APUSH chapters 2-5 Test Study Guide

Zenger Trial

Published articles critical of British governor William Cosby. He was taken to trial, but found not guilty. The trial set a precedent for freedom of the press in the colonies.

Great Awakening

Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. A sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.

Task System

System of slave labor in which the field slaves were given a particular task to complete in a day -Only when the task was finished were the slaves allowed to return to their cabins or tend to their own gardens

Salutary Neglect

Prime Minister Robert Walpole's policy in dealing with the American colonies. He was primarily concerned with British affairs and believed that unrestricted trade in the colonies would be more profitable for England than would taxation of the colonies.

Head-rights system

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

New Hampshire

Hoping to increase royal control in the colonies, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts in 1679 and made it a royal colony. (p. 31)

Pocahontas

She was the American Indian wife of John Rolfe in early settlement days in Jamestown. (p. 25)

Molasses Act

(1733) A British law that imposed a tax on sugar, molasses, and rum imported from non-British colonies into North American colonies. It was intended to maintain the monopoly of the American sugar market by the West Indies sugarcane growers. It was the least successful of the Navigation Acts, since it was avoided by smuggling. British legislation which taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies. The act angered the New England colonies, which imported a lot of molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular Trade. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants ignored it.

Gang System

-a system of slave labor in which the field slaves were divided into different gangs according to their age and fitness -The great gang/first gang carried the most punishing work, while the small gang/second gang did lighter work like weeding -Gang labor typically occurred with tobacco, cotton, and sugar cane

first Anglo-Powhatan war

1610- Lord De La Warr of the Virginia Company initiated war with the Indians, ended with the marriage of John Rolfe to Pocahontas

House of Burgesses

1619 - formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Massachusetts

1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

Roger Williams

1635 - He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom.

King Phillips War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Pennsylvania

1681- William Penn received a land grant from King Charles II, and used it to form a colony that would provide a haven for Quakers. His colony, Pennsylvania, allowed religious freedom. William Penn allowed anyone to emigrate to Pennsylvania, in order to provide a haven for persecuted religions. Founded by William Penn, a Quaker, to provide protection for Quakers.

Leisler's Rebellion

1689 - When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the Netherlands, the colonists of New York rebelled and made Jacob Leiser, a militia officer, governor of New York. Leisler was hanged for treason when royal authority was reinstated in 1691, but the representative assembly which he founded remained part of the government of New York.

Georgia

1733 - formed as a buffer between the Carolinas and Spanish-held Florida. It was a military-style colony, but also served as a haven for the poor, criminals, and persecuted Protestants.

George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

1st Baron Baltimore was an English politician and coloniser. He achieved domestic political success as a member of parliament and later Secretary of State under King James I. First person to dream of a colony in America where Catholics and Protestants could prosper together.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Half-Way Covenant

Applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

New York

Belonged to the Dutch, but King Charles II gave the land to his brother, the Duke of York in 1664. When the British came to take the colony, the Dutch, who hated their Governor Stuyvesant, quickly surrendered to them. The Dutch retook the colony in 1673, but the British regained it in 1674. Became an important urban center due to its harbor and rivers, which made it an important center for trade

Navigation Acts

British regulations designed to protect British shipping from competition. Said that British colonies could only import goods if they were shipped on British-owned vessels and at least 3/4 of the crew of the ship were British.

Thomas Hooker

Clergyman, one of the founders of Hartford. Called "the father of American democracy" because he said that people have a right to choose their magistrates.

Maryland

Formed as a colony where Catholics would be free from persecution.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Edmond Andrews

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England. Governed Virginia first.

Jamestown

In 1607, the first permanent English colony in America was founded at this location. The Virginia Company, was a a joint-stock company chartered by England's King James I.

Rhode Island

In 1644, Parliament granted Roger Williams a charter, joining Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony, Rhode Island. (p. 30) Formed to provide a haven for all persecuted religions, including all Christian denominations and Jews.

