Ch14_E5

It is recommended that breastfeeding women who began pregnancy at a healthy weight consume how many kilocalories (kcal) a day above their pre-pregnancy intake during the first six months of lactation? 70 kcal 330 kcal 720 kcal It is not recommended for women to consume more calories during lactation.

330 kcal

Exposure of a baby to a famine in utero increases the risk of __________ in adulthood when followed by __________. obesity; low nutrient intake after birth obesity; high nutrient intake after birth large for gestational age; low nutrient intake after birth failure to thrive; high nutrient intake after birth

obesity; high nutrient intake after birth

Early research in fetal origins of health risk is an example of this type of research? clinical-controlled trials observational studies double-blind study animal studies

observational studies

The hormone that triggers the let-down response that causes milk to be released from the mother's breast to feed the baby is ________. oxytocin colostrum prolactin choline

oxytocin

The abnormal craving for nonfood items, such as cornstarch, clay, dirt, or baking soda, is known as ________. preeclampsia morning sickness pica macrosomia

pica

Nutrients are passed from the mother to the fetus through the ________. stomach and uterus uterus and fallopian tubes fallopian tubes and ovaries placenta and umbilical cord

placenta and umbilical cord

The production and function of sperm may decrease if the male _____. abuses alcohol and smokes consumes a diet deficient in zinc, folate, and/or antioxidants is obese All options are correct.

All options are correct.

The requirement for nearly all nutrients in pregnancy is to provide for the development of the fetus without __________. developing it too quickly developing it too slowly depriving the mother of necessary nutrients overfeeding it

depriving the mother of necessary nutrients

A word of caution about breastfeeding is that __________. it is costly drugs and other substances in breast milk can cause symptoms in babies it creates extreme discomfort for the mother it is inconvenient

drugs and other substances in breast milk can cause symptoms in babies

A woman's body actively prepares for lactation __________. starting with menstruation during pregnancy before fertilization immediately after the baby is born

during pregnancy

Frequent or binge alcohol drinking during pregnancy can result in __________. weight gain digestive problems fetal alcohol syndrome migraine headaches

fetal alcohol syndrome

An inadequate intake of ________ during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects in the fetus. folate iron protein calcium

folate

Inadequate intake of which nutrient during the first few weeks of pregnancy is associated with spinal cord defects in the fetus? iron folate protein calcium

folate

Two potential complications of pregnancy that must be closely monitored by a health care provider are _____. cravings and morning sickness constipation and heartburn gestational diabetes and hypertension weight gain and exercise

gestational diabetes and hypertension

A primary advantage of breastfeeding is that __________. it helps the mother maintain her breast size and shape it is safer than formula for not transmitting disease it is a widely accepted practice outside of the home the nutritional quality of breast milk is best for infants

the nutritional quality of breast milk is best for infants

Recommendations for weight gain during pregnancy vary according to __________. personal preferences ethnicity time of year the woman's weight before pregnancy

the woman's weight before pregnancy

or an infant, the primary use of energy during the first year of life is __________. to support growth to support mother-infant bonding to support digestion to support sleep

to support growth

Maternal diabetes increases the risk of __________ in adult offspring. type 2 diabetes type 1 diabetes failing to thrive increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels

type 2 diabetes

Recommendations for exercise during pregnancy include __________. increase upper-body strength through lifting free weights and bench pressing using resistance bands and more repetitions water-based activities, such as scuba diving and water skiing same level as before pregnancy

using resistance bands and more repetitions

Ryan is a healthy 3-month-old baby boy who is exclusively breast-fed. Which of the following nutrients should be added to his diet? All options are correct. vitamin D potassium vitamin C

vitamin D

At birth baby Peyton weighs 8 pounds. If his growth and development are normal, what would Peyton be expected to weigh at his first birthday? 32 pounds 24 pounds 16 pounds 40 pounds

