APUSH Chapters 19-22

Second Industrial Revolution

(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

American Protective Association

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William James

1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth

Homestead Steel Strikes

1892 labor dispute led to bloodshed; when union's contract expired, Frick proposed to cut wages by 20%; then locked employees out of the plant for replacement workers; strikers refused to let Pinkertons land and gunfire followed; Gov. of Penn. ordered the militia to take control and protect replacement workers

Newlands Reclamation Act

1901 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states

Johns Hopkins University

A private university which emphasized pure research. It's entrance requirements were unusually strict -- applicants needed to have already earned a college degree elsewhere in order to enroll.

horizontal integration

A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. Horizontal integration is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth.

Homestead Act of 1862

Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects

Mississippi Plan

Adopted by MS in 1875 and later by other southern states. The southern democrats wanted to undermine blacks, who were now forming middle classes while the white former slave owners had lost all of their power during Reconstruction and they wanted it back. They did so by starting in Vicksburg. The Democrats went in and through intimidation and political corruption, and, with help from the Red Shirts, strong armed the Republicans out of office. The Delta was the last place to fall to the Democrats.

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems., historian, he provided the clearest and most influential statement of the vision of the frontier in a memorable paper which he delivered to a meeting of the American Historical Association in Chicago in 1893 entitled "the Significance of the Frontier in American History," His claims included that the experience of expansion into the frontier had stimulated individualism, nationalism and democracy, and kept the opportunity of advancement alive.

tenancy

An ownership interest in land in which a lessee or a tenant holds real property by some form of title from a lesser or landlord. Many Americans lived with this system in place (agriculturally). Many farmers became bankrupt under Tenancy.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Association of skilled artisans, led by Samuel Gompers that focused on wages and job security issues. The labor organizing spread to mining towns and lumber camps. They wanted workers to own the means of production; a union for skilled laborers that fought for worker rights in a non-violent way. It provided skilled laborers with a union that was unified, large, and strong.

Joel Chandler Harris

Author of Uncle Remus, which portrayed the slave society of the antebellum years as a harmonious world marketed by engaging dialect and close emotional bonds between the races.

investment banker

Bankers who would buy corporate stocks and bonds wholesale and then sell them at a profit, but were also capable of becoming involved in the operation of their clients' firms and influencing company policies., An investment banker assists corporations in issuing new securities to the public and provides advice relating to securities transactions, mergers and acquisitions. Aka an Underwriter

John P. Morgan

Banking (purchased corporations).Took over corporations, managed them efficiently and made hug profits off of them. Eventually bought Carnegie Steel for $500 million and changed the name to U.S. Steel

sharecropping

Common form of farming for freed slaves in the South; received a small plot of land, seed, fertilizer, tools from the landlord who decided what and how much should be planted; landlord usually took half of the harvest.

Fence Cutters' War

Conflict between small and large ranchers in central Texas during 1883 and 1884. Several ranchers died and others were wounded. Prompted state legislation to band fence-cutting. Example of attempt of small ranchers to maintain power-->ineffective because it was desperate and utilized violence and not a permanent solution

"Battle of the Currents"

Conflict in the late 1880s between inventors Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse over direct versus alternating electric current; Westinghouse's alternating current (AC), the winner, allowed electricity to travel over long distances.

American Tobacco Company

Controlled nine-tenths of the nation's cigarette production in 1890 and about three-fourths of all tobacco production in 1904; broken up in 1911 for violating the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. , owned by James Buchanan Duke and cornered the cigarette industry, some money given to Trinity College which later changed its name to Duke

Central Park

Designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1858, New York's Central Park was the first example of a movement to create urban parks., A park built in Manhattan New York which began in the 1850s was a result of pressure from the members of high society, who wanted an elegant setting for their daily carriage rides.

"Forty-niners"

Easterners who flocked to California after the discovery of gold there. They established claims all over northern California and overwhelmed the existing government. Arrived in 1849.

Henry Grady

Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, preached about economically diversified South with industries and small farms, and absent of the influence of the pre-war planter elite in the political world.

