APUSH Chapter 7: The Jefferson Era
John C. Calhoun
(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.
William Henry Harrison
(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.
Daniel Webster
- Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850
Louisiana Purchase
1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.
Robert Fulton, Clermont
A famous inventor, Robert Fulton designed and built America's first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807. He also built the Nautilus, the first practical submarine.
Era of Good Feelings
A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.
Cumberland Road
A national road that stretched from Maryland to Illinois. It was the first national/interstate highway, and it was a milestone for the eventual connection of all the states by highways, thus increasing trade.
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)
A naval engagement between the British warship HMS Leopard and American frigate USS Chesapeake during which the crew of the Leopard pursued, attacked and boarded the American frigate looking for deserters from the British Navy. *Historical Significance:* Led to the Embargo Act of 1807.
Aaron Burr
Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New York and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President.
Noah Webster
Born in Connecticut. Educated at Yale. Lived 1758-1843. Called "Schoolmaster of the Republic." Wrote reading primers and texts for school use. He was most famous for his dictionary, first published in 1828, which standardized the English language in America.
Treaty of Ghent
December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.
Rush-Bugot Agreement
Demilitarized the Great Lakes
James Madison (1809-1817)
Democratic Republic Domestic Affairs: Rechartering of National Bank (20-year charter) Tippecanoe Harrison vs. Tecumseh and Prophet Hartford Convention Foreign Affairs: Macon's Bill No. 2 War of 1812 Harrison New Orleans (Jackson)
Frances Cabot Lowell
Early 1800's: founded cotton cloth factory in MA and employed young women from NE farms until they married and had families. Believed this would prevent a permanent underclass of factory workers.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Established judicial review; "midnight judges;" John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court.
Yazoo Land Claims
Fraud perpetrated by several Georgia governors and the state legislature from 1795 to 1803 by selling large tracts of land to insiders at low prices. The lands were to be the states of Alabama and Mississippi later on and it was the first state law repealed by the Supreme Court.
Order council (1806-1807)
Great Britain responded with the Orders in Council of 1807 issued on 6 January and 11 November 1807, extending the range and scope of the blockade instituted the previous year. These forbade French trade with the United Kingdom, its allies, or neutrals, and instructed the Royal Navy to blockade French and allied ports.
Tippecanoe
Harrison's victory over Tecumseh (Shawnee) in Indiana in 1811 became the slogan of his presidential bid in 1840.
Robert Livingston
He was the U.S. Minister to France from 1801 to 1804. He negotiated the purchase of the Louisiana Territory.
Washington Irving (1783-1859)
Irving was the best-known writer of his time in the United States. He was also one of the first American writers to gain recognition in Europe. His stories illustrated the growing American nationalism since the stories were set in America. One of his best-known works was The Sketch Book, which included the stories of "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." - He was the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer.
Battle of New Orleans, 1815
Last major battle of the War of 1812; making Andrew Jackson a national hero and propelling him later to the presidency.
Hartford Convention
Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largely viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so Macon's Bill No. 2 replaced it.
Albert Gallatin
Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson who reduced the national debt and balanced the budget.
Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814)
She became a Patriot writer and first woman historian of the American Revolution. She wrote plays, poems and lots of other writings that supported independence. She used her writing to display her ideas. Her ideas and writings convinced many people in Massachusetts to become Patriots. Of all the people writing to support the patriotic cause, she was the only woman who published plays, books, and poetry.
War Hawks
Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.
Midnight judges
The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.
Impressment
The British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service
National Road
The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.
Waltham Method
The method was a set of unique production methods used at Lowell's Mills. It is purported to increase efficiency, productivity and profits in ways different from other methods, which gave America a help in industrializing.
Star Spangled Banner
The national anthem of the United States written by Francis Scott Key, inspired by the battle of Fort McHenry
Andrew Jackson
The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
Embargo Act of 1807
This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.
Tariff of 1816
This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
Two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, that welded a far-flung confederacy of all the tribes east of the Mississippi. The Prophet was discredited by attacking a much larger American army, and Tecumseh was killed in the Battle of the Thames. Their actions were in response to the flood of western-bound settlers, and resulted in Indian unity and cultural revival. The death of Tecumseh ended the hope of an Indian confederacy.
Eli Whitney
United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)
Gabriel Prosser
in 1800, he gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed.
Secong Great Awakening
religious movement in us in early 1800's
judical review
the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional
Judicary act of 1801
this act set up regional courts for the us with 16 judges and many other judicial officials