24 pounds

For a woman with a prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) of 20.0, the recommended weight gain during pregnancy is __________ pounds. 15 to 20 25 to 35 40 to 50 50 to 55

25 to 35

A woman who begins pregnancy at a healthy weight should gain ______ pounds during pregnancy. 28 to 40 pounds 11 to 20 pounds 15 to 25 pounds 25 to 35 pounds

25 to 35 pounds

Adequate folate is especially important during the first __________ after conception. 7 days 2 weeks 28 days 3 months

28 days

A woman who enters pregnancy underweight (a body mass index [BMI] less than 18.5) is encouraged to gain ________ pounds during pregnancy. 11 to 20 28 to 40 15 to 25 25 to 35

28 to 40

How much weight should a woman of normal pre-pregnancy BMI gain during the first trimester? about 10 pounds 0.5 to 1 pound 6 to 8 pounds 3 to 5 pounds

3 to 5 pounds

A pregnant woman's energy requirements increase by about __________ in the last two trimesters. 200 to 300 kcal per day 350 to 450 kcal per day 500 to 700 kcal per day 600 to 800 kcal per day

350 to 450 kcal per day

During the last two trimesters of pregnancy, about how many extra Calories per day does a woman need over her pre-pregnancy intake? a. 350 to 450 kcal/day b. 450 to 550 kcal/day c. 550 to 650 kcal/day d. 650 to 750 kcal/day

350 to 450 kcal/day

Six-month-old Lauren is ready to eat solid foods. Which of the following foods is/are nutritious and safe options to introduce in her diet? All options are correct. Pureed butternut squash Cooked rice cereal Pureed meat

All options are correct.

Pregnant women who don't eat animal-based foods may not get enough of which of the following micronutrients? All options are correct. Copper and zinc Iron and vitamin B12 Calcium and vitamin D

All options are correct.

The recommended daily intake of calcium for a woman during pregnancy __________. fluctuates decreases stays the same increases

stays the same

Pregnant women should avoid consuming __________. swordfish cow's milk salmon tuna

swordfish

A full-term pregnancy is approximately ______ weeks long. 40 28 52 13

40

A low-birthweight baby is defined as a baby who is born weighing less than _____. 6½ pounds 7½ pounds 5½ pounds 4½ pounds

5½ pounds

Milk production in lactating women requires about __________ per day. 100 to 300 kcal 200 to 400 kcal 400 to 600 kcal 700 to 800 kcal

700 to 800 kcal

Which of the following would NOT be good advice to give to a parent regarding the introduction of solids to their six-month-old infant? Begin with pureed foods before advancing to soft foods and then to textured foods. Add honey to the infant's cereal and yogurt to improve acceptance of these new foods. Avoid seasoning foods with either salt or spices. Introduce one new food at a time and watch for signs of allergies.

Add honey to the infant's cereal and yogurt to improve acceptance of these new foods.

Breastfeeding can _____. help women reduce their risk of breast cancer and possibly ovarian cancer All options are correct. help women shed their pregnancy weight gain decrease the risk of the baby developing allergies and infections

All options are correct.

Even before she attempts to become pregnant, a woman should ________. consume adequate folic acid attain a healthy weight avoid smoking All options are correct.

All options are correct.

Which of the following statements about breast milk is true? a. Most carbohydrate in breast milk is in the form of glucose. b. The fat content of breast milk is lower than that of cow's milk. c. Breast milk is cholesterol-free. d. Certain proteins in breast milk help protect the new-born from infection.

Certain proteins in breast milk help protect the new-born from infection.

If gestational diabetes is uncontrolled, the fetus may not receive enough glucose and may be born small for gestational age. True False

False

Once the placenta has formed, the fetus's and mother's blood supplies will mix. True False

False

Most infants begin to require solid foods by about 3 months (12 weeks) of age. False True

False Most infants do not have a physiologic need for solid food until about 6 months of age.

