APUSH Exam

adolph hitler

Adolph Hitler was a little-known political leader whose early life had been marked by disappointment. When WWI broke out, Hitler found a new beginning. he volunteered for the German army and was twice awarded the iron Cross, a medal for bravery. At the end of the war, Hitler settled in Munich. German Workers' Party, called Nazi for short. Its policies formed the German brand of fascism. It's symbol was a swastika. Hitler's success as an organizer and speaker led him to be chosen to be leader of the Nazi Party. Hitler and the Nazi's plotted to seize power. In 1932 the nazis had become the largest political party. Conservative leaders believed they could control Hitler and use him for their purposes. Hitler came to power legally in 1933. Hitler used his new power to turn Germany into a totalitarian state. he took propaganda to a new level. He enforced the secret police. His hatred of the jews, or anti-Semitism, was a key part of nazi ideology. They were Germany's scapegoats. Hitler led to the way and leaded the Holocaust.

gentlemen's agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them

convention of 1800

Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president

lucy burns

Alice Paul's partner, campaigned for 19th amendment' a fierce activist for women's rights in the United States as well as in the U.K., very good friends with Alice Paul with whom she founded the National Women's Party; (most of the stuff we saw in the movie was true: imprisonment, attending Oxford University (amongst other schools: Vassar, Columbia, Yale))

coercive acts

All of these names refer to the same acts, passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, and which included the Boston Port Act, which shut down Boston Harbor; the Massachusetts Government Act, which disbanded the Boston Assembly (but it soon reinstated itself); the Quartering Act, which required the colony to provide provisions for British soldiers; and the Administration of Justice Act, which removed the power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers.

triple alliance

Alliance between Germany, Italy, Austria Hungry

three emperors league

Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia's emperors formed 1873; the three most conservative powers of Europe. Formed by Otto-von Bismarck to deal with Germany's threat of encirclement. Austria's challenge was internal cultural diversity. Russia's economic prosperity was vulnerable to whoever controlled the Bosporus seaports for trade.

george s patton

Allied Commander of the Third Army. Was instrumental in winning the Battle of the Bulge. Considered one of the best military commanders in American history.

boxer rebellion

Also known as The Boxer Uprising, this was the popular peasant uprising in China (supported nationally), that blamed foreign people and institutions for the loss of the traditional Chinese way of life. "Boxers" were traditionally skilled fighters that attacked Westerners, beginning with Christian missionaries.

ashcan school

Also known as The Eight, a group of American Naturalist painters formed in 1907, most of whom had formerly been newspaper illustrators, they beleived in portraying scenes from everyday life in starkly realistic detail. Their 1908 display was the first art show in the U.S.

roosevelt coalition

Also known as the New Deal. Established by Roosevelt during the Great Depression, it helped the unemployed and the lost wages due to the panic on wall street.

phillipine insurrection

Also known as the Phillipine-American War. The Phillipines attempted to revolt and achieve independence from the United States. War was officially declared in 1899 by the rebels. The rebel forces were led by Emilio Aguinaldo. The United States annexed the Phillipines after they were defeated.

king william's war

Also known as the War of the league of Augsburg, it lasted from 1689-1697. It was the third time the major European powers crushed the expansionist plans of King Louis XIV of France; right after glorious revolution. iroquois and england vs. france and allies.

24th amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

16th amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

battle of guilford court house

America under general greene attached british under cornwalis British won tactical victory March 1781

Nonimportation act of 1806

America will not accept anything form Britain

a philip randolph

America's leading black labor leader who called for a march on Washington D.C. to protest factories' refusals to hire African Americans, which eventually led to President Roosevelt issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries.

samuel adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot; an organizer of the Boston Tea Party and signer of the Declaration of Independence (1722-1803)

declaration of the causes and necessities of taking up arms

American army to be organized and led by George Washington; American navy be created to disrupt British shipping; military expedition to be led by Benedict Arnold to wrest Canada from the British Empire, A declaration by the representatives of the united colonies of North America, now met in Congress at Philadelphia, setting forth the causes and necessity of their taking up arms." Our cause is just, our union is perfect"

loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

vera cruz

American forces under *General Winfield Scott* made the country's first amphibious landing at Vera Cruz, a Mexican coastal city, on March 9, 1847. Before the Mexican Army knew it, 12,000 American troops were on land and marching toward Vera Cruz. They captured the city several days later. From there, it was a short, triumphant march to Mexico City, the capital.

robert fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

william gibbs mcadoo

American lawyer and political leader who served as a U.S. Senator (California), United States Secretary of the Treasury (1913-1918) and director of the United States Railroad Administration (USRA) - Democrat

margaret sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

sinclair lewis

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

stephen a. douglas

American politician from Illinois who developed the method of popular sovereignty as a way to settle slave state or free state. He helped passed the compromise of 1850 as well as giving the states the choice with popular sovereignty. Northern Democrat

Benjamin Franklin

American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.

Fort Ticonderoga

American victory, Arnold and Allen, no short. First offensive action and cannons May 1775

guam

Americans secured this remote Pacific island from Spain after the war over Cuba. Americans had captured it earlier, before the residents even knew that there was a war going on.

doves

Americans who opposed the Vietnam War.

horace greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

whig party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

bartolomeo vanzetti

An Italian immigrant who peddled fish convicted of murder during a payroll robbery and sentenced to death. Police found him and partner in crime with pistols upon arrest, United States anarchist (born in Italy) who with Nicola Sacco was convicted of murder and in spite of world-wide protest was executed (1888-1927).

cross of gold speech

An address given by Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee during the national convention of the Democratic party, it criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver. His beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers.

triple entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

clement l. vallandigham

An anti-war Democrat who criticized Lincoln as a dictator, called him "King Abraham". He was arrested and exiled to the South., Prominent Copperhead who was an ex-congressman from Ohio, demanded an end to the war, and was banished to the Confederacy. COpperhead

modernists

An artist who rejected enlightenment thinking and tried to reshape, and improve on the surrounding world. It developed partly in response to WWI in that it stands out against technology.

clayton anti-trust act

An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, this law outlawed interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefitting labor, it declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property.

fair deal

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

economic opportunity act

An economic legislation that was part of the Great Society. It created many social programs to help the poor.

supply-side economics

An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.

neo-conservatism

An ideology which brings together a belief in fiscal conservatism, that is a return to classical liberalism (increase the free market, decrease the size of government), with a social conservatism, that is a call to return to traditional notions of social and political morality, with state as moral authoritarian figure

XYZ affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

washington conference

An international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington. Under the leadership of the American Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes the representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan pledge not to exceed the designated sizes of their respective naval fleets

cuban missile crisis

An international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.

american temperance society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

northwest ordinance of 1787

Appointed government, 5000 free white males, 60,000 population, no slaves, religious freedom and fair trial, write constitution and apply for statehood, Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

donner party

April 1846-1847 in 1846 a group of 87 overlanders, known as this party after the two brothers who lead them, were trapped by winter snows high up in the sierra nevada. after 41 died of starvation, those alive faced the choice of death or cannibalism, many resorted to cannibalism. Patrick Breen's idea. Reed family and Breen all made it. Only 45/ 83 made it to California. Reed was kicked out

john winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world. model of christian charity

american federation of labor

Association of skilled artisans, led by Samuel Gompers that focused on wages and job security issues. The labor organizing spread to mining towns and lumber camps. They wanted workers to own the means of production; a union for skilled laborers that fought for worker rights in a non-violent way. It provided skilled laborers with a union that was unified, large, and strong.

schlieffen plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

16th amendment

Authorized the collection of income tax. This made the rich pay their fair share to the government as well as allowing the Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913 to lower many tariffs

convention of 1818

Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country for ten years.

orders of council

Britain's policy which said that any ships trying to trade with France would be taken or destroyed in Britain's attempt to blockade France

admiralty courts

British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury.

virtual representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Battle of Brandywine

British- Howe. American- Washington. Army threatening Philadelphia. Howe's forces attached Americans blocking Philly and Brandywine. Americans retreated September 1777

west virginia

By the end of 1861, it had liberated the antisecession mountain people of the region who created their own state government loyal to the Union; the state was admitted to the Union as West Virginia in 1863.

Stephen Long

Called the Great Plains the "Great American Desert" and concluded that I was almost "wholly unfit for cultivation" He also predicted that "the scarcity of wood and water would prove to be an insuperable obstacle in settling."

chancelorsville

Chancelorsville, Va: Confederates defeated the Union in three days. Stonewall Jackson died here shot by one of his own men accidentally. Hooker now general. Lee getting ready to invade north. Meade vs Lee

industrial revolution

Change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power.

grover cleveland

Cleveland was the democratic presidential candidate for the 1884 election. His republican opponent, James G. Blaine, was involved in several questionable deals , but Cleveland had an illegitimate child. Consequently, the election turned into a mudslinging contest. Cleveland won, becoming the first democratic president since Buchanan. He took few initiatives, but he was effective in dealing with excessive military pensions. He placated both North and South by appointing some former Confederates to office, but sticking mostly with Northerners.

manhattan project

Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

norman schwarzkopf

Commander of US Central Command in the Gulf War; Commander of the coalition forces. Led operation "Desert Storm"

committees of correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

second battle of bull run

Conflict between Lee and General John Pope in August 1862, ending in a decisive victory by Lee that led to increased confidence and an attempt to convince Maryland to secede. South moved from defense to offense

range wars

Conflicting claims over land and water rights triggered violent disputes between ranchers and farmers. Ranchers tried to drive off neighboring farmers, and farmers in run tried to sabotage the cattle barons, cutting fences and spooking herds. Ethnic and religious factors prejudice heightened the tension.

reciprocal trade agreement

Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934. Designed to lower the tariff, it aimed at both relief and recovery. Secretary of State Hull succeeded in negotiating pacts with 21 countries by the end of 1939. These pacts were essentially trade agreements that stated if the United States lowered its tariff, then the other country would do the same. With the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, the president was empowered to lower existing rates by as much as 50% provided that the other country involved would do the same. During these years of trade agreements, U.S. foreign trade increased dramatically. The act paved the way for the American-led free-trade international economic system that took shape after WWII.

treason of benedict

Conspired to turn west point over to british. Discovered when andre was captured. Arnold known as beezlebub September 1780

Siege of Boston

Continental soldiers surrounding british. Washington occupied Dorchester Heights July 1775 to March 1776

root-takahira agreement

Contract between the U.S. and Japan in which both countries acknowledged Asia's status, their international policies, their respective territorial possessions in the Pacific, and Open Door trade policy. It maintained the status quo and averted armed conflict between the two nations.

second continental congress

Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.

