APUSH Chapter 9 Vocabulary

Webster-Hayne Debate

Def: In January of 1830, The controversy over nullification grew more intense, a great debate occured in the U.S. Senate over another sectional controversy. Sign: Robert Y. Hayne responded charging slowly of slavery because of A senator from Conncticut suggested that all land sales debate over federal policy toward west. Works: Both the south and west were victims of the tryanny of the Northest.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Def: In the spring 1842, it sent Lord Ashburton negotiate an agreement on the Maine boundary and other matters. Sign: The result of his negtiations with secretary of State webster and representatives from Maine and Massachusettes was the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. Works: The Webster Ashburton resulted in the Treaty of Wang Hyain 1842 in which Britain forced China to open certain ports to foreign trade.

Spoils System

Def: Jackson removed a total of no more than one-fifth of the federal officeholders during his eight years in office, many of them less partisan reasons than because they had issued government funds or engaged in other corruption. Sign: Jackson dismissed no more jobholders than Jefferson had dismissed during his presidency. Works: 1828-1832, Jackson's followers staged a national party convention to renominate him for the presidency-1 year after the Anti-Masons.

John C. Calhoun

Def: John Calhoun was the third member of the Great Triumvirate. Sign: He didn't consider himself as a "Whig" and his identification with the nullification controversy in effect disqualified him from national leader in any case. Works: He had tremendous strength in the south by supporting it with a national bank and shared with Clay and Webster a strong animosity toward Jackson.

Panic of 1837

Def: in 1836 Jackson issued an presidential order called the Specie Circular, currency will only be gold or silver, in which i caused a financial panic that began in the first months of Van Buren's presidency. Sign: The panic of 1837 broke out with riots in larger cities. Works: Prices fell, price of land, Many railroad and canal projects failed.

Indian Territory

Def: 1,000 Cherokees fled to North Carolina in which the Federal Government provided a small reservation for them in the Smokey Mountains. Sign: In the winter o f 1838 a Kentuckian observed Even aged females, drop in the grave. Works: This led to the Indian Removal in which Thousands or emigrès they were forced to live in harsh conditions from their journey, It also led with The Five Civilized Tribes to be expelled from the southern states and forced to relocate in the new Indian Territory.

Caroline Affair

Def: At The brink of war, The eastern Canadian rebels launched an attack towards the steamship, Caroline, occurred when the Caroline was on it's way to ship out in the Niagara River from New York. Sign: British Government refused either to disavow the attack or provide compensation for it. Impacts: New York officials ordered to arrest of one of the Canadians Alexander McLeod and charge him for murder but Foreign secretary, Lord Palmerston, demanded McLeod's release. pg.250

Daniel Webster

Def: Daniel Webster was a leading American senator and statesman during the era of the Second Party System. He was the outstanding spokesman for American nationalism with powerful oratory that made him a key Whig leader. Sign: One of the highest-regarded courtroom lawyers of the ere, Webster shaped several key U.S. Supreme Court cases that established important constitutional precedents that bolstered the authority of the federal government. Works: Daniel Webster, one of the conservative delegates, opposed democratic changes on the grounds that "power naturally and necessarily follows property." pg.231

Nullification

Def: Drawing the ideas of Madison and Jefferson and their Virginia and Kentucky Resolution of 1789-1799 and citing the 10th Amendment to the Constitution. Sign: Calhoun Argued that since the federal government was a creation of the states that were the final arbiters of the constitutionality of federal laws. Works: led to the 1828 tariff that attracted broad support in south Carolina.

Specie Circular

Def: In 1836, before resign from presidency Jackson ordered the specie circular that meant the payment for public lands would only be accepted only gold and silver. Sign: The specie circular led unemployment rising, no credit, and businesses to fall. Works: The specie circular caused the Panic of 1837.

Trail Of Tears

Def: In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects. Sign: About 1,000 Cherokees fled to North Carolina in the Rocky Mountains where the federal promised food over there. Works: The Trail of tears had many Natives walking to Oklahoma during the winter which sucked for them because it took them until Febuary to get there.

Martin Van Buren

Def:A member of the Democratic Party, he served in a number of senior roles, including eighth Vice President (1833-1837) and Secretary of State (1829-1831), both under Andrew Jackson. Van Buren's inability as president to deal with the economic chaos of the Panic of 1837 and with the surging Whig Party led to his defeat in the 1840 election. Sign: During Jackson's eight years as president, Van Buren was a key adviser, and built the organizational structure for the coalescing Democratic Party, particularly in New York. In 1831, Jackson gave him a recess appointment as American minister to Britain, but Van Buren's nomination was rejected by the Senate, cutting short his service in London. Works: The elevation of the idea ouccerd first at the state level in New York and Martin Van buren led a dissident faction known as the Buck tails in the years after the War of 1812.