Central Pacific Railroad

Employed Chinese laborers to lay the rails across mountain passes in the sierras by pushing eastward from sacramento. joined union pacific in 1869

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903), British, developed a system of philosophy based on the theory of evolution, believed in the primacy of personal freedom and reasoned thinking. Sought to develop a system whereby all human endeavours could be explained rationally and scientifically.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

Geronimo

Geronimo, the leader of the Apaches in Arizona and New Mexico, fought against the white man, who was trying to force the Apaches off of their land. Geronimo had an enormous hatred for the whites. He was, however, eventually pushed into Mexico where he surrendered

Burke Act of 1906

Granted full citizenship to any Indian who took up life apart from their tribes in another effort to "Americanize" Indians., Indians took up life apart from their tribes became citizens immediately.

W.E.B. DuBois

He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately. He helped found the Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for equal rights. He also helped found the NAACP.

George A. Custer

He was a former general of the Civil War. He was nicknamed the "boy general." During the Sioux War of 1876-1877 he attacked 2,500 Sioux warriors near the Little Big Horn river in Montana and was completely wiped out. He and his 264 men's defeat was partially due to when two supporting colums failed to come to their rescue as reinforcement.

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

Alexander Graham Bell

He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. This greatly improved communications in the country.

William Graham Sumner

He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.

Code of the West

In the absence of laws governing the open range, the cattle ranchers at first worked out a code of action largely dictated by circumstances.

George Westinghouse

Inventor of the air brake for trains who developed the first alternating-current system in 1886, which allowed electric currents to cover long distances, and manufactured the equipment through the Westinghouse Electric Company.

Standard Oil Company

John D. Rockefeller's comapny, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded age. By 1877 it controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the U.S. It became a target for trust reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies.

barbed wire

Joseph Glidden developed a way of making fencing cheaply by twisting together sections of wire into barbed points.

Terence V. Powderly

Knights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation)

Samuel Langhorne Clemens

Known as Mark Twain, the best of the local colorists, and the first great American writer born and raised west of the Appalachians; books included Innocents Abroad (1869), The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), Life on the Mississippi (1883), and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884).

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

Chief Joseph

Lead the Nez Perce during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. His speech "I Will Fight No More Forever" mourned the young Indian men killed in the fighting.

Eugene Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over., Prominent socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate) who founded the American Railroad Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike

Ellis Island

Opened in 1892 as a immigration center. New arrivals had to pass rigorous medical and document examinations and pay entry before being allowed into the U.S.

industrial union

Organization of industrywide unions of the skilled and unskilled that was initiated by the Knights of Labor; later propagated by the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).

Chinese Exclusion Act

Passed in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease.

H.C. Frick

President of the Carnegie company during the Homestead Steel Strike of 1892 who was shot and stabbed by a deranged anarchist.

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

Great American Desert

Region between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains. Vast domain became accessible to Americans wishing to settle there. This region was called the "Great American Desert" in atlases published between 1820 and 1850, and many people were convinced this land was a Sahara habitable only to Indians. The phrase had been coined by Major Long during his exploration of the middle portion of the Louisiana Purchase region.

Sears & Roebuck

Retailer who dominated the mailorder industry and by 1907 had become one of the largest business enterprises in the nation; the Sears catalog helped create a truly national market., Catalog that opens in in 1887, reaches 300,000 people, features bonnets bicycles, houses, in 1913, 26 million catalogs, 40K orders/day --There is no one technological development that enables sears, rather a series of developments some technological, some political, some organizational

Grandfather clause

Said that a citizen could vote only if his grandfather had been able to vote. At the time, the grandfathers of black men in the South had been slaves with no right to vote. Another method for disenfranchising blacks.

Andrew Carnegie

Scottish-born industrialist who developed the U.S. steel industry; his is a rags-to-riches story as he made a fortune in business and sold his holdings in 1901 for $447 million. He spent the rest of his life giving away $350 million to worthy cultural and educational causes., Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Battle of Little Big Horn

Sioux leader sitting bull led the fight against general George Custer and the 7th cavalry. The Sioux wanted miners out of the black hills, and had appealed to government officials in Washington to stop the miners. Washington doesn't listen. When custer came to little bighorn rivers sitting bull and his warriors were ready and killed them all!

dumbbell tenement

Structures, usually six to eight stories tall, that were jammed tightly against one another to accommodate from twenty-four to thirty-two families per building; so-called because housing codes required a two-foot wide air shaft between buildings, giving the structure the appearance of a dumbbell when viewed from overhead.

separate but equal

Supreme Court doctrine established in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson. Allowed state-required racial segregation in places of public accommodation as long as the facilities were equal.

poll tax

Tax required to vote; prohibited for national elections by the Twenty-Fourth Amendment (1964) and ruled unconstitutional for all elections in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections (1966).