Battle of Yorktown

Cornwalis in Petersburg. Went to yorktown naval base. washington and french surrounded british and ended war October 1781

republic of texas

Created March, 1836 but not recognized until the next month after the battle of San Jacinto. Its second president attempted to establish a sound government and develop relations with England and France. However, rapidly rising public debt, internal conflicts and renewed threats from Mexico led Texas to join the U.S. in 1845. Stephen f austin sent to settle

cecil and george calvert

Created Maryland as a haven for Catholics; George had been Protestant but after his conversion the King moved him to Ireland and gave him the name Baron Baltimore. he was "lord proprietor" of Maryland which was a proprietaty colony and his Cecil inherited the title after George died. George's vision of a Catholic and Protestant union was never really fufilled. end of toleration- 1704.

department of housing and urban development

Created by Congress in 1965, it was 11th in cabinet office. Afro-American economist Dr. Robert C. Weaver was named head, and the department regulated and monitored housing and suburban development. It also provided rent supplements for low-income families.

national labor relations board

Created by the National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act it was created in the 1930's by congressman Wagner who was sympathetic to labor unions. The National Labor Relation Board was an administrative board that gave laborers the rights of self-organization and collective bargaining.

treaty of versailles

Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons.

federal trade commission

Created in 1914, replaced the Bureau of Corporations. This nonpartisan commission investigated and reported on corporate behavior, and was authorized to issue cease and desist orders against unfair trade practices.

coral sea

Crucial naval battle which stopped the Japanese march across the Pacific, first time all fighting was done by carrier based aircraft

ethnicity

Cultural values and norms that distinguish the members of a given group from others. An ethnic group is one whose members share a distinct awareness of a common cultural identity, separating them from other groups. In virtually all societies, ethnic differences are associated with variations in power and material wealth. Where ethnic differences are also racial, such divisions are sometimes especially pronounced.

battle of the bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

new woman

During the 1920s changes in postwar behavior had a liberating effect on this group. They were noticed more for their sex appeal and presented as thus in the advertising industry. The burden of domestic chores was alleviated with new technology, while women themselves turned to a more liberated attitude.

george b. meade

During the American Civil War he served as a Union general, rising from command of a brigade to the Army of the Potomac. He is best known for defeating Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863.

whiskey ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars. St louis missouri. Scheme with department of treasury

prisoner exchange

During the early stages of the American Civil War the federal government refused to negotiate the exchange of prisoners as it did not recognize the Confederacy as a nation. In July, 1862, General John Dix of the Union Army and General D. H. Hill met and agreed an exchange. They decided that the rate of exchange was one general for every 60 enlisted men

granger laws

During the late 1800's an organization of farmers, called the Grange, strove to regulate railway rates and storage fees charged by railroads, warehouses, and grain elevators through state legislation. These laws that were passed, but eventually reversed, are referred to as the Granger Laws.

lincoln-douglas debates

During the race to become Senator Lincoln asked to have multiple debates with Douglas. Certain topics of these debates were slavery, how to deal with slavery, and where slavery should be allowed. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he was known throughout the country because of the debates. House divided cannot stand. Lincoln challenges popular soverignth

nationality act

Eisenhower's plan to build an interstate highway system that would connect the US and help in military movements during a war.

compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river 4) Hayes can't run again

Treaty of Paris

Ended revolutionary war. agreed to recognize US independence and borders from Great lakes to florida. Americans agreed to respect loyalists and pay debt

west indies

England began colonizing the West Indies because Spain was no longer very concerned with that area. Sugar became the big crop in this area; however, only wealthy farmers could sustain the crop. African slavery became popular here.

william penn

English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682; charter from King Charles II . launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance. converted debt. friendly with lenni lenape. more thought. gov't close to people. green county town. wheat and flour. delaware.

quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania; inner light. society of friends; no slavery, covenants, titles, clergy, sacraments, etc

king philip

English name for Metacon who forged an alliance among Indians to try to end the spread of English. wampanoags accused of murdering sassamon. settlers won in 1676. andros convinced mohawks to attack

adamson act

Established 8-hour workdays and overtime-pay guidelines for railway workers; passed in 1916 partially because of appeals by President Wilson; railway unions were threatening to strike, which he feared would hurt the economy and create domestic conflict as America was entering the war

roanoke

Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

albany congress

Established in 1754 and was led by Ben Franklin and was also created by British government for greater unity within the colonies so that they could help to defeat French. Bribed Indian chiefs for loyalty. Delegates accepted an unity plan,but colonies and Britain both declined

agricultural marketing act

Established the first major government program to help farmers maintain crop prices with a federally sponsored Farm Board that would make loans to national marking cooperatives or set up corporations to buy surpluses and raise prices. This act failed to help American farmers.

zebulon pike

Explored the upper Mississippi River, the Arkansas River and parts of present day Colorado and New Mexico from 1805-1807. In Nov. 1806, Pike viewed a mountain peak rising above the Colorado plains. Continuing southward, Pile entered into Spanish territory and Spanish troops soon arrested pike and his men. When he was let go, he managed to hid a map in the barrel of his gun.

john C. Fremont

Explored toward california, scientific exploration of oregon trail an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery., Civil governor of California, led the Army exploration to help Kearny. Heard that a war with Mexico was coming, thought he could take California by himself before the war began and become a hero. He failed, so he joined forces with Kearny.

king cotton

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South's cotton. Coined by James Hammond

florida land boom

Extreme example of real estate speculation during the 1920s where numerous underwater lots were sold to eager purchasers for preposterous sums. The scheme collapsed when the peninsula was devastated by a hurricane

yalta conference

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

free trade vs. regulated trade

FT is a system of trade policy that allows traders to trade across national boundaries without interference from the respective governments. The policy permits trading partners & mutual gains from trade of goods and services. The prices are a reflection of true supply and demand. RT is where the allocation of goods and services among trading countries are determined by artificial prices that may or may not reflect the true nature of supply and demand. The government intervenes in the market through price adjustments and supply restrictions. dutch wanted free trade (doesn't exist) english wanted regulated (tarrifs, embargoes- money and protective)

daniel webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

homesteading act (1860)

Farmers can get land for cheap as long as they farmed it for 5 years

benito mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786)

treaty of guadalupe-hidalgo

February 2 1848. The agreement between President Polk and the new Mexican government for Mexico to cede California and New Mexico to the US and acknowledge the Rio Grand as the boundary of Texas. In return, the US promised to assume any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexico and to pay the Mexicans $15 million. Mexico pretty much forced.

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: A federal guarantee of savings bank deposits initially of up to $2500, raised to $5000 in 1934, and frequently thereafter; continues today with a limit of $100,000

54th massachusetts infantry

First African American soldiers recruited by the Union and this regiment earned honorable mentions in US military

ronald reagan

First elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

truman doctrine

First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.

sherman anti-trust act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

first bull run

First major battle of the Civil War, in which untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington. This battle helped boost Southern morale and made the North realize that this would be a long war. Manasses. unionists retreat

st. augustine

First spanish settlement. Florida 1565; first permanent settlement in america. sent by philip 2

jeannette rankin

First woman elected to the United States House of Representatives and the first female member of Congress. A Republican and a lifelong pacifist, she was the only member of Congress to vote against United States entry into both World War II and World War I. Additionally, she led resistance to the Vietnam War.

compromise of 1850

Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession. California is a free state (N), NM and UT popular soverignty (B), stricter fugitive slave laws (S), ban slave trade in DC (N), monetary compensation to texas (S). Everyone hates it

fort henry

Fort Henry was Grant's first military success. The fort lay on the Tennessee River.

washington temperance society

Founded 1840, by six reformed alcoholics. Began to draw large crowds of workers, all confessed past sins and swore off liquor. Eventually over one million sign a formal pledge to swear off hard liquor.

joseph smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr. Lynched in Illinois in 1844

mormonism

Founded by Joseph Smith, who claimed he was visited by God, and in 1830 he published a document called The Book of Mormon. He said it was a translation of a set of gld tablets he had found in the hills of New York, revealed to him by an angel of God.

students for a democratic society

Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.

james oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia in 1733, also led English forces in King George's War

Panic of 1873

Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver. Greenbacks

neutrality act

France waged war against England and Spain in 1793 and sought the U.S. as their ally. Washington did not want to become entangled with the European problem so he kept America out of the war.

good neighbor policy

Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.

election of 1852

Franklin Pierce (D) vs Winfield Scott (W). Scott loses because of Whig division. Pierce is One of pointless presidents.

samuel de champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635); friendly with indians of st lawrence valley. wanted tolerance.

jacques cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557); checked out quebec and montreal

fort duquesne

French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

charles de gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)

henri petain

French leader of the Vichy republic of France, which was essentially Nazi France. He is seen as a traitor to his people by some Frenchman.

marquis de lafayette

French soldier who served under George Washington in the American Revolution (1757-1834)

robert de la salle

Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV;

tonkin gulf resolution

Gave the president the authority to "take all necessary measures" to repel any attacks and "to prevent further aggression." The resolution became the legal basis for a war that would last for eight more years.

cornwalis

General that surrendered to Washington in Yorktown

zachary taylor

General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated. Sent to provoke Mexico

jacob leisler

German immigrant, merchant, leader of New York dissidents, his militia captured the fort and he became the new head of the goverment in New York, William and Mary appointed a new governor and forced him out, later hanged for treason; caused unstability

hessians

German mercenaries that were hired by the British for putting down the rebellion of the colonies. The hiring of these men showed to the colonists that the British had only military action in mind as a solution to the current problems.

the arabic

Germany promised to refrain from attacking passenger liners, but then attacked and sunk the Arabic off the coast of Ireland; three Americans died, leading to much discontent from the U.S about whether or not they should let their citizens on board British ships; 1915

geronimo

Geronimo, the leader of the Apaches in Arizona and New Mexico, fought against the white man, who was trying to force the Apaches off of their land. Geronimo had an enormous hatred for the whites. He was, however, eventually pushed into Mexico where he surrendered

shah of iran

Great friend of the US for two and a half decades but Iranians want to nationalize their oil and improve economy, sparks Iranian Revolution and Shah is overthrown (1979)

bringham young

He became the Mormon leader after Joseph Smith was killed. He led a mass migration of 17,000 people across the Great Plains and settled in what is today, Salt Lake City, Utah. He established towns throughout Utah, Idaho, and Arizona. Bringham Young University (BYU) is a university named after Young. Led west to Desert, and at odds with US

george washington

He had led troops (rather unsuccessfully) during the French and Indian War, and had surrendered Fort Necessity to the French. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and was much more successful in this second command.

bernard baruch

He headed the War Industries Board which placed the control of industries into the hands of the federal government. It was a prime example of War Socialism.

orval faubus

He is best known for his 1957 stand against the desegregation of Little Rock public schools during the Little Rock Crisis, in which he defied the United States Supreme Court by ordering the Arkansas National Guard to stop African American students from attending Little Rock Central High School

wendell willkie

He led the opposition of utilities companies to competition from the federally funded Tennessee Valley Authority. His criticism of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt led to his dark-horse victory at the 1940 Republican Party presidential convention. After a vigorous campaign, he won only 10 states but received more than 22 million popular votes, the largest number received by a Republican to that time.

Robert F. Kennedy

He ran for President in 1968; stirred a response from workers, African Americans, Hispanics, and younger Americans; would have captured Democratic nomination but was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan after victory speech during the California primary in June 1968.

dean acheson

He was Secretary of State under Harry Truman. It is said that he was more responsible for the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine than those that the two were named for.

albert b fall

He was Secretery of the Interior during Harding's administration, and was a scheming anticonservationist. He was convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and collecting bribes, which was called the Tea Pot Dome scandal.

victoriano huerta

He was a Mexican military officer and President of Mexico who was also leader of the violent revolution that took place in 1913. His rise to power caused many Mexicans to cross the border as well as angering the United States who saw him as a dictator.

valeriano weyler

He was a Spanish General referred to as "Butcher" Weyler. He undertook to crush the Cuban rebellion by herding many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps, where they could not give assistance to the armed insurrectionists. The civilians died in deadly pestholes. "Butcher" was removed in 1897.

dupuy de lome

He was a Spanish minister in Washington who wrote a private letter to a friend concerning President McKinley (called him basically usless and indecisive) The discovery of his letter strained Spanish-American relations, which helped initiate the Spanish-American War.

