositors
Maine
state with coincidental application for statehood made it easier to arrive at an agreement. Since colonial times, it had been the northern province of Massachusetts
concurrent
states had this type of jurisdiction so long as it did not come into conflict with federal action
John C. Calhoun
still in his youthful phase as a war-hawk nationalist, introduced the banking bill and pushed it through, justifying its constitutionality by citing the congressional power to regulate the currency; later on, events would steer him toward a defiant embrace of states' rights; he believed that western development would help his native South by opening up trading relationships
"King Caucus"
system that had fallen into such disrepute that only one-fourth of the Democratic-Republican congressional delegation took part in the caucus, which nominated Secretary of the Treasury William Crawford of Georgia
Battle of Cold Harbor
ten miles east of Richmond. Grant ordered his troops to assault the heavily entrenched Confederate lines. As the Confederates had discovered at Gettysburg, such a frontal assault was murder. The Union army was massacred at Cold Harbor: in twenty minutes, almost seven thousand attacking Federals were killed or wounded
"specie"
term for silver and gold coins
internal improvements
term that describes the proposal for government-financed roads, canals, and eventually railroads
Virginia Dynasty
term to refer to consecutive Virginia presidents
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816)
the Court overruled Virginia's confiscation of Loyalist prop- erty after the Revolution because it vio- lated treaties with Great Britain
Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
the Court upheld Virginia's right to forbid the sale of lottery tickets.
Battle of Nashville
the Federals scattered what was left of the Confederate Army of Tennessee. The Confederate front west of the Appalachians had collapsed.
Pensacola
the Spanish capital of West Florida that Andrew Jackson captured
Battle of Wilderness
the armies fought blindly through the woods, the horror and suffering of the scene heightened by crackling brushfires. Grant's men suffered heavier casualties than the Confederates, but the Rebels were running out of replacements
Tariff of 1816
the first intended more to protect industry against for- eign competition than to raise revenue, passed easily in Congress; south opposed it; New England supported it
Land Act of 1800
the government had extended four years' credit to those who bought western land
Land Act of 1804
the minimum unit was reduced to 160 acres, which became the traditional homestead, and the price per acre went down to $1.64.
Nativism
the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants
Embargo Act
this piece of legislation spawned the factories that Thomas Jefferson abhorred
cheap English goods
threatened America's new manufacturing sector
Lincoln-Douglas debates
took place, from August 21 to October 15, 1858. They attracted thousands of spectators and were read in the newspapers by many more. The debates transformed an Illinois contest for a Senate seat into a battle for the very future of the Republic - two men were very different -
Pinckney's Treaty of 1795
treaty that made Spain a declining power, unable to enforce its obligations to pacify the Florida frontier
Missouri
twenty- fourth state; thought to be the Great American Desert
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) and Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
two cases the Court assumed the right to consider appeals from state courts on the grounds that the Constitution, the laws, and the treaties of the United States could be kept uniformly the supreme law of the land only if the Court could review decisions of state courts.
Marbury v. Madison (1803) and Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
two cases the Court struck down first a federal law and then a state law as unconstitutional
New England shippers and southern farmers
two socioeconomic classes that opposed tariffs
representation
was reapportioned more nearly in line with the population
Copperhead Democrats
were strongest in states such as Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. They sympathized with the Confederacy and called for an end to the war
Habeas Corpus
writ that is used to bring a party who has been criminally convicted in state court into federal court