Apush Chapter 7-9

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.

Missouri Compromise

(1820) an agreement proposed by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state and outlawed slavery in any territories or states north of 36°30´ latitude

War of 1812

..., A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

John Marshall

1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland, created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court

Interchangeable Parts

1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Doubled size of US.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

James Monroe

1816 and 1820; Democratic-Republican; his time in office is described as "The Era of Good Feelings," notable events include the Missouri Compromise, the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine, the acquisition of Florida from Spain, and several internal improvements such as The Cumberland Road.

Florida Purchase Treaty

1819 - Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas. Gave American southwest to Spain.

Dartmouth College VS Woodward

1819, Marshall ruled that Dartmouth College's charter that had been granted by King George was to be upheld because it was a contract. Set precedent for protecting businesses from state governments. Example of federal law surpassing state law.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Nat Turner

1831 - Slave uprising. A group of 60 slaves led by Nat Turner, who believed he was a divine instrument sent to free his people, killed almost 60 Whites in South Hampton, Virginia. This let to a sensational manhunt in which 100 Blacks were killed. As a result, slave states strengthened measures against slaves and became more united in their support of fugitive slave laws.

Panic of 1819

1st major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified; marked the end of economic expansion and featured deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's prisons. Also risky lending practices of the state and local banks led to over speculation on lands in west- the national bank tightened its credit lending policies and eventually forced these state and local banks to foreclose mortgages on farms, which resulted in bankruptcies and prisons full of debtors.

Irish

2nd wave 1820-1870 Came to America because of potato famine and worked cheaper and harder than many Americans.

Nationalism: cultural, economic

A belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's nation.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Denmark Vesey

A free black from Charleston who led a rebellion which caused increasing anxieties in the south whose blame was outlet into protest of the tariffs. This slave rebellion showed that the time of slavery in America was coming to a crossroads where something must be done. They did not want it reach a level as it did in Haiti and along with increasing pressure from Britain, slavery was becoming redefined as immoral. Much of the South's frustrations were outlet into tariff protests.

War Hawks

A group of westerners and southerners led by John Calhoun and Henry Clay who pushed for war against Britain. These politicians objected to Britain's hostile policies against US ships, including impressment and the seizure of shipping goods, and advocated fighting instead of submitting to such treatment. They also hoped that through war, the US would win western, southwestern, and Canadian territories.

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Factory System

A manufacturing method for a standardized product in which fixed capital, raw materials, and labor operations are centralized and sophisticated machinery is often used. many workers and machines together into one building.

Eli Whitney

A mechanical genius who invented the cotton gin, which was machine that separated the cotton from the seed. This greatly improved efficiency, and the South was able to clear more acres of cotton fields, which also increased the demand for slaves.

Hartford Revolution (1814)

A meeting in Hartford Connecticut where New England Federalists met to discuss their opposition of the war and the Republican government. Radical Federalists argued for constitutional amending or in last case a succession. Delegates of New England rejected the proposal but adopted a proposal for a call of 2/3 of both houses for and declaration of war

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. Below the surface there was a growing tide of sectionalism.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

Strict Interpretation of The Constitution

A way of INTERPRETING the Constitution that allows the Federal Gov't to ONLY do those things SPECIFICALLY mentioned in the Constitution. (Jefferson)

Robert Fulton

Along with Robert R Livingston, put the first steamboats into service in 1807.

Nativists

Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society

Aaron Burr

An American politician and adventurer. He was a formative member of the Democratic-Republican Party in New York and a strong supporter of Governor George Clinton. He is remembered not so much for his tenure as the third Vice President, under Thomas Jefferson, as for his duel with Alexander Hamilton, resulting in Hamilton's death. He is also known for his trial and acquittal on charges of treason. Jefferson's vice-president for his first term; not voted into a second term because of radical ideas and ventures that threatened to break up the Union and resulted in the death of Alexander Hamilton.

Unions

An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

American System

An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay, response to Tariff of 1816, which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

National (Cumberland) Road

Begun in 1811 and finished in 1818, this was the first national road and the first road to lead to the West. It ran from Maryland to West Virginia and was eventually extended to Illinois.

Germans

Both economic hardships and the failure of democratic revolutions in 1848 caused over 1 million of these immigrants to seek refuge in the United States. Most had at least modest means as well as considerable skills as farmers and artisans. Moving westward in search of cheap, fertile farmland, they established homesteads throughout the Old Northwest and generally prospered. At first their political influence was limited, however as they became more active, they became strong supporters of public education and staunch opponents of slavery

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.

Market Revolution

Dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the development of a transportation network of roads, canals and RR.

King Cotton

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South's cotton. Coined by James Hammond

Fletcher VS Peck

Georgia's sale of thirty-five million acres of land was repealed after public protests about its illegitimacy. Marshall ruled the original transaction binding because state governments had not right to "impair," or interfere with, transactions. Example of federal law surpassing state law.

Slave Codes

In 1661 a set of "codes" was made. It denied slaves basic fundamental rights, and gave their owners permission to treat them as they saw fit.

Judicial Review

It was a power given to the judiciary branch in order to sustain checks and balances. This power let judges examine a law or act passed by the government to see if it was constitutional or not. EX. Marbury v. Madison

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

Planters

Large-scale farmers who held more than 20 slaves

Macon's Bill Number 2 (1810)

Lifted embargo against all countries including France and Britain, but stated that if one of the countries agreed to stop raiding US shipping lanes, the US would stop trading with the other country.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole. (North, South, East, West)

Implied Powers

Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution

"Peculiar Institutions"

Term used by white southerners that referred to "slavery" because of its distinctiveness

Marbury VS Madison

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789. Case in which the supreme court first asserted th power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

McCulloch VS Maryland

The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.

Tecumseh and The Phrophet

They are brothers. Tecumseh: He united all the tribes east of the Mississippi River, the war leader The Prophet: religious and political leader of the Shawnee tribe

Poor whites

They rented farm land from landowners and paid for rent with crops. Owned no slaves, but could vote.

Embargo Act (1807)

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Francis Scott Key

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore (Fort McHenry) during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.

Second Bank of The United States

a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency. much like its predecessor of 1791 but with more capital; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business.

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

forbade all trade with France and Britain as their colonies, but allowed trade with other nations; America would reopen trade with whichever country removed its restrictions on the U.S. trade first; many Americans simply smuggled goods to Great Britain and France; also failed; replaced by Macon's Bill #2; more involvement than Embargo Act but still little involvement as there is no trade with GB or France and we remain neutral with the two countries, but now we at least traded with other nations.

Lowell Sytem

idea to use young girls working in factories

Tariff of 1816

proposed by Madison, First protective tariff, taxed imports in order to increase the price of foreign goods and thereby limit their price advantage. North-easterners welcomed this, but Southerns and Westerns were reluctant.

Gibbons VS Ogden

supreme court decision that ruled that the constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the U.S. Congress, not the individual states through which a route passed

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum. Due to the era's slow speed of communication, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, well after the Battle of New Orleans had begun.