Lord North

He was a Tory and a loyal supporter of King George III. While serving as Prime Minister he overreacted to the Boston Tea Party and helped precipitate the American Revolution. Repealed Townshend acts

thomas jefferson

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

george a. custer

He was a former general of the Civil War. He was nicknamed the "boy general." During the Sioux War of 1876-1877 he attacked 2,500 Sioux warriors near the Little Big Horn river in Montana and was completely wiped out. He and his 264 men's defeat was partially due to when two supporting colums failed to come to their rescue as reinforcement.

alexander graham bell

He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. This greatly improved communications in the country.

lord ashburton

He was sent by England to Washington in 1842 to work things out with Secretary Webster over boundary disputes. He was a nonprofessional diplomat that was married to a wealthy American woman. He and Webster finally compromised on the Maine boundary. They split the area of land and Britain kept the Halifax-Quebec route.

thomas dewey

He was the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948. As a leader of the liberal faction of the Republican party he fought the conservative faction led by Senator Robert A. Taft, and played a major role in nominating Dwight D. Eisenhower for the presidency in 1952.

dwight d eisenhower

He was the U. S. general who led the attack in North Africa in Nov. of 1942.He was the master organizer of the D-Day invasion in Europe (June 6, 1944). He ran for the Republican ticket in the 1952 and the1956 elections and won. He was very well liked by the public.

james monroe

He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars

John adams

He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself

walter mondale

He was the vice president of Carter and when he won the democratic nomination he was defeated by a landslide by Reagan. He was the first presidential candidate to have a woman vice president, Geraldine Ferraro.

alexander stephens

He was the vice-president of the Confederacy until 1865 when it was defeated and destroyed by the Union. Like the other leaders of the Confederacy, he was under indictment for treason.

daniel shays

Head of Shay's Rebellion; he and several other angry farmers violently protested against debtor's jail; eventually crushed; aided in the creation of constitution because land owners now wanted to preserve what was theirs from "mobocracy"

samuel gompers

Head of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Was apprentice to a shoemaker, but went to help his dad in a cigar company, but he could not feed his family with that pay. His family moved to a tenement apartment on NYC Lower East Side. He became President of the Cigarmakers' Union and persuaded other craft unions to band together with his union to form the AFL. For the next 38 years, he worked for the AFL, making it a major force in the industrial world. He believed that if workers make good pay, it will make everyone prosperous. He believes in fair wages for all.

george creel

Head of the Committee on Public Information 1917 which was allegedly formed to combat wartime rumors by providing authoritative info. It served as propaganda agency proclaiming the govn'ts version of reality and discrediting those who questioned that version.

henry cabot lodge

Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.

john jay

His involvement in the First Continental Congress drew him into full-time public service. He was elected president of the Second Continental Congress on December 10, 1778. Along with Ben Franklin and John Adams, he successfully negotiated the terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Convinced that the Articles of Confederation did not provide a strong enough central government, he wrote five Federalist Papers in support of the new Constitution. President George Washington named him to be the first chief justice of the Supreme Court. Washington then asked him in 1794 to negotiate a treaty with Great Britain that recognized U.S. neutrality rights. His success was limited. The treaty he returned with bought time and helped avoid a war, but it did not contain British acceptance of American neutrality rights or halt the impressment of American seamen. He resigned as chief justice in 1795 to become governor of New York. First chief justice

living and working conditions in cities

Housing problems, tenements, push for housing reform- city based safety codes.

hiram w evans

Imperial wizard of the Ku Klux Klan. Advocated "100 percent Americanism".

whiskey rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

john pickering

In 1804 Jefferson used the impeachment power against Pickering, a partisan Federalist judge. District Judge Pickering of New Hampshire. Pickering was clearly insane and was given to profane and drunken harangues from the bench. Although insanity is not a high crime or misdemeanor, the Senate decided that the drinking on the bench was an impeachable offense and Pickering was impeached.

Tallmadge amendment

In 1819, Representative Tallmadge proposed an amendment to the bill for Missouri's admission to the Union, which the House passed but the Senate blocked. The amendment would have prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and would have mandated the emancipation of slaves' offspring born after the state was admitted. In 1821, Congress reached a compromise for Missouri's admission known as the Missouri Compromise.

trent affair

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release

front porch campaign

In 1896, William McKinley conducted this low-key campaign wherein he never left his Canton, Ohio home. Large crowds of spectators were brought to his home to meet the candidate. This campaign contrasted sharply with McKinley'sopposing candidate, William Jennings Bryan, who gave over 600 speeches and traveled many miles all over the United States to campaign. McKinley outdid this by spending about twice as much money. McKinley won this election.

charles r forbes

In 1923 he resigned as head of the Veteran's Bureau. He swindled $200 million from the government in building Veteran's hospitals. He was sentenced to two years in the penitentiary. This was part of the Harding scandal and the "Ohio gang"

nye committee

In 1934 Senator Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota held hearings to investigate the country's involvement on WW1; this committee documented the huge profits that arms factories had made during the war

spanish civil war

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

montgomery bus boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

berlin wall

In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989.

iranian hostage crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

geraldine ferraro

In 1984 she was the first woman to appear on a major-party presidential ticket. She was a congresswoman running for Vice President with Walter Mondale.

bay of pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

kent state killings

In April of 1970, police fired into an angry crowd of college students at Kent State University. Four students were killed and many others were wounded. The students were protesting against Nixon ordering US troops to seize Cambodia without consulting Congress.

march on washington

In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.

gaspee incident

In June, 1772, the British customs ship Gaspée ran around off the colonial coast. When the British went ashore for help, colonials boarded the ship and burned it. They were sent to Britain for trial. Colonial outrage led to the widespread formation of Committees of Correspondence.

lowell girls

In a textile mill at Lowell, Massachusetts virtually all of the workers were New England farm girls. They were supervised on and off the job, and even escorted to and from church. They had few opportunities to express their discontentment regardiong their working conditions. Was one example of inhumane labor conditions in America during the Industrial Revolution.

old and new lights

In the early 1700's, old lights were simply orthodox members of the clergy who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching were unnecessary. New lights were the more modern- thinking members of the clergy who strongly believed in the Great Awakening. These conflicting opinions changed certain denominations, helped popularize missionary work and assisted in the founding educational centers now known as Ivy League schools

corrupt bargain

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

glorious revolution

In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights.gov't of people

pontiac

Indian Chief; led post war flare-up in the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes Region in 1763; his actions led to the Proclamation of 1763; the Proclamation angered the colonists.

enemies list

Informal name of what started as a list of President of the United States Richard Nixon's major political opponents compiled by Charles Colson, written by George T. Bell[1] (assistant to Colson, special counsel to the White House), and sent in memorandum form to John Dean on September 9, 1971. The list was part of a campaign officially known as "Opponents List" and "Political Enemies Project."

office of price administration

Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. The OPA froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation.

internal/ external taxation

Internal taxation taxed goods within the colonies and acted much like a sales tax. The Stamp Act of 1765 is an example of internal taxation. External taxation applied to imports into the colonies. The merchant importing the good paid the tax on it, much like the Sugar Act of 1764. Colonists were more accepting of external taxation and more opposed to internal taxation.

marshall plan

Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.

comstock law

Introduced to congress by Anthony Comstock, the founder of the New York Society for the Supresssion of Vice. Was the most powerful spokesman for censorship. The law banned any mail that was designed to incite lust. Comstock was made a special agent to the postmaster general, and confiscated a large quantity of mail that was believed to violate this law.

cotton gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields

ayatollah khomeini

Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989)

Emancipation proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

national bank act

It raised money for the Union in the American Civil War by enticing banks to buy federal bonds, and taxed state bonds out of existence. It helped the Union war effort economically.

the grange

It was a farmers' movement involving the affiliation of local farmers into area "granges" to work for their political and economic advantages. The official name of the National Grange is the Patrons of Husbandry the Granger movement was successful in regulating the railroads and grain warehouses

2nd bank of the united states

It was a federal establishment operated by the gov't as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. Significance: It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819.

10 percent plan

It was a reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be erection of a state gov. and then purified regime. (Lincoln). Proclamation of Amnestt abd Reconstruction

judiciary act of 1789

It was an act past by the first Congress that established the first federal courts and organized the Supreme Court comprised of a chief justice and five associates, as well as federal district and circuit courts. This act completed the three branch government with a judiciary branch which was strong enough to still stand today. E

homestead strike

It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.

united states steel

J. P. Morgan and the attorney Elbert H. Gary founded U.S. Steel in 1901 (incorporated on February 25) by combining the Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company with Gary's Federal Steel Company and William Henry "Judge" Moore's National Steel Company for $492 million. It was capitalized at $1.4 billion, making it the world's first billion-dollar corporation.

kitchen cabinet

Jackson's group of unofficial advisors consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues. Jackson used the Kitchen Cabinet more than his official Cabinet.

force act

Jackson's response to South Carolina's nullification of the Tariff of 1832; enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act

eugene debs

Labor leader and socialist who was a tireless spokesman for labor radicalism; founded the American Railway Union and was caught up in the Pullman Strike of 1894 and sentenced to six months in jail as a result; organized the Social Democratic party in 1897 and ran for President in 1900, 1904 and 1912.

stay laws

Laws that delay or postpone something. During the 1780s many states passed laws to delay the due date on debts because of the serious economic problems of the times

alien and sedition laws

Laws that were passed after George Washington served his terms. the alien act says that the president has broad powers over alien(foreigners) From coming into the country. The sedition act says that it is a crime to criticize the government in the newspaper

chief joseph

Lead the Nez Perce during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. His speech "I Will Fight No More Forever" mourned the young Indian men killed in the fighting.

eugene v debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

league of women voters

League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws

mark twain

Master of satire. A regionalist writer who gave his stories "local color" through dialects and detailed descriptions. His works include The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, "The Amazing Jumping Frog of Calaverus County," and stories about the American West.

Lincoln's Generals of Potomac

McDowell, McClellan, Burnside, Hooker, Meade, McClellan again, Grant

gavrilo princip

Member of a terrorist organization called The Black Hand. Helped to end the optimistic Progressive era in America. Murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. Wanted to set Bosnia free from Austria-Hungary

sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990

moderate republican

Moderate republicans agreed with Lincoln's ideals. They believed that the seceded states should be restored to the Union swiftly and on the terms of Congress, not the President. The radical republicans believed that the South should pay dearly for their crimes. The radicals wanted to social structure of the South to be changed before it was restored to the Union. They wanted the planters punished and the blacks protected by federal power. They were against Abraham Lincoln.

settlement houses

Mostly run by middle-class native-born women, settlement houses in immigrant neighborhoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the United States. Many women, both native-born and immigrant, developed life-long passions for social activism in the settlement houses. Jane Addams's Hull House in Chicago and Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in New York City were two of the most prominent.

upton sinclair

Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Doctor who helped Booth

Mudd

leland stanford

Multimillionaire railroad builder, he founded Stanford University in memory of his only son, who died young. He founded the Central Pacific Railroad.

other royal colonies

NJ, SC, NC, GA

Bayonne decree

Napoleon issued this in 1808, calling for seizure of U.S. ships in French-controlled waters

Continental System

Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.

suez crisis

Nasser took over the Suez Canal to show separation of Egypt from the West, but Israel, the British, Iraq, and France were all against Nasser's action. The U.S. stepped in before too much serious fighting began.

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association: American Women of Suffrage Association: focused on women voting and nothing else combined with the National Women Suffrage Association: focused on all women's suffrage, headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1890. They argued society would improve if the electorate consisted of women because it would be less corrupt. Another great leader was Carrie Chapman Catt, who was organized, politically skillful, and had a huge commitment to social reform. The NAWSA's main objective was to get women the right to vote. They focused on a state-to-state approach. After the Congressional Union (Alice Paul and Alva Belmont) focused on amending the constitution to give women the right to vote the NAWSA began focusing on constitutional amendments. By 1919 ¾ of the states agreed and the nineteenth amendment was in affect.

NSC-68

National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

metacom

Native American chief who fought against English colonists in the King Philip's War

apache

Native American-Indian tribe; 1870's; group from Arizona and New Mexico led by Geronimo were difficult to control; chased into Mexico by Federal troops; they became successful farmers raising stock in Oklahoma

native relations

Native Americans were at first on good terms with British (colonists), but when the colonists started to drive Native Americans from their lands and kill them, the relations between the two became bad (French and Indian War)

clayton act

New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions

chester nimitz

Nimitz served as an Admiral in the Battle of Midway in 1942. He commanded the American fleet in the Pacific Ocean and learned the Japanese plans through "magic" decoding of their radio messages. With this intercepted information, Nimitz headed the Japanese off and defeated them.

spiro agnew

Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. he was replaced by Gerald R. Ford.

title IX

No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance

olive branch petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

gifford pinchot

One of the country's first scientific foresters, appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1881 as the chief of the newly created Division of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture; worked to develop programs and public interest in conservation, but was fired in 1910 by President William Howard Taft after exposing a supposed scandal involving western conservation land in what came to be known as the Ballinger-Pinchot affair.

sandra day o'conner

One of the three conservative-minded justices appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court by Reagan. When she was sworn in on September 25, 1981, she became the first woman to ascend to the high bench in the Court's nearly two-hundred-year history.

new jersey plan

Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states. Proposed by William Patterson COngress would have equal representation

stephen w. kearny

Ordered by President Polk to lead forces from Fort Leavenworth, Missouri, across the Rockies and into New Mexico. Captured Santa Fe in 1846 without firing a shot and then marched on to California to help American forces secure their position there. "Army of the West" Claimed NM

patrick henry

Outspoken member of House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with "Give me liberty or give me death" speech

napoleon bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

revenue act

Parliament passed the Revenue taxes in 1767. The Act taxed glass, paint, lead, paper, paint, and tea. In colonial opinion, it was just like the Stamp Act in that, though it was said to be an external tax, it was still put into effect solely to raise revenue for the British treasury. It further angered colonial resentment to Charles Townshend.

staple act of 1663

Parliament regulates the goods going to the colonies, often everything had to come through England from foreign countries before going to the colonies.

civil rights act 1866

Passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition. Johnson vetoed. Overridden because he said that "we've never protected whites like this"

indian removal act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

1862 homestead act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

homestead act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

national defense education act

Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

Freedmen's Bureau bill

Passed on March 3, 1865, by Congress to aid former slaves through education, health care, and employment, it became a key agency during Reconstruction, assisting freedmen (freed ex-slaves) in the South. Johnson vetoed because it strengthened private instututions, then he said that freedmen should manage for themselves. Veto overridden

warren g harding

Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over

lyman beecher

Presbyterian clergyman, temperance movement leader and a leader of the Second Great Awakening of the United States.

william tennent

Presbyterian minister who played a chief role in the Great Awakening in Central New Jersey by calling prayer meetings known as the Refreshings around the 1730's. Another one of his significant projects was the founding of his influential Log College which had teachers educated in all areas of study.

great society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

saddam hussein

President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.