Deleware

In 1702, William Penn granted the lower three colonies of Pennsylvania their own assembly. In effect, Delaware became a separate colony, even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvaniaá until the American revolution. (p. 34)

New Jersey

Initially a part of New York, it was given to George Carteret and Lord Berkeley, who became the colonies English proprietors. The colony was later split into East Jersey and West Jersey. The two sides were reunited into one unified royal colony.

Fundamental Constitution

Locke was a British political theorist who wrote this for the Carolinas colony, but it was never put into effect. Would have set up a feudalistic government headed by an aristocracy which owned most of the land.

Patroonships

Offered to individuals who managed to build a settlement of at least 50 people within 4 years. Few people were able to accomplish this.

Toleration Act of 1649

Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.

Indentured Servants

People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.

1620

Separatists (Pilgrims) arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts -Family groups escaped political, economic, and religious repression -Led by John Winthrop

Conneticut

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

Salem witch trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Pilgrims vs Puritans

The Pilgrims were separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be reformed. Separatist groups were illegal in England, so the Pilgrims fled to America and settled in Plymouth. The Puritans were non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area from the King of England.

1607

The Virginia Company, a joint-stock company, established the Jamestown colony -Primary goal: $ for stockholders -Mainly male population

New Netherlands

The colony established in the 1620's for its quick profit fur trade but which was never more than the secondary interest to its founders. First Dutch colony.

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

General Courts

The process of appointing proprietors to distribute land. It was a very political and exclusive process.

Restoration

The return of a constitutional monarchy to Great Britain in 1660 under Charles II

Anne Hutchinson

This Puritan believed in antinomianism and was banished from the Bay colony because of her beliefs. In 1638, she founded the colony of Portsmouth. (p. 29)

Yale University

This university was established by colonial clergymen who wanted to establish a college in New Haven, Connecticut to preserve the tradition of European liberal education in the New World; 1701

Pequot War

Wars between Indians and Puritans, took place in Massachusetts bay 1637. Puritans burned villages down and thanked God that they killed the natives.

Holy Experiment

William Penn put his Quaker beliefs to the test in his colony, Pennsylvania. He wanted the colony to provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself. (p. 34)

Paxton Boys

a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Roanoke

a supply ship was sent to this island but arrived years too late because the spanish armada stopped them on their way.

Slave Codes

blacks and their children property for life to their masters

North Carolina

different from South Carolina; small, self-sufficient tobacco farms; few good harbors and poor transportation-fewer large plantations and less reliance on slaves; had rice plantations

Virginia

formed by the Virginia Company as a profit-earning venture. Starvation was the major problem; about 90% of the colonists died the first year, many of the survivors left, and the company had trouble attracting new colonists. They offered private land ownership in the colony to attract settlers, but the Virginia Company eventually went bankrupt and the colony went to the crown. Virginia did not become a successful colony until the colonists started raising and exporting tobacco.

University of Pennsylvania

founded in 1751 with the help of Ben Franklin, this college was the first free of denominational control.

Enumerated Commodities

in 1660 Parliament listed specific colonial products that could be shipped only to Britain. These items included tobacco; cotton; indigo; and sugar

Starving Time

in the Colony of Virginia this was a period of forced starvation initiated by the Powhatan Confederacy to remove the English from Virginia. The campaign killed all but 60 of the 400--colonists during the winter of 1609-1610.

Croatan

only thing left of the lost colony of roanoke island was this word etched into a tree - Virginia

Proprietary Colony

owned by an individual with direct responsibility to the king; proprietor selected a governor, who served as the authority figure for the property; Maryland was the first

Scots-Irish

people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They lived in Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by these people. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors.

City upon a hill

phrase entered the American lexicon early in its history, with John Winthrop's sermon "A Model of Christian Charity" (sic), given in 1630. Winthrop warned the Puritan colonists of New England who were to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony that their new community would be watched by the world - said by John Winthorpe

Plymouth

the Pilgrims' settlement, named by Captain John Smith; located in the Cape Cod area of Massachusetts; they'd escaped from religious persecution in England.

South Carolina

trading furs, and providing food for West Indies; 18th century, large rice-growing plantations worked by African slaves; had tobacco farms