"captain of industry"

Term used to describe people who do business in good way and served nation in positive way such as increasing products supply by building factory, raising production, & expanding markets. They also build libraries, universities, and other public services

Battle of Wounded Knee

The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek, was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson, , The final act of violence against the Sioux nation in which 300 some Indians were brought together and murdered when someone refused to give up their weapon.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

James Buchanan Duke

The man who cornered the cigarette industry through the American Tobacco Company. Later Trinity College in North Carolina changed its name to honor him. , Mechanized the tobacco industry and made cigarettes into machine made items instead of hand-rolled. Was a trust giant, and founded Duke University.

streetcar suburbs

The spread of mass transit allowed large numbers of people to become commuters, and a growing middle class retreated to quieter, tree-lined "streetcar suburbs" from whence they could travel into the central city for business or entertainment.

Jim Crow

The system of racial segregation in the South that was created in the late nineteenth century following the end of slavery. Jim Crow laws written in the 1880s and 1890s mandated segregation in public facilities., Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government

New South

The term has been used with different applications in mind. The original use of the term "New South" was an attempt to describe the rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy, The rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy

Thomas Edison

This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment.

"Gospel of Wealth"

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Pullman Strike

This was a nonviolent strike which brought about a shut down of western railroads, which took place against the Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago in 1894, because of the poor wages of the Pullman workers. It was ended by the president due to the interference with the mail system, and brought a bad image upon unions.

Union Pacific Railroad

Union Pacific: Began in Omaha in 1865 and went west. Central Pacific: Went east from Sacramento and met the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869, where the golden spike ceremony was held. Transcontinental railroad overcharged the federal government and used substandard materials.

Plessy v Ferguson 1896

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

sodhouse

a Great Plains house, that was made of sod instead of lumber since lumber was unavailable.

holding company

a company whose primary business is owning a controlling share of stock in other companies

trust

a consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service

pragmatism

a philosophical principle, first expressed by William James, that expressed the evolutionary idea that truth arose from the testing of new ideas, the value of which lay in their practical consequences. Ideas gain validity from their social consequences and practical applications. It reflected the American quality- the inventive, experimental spirit that judged ideas on their results and their ability to adapt to changing social needs and environments

Bessemer converter

a refined blast furnace built by Henry Bessemer in 1856/made it possible to produce steel cheaply and in large quantities/steel replaced iron in tools, machines, and high strength structures

Haymarket Affair

a riot during an anarchist protests at Haymarket Square in Chicago in May 1886, over violence during the McCormick Harvester Company Strike, the deaths of 11, including 7 policemen, helped hasten the demise of the Knights of Labor, even though they were not responsible. It grew out of agitation for an 8-hour work day. The Anarchists had scheduled an open meeting following the death of a striker, as the crowd began to break up violence erupted causing the affair. It caused a widespread revulsion against labor unions

craft union

a union whose members have a particular skill or work at a particular craft, such as plumbers or carpenters

vertical integration

absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution, a company's taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product

"robber baron"

an American capitalist who acquired a fortune in the late nineteenth century by ruthless means.

Jay Gould

an American financier that was partnered with James Fisk in tampering with the railroad stocks for personal profit He, like other railroad kings, controlled the lives of the people more than the president did and pushed the way to cooperation among the kings where they developed techniques such as pooling.

John D. Rockefeller

an American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history

Woodruff vs North Bloomfield

court case where hydraulic mining was vetoed., Judge Lorenzo Sawyer outlawed the dumping of debris where it would affect farmers, in the first environmental case in US history. As a result, hydraulic mining was largely abandoned.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

created a railroad empire worth millions by crushing competitors and ignoring protests from the public. by the time of his death in 1877, his companies controlled 4,500 miles of track and linked New York City to the Great Lake Region- son continued the empire

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved like "good white settlers" then they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship. The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men. The Dawes Act remained the basis of the government's official Indian policy until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.