George Greenville

Prime Minister of England, began enforcing 1763 Navigation Acts strictly and instituted sugar act and stamp act

initiative

Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters.

long drive

Process in which Texas cowboys would drive herds of cattle thousands strong over the plains until they reached a railroad terminal, such as Dodge City, Abilene, or Cheyenne.

mass distribution

Products are made available to as many consumers as possible through a variety of retail outlets, including supermarkets, convenience stores, and mass merchandisers ro discount stores.

square deal

Progressive concept by Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.

Civil rights act of 1875

Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. No strong enforcement

18th amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

booker T washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

jane addams

Prominent social reformer who was responsible for creating the Hull House. She helped other women join the fight for reform, as well as influencing the creation of other settlement houses.

GI bill

Provided for college or vocational training for returning WWII veterens as well as one year of unemployment compensation. Also provided for loans for returning veterens to buy homes and start businesses.

meat inspection act

Required strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers and created a program of federal meat inspection. It came about in 1906 as a result of president Roosevelt reading Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. Roosevelt appointed a commission of experts. To investigate the meat packing industry. Then the commission issued a report backing up Sinclair's account of the disgusting conditions in the industry.

revenue act of 1921

Reversed the high tax rates enacted during WW I. Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon argued that significant tax reduction was necessary in order to spur economic expansion and restore prosperity.

immigration restriction act

Revised the 1921 Immigration Act by changing the national quotas to 2% of number of foreign born counted of the nationality in 1890

The bear flag revolt

Revolt against Mexico by American settlers in California who declared the area an independent republic

thomas paine

Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man

CREEP

Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.

john white

Roanoke's colony leader who returned to England for more food and tools--when he finally returned to Roanoke the colony had vanished--the only clue he found of Roanoke or the "Lost colony" was the native american tribes name "CROATAN"

rodney king riots

Rodney King was a Black man beat by white cops, caught on tape yet the white cops are set free, this causes riots in black community in Los Angeles (April 26, 1992 Sublime song about this)

roosevelt corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. U.S. was granted the right to intervene militarily in neighboring countries in cases of "chronic wrong-doing" such as not paying debts or failure to maintain order. This made the U.S. an "international police power."

william h. seward

Secretary of state under President Andrew Johnson, who believed that the United States must inevitably exercise commercial domination "on the Pacific Ocean, and its islands and continents"; engineered the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 as a way of removing the most recent colonial power from the New World.

Indian trading post scandal

Secretary of war accepted bribes from merchant who traded with Indians at army pots in the West. Post-office contracts went to carriers who offered the highest kick backs. opens peoples eyes

Lewis and clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase. Explored oregon

2nd Great Awakening

Series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on methodism and baptism, stressed philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for protestants.

nuremburg trials

Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes

peggy eaton affair

Sex scandal involving members of Jackson's cabinet Forced several members of Jackson's cabinet to resign, allowing Van Buren to be elevated as Jackson's successor

panama canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746)

texas declaration of independence

Signed March 2, 1836 . contained three section: the right of revolution, grievances against Mexico governement, and proclamation of independence. Grievances included the arrest of Stephen F. Austin, failure to establish public education, military occupation,and denial of the rights such as trial by jury and freedom of religion. Ignited war

payne-aldrich tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

fort sumter

Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, on April 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day.

nat turner

Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery.

bulgaria

Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on Byzantine Empire; defeated by Emperor Basil II in 1014

bootleggers

Smugglers of illegal alcohol during the Prohibition era

john c. breckinridge

Southern Democrat from KT in the presidential election of 1860 Buchanan's VP. Pro-slavery. Supported extension of salvery into the territories

afghanistan invasion

Soviet troops did this in 1979-an aggressive action that ended a decade of improving US soviet union- Us feared that it might lead to a soviet move to control the oil rich perisan gulf

francisco franco

Spanish General; organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to the Spanish Civil War. Leader of the Nationalists - right wing, supported by Hitler and Mussolini, won the Civil War after three years of fighting.

reconcentration

Spanish policy that herded Cuban peasants off their farms into heavily fortified cities followed by systematic destruction.

federal reserve act

Sparked by the Panic of 1893 and 1907, the 1913 Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve System, which issued paper money controlled by government banks.

KKK

Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic.

equal rights amendment

Supported by the National Organization for Women, this amendment would prevent all gender-based discrimination practices. However, it never passed the ratification process.

federalists

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution. Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, John Jay, James Madison

committee to defend america by aiding the allies

Supporters of the aid to Britain formed propaganda groups. This one is the most potent propaganda group with its double-barreled argument. To the interventionists it could appeal for direct relief to the British. To Isolationists, it could appeal for assistance to the democracies. (p. 812)

miranda v arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

Mass threatens secession if

TX added

cash-and-carry

Term for the President's discretionary authority to require that warring nations who purchased goods other than arms or munitions had to pay in cash and then carry them away in its own ships, an ingenious scheme to preserve a profitable trade without running the risk of war.

treaty of velasco

Texans captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign it recognizing the Republic of Texas. Not recognized by Mexico- disputed boundaries and TX wants to annex

massive retaliation

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

midnight judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

marbury v. madison

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789). Marbury was a justice of peace who sued for writ of mandamus

harry truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

trail of tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

helsinki accords

The Final Act of the Helsinki conference in 1975 in which the thirty-five nations participating agreed that Europe's existing political frontiers could not be changed by force. They also solemnly accepted numerous provisions guaranteeing the human rights and political freedoms of their citizens.

suffolk resolves

The First Continental Congress endorsed Massachusetts's Suffolk Resolves, which declared that the colonies need not obey the 1773 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties.

rough riders

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

the lusitania

The Germans had posted warnings in the newspaper, but the USA believed that citizens should be able to travel. The Lusitania was a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The unrestricted submarine warfare caused the U.S. to enter World War I against the Germans.

bull moose party

The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.

cordell hull

The Secretary of State who believed that trade was a two-way street, that a nation can sell abroad only as it buys abroad, that tariff barriers choke off foreign trade, and that trade wars beget shooting wars. He was one of the main contributors to the reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers. (P.802)

southern strategy

The Southern Strategy was a term that described the Republicans' move to campaign in the south after it had broken with the Democrats over civil rights. This was the beginning of the Republican domination of the south American sees today in national politics., Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

battle of fallen timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

okinawa

The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000.

nueces river

The U.S. and Mexico disputed over the southern boundary of Texas. The Y.S. said that the Rio Grande River was the legitimate border, while Mexico argued that the Nueces River was the southern border of Texas. The Nueces River had always been the Texan border, but by demanding the Rio Grand River as the border, Texas received more land from Mexico.

battle of wounded knee

The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek, was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

reverse discrimination

The assertion that affirmative action programs that require preferential treatment for minorities discriminate against those who have no minority status.

tariff of abominations

The bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings.

new frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

joint-stock company

The company sold shares of stock to finance the outfitting of overseas expeditions; colonies founded by joint-stock companies included Jamestown (Virginia Company) and New Amsterdam (Dutch West India Company. a charter in 1612 made london company a joint=stock company

declaration of independence

The document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence.

9th amendment

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

destroyers for bases

The exchange of 50 older U.S. ships to Britain in September 1940 for the U.S. right to take 99 year leases on naval and air bases on British territory in the western hemisphere. This is an example of how FDR avoided violating isolationist law and sentiment while providing aid to Britain which was, after June 1940, under dire threat as the only power actively opposing the Axis powers. FDR presented the agreement as a means of strengthening U.S. defenses and making its action outside the western hemisphere unnecessary.

reaganomics

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

potsdam conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

jackie robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

antietam

The first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation september 17, 1862. Bloody lane. Union had found confederate plan. McClellan pulled a mcClellan

st. mary's city

The first settlement in Maryland established by King Charles II

shot heard 'round the world

The first shot fired of the Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord when a group of armed minutemen confronted a British column.

James madison

The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812.

alfred landon

The governor of Kansas, chosen candidate for the Republicans in the campaign of 1936. A moderate who accepted some New Deal Reforms, but not the Social Security Act. His loss to FDR was mainly because he never appealed to the "forgotten man".

paris peace conference

The great rulers and countries excluding germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

comparable worth

The issue raised when women who hold traditionally female jobs are paid less than men for working at jobs requiring comparable skill

missouri compromise

The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

atlantic charter

The joint declaration, in August 1941, by Roosevelt and Churchill, stating common principles for the free world: self-determination, free choice of government, equal opportunities for all nations for trade, permanent system of general security and disarmament.

inchon landing

The landing of UN troops, by General Douglas MacArthur, behind enemy lines at Inchon in Korea. In order to push back the North Korean troops.

henry kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

big four

The major Allied leaders who made all of the important decisions at the Peace Conference at Versailles. Georges Clemensau (France), Woodrow Wilson(U.S.), Vittorio Orlando(Italy), David Lloyd George(Britain).

portsmouth conference

The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those two countries.

abolitionism

The militant effort to do away with slavery. It began in the north in the 1700's. Becoming a major issue in the 1830's, it dominated politics by the 1840's. Congress became a battle ground between the pro and anti slavery forces

federal reserve act

The most important piece of economic legislation between the Civil War and the New Deal. It created a regulatory agency for banking with 12 regional reserve districts. Each bank was independent but was controlled by the Federal Reserve Board, which was controlled by the public. The Federal Reserve controls the amount of money in circulation through reserves and interest rates.

gettysburg

The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863. Meade's goal was to stand strong. Lee got ancient and ordered Pickett's charge

Baltimore and ohio railroad

The nation's first commercial railroad began in 1828. Opened vast new areas of the American interior to settlement, while stimulating the mining of coal for fuel and the manufacture of iron for locomotives and rails

frederick taylor

The original "efficiency expert" who, in the book The Principles of Scientific Management from 1911, preached the gospel of efficient management of production time and costs, the proper routing and scheduling of work, standardization of tools and equipment, and the like.

frederick w taylor

The original "efficiency expert" who, in the book The Principles of Scientific Management from 1911, preached the gospel of efficient management of production time and costs, the proper routing and scheduling of work, standardization of tools and equipment, and the like.

unterseeboot

The original German name for a U-Boat, a military submarines operated by Germany in World War I. The primary targets were merchant convoys carrying supplies between the Allied Nations, however certain civilian targets were sunk occasionally.

james b duke

The owner of the American Tobacco Company that established a virtual monopoly over the processing of raw tobacco into marketable materials, showing that the South is becoming industrialized.

greenback party

The party opposed the shift from paper money back to a specie-based monetary system because it believed that privately owned banks and corporations would then reacquire the power to define the value of products and labor. Conversely, they believed that government control of the monetary system would allow it to keep more currency in circulation, as it had in the war

ohio river valley

The point of contention that sparked the French and Indian War. Both the French and British claimed it. They wanted the area because the rivers allowed for transportation.

big-stick democracy

The policy held by Teddy Roosevelt in foreign affairs. The "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them.

impeachment

The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of representatives may impeach the president by a majority vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."