A pregnant woman needs to consume twice as many Calories as she did prior to the pregnancy. False True

False Pregnant women need only 350 to 450 additional Calories per day, and only during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. This is an increase of only 20% or less, not a doubling of Calories.

Which of the following foods will increase a pregnant woman's intake of folate (folic acid)? All options are correct. Fish, beef, pork, and poultry Green leafy vegetables, legumes, and breakfast cereals Milk, cheese, and yogurt

Green leafy vegetables, legumes, and breakfast cereals

Which of the following is a valid recommendation for reducing symptoms of morning sickness? a. Eat as much as possible at each meal, as a full stomach can reduce nausea. b. Consume fluids only at mealtimes because fluids on an empty stomach can increase nausea. c. Keep dry cereal or crackers at the bedside to ease nighttime and morning nausea. d. Drink colas and other caffeinated, carbonated beverages because these reduce nausea.

Keep dry cereal or crackers at the bedside to ease nighttime and morning nausea.

Which of the following statements about maternal nutrition is true? a. Lactating women need more Calories than pregnant women. b. Lactating women need more iron than pregnant women. c. Lactating women need more folate than pregnant women. d. Lactating women must entirely avoid caffeine and alcohol.

Lactating women need more Calories than pregnant women.

Which of the following is a foodborne bacterium associated with fetal infection that can prompt miscarriage or premature birth? Listeria monocytogenes Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium botulinum Giardia

Listeria monocytogenes

Why are newborns given a single injection of vitamin K? Infants cannot absorb vitamin K until approximately 3 months of age. The trauma of birth destroys the newborn's vitamin K stores. Breast milk and infant formulas are low in vitamin K. Newborns lack the intestinal bacteria needed to synthesize vitamin K.

Newborns lack the intestinal bacteria needed to synthesize vitamin K.

Which of the following increases a woman's risk for gestational diabetes? All options are correct. Being under the age of 25 Obesity Being of Caucasian descent

Obesity

Which of the following is NOT true for a pregnant woman who was obese prior to her pregnancy? She should restrict her energy intake and attempt to lose weight before her due date. Her baby has an increased risk for being large for gestational age. Her baby has an increased risk of childhood obesity and insulin resistance. She should gain 0.5 lb/week during the second and third trimesters.

She should restrict her energy intake and attempt to lose weight before her due date.

A zygote is __________. the growth stage lasting from about the third week to the eighth week after fertilization another word for "fetus" a fertilized cell the growth stage lasting from about the ninth week after conception to birth

a fertilized cell

Which of the following milestones indicate an infant is ready to accept solid foods? The infant can sit up with or without support. The infant has reached at least nine months of age. The infant has developed the tongue-thrust reflex. All options are correct.

The infant can sit up with or without support.

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breastfeeding for the infant? The DHA found in breast milk is essential to the development of the infant's nervous system and retina. The protein in breast milk is easy for the infant to digest. The iron found in breast milk is sufficient to meet the infant's needs throughout the first year of life. The antibodies and immune factors found in breast milk help to protect the infant from infection.

The iron found in breast milk is sufficient to meet the infant's needs throughout the first year of life.

Major developmental errors and birth defects are most likely to occur in the first trimester of pregnancy. True False

True

Morning sickness can begin at any time of day and can last all day. True False

True

Breast-fed infants tend to have fewer infections and allergies than formula-fed infants. False True

True Breast milk contains various immune factors (antibodies and immune system cells) from the mother that protect the infant against infection. The nutrients in breast milk are structured to be easily digested by an infant, resulting in fewer symptoms of gastrointestinal distress and fewer allergies.