Indian Peace Commission

established in 1867 by Congress, it composed of both soldiers and civilians, to recommend a new and presumably permanent Indian policy. The commission recommended that the government move all the Plains tribes into two large reservations, one in Oklahoma, and the other in the Dakotas

Credit Mobilier

example of a robber baron company. charges 94 mil for a job of 44 mil, a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes., Scandalous company created by Union Pacific Railroad insiders, it distributed shares of its stock to Congressmen to avoid detection.

Gustavus Swift

founded a meat-packing empire in the Midwest during the late 19th century, over which he presided until his death. He is credited with the development of the first practical ice-cooled railroad car which allowed his company to ship dressed meats to all parts of the country and even abroad, which ushered in the "era of cheap beef"

vaudville

from the word "variety", series of acts, comedy,dancing,singing,animal act,juggling. Immigrants took part in it, Mixture of song, dance, and comedy watched by big crowds.

Samual Gompers

he was an immigrant cigar maker who organized a new union in 1886 in Columbus, Ohio, called the American Federation of Labor (AFL). The AFL was skilled workers only that were made up of smaller trade unions, and focused on higher wages shorter hours, improved working conditions. It led the fight for collective bargaining and supported the use of strikes to achieve its goals.

crop lien system

in this system, Storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The result, for Blacks, was not unlike slavery.

Aaron Montgomery Ward

mail order catalogs Ward and Company 1897 Sears catalog later on Sears, Roebuck and Company, Traveling salesman whose company beginning in the early 1870s eliminated the "middlemen," whose services increased the retail price of goods, by reaching consumers directly through mail-order catalogs.

Molly Maguires

members of a secret Irish organization. Many historians believe the Mollies were present in the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania in the United States from approximately the time of the American Civil War until a series of sensational arrests and trials in the years 1876−1878. Evidence that the Molly Maguires were responsible for coalfield crimes in the U.S. rests largely upon allegations of one powerful industrialist, and the testimony of one Pinkerton detective. Fellow prisoners also testified against the alleged Molly Maquires, but some believe these witnesses may have been coerced or bribed

Knights of Labor

one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories

Promontory Point, Utah

place where the Union Pacific Company and the Central Pacific Company met and completed the transcontinental railroad

laissez faire

policy based on the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in the economy, The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of laissez-faire principles is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776).

William D. Haywood

ranks as one of the foremost and perhaps most feared of America's labor radicals. Physically imposing with a thunderous voice and almost total disrespect for law, Haywood mobilized unionists, intimidated company bosses, and repeatedly found himself facing prosecution; stood for 8 hr. work days; 1900 became a member of the Western Federation of Miners executive board

Lester Frank Ward

sociologist who wrote Dynamic Sociology in 1883 and other books , in which he argued that civilization was not governed by natural selection but by human intelligence, which was capable of shaping society as it wished, and he believed that an active government engaged in positive planning, which was societies best hope.

Railroad Strike of 1877

strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad quickly spread across 11 states and shut down 2/3rds of the country's rail trackage; railroad workers were joined by an estimated 500000 workers from other industries in an escalating strike that was quickly becoming national in scale; Hayes used federal troops to end the labor violence

Exodusters

the African Americans migrating to the Great Plains state (ie: Kansas & Oklahoma) in 1879 to escape conditions in the South

professionalism

the conduct or qualities characterized by or conforming to the technical or ethical standards of a profession; exhibiting a courteous, conscientious, and generally businesslike manner in the workplace

interlocking directorates

the consolidation of rival enterprises, to ensure harmony officers of a banking syndicate were placed on boards of these rivals

Ida B. Wells

the lynching of blacks outraged her, an african american journalist. in her newspaper, free speech, wells urged african americans to protest the lynchings. she called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores. she spoke out despite threats to her life.

Atlanta Compromise

the speech given by Booker T. Washington at the Atlanta Cotton Expo was known as this compromise; his major philosophy in this was accommodation, not integration; he felt that blacks needed to strive to be totally successful and yet totally separate from the white community

hydraulic mining

the use of powerful jets of water to break apart earth and find gold. Very damaging to the environment.