10th amendment

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

tobacco

The primary staple crop of early Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina; john rolfe. financed indentured servants. sugar replaced tobacco in barbados.

speculation

The process of selecting investments with higher risk in order to profit from an anticipated price movement.

internal improvements

The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. There was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund internal improvements, since it was not specifically given that power by the Constitution.

thomas proviso

The proposal made and accepted that if the North would admit Missouri as a slave state, the South would agree that slavery would not be permitted north of 36,60. This is seen as a gain for the North, because this means that the newly added Westward states will be without slavery in the North.

aroostook war

The result of the conflict over The Caroline ship, which consisted of angry Americans and Canadians, mostly lumberjacks, began moving into the disputed Aroostook River region, causing a violent brawl. Only war ever declared by a state. New Brunswick vs Maine

french revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

fifteenth amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

new immigration

The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; betwen 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.

elk hills

The second naval oil reserve involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal located in California (the first naval oil reserve is in Teapot Dome, Wyoming)

andrew jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

quarantine speech

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

federal reserve system

The system created by Congress in 1913 to establish banking practices and regulate currency in circulation and the amount of credit available. It consists of 12 regional banks supervised by the Board of Governors. Often called simply the Fed.

cotton belt

The term by which the American South used to be known, as cotton historically dominated the agricultural economy of the region. The same area is now known as the New South or Sun Belt because people have migrated here from older cities in the industrial north for a better climate and new job opportunities.

new south

The term has been used with different applications in mind. The original use of the term "New South" was an attempt to describe the rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy

ludlow massacre

The violent deaths of 20 people, 11 of them children, during an attack by the Colorado National Guard on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado in the on April 20, 1914.

new nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Nationalism called for a national approach to the country's affairs and a strong president to deal with them. It also called for efficiency in government and society; it urged protection of children, women, and workers; accepted "good" trusts; and exalted the expert and the executive. Additionally, it encouraged large concentrations of capital and labor.

boom towns

These grew near all the major mining sites. Eventually, restaurants, hotels, and other places were built in order to accommodate the miners.

william and mary

These people were the king and queen of England after the Glorious Revolution that recognized the supremacy of the English Parliament; toleration act and declaration of rights. england became limited constitutional monarchy

reservationists

These were Republicans who wanted no part with the League of Nations unless there were some changes. They were a burden to the vote on the League of Nations and had a part in its failure to pass.

radical republicans

These were a small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after.

populists

They demanded government help with falling farm prices and regulation of railroad rates. They also called for an income tax, an eight hour workday, and limits on immigration. They also wanted FREE SILVER. They wanted all silver mined in the West to be coined into money. They said that farm prices dropped because there was not enough money in circulation. Free silver would increase the money supply and make it easier for farmers to repay their debts.

seminole indians

They lived in Florida. They waged a seven years war against the Americans to try and remain in the east instead of being forcibly removed to the west. They were tricked into a truce where their chief Osceola was captured. Most were moved to Oklahoma while others remained hidden in the everglades.

paxton boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

jules and ethel rosenberg

They were convicted in 1951 of giving atomic bomb data found by American scientists to the Soviet Union. They are the only Americans ever executed during peacetime for espionage.

wabash case

This 1886 case overturned the earlier Munn vs. Illinois case. In this case, the Supreme Court severely limited the right of states to regulate businesses that dealt with interstate commerce. This meant only the federal government had a power that had been granted to the states. Farmers responded to this case with increased political organizing, and Congress responded by creating the first real business regulatory body: the Interstate Commerce Commission.

the jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

selective service act

This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 had registered; 2.8 had been inducted into the army. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.

albert einstein

This 20th Century scientist revolutionized the way scientists thought about space, time and matter, the most notable being his theory of relativity.

kansas-nebraska act

This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare. Repealed Missouri Compromise and rekindled controversy from compromise of 1850

william jennings bryan

This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

election of 1912

This United States presidential election was fought among three major candidates. Incumbent President William Howard Taft was renominated by the Republican Party. Former President Theodore Roosevelt failed to receive the Republican nomination and called his own convention and created the Progressive Party (nicknamed the "Bull Moose Party"). Woodrow Wilson won the Democratic nomination. The split between Roosevelt and Taft helped Wilson win the election. Wilson was the second of only two Democrats to be elected President between 1860 and 1932. This was also the last election in which a candidate who was not a Republican or Democrat came second in either the popular vote or the Electoral College.

foraker act

This act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council.

Embargo act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

civil rights act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

gibbons v ogden

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

manifest destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

buffalo bill cody

This former pony express rider and Indian fighter and hero of popular dime novels for children traveled around the U.S. and Europe and put on popular Wild West shows. The shows included re-enactments of Indian battles and displays of horsemanship and riflery

hideki tojo

This general was premier of Japan during World War II while this man was dictator of the country. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944

war industries board

This government agency oversaw the production of all American factories. It determined priorities, allocated raw materials, and fixed prices; it told manufacturers what they could and could not produce.

george meade

This man was the leader of the Union forces when they met with Lee's army in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, where the most famous Civil War battle took place.

article x

This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

old guard republicans

This phrase refers to Republicans who have been in politics for a very long time. They have very conservative politics. Unlike younger Republicans, they have not updated their political stances in the last couple of decades. They also tend to be less willing to compromise than their more youthful and updated counterparts.

petersburg

This railroad junction south of Richmond was the site of a 10 month standoff between Lee's and Grant's troops. The Union tried to defeat the Confederacy with explosives at the Battle of the Crater, but the plan backfired. The Union eventually broke through the Confederate line, sending Lee on the run and allowing the Union to capture the city and Richmond in April of 1865.

credit mobilier scandal

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.

thomas edison

This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment.

fordney-mccumber tariff

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.

burlingame treaty

This treaty with China was ratified in 1868. It encouraged Chinese immigration to the United States at a time when cheap labor was in demand for U.S. railroad construction. It doubled the annual influx of Chinese immigrants between 1868 and 1882. The treaty was reversed in 1882 by the Chinese Exclusion Act.

gospel of wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

point four program

This was a program for economic aid to poor countries announced by United States President Truman in his inaugural address on January 20, 1949. It took its name from the fact that it was mentioned as the fourth among the foreign policy objectives mentioned in the speech.

morrill tarriff act

This was a protective tariff in 1861. It brought up rates to protect industry and the wages of the industrial workers. It helped protect trade during the Civil War. It was able to be passed because the Southerners, who had a tendency to oppose the tariffs, were out of the Union.

shiloh

This was battle fought by Grant in an attempt to capture the railroad of the South. The battle was fought in the west prevented the north from obtaining an easy victory. However, the Confederates strong resistance showed that they would not go quietly and the war was far from over. Named after church. April 1862. Bloodiest battle of civil war (Confederacy, Union). West Tenn loses confederacy. Troops lost, but a victory

immigration quota act

This was passed in 1924 which cut quotas for foreigners from 3 % to 2% of the total number of immigrants. The main purpose was to freeze America's existing racial composition which was largely Northern European. It also prevented Japanese immigration which led to fury in Japan.

black codes

To keep African-Americans from their inalienable rights. They deprived blacks of life, liberty or property without due process of law. In 1866, a small group of leaders in the Radical Republican Party got Congress to pass a Civil Rights Act which eliminated it.

federal housing authority

To speed up the recovery of better homes, Roosevelt established the FHA in 1834. This stimulated small loans to house holders, both improving their dwellings, and competing for new ones.

north africa campaign

Took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940-16 May 1943. It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts and in Morocco and Algeria and Tunisia. The campaign was fought between the Allies and Axis powers. The Allied war effort was dominated by the British Commonwealth and exiles from German-occupied Europe. The U.S. entered the war in 1941 and began direct military assistance in North Africa, on 11 May 1942.

dutch west india company

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. founded by states general; african slave trade, brazil, carribbean, and NA.

treaty of 1818

Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.

treaty of paris (1763)

Treaty between Britain, France, and Spain, which ended the Seven Years War (and the French and Indian War). France lost Canada, the land east of the Mississippi, some Caribbean islands and India to Britain. France also gave New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi to Spain, to compensate it for ceeding Florida to the British.

martin luther king jr

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

EPA

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; responsible for managing federal efforts to control air and water pollution, radiation and pesticide hazards, environmental research, hazardous waste, and solid-solid waste disposal.

liberty league

US organization formed by conservative democrats such as All Smith and Joett Shouse. The League stated that it would work to defend and uphold the constitution and foster the right to work, earn, save, and acquire company. They lobbied against the reckless spending and "socialist" reforms of the New Deal.

union pacific railroad

Union Pacific: Began in Omaha in 1865 and went west. Central Pacific: Went east from Sacramento and met the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869, where the golden spike ceremony was held. Transcontinental railroad overcharged the federal government and used substandard materials.

irwin mcdowell

Union general in First Battle of Bull Run/Manassas who decided they should retreat as Confederate reinforcements came

anaconda plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south 1. capital, 2. Blockade. 3. Mississippi, 4. Capture richmond

john wilkes booth

United States actor and assassin of President Lincoln (1838-1865)

nicola sacco

United States anarchist (born in Italy) who with Bartolomeo Vanzetti was convicted of murder and in spite of world-wide protest was executed (1891-1927)

jesse jackson

United States civil rights leader who led a national anti-discrimination campaign and ran for presidential nomination (born in 1941)

meriwether lewis

United States explorer and soldier who lead led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River (1774-1809)

william clark

United States explorer who (with Meriwether Lewis) led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River, skilled mapmaker

mccarran act

United States federal law that required the registration of Communist organizations with the Attorney General in the United States and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons thought to be engaged in "un-American" activities, including homosexuals

alice paul

United States feminist (1885-1977), head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking;, Marched with the suffragist in England , was jailed and went on a hunger strike all to help British woman win the vote. returned home to support the cause of the suffrage for American woman

joseph hooker

United States general in the Union Army who was defeated at Chancellorsville by Robert E. Lee (1814-1879), Commanded the Union Army of the Potomac at Chancellorsville.

douglas macarthur

United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II

lincoln steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

william jennings bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

pearl harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

william faulkner

United States novelist (originally Falkner) who wrote about people in the southern United States (1897-1962)

benjamin spock

United States pediatrician whose many books on child care influenced the upbringing of children around the world (1903-1998)

daniel webster

United States politician and orator (1782-1817), Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850 and subsequently lost favor from his constituency

henry clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852)

dred scott

United States slave who sued for liberty after living in a non-slave state, caused the Supreme Court to declare the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional (1795?-1858). Slavery is legal everywhere. Roger B. Taney

UNIA

Universal negro improvement association; founded by marcus garvey to end racism through seperation of races

king george's war

War fought between Britain and France and Spain. It took place not only in Europe but also in North America with American colonists supporting the British with thousands of troops. In the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Britain gained lands in India but lost Louisburg, which embittered Anglo-American relations.

fort mchenry

War of 1812 site where Francis Scott Key was held prisoner. As battle ranges outside, he penned the words of Star Springled Banner

jeffery amherst

Was a British general that led British assault on Louisburg (Nova Scotia) to recapture it in 1758. He later died in 1779 from old age.

french and indian war

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

william henry harrison

Was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

john hay

Was the Secretary of State in 1899; dispatched the Open Door Notes to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the U.S.

john p altgeld

Was the governor of the U.S. state of Illinois from 1893 until 1897. He was the first Democratic governor of that state since the 1850s. A leading figure of the Progressive Era movement, he improved workplace safety and child labor laws, pardoned three of the men convicted of the Haymarket Riot, and, for a time, resisted calls to break up the Pullman strike with force.

jack dempsey

Was the most famous heavy-weight boxing champion of the 1920s. He helped make boxing a big money sport.