Maternal diabetes increases the risk of ____ in adult offspring. failing to thrive increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels Type 1 diabetes being overweight

being overweight

Maternal obesity has been linked to a higher risk of __________ in their offspring. dental problems likelihood of developing a smoking habit birth defects alcohol dependence

birth defects

High birth weight is associated with ___________________. lung disease nervous system damage liver disease breast cancer

breast cancer

The first milk released after birth, rich in protein, micronutrients, and antibodies, is called __________. prolactin DHA meconium colostrum

colostrum

An infant should never be fed __________. mashed vegetables meats corn syrup or honey fruit

corn syrup or honey

A breastfeeding woman has __________needs for __________ than she had during pregnancy. higher; fat higher; protein lower; carbohydrate higher; iron

higher; protein

Infants should never be fed _____. foods that "melt in the mouth" homemade baby food honey cereals fortified with iron

honey

Research suggests poor calcium intake during pregnancy increases risk of __________ in offspring. neural tube defects hypertension diabetes atherosclerosis

hypertension

Which of the following is NOT associated with gestational diabetes? increased risk of giving birth to a low-birth-weight infant increased risk to offspring of developing metabolic disorders later in life increased maternal risk of developing type 2 diabetes increased risk to offspring of developing overweight later in life

increased risk of giving birth to a low-birth-weight infant

Prenatal folate deficiencies can lead to an increased risk of this condition that is associated with developing diabetes. behavioral problems insulin resistance hypertension low bone density

insulin resistance

During pregnancy, the requirement for which mineral is unlikely to be met through diet alone? calcium sodium potassium iron

iron

Which of the following micronutrients should be added to the diet of breast-fed infants when they are around 6 months of age? a. vitamin K b. calcium c. iron d. vitamin A

iron

All of the following are signs and symptoms of preeclampsia EXCEPT ________. protein loss in the urine hypertension low blood pressure edema

low blood pressure

Studies indicate that breastfeeding for at least 3 to 6 months _______. increases the likelihood of sudden infant death syndrome lowers rates of overweight and obesity later in life for the infant helps a mother regain her prepregnancy weight has about the same nutritional effect as using infant formula

lowers rates of overweight and obesity later in life for the infant

Folate deficiency in the first weeks after conception has been linked with which of the following problems in the newborn? a. anemia b. neural tube defects c. low birth weight d. preterm delivery

neural tube defects

After 6 months of age, it is safe and healthful to give infants a. non-fat milk. b. a cheese stick or chunks of cheese. c. honey. d. none of the above.

none of the above.

Never leaving an infant alone with a bottle and teaching an older infant to use a cup are useful tips to prevent milk anemia. colic. dehydration. nursing bottle syndrome.

nursing bottle syndrome.

Exposure to smoking during pregnancy can result in ____. Type 1 diabetes preterm birth large-for-gestational age at birth nervous system damage

preterm birth

To reduce the risk for birth of a newborn with a neural tube defect, at what stage of pregnancy should a woman begin to consume 400 micrograms of folic acid?" at the beginning of the second trimester as soon as she knows she is pregnant at the beginning of the third trimester prior to conception

prior to conception

Infant suckling stimulates production of __________, which __________ milk production. prolactin; decreases estrogen; decreases prolactin; increases estrogen; increases

prolactin; increases

Based on research of exposure to famine conditions in utero, which outcome would you NOT expect for a baby exposed to famine both during and after pregnancy? fetal adaptation low birth weight rapid catch up growth fetal undernutrition

rapid catch up growth

A maternal low vitamin D status is associated with this risk for offspring. reduced bone density neural tube defects dry skin poor vision

reduced bone density

Studies indicate that breastfeeding for at least 3 to 6 months __________. increases the likelihood of sudden infant death syndrome helps a mother regain her prepregnancy weight results in the same infant gastrointestinal flora as a formula-fed infant reduces risk of childhood allergies

reduces risk of childhood allergies

Fetal adaptation is __________. the development of obesity in childhood shifts in physiologic processes in response to stresses in the maternal environment rapid weight gain during the first year of life failure of the neural tube to close with inadequate folate intake

shifts in physiologic processes in response to stresses in the maternal environment