John Tyler

Def: John Tyler was the tenth President of the United States. He was elected vice president on the 1840 Whig ticket with William Henry Harrison, and became president after his running mate's death in April 1841. Sign: Tyler served as a Virginia state legislator, governor, U.S. representative, and U.S. senator before his election as vice president in the presidential election of 1840. He was put on the ticket to attract states' rights Southerners to what was then a Whig coalition to defeat Van Buren's re-election bid. Works: Tyler's uneasy relationship with his party came to a head during the 22nd Congress, as the Nullification Crisis of 1832-33 began. South Carolina, threatening secession, passed the Ordinance of Nullification in November 1832, declaring the "Tariff of Abominations" null and void within its borders. This raised the constitutional question of whether states could nullify federal laws.

Seminole War

Def: Many Seminoles in Florida didn't want to leave to the Indian territories but some did. In 1835 Seminole minorities refused to go to the Indian territory and Chief Osceola led them in a up rising that will be incredible. Sign: Osceola had been captured by white troops while under a flag of truce had died in prison. Works: 1,500 white soldiers had died and the federal government had spent $20 million and resulted with Osceola's followers remaining in Florida and The government abandoning the war in 1842.

Roger B. Taney

Def: Next in line of being Chief justice of the supreme court, after death John Marshall the new chief of justice will be Roger B. Taney. Sign: Roger was a close ally to John Marshall and trusted him also. Works: Although, Taney did not bring a sharp break in constitutional interpretation, but he gradually helped modify Marshall's vigorous nationalism.

Nicholas Biddle

Def: Served as president of the Bank from 1823 on, had done much to put the institution on a sound and prosperous basis. Sign: By law, The Bank was the only place that the federal government could deposit it's own funds in turn, owned one Fifth of the Bank's stock. Works: The bank did tremendous business in general banking by providing credit, and banknotes.

Bank War

Def: The Bank war refers to the political struggle that developed over the issue of re charting the second Bank of the U.S during the Andrew Jackson administration. Sign: The Bank of the U.S caught Jackson's wrath in the 1830's and wanted the Bank to be immediately shutdown because it was huge and powerful it could deposit it's own funds in the Government it self. pg. 240

Democrats

Def: The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the younger Republican Party. Sign: Tracing its origins back to the Democratic-Republican Party, the modern Democratic Party was founded around 1828. Works: Andrew Jackson was a democratic leader and won the election of 1828 with support from the south and west.

Five Civilized Tribes

Def: The Five Civilized Tribes were The Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw were the remaining Native American tribes that civilized than most tribes in Georgia and up north west. Sign: The Whites argued that the Cherokees should be allowed to retain their eastern lands, since they were such a civilized society. Works:The Five civilized tribes were more sophisticated than the other tribes the Federal government decided to do the Removal Act which lead to the Cherokee Resistance.

Whigs

Def: The Whig Party was a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States of America. Many of the early Presidents of the United States were members of the Whig Party. Sign: The Democratic-Republicans who formed the Whig Party, led by Kentucky Senator Henry Clay and President John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, drew on a Jeffersonian tradition of compromise and balance in government, national unity, territorial expansion, and support for a national transportation network and domestic manufacturing. Casting their enemy as "King Andrew", they sought to identify themselves as modern-day opponents of governmental overreaching. Works: The Whigs' internal disunity and the nation's increasing prosperity made the party's activist economic program seem less necessary and led to a disastrous showing in the 1842 Congressional election.

Aroostook War

Def: The battle between Americans and Canadians that were lumberjacks that was between Canada and Maine in 1838. Sign: Before the Aroostook War occurred Tensions between Maine and Canada were flared over the boundary between them in dispute since the Treaty of 1783. Works: 1841, An American ship, Creole, was over taken by Slaves that was heading towards New Orleans but rerouted to the Bahamas. pg. 250

Removal Act

Def: The efforts of the federal government that worked on negotiating with the southern Indians and moving them to the west and open their lands for white settlement in which it made natives mad. Sign: In Georgia the Cherokees tried to stop the white encroachments by appealing to the Supreme Court. Works: The Removal Act led to the Georgia and Worcester V. Georgia in 1831 and 1832.

Anti-Masonry

Def: The movement that was implemented by the political group "Whigs" in the 1820's that was to put a stop of Freemasons. Sign: The response of this movement Former mason, William Morgan went missing in 1826 from his home in Batavia. Works: After William was missing it resulted with the Whigs accused that Democrats were part of the conspiracy such as Van Bueren and Jackson. pg. 243

Andrew Jackson

Def: The seventh President of the U.S(1829-1837). He was born in 1767 in a small village in the carolinas. Sign: He was the General for both The war of 1812 and The battle of 1815. He was known for his ruthless raids down south after the War 1812. Works: Age of Jackson increased the amount of groups the right to vote but did not advance in economic equality which lead to the Bank War. pg. 230

Dorr Rebellion

Def: Thomas W. Dorr had followers and they drafted a new constitution and his followers created a new government in 1840. Sign:His group was formed under the name People's party because their belief was that everyone should have the right to vote in Rhode Island. Works: Dorr's Rebellion increased the votes and expanded Democracy in percentage.

William Henry Harrison

Def: William Henry Harrison was the ninth President of the United States, an American military officer and politician, and the last President born as a British subject. He was also the first president to die in office. SIgn: William Harrison was a former indian fighter and hero of the war of 1812. Works: William ran for presidency in the election of 1836 but lost to Martin Van Buren with 97 more electoral votes than him.