23rd amendment

Washington D.C. receives 3 electoral votes and the residents are allowed to vote in the Presidential election

South initially tries to head

West

normalcy

What Harding wanted a return to "normalcy" - the way life was before WW I.

panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

liberty bonds

Where people bought bonds so the government could get that money now for war. The bonds increased in interest over time.

zachary taylor

Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (mexican-american war). won the 1848 election. surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. he died during his term and his vice president was millard fillmore.

ironclads

Wooden ships with metal armor that were employed by both sides during the Civil War. The Monitor vs the Merimac (1863). New style of warfare

new freedom

Woodrow Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business competition and small government. It sought to reign in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore competition. It echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a planned one.

worchester v georgia

Worchester v. Georgia: 1832 - The Supreme Court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations. Georgia refused to enforce decision and President Jackson didn't support the Court. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: 1831 - The Supreme Court ruled that Indians weren't independent nations but dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government. From then until 1871, treaties were formalities with the terms dictated by the federal government.

uncle tom's cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict. Inspired by fugitive slave law

geneva accords

a 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

puerto rico

a U.S. territory; the U.S. gained it from Spain as a result of the Spanish-American War. People here have U.S. citizenship, and many here would like it to be a U.S. state.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

a United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. Several ships were named USS Mahan, including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers. His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890

george dewey

a United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines

battle of spotsylvania courthouse

a battle between the armies of Grant and Lee during the Wilderness Campaign

steamboat

a boat that is powered by a steam engine; they became popular in the U.S. in the early 1800s because they were well suited for river travel and could move upstream without wind power

rebate

a cash refund given for the purchase of a product during a specific period

sitting bull

a chief of the Sioux took up arms against settlers in the northern Great Plains and against United States Army troops; he was present at the battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when the Sioux massacred General Custer's troops (1831-1890)

headright

a colonist, system set up by the London Company that gave 50 acres of land to colonists who paid their own way to Virginia

trust

a consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service

injunction

a court order that forces or limits the performance of some act by a private individual or by a public official

edmund randolph

a delegate from Virginia at the Constitutional convention. He proposed the large state compromise of a bicameral legislature, first attorney general, drafted virginia plan

gulf war

a dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution

family system

a division of labor in which the husband earns enough money to support his family and the wife remains home to do housework and child care

mayflower compact

a document written by the Pilgrims establishing themselves as a political society and setting guidelines for self-government

kamikaze

a fighter plane used for suicide missions by Japanese pilots in World War II

authoritarianism

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

daniel ellsberg

a former American military analyst employed by the RAND Corporation who precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of government decision-making about the Vietnam War, to The New York Times and other newspapers.

pancho villa

a former bandit who claimed to represent "the people" behind the revolution; Wilson initially supported him; enraged when Carranza named de facto leader of Mexico and wanted to provoke American intervention, discredit Carranza, and himself up as an opponent of the "Gringos"; burned Columbus, New Mexico; American forces sent to pursue him but he eluded them

merrimack

a former wooden warship. The Confederates plated it with iron railroad rails. They renamed it the Virginia. The Virginia easily wrecked Union Navy ships and threatened to destroy the whole Navy. The Confederates later destroy the ship to keep it from the Union. This marks the end of wooden ships.

teapot dome scandal

a government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

tariff

a government tax on imports or exports

lost generation

a group of American writers that rebelled against America's lack of cosmopolitan culture in the early 20th century. Many moved to cultural centers such as London in Paris in search for literary freedom. Prominent writers included T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway among others.

virgin islands

a group of islands in northeastern West Indies (east of Puerto Rico) discovered by Christopher Colombus in 1493

patrons of husbandry

a group organized in 1867, the leader of which was Oliver H. Kelley. It was better known as the Grange. It was a group with colorful appeal and many passwords for secrecy. The Grange was a group of farmers that worked for improvement for the farmers.

boycott

a group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies

scopes trial

a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school

guerrilla warfare

a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

bill haywood

a labor leader of the (IWW), refused to accept the wages granted by the War Labor Board and War Industrial Board and urged his workers to strike for better wages. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison, and eventually moved to Soviet Russia where he was honored on his death by being buried in the Kremlin wall

peninsula campaign

a major Union operation launched in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862, the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. The operation, commanded by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, was an amphibious turning movement intended to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond by circumventing the Confederate States Army in northern Virginia. McClellan was initially successful against the equally cautious General Joseph E. Johnston, but the emergence of General Robert E. Lee changed the character of the campaign and turned it into a humiliating Union defeat.

scientific management

a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

richard henry lee

a member of the Philadelphia Congress during the late 1770's. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence and end to British relations.

al capone

a mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

enlightenment

a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

gold rush

a movement of many people to a region in which gold has been discovered. Rush in California started in 1848. Around 34,000 people moved to San Francisco. Many different ethnic groups including Asians, moved to California.

exoduster movement

a name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880. After the end of Reconstruction, racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of slavery led many freedmen to seek a new place to live. The state was reputed to be more progressive and tolerant than most others. The Kansas Exodus was an unorganized mass migration which began in 1879. Local relief agencies, such as the Kansas Freedman's Relief Association, did try to provide aid, but they could never do enough to meet the needs of the impoverished migrants.

f scott fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

atomic bomb

a nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission (splitting the nuclei of a heavy element like uranium 235 or plutonium 239)

common sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

harlem renaissance

a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

proprietor

a person who was granted charters of ownership by the king: proprietary colonies were Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware: proprietors founded colonies from 1634 until 1681:a famous proprietor is William Penn.

affirmative action

a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

activism

a policy of taking direct and militant action to achieve a political or social goal

iron curtain

a political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eatern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

common man

a political leader who worked his way up to the top from the bottom. Andrew Jackson was the model common man. He had been orphaned, so he fought in the Revolutionary War at age thirteen. In the War of 1812, he became a hero and launched his political career soon after. He was like the rest of the country, and that's why they liked him so much. The common man began to take over during the Jacksonian Democracy.

reciprocity

a practice where business purchasers choose to buy from their own customers

loyalty program

a promotional program designed to build long-term, mutually beneficial relationships between a company and its key customers

advertisements

a public announcement in a newspaper or on the radio, television, or internet promoting something such as a product for sale or an event

cornelius vanderbilt

a railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical., made millions from steamboat business, and used the money to merge local railroads to the New York Central Railroad.

ghost dance

a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead, Spiritual revival in 1890 by Indians that would lead to the massacre at Wounded Knee

protestant reformation

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church but resulted in the creation of new splinter churches who today are collectively known as Protestants

john t scopes

a science teacher who challenged the ban in Tennessee as unconstitutional and decided to test the law in the courts, he asked a friend to file suit against him for teaching evolution this was known as a popular case

treaty of san ildefonso

a secret treaty signed in 1800 which stated the formal transfer of Louisiana from Spanish to France again; it was kept a secret from US because France was afraid that they would try to take control of it

federalist papers

a series of 85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay (using the name "publius") published in NY newspapers and used to convice readers to adopt the new constitution. Federalist Paper number 10 is most famous

Utah

a state in the western United States, settled in 1847 by Mormons led by Brigham Young. Made state in 95 and ended polygamy. "Desiray"

bill of rights

a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution), proposed by James Madison

keating-owens act

a statute enacted by the U.S. Congress which sought to address child labor by prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of goods produced by factories that employed children under fourteen, mines that employed children younger than sixteen, and any facility where children under sixteen worked at night or more than eight hours daily

counterculture

a subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture

collective security

a system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all

Palo Alto

a town in Mexico that was the site of the first battle of the Mexican War. 5 hours and mexicans retreat

lawrence

a town in northeastern Kansas on the Kansas River, scene of raids by John Brown in 1856

jacob s coxey

a wealthy Ohio quarry owner turn populist who led a protest group to Washington D.C. to demand that the federal government provide the unemployed with meaningful work (during the depression of 1893). The group was arrested and disbanded peacefully in D.C. movements like this struck fear into American's hearts

sovereignty

ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states

john brown

abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

isolationism

abstention from alliances and other international political and economic relations; American foreign policy

stokley carmichael

activist in civil rights, leader of SNCC(student non violent coordinating committee), former SNCC leader, he quit and joined the Black panthers after calling for "Black Power Now!"

mexican-american war

after Mexican refusal to sell California-New Mexico region, Polk sent troops and it ended w/ Treat of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (46-48). Mexico didn't agree with boundary, wanted money, and california

andrew P. Butler

aged senator os SC; sumner attacked him for his slavery beliefs and made fun of his impared speech

indentured servitude

agree to work for term of years in exchange for the cost of passage.

three-fifths compromise

agreement at the constitutional Convention that 3/5 of the slaves in any state be counted in its population

munich agreement

agreement between Chamberlain and Hitler that Germany would not conquer any more land, and if did, would declare war

rome/berlin/tokyo axis

agreement between axis leaders to fight soviet Communism and not to stop each other from making foreign conquests

North america free trade agreement

agreement that reduced trade barriers among Mexico, Canada, and the United States

berlin airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Grant's issues

alcoholic and corruption

equal rights

all citizens are given the same rights no matter race, ethnicity, class, and sex

big three

allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt

Public Utility Holding Company Act

allowed a maximum of only two holding companies to control any one utility company

constitutional union party

also known as the "do-nothings" or "Old Gentlemen's" party; 1860 election; it was a middle of the road group that feared for the Union- consisted mostly of Whigs and Know-Nothings, met in Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee as candidate for presidency-the slogan for this candidate was "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the laws."

invisible empire of the south

also known as the Ku Klux Klan, this racist organization terrorized the blacks

valley forge

american winter training Winter 1777-1778

johnson's reconstruction plan

amnesty to confederates, must accept slavery, secession, and debt, provisional governors in confederacy,

charles lindbergh

an American aviator, engineer , and Pulitzer Prize winner. He was famous for flying solo across the Atlantic, paving the way for future aviational development.

frances willard

an American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist. Her influence was instrumental in the passage of the Eighteenth (Prohibition) and Nineteenth (Women Suffrage) Amendments to the United States Constitution. Willard became the national president of the World Woman's Christian Temperance Union, or World WCTU, in 1879, and remained president for 19 years. She developed the slogan "Do everything" for the women of the WCTU to incite lobbying, petitioning, preaching, publication, and education.

monroe doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

john j pershing

an American general who led troops against "Pancho" Villa in 1916. He took on the Meuse-Argonne offensive in 1918 which was one of the longest lasting battles- 47 days in World War I. He was the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I.

john d rockefeller

an American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history

eli whitney

an American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

francis townshend

an American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression

salmon p. chase

an American politician and jurist in the Civil War era who served as U.S. Senator from Ohio and Governor of Ohio; as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln; and as Chief Justice of the United States.

franklin pierce

an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States. Pierce's popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West.

william t. sherman

an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. He served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861-65), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy and criticism for the harshness of the "scorched earth" policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States

Jefferson Davis

an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

influenza

an acute febrile highly contagious viral disease

battle of britain

an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

j. pierpont morgan

an american financier, banker, philanthropist, and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. in 1892 morgan arranged the merger of edison general electric and thompson-houston electric company to form general electric.

american system

an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

santa fe trail

an important trade route going between Independence, Missouri and Santa fe, New mexico used from about 1821 to 1880. American manufactured goods for Mexican trade

league of nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nationsalthough suggested by Woodrow Wilson, the United States never joined and it remained powerless; it was dissolved in 1946 after the United Nations was formed

monitor

an iron-clad vessel built by Federal forces to do battle with the Merrimac

OPEC

an organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum

command of teh army act

any order must go through grant

spheres of influence

areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

reservations

areas of federal land set aside for American Indians

privateers

armed civilian ships that had their government's permission to attack enemy ships and keep their goods

king andrew i

as a new political party was created in opposition to the president, they began referring to Andrew Jackson with this name, representing his "abusive" use of political power.

american anti-slavey society

as an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass was a key leader of this society and often spoke at its meetings. William Wells Brown was another freed slave who often spoke at meetings. By 1838, the society had 1,350 local chapters with around 250,000 members.

charles J guiteau

assassinated President James to make civil service reform a reality. He shot Garfield because he believed that the Republican Party had not fulfilled its promise to give him a government job.

court packing

attempt by Roosevelt to appoint one new Supreme Court justice for every sitting justice over the age of 70 who had been there for at least 10 years. Wanted to prevent justices from dismantling the new deal. Plan died in congress and made opponents of New Deal inflamed.

land act of 1820

authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 per acre in cash, it also brought about cheap transportation and cheap money

newlands act

authorized to collect money from the sale of public lands in the sun-baked western states and then use these funds for the development of irrigation projects. Settlers repaid the cost of reclamation from their now-productive soil, and the money was put into a revolving fund to finance more such enterprises. The result was dozens of dams thrown across virtually every major Western River in the west.

calvin coolidge

became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

mary lease

became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation.

feminization of teaching

before the 1840s, the majority of teachers were men. There were two main reasons for hiring women teachers: they were seen as more nurturing, more able to teach younger children (so men started teaching older children), and they were cheaper to pay. It was presumed that women would be ineffective at teaching older boys.

vertical integration

beginnings of trusts (destruction of competition); vertical- controlling every aspect of production (control quality, eliminate middlemen - Rockefeller); horizontal- consolidating with competitors to monopolize a market (highly detrimental)

wilmont proviso

bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the war with mexico. Not moral, but economic. Caused sectoinalism (46)

robert livingston

bought New Orleans and all the French territory west of the Mississippi River from Napoleon for 15 million dollars. He was only supposed to negotiate for a small part of New Orleans for 10 million so Jefferson was upset when he heard about Livingston's deal.

flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

depression of 1893

caused by excessive building and overspeculation as well as a continued agricultural depression along with the free coining of silver and the collecting of debts by European banking houses, this was the worst economic downturn of the nineteenth century

gold rush of 1849

caused huge rise in California's population; 49ers came from all over the world; caused San Fransisco 2 become a convenient trade center and stopping point 4 settlers; San Fransisco's population grew

hawley-smoot tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

agent orange

chemical the U.S. used to destroy plant life in the jungle, but comtaminated drinking water and caused birth defects from those who were contaminated

causes of metacom's war

christianity, land lust, livestock, fear of extinction

no taxation without representation

claimed taxes were unjust, insisted only they or their elected reps had the right to pass taxes, parliament had no right ot tax them since they didnt elect reps, and they were willing to pay taxes only if their colonial legislatures passed them.

royal colony

colony run by a governor and a council appointed by the king or queen; first was virginia.

proprietary colony

colony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted; first= maryland

board of trade

commissioned by King William III of England to supervise commerce, recommend appointments of colonial officials, and review colonial laws to see that none interfered with trade or conflicted with the laws of England

national war labor board

composed of representatives from business and labor. It was chaired by former President William Howard Taft. Its purpose was to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers. Capitalizing on labor shortages during America's entrance into World War I, unions led by Samuel Gompers under the American Federation of Labor organized mass strikes for tangible gain. With more than 1200 cases heard the board ruled in favor of labor more often than not.

equal rights amendment

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

nickelodeons

converted storefronts in working-class neighborhoods that showed early short silent films usually lasting 15 minutes, requiring little comprehension of English, and costing only a nickel to view.

antinomianism

couldn't be saved by good actions, so the truly saved need not obey the laws of God or man

land ordinance of 1784

created a method for organizing territorial governments and for attaining full statehood in the Ohio River valley which stated that once a territory reached the population of the smallest state, that it would become a state

john marshall

created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court

National Industrial Recovery Act

created work codes and industry standards

hernan cortes

cuba to mexico. veracruz- aztecs in tenochtitlan. moctezuma gave him gold and he killed them. 1519. spainiards driven away- smallpox- tlaxcalan allies. .

US vs Peters

declares national laws supercede state las

nathaniel bacon

defeated susque then killed occaneechees. "beat" berkeley; king recalled berkeley

boston tea party

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

quebec act

designed to facilitate the incorporation of French Canadians into British America; Colonists feared a precedent had been established in the nonrepresentative government in Quebec; they resented the expansion of Quebec's territory, which they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763; they were offended by the Crown's recognition of Catholicism, since most Americans were Protestants

economic causes

different economies, panic of 1857, american system

effects of johnson's reconstruction

disenfranchised leading confederates, pardoned aristocrats, republicans outraged

saturday night massacre

dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal 1973

John tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

political causes

election of 1860, breakdown of parties, states' rights vs federal rights, popular soverignty

english sea dogs also attacked france and spain. sent by

elizabeth 2

After antietam, new goal

emancipation

Works Progress Administration

employed people for construction, maintenance, education, and creative projects

treaty of utrecht

ended war of spanish succession

non-intercourse act

ends embrago, 1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

giles enforcement act

enforces embargo act

henry hudson

englishman who saileed up north river and claimed land for netherlands

war production board

established in 1942 by executive order of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The purpose of the board was to regulate the production and allocation of materials and fuel during World War II in the United States. It rationed such things as gasoline, heating oil, metals, rubber, and plastics. It was dissolved shortly after the defeat of Japan in 1945.

Fair Labor Standards Act

established minimum wages and maximum hours for all employees of businesses engaged in interstate commerce

glass-steagall act

established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation.; were both reactions of the U.S. government to cope with the economic problems which followed the Stock Market Crash of 1929.

20 negro law

exempted those who owned or oversaw twenty or more slaves from service in the Confederate Army; "rich man's war but a poor man's fight"

Zebulon Pike

explored upper Mississippi River, Arkansas River, parts of present-day Colorado and New Mexico. Viewed Mtn peaks above Colorado Plains. Mountain today called Pikes Peak.

pontiac

famous chief of the Ottawa who led an unsuccessful rebellion against the British (1715-1769)

yeomen

farmers who did not own slaves; made up majority of the population

oppose war of 1812

federalists, new england, mid-atlantic, war hawks

lexington and concord

first "battles" of the Revolutionary war; meant to get suppies from militia, but shots exchanged between minutemen and the British as the British continued to concord; Americans ambushed british, killing 300

fort caroline

first French colony in United States.King philip vs. France; st. john's riveer in Florida

cumberland highway

first national toll-road funded by the federal government

lucy stone

formed American Women's suffrage movement, School teacher, daughter of a farmer, became abolitionist, lecturer for Anti-Slavery Society, good at giving speeches, disagreed with Susan Anthony, did not want to separate the women's rights movement from the aboltionist/civil rights movement.

Saigon/ ho chi minh city

formerly named Saigon is the largest city in Vietnam. It was once known as Prey Nokor, an important Khmer sea port prior to annexation by the Vietnamese in the 17th century. Southern part of Viertnam, south east side south of Hanoi

fort wagner

fort in South Carolina; site of an attack by the African American 54th Massachusetts Regiment

gustavus swift

founded a meat-packing empire in the Midwest during the late 19th century, over which he presided until his death. He is credited with the development of the first practical ice-cooled railroad car which allowed his company to ship dressed meats to all parts of the country and even abroad, which ushered in the "era of cheap beef

jamestown

founded in 1607, england's first permanent settlement; first successful english colony

Ku Klux Klan

founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American

susan b anthony

friend and partner of Elizabeth Cady Stanton in the struggle for women's rights; meeting in 1851, Anthony and Stanton founded the National Woman Suffrage Association after the Civil War. The Nineteenth Amendment, which extended the right to vote to women in 1920, is sometimes called the "Anthony" amendment.

john smith

friend of pochahontas.soldier and adventuror who outmaneuvered other members of colony's ruling council and took charge. smith got injured and was sent back to england. indian war when he left. helped out with powhatan.

Public Works Administration

funded projects to revive industry and fight unemployment

Glass-Steagall Banking Act

guaranteed bank deposits with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

social security act

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

National Labor Relations Board

guaranteed workers the right to join labor unions of their choice, bargain collectively, and call strikes

thomas "stonewall" jackson

he was a confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches bold flanking movements and furious assaults. he earned his nickname at the battle of first bull run for standing courageously against union fire. During the battle of chancellorsville his own men accidently mortally wounded him.

richard nixon

he was elected to be US President after Johnson decided to not to run for US president again. He promised peace with honor in Vietnam which means withdrawing American soliders from South Vietnam

michael dukakis

he was governor of Massachusetts & George Bush's democratic opponent in the election of 1988

alice paul

head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

henry wallace

head of the progressive party, another faction that branched off from the dem party before the election of 1948; was a liberal democrat who were frustrated that truman's domestic policies were ineffective and were against his foreign anti-communist policies

archduke francis ferdinand

heir to the throne of Austria Hungary; assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a bosnian serb.; sparked WWI

Resettlement Administration

helped resettle destitute farmers on better land and unemployed workers in planned communities

spain allied with * and *

hopi and comanche

nez perce

in 1877 Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Nation surrendered to units of the U.S. Cavalry. Before this retreat the Nez Perce fought a cunning strategic retreat toward refuge in Canada from about 2,000 Army soldiers. This surrender, after fighting 13 battles and going about 1,600 miles toward Canada, marked the last great battle between the U.S. government and an Indian nation

pullman strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

chattanooga

in the American Civil War (1863) the Union armies of Hooker, Thomas, and Sherman under the command of Ulysses S. Grant won a decisive victory over the Confederate Army under Braxton Bragg. Major RR junction captured to isolate TN. Grant leaves sherman in west

Social Security Act

instituted pension and survivors' benefits for the elderly and the orphaned and provided aid to people injured in industrial accidents

Federal Housing Administration

insured bank loans for the construction and rehabilitation of homes

feminisim

intellectual consciousness-raising movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life; women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect

refrigerator car

invention that allowed the transportation of perishable items over long distances. Vitally important to the meat-packing industry.

go west, young man

is a popular saying in the United States about Manifest Destiny popularized by American author Horace Greeley.

specie circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

john calvin

justification by faith alone; french protestant. swiss geneva. anglicans adopted dogma

midway

land and carrier-based American planes decisively defeated a Japanese fleet on its way to invade the Midway Islands

Morrill Land grant Act

land-grant colleges. 1861

sioux wars

lasted from 1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land. The white men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians wre led by Sitting Bull and they were pushed by Custer's forces. Custer led these forces until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. Many of the Indian were finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender.

jim crow laws

laws which promoted segregation, or the separation of people based on race. These laws worked primarily to restricted the rights of African Americans to use certain schools and public facilities, usually the good ones; to vote; find decent employment and associate with anyone of their own choosing. These laws did not make life "separate but equal," but only served to exclude African Americans and others from exercising their rights as American citizens. In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), the US Supreme Court ruled that Jim Crow laws were unconstitutional. It took many years and much effort, however, before Jim Crow laws would be overturned across the country.

free speech movement

led by Mario Savio it protested on behalf of students rights. It spread to colleges throughought the country discussing unpopular faculty tenure decisions, dress codes, dormitory regulations, and appearances by Johnson administration officials.

massachusetts bay

led by john winthrop, General Court became MA legislature. Scattered around bay founded towns with ministers and magistrates

samuel gompers

led the AFL (American Federation of Labor), a skilled craft union, fought for wages and working conditions, they went on strike, boycotted and used collective bargaining

Rural Electrification Act

lent money to rural cooperatives for the building of power plants

franciso pizarro

located inca empire high in the andes. captured atahualpa. beat indians at cuzco

lord baltimore

lord proprietor of Maryland. conceded a bivameral legislature. toleration act of 1649; argued with Penn which led to mason-dixon line. protestants overthrew catholic gov't in 1689. at first, refused to accept william and mary, his message never made it to england

26th amendment

lowered the voting age to 18

fourteenth amendment

made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country.

harry m daughterty

mall town lawyer/ big time crook in the "ohio gang" was supposed to prosecute wrongdoers as attorney general.

social covenant

man and man

nashville convention

meeting of representatives of nine southern states in the summer of 1850 to monitor the negotiations over the Compromise of 1850; it called for extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean and a stronger Fugitive Slave Law. The convention accepted the Compromise but laid the groundwork for a southern confederacy in 1860-1861.

culture of beauty

men used to seek fat (voluptuous) and pale because being fat meant you had enough food to eat and you had money to buy this food and you have child bearing qualities; being pale was good because it meant you didn't have to go out and labor. women now need to be skinny because food is bountiful and tan because the new leisure time and vacation equates to going to the beach and getting a tan

Marco Polo

merchant from venice who journeyed overland with father and uncle to Chinese court in 1271. met kublai khan and wrote the travels of marco polo

provisions in Republic of Texas

mexican citizens, roman catholic, no slavery, 40K americans, texicans

Lincoln's problem

militarily dumb

gage

military commander, became governor of Massachusetts

robert walpole

minister of whigs

Consequences of Mexican-American War

money/lives, new territories, balance of power between North and South, Popular war generals (taylor and scott), manifest destiny

declaration of principles

more than a hundred southern congressional representatives and senators signed this in 1956, pledging their unyielding resistance to desegregation

seaport

most populated in US, a large town on or near a coast, with a harbour that big ships can use Infrastructure includes the transport networks (roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals, pipelines, etc.) that are used, as well as the nodes or terminals (such as airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports).

terrence v. powderly

most remembered for leading the Knights of Labor ("KoL"), a labor union whose goal was to organize all workers, skilled and unskilled, into one big union united for workers' rights and economic and social reform

conversion

motivation for first settlers. jesuits in virginia. vital force behind puritanism. deserve damnation, but sure of salvation. effert to convert indians began in martha's vineyard. mayhews and whales and powwows.mass not as successful- elliot (translated bible)

social gospel

movement that began in Protestant churches in the late nineteenth century to apply the teachings of the Bible to the problems of the industrial age; led by Washington Gladden and Walter Rauschenbusch, it aroused the interest of many clergymen in securing social justice for the urban poor. The thinking of Jane Addams, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and other secular reformers was influenced by the movement as well.

MIRVs

multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles designed to overcome any defense by "saturating" it with large number of warheads

southern reactions to fugitive slave act

nashville convention (wants to secede), georgia platform (willing to settle)

duty act of 1673

navigation act-customs agents are hired to enforce previous acts; had to stamp stuff

SALT

negotiations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics opened in 1969 in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons

post-war hollywood

new studio era innovative tech major studios during tv

doughboys

nickname for American troops in Europe

causes of the panic of 1837

no financial support from England, overextension of credit, jackson's hard money policies

wage-slavery

occured during the industrial capitalism stage, it forced workers to work for next to no money, essentially creating a modern slave

william crawford

of Georgia was nominated by the Republican caucus(last caucus selection), as he was the favorite of the extreme states' rights faction of the party. But other candidates received nominations from state legislatures and won endorsements from mass meetings throughout the country.

franklin d roosevelt

often referred to by his initials FDR, was the thirty-second President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war.

jeffersonian republicans

one of nations first political parties, led by Thomas Jeffrson and stemming from the anti-federalists, emerged around 1792, gradually became today's Democratic party. The Jeffersonian republicans were pro-French, liberal, and mostly made up of the middle class. They favored a weak central govt., and strong states's rights.

john locke

one of the first members of the board of trade; helped write fundamental constitiutions of carolina, English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. right to overthrow

knights of labor

one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories

john, lord berkeley

one of the two individuals granted land in (West) New Jersey who will later sell out to Quakers and actually profit from their holdings

half-breed

only half Republican-wanted mild reform, A half-breed was a republican political machine, headed by James G. Blane c1869. The half-breeds pushed republican ideals and were almost a separate group that existed within the party.

anti-federalists

opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states. Samuel Adams, John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson

shinplaster

paper money of little value issued on insufficient security

land grant

parcel of land given to a settler in exchange for an agreement to live there

oliver cromwell

parliament's most successful general, dismissed parliament and became lord protector.

direct election of senators

part of the 17th amendment which states that each state should have 2 senators in the House of Senate and they can be changed or re-elected every 6 years. The house of Senate is divided up in a way so that 1/3 of the house is up for re-election every 2 years. At first, it was the state legislature who elected the senators, but after reform, it changed to the people electing the senators for their state.

bosnia

political chaos occurred between Serbs, Croats, and Bosnian Muslims after its independence; the 1995 Dayton Accords established some type of stability

moral majority

political organization of the United States which had an agenda of evangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying. Formed by Jerry Falwell. Organization made up of conservative Christian political action committees which campaigned on issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law. This group pressured for legislation that would ban abortion and ban the states' acceptance of homosexuality.

gerald ford

president 1974-77, Nixon's Vice president, only person not voted into the White House, appointed vice president by Nixon: became president after Nixon resigned

John F. Kennedy

president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.

farewell address

presidential message in which Washington warned the nation to avoid both entangling foreign alliances and domestic "factions" (political parties); the ideas of the address became the basis of isolationist arguments for the next 150 years.

recall

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

ludlow amendment

proposed constitutional amendment that would have required a public referendum for a declaration of war except in the case of an attack on American territory. The measure was tabled in 1938 under severe pressure from the White House (never passed)

Tennessee Valley Authority

provided funds for the development and electrification of the Tennessee River Authority

Home Owners' Loan Act

provided funds for the refinancing of home mortgages

underwood tariff

re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%, well below the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909. It was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on October 3, 1913, and was sponsored by Alabama Representative Oscar Underwood.

william henry harrison

recaptures detroit via lake erie, was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

tripartite

refers to a three-part organization, and is most often used in architecture to describe elevations, interiors, and floor plans

agrarian

relating to rural matters

detente

relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

anne hutchinson

religious radical who attracted in Mass. warned that ministers were preaching covenant of works instead of covenant of grace. convicted of antinomian heresy- rhode island in 1638

newcomers came for

religious refuge, profit, opportunity

the great awakening

religious revival in the 1730-40s, helped by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; inspired controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist Protestantism, nevertheless united the Americans as a people

louisiana

rene robert cavelier claimed it. followed mississippi and claimed it for france (louis 14)

1866 bi election

republicans wave the bloody shirt. Congress in control

Truth-in-Securities Act

required full disclosure of information about stocks and bonds

Indian Reorganization Act

restored tribal ownership of reservation land to Native Americans

currency act

restricted colonists from printing their own currency and instead using "hard" currency (gold and silver)

NYC draft riots

riots that took place as a result of the uncustomary drafting done by the Union army, in July 1863, over 100 people died over a course of 4 days, lynched several African Americans and burned down Black businesses, homes and an orphanage, stopped by federal troops and is the bloodiest riot in American history. Northern democrats ignite some riots

inflation

rise in the general level of prices

carolinas growing

rive

providence

roger williams founded it/ religious liberty and separation of church and state

new england economy

self-sufficiency; food, fish, timber

davy crockett

sent to deal with problems with Shawnees and Creeks; present at the Alamo, during which his fame as a bear-killer/frontiersman had already been established; taken prisoner after the battle and executed by bayonet by Santa Anna, in front of all of his men

pilgrims

separatists who left england for the netherlands. sailed to virginia, but ended up in mass.

cambodian incursion

series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia during the late spring-early summer of 1970 by the armed forces of the US and South Vietnam; "the most successful military operation of the entire war"

aaron burr

served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him.

Webster-Ashburton treaty

settled the dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border between the United States and Canada as well as the location of the border in the westward frontier up to the Rocky Mountains -called for a final end to the slave trade on the high seas, to be enforced by both signatories

webster-ashburton treaty

settled the dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border between the United States and Canada as well as the location of the border in the westward frontier up to the Rocky Mountains -called for a final end to the slave trade on the high seas, to be enforced by both signatories

Black adjustment

sharecropping. Tenancy and crop lieu system. Indebted to merchants and landowners

lyndon b johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

social causes

slaves, education, different ways of life, extremists

salem villiage

small villiage in Mass

consumer society

society in which people are strongly encouraged to buy products to improve their lives and help the economy

louisiana purchase territory

sold to the US by Napoleon because he needed money to support his wars and he didn't want England to have it

surrender

soldiers home, officers maintain arms, private horses and mules, surrender equipment, rations to confederacy

fascist

someone who advocates or supports a political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized government headed by a dictator, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition

treaty of fort wayne

sometimes called the Ten O'clock Line Treaty, is an 1809 treaty that obtained 3,000,000 acres (approximately 12,000 km²) of American Indian land for the white settlers of Illinois and Indiana. The tribes involved were the Delaware, Eel River, Miami tribe, and Potawatomi in the initial negotiations; later Kickapoo and the Wea, who were the primary inhabitants of the region being sold.

effects of panic

south blamed because they think south should have helped. economy bad because tariff was low

strom thurman

southern democrat who had his own party. they didnt like truman. truman goes all out across the country. truman wins

don pedro menendez de aviles

spain sent him to crush the hugenots in 1565. he established the fort of st. augustine and attacked.

gettysburg address

speech by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg, key ideas were liberty, equality, and democratic ideas; purpose of war was to portect those ideas

separatists

sub-group of the Puritans who vowed to break completely with the Church of England. founded plymouth.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

subsidized farmers to reduce crop and livestock production

Soil Conservation Act

subsidized farmers to reduce soil-depleting crops and to employ soil conservation measures

george whitefield

succeeded John Wesley as leader of Calvinist Methodists in Oxford, England, major force in revivalism in England and America, journey to colonies sparked Great Awakening

plessy v. ferguson

sumpreme court ruled that segregation public places facilities were legal as long as the facilites were equal

samuel chase

supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate.

American system

tariffs, banks, market economy, internal improvements (favors north)

graduated income tax

tax on earnings that charges different rates for different income levels

island hopping

the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan.

james wolfe

the British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec won Canada for the British Empire. Even though the battle was only fifteen minutes, Wolfe was killed in the line of duty. This was a decisive battle in the French and Indian War.

tammany hall

the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants, most notably the Irish, rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s.

andrew mellon

the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics. (Hamiltonian economics)

spanish armada

the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.

roe vs wade

the U.S. supreme Court ruled that there is a fundamental right ro privacy, which includes a woman's decision to have an abortion. Up until the third trimester the state allows abortion.

appomattox courthouse

the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War

self-determination

the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

paternalism

the attitude (of a person or a government) that subordinates should be controlled in a fatherly way for their own good

balkan conflict

the balkan league declared war on turkey, causing the ottoman empire to loose all their European territory excpet Istabul. Fighting ended with the Treaty if Bucharest and the disputed land was redistributed.

predestination

the belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power

electoral college

the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president

flexible response

the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

anglicization

the colonial American desire to emulate English society, including English tastes in foods, customs, and architecture.

Tweed ring

the corrupt part of Tammany Hall in New York City, that Samuel J. Tilden, the reform governor of New York had been instrumental in overthrowing. Tweed was head

fort necessity

the crude stockade fort built by Washington and his men, after staging an unsuccessful attack on a nearby French fort, the French countered by trapping Washington and his soldiers in side their own fort, a third of the men died fighting.

battle of horse shoe bend

the defeat broke the Creeks native American resistance and forced them to give up most of their land to the U.S.

laissez faire

the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs

martin van buren

the eighth president of the US (1837-1841); a powerful Democrat from New York, he served in the US Senate (182101828), as secretary of state (1829-1831), and as vice president (1933-1837) under Jackson before being elected president in 1836; presidency was marked by the Panic of 1837 and unsuccessfully sought reelection in 1840 and 1848

battle of cold harbor

the final battle of Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's 1864 Overland Campaign, fought on May 22, 1864, during the American Civil War, is remembered as one of American history's bloodiest, most lopsided battles. Thousands of Union soldiers were slaughtered in a hopeless frontal assault against the fortified troops.It was also one of Grant's biggest mistakes.

new deal

the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented

natural rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

peter stuyvesant

the last Dutch colonial administrator of New Netherland. made peace and strengtheened town gov'ts and dutch reformed church

golden spike

the last spike hammered into the railroad tracks of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads in 1869; it connected these two railroads, thereby forming the first Transcontinental Railroad across the U.S.; it was hammered in by Leland Stanford

feminism

the movement aimed at equal rights for women

back country

the name for the rugged land near the mountians. People settled there because many where poor and wanted a better life.

railroad administration

the name of the nationalized railroad system of the United States between 1917 and 1920. It was possibly the largest American experiment with nationalization, and was undertaken against a background of war emergency.

elastic clause

the part of the Constitution that permits Congress to make any laws "necessary and proper" to carrying out its powers

restoration

the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government. restoration colonies- toleration and mixture

veto

the power or right to prohibit or reject a proposed or intended act (especially the power of a chief executive to reject a bill passed by the legislature)

executive privilege

the power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.

wisconsin idea

the program of reform sponsored by La Follette in Wisconsin, designed to decrease political corruption, foster direct democracy, regulate corporations, and increase expertise in governmental decision making

judicial review

the right of the supreme court to determine if a law violates the Constitution

hundred days

the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days.

atlanta compromise

the speech given by Booker T. Washington at the Atlanta Cotton Expo was known as this compromise; his major philosophy in this was accommodation, not integration; he felt that blacks needed to strive to be totally successful and yet totally separate from the white community

nullification

the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress

benjamin harrison

the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. He had previously served as a senator from Indiana. His administration is best known for a series of legislation including the McKinley Tariff and federal spending that reached one billion dollars. Democrats attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress" and defeated the GOP in the 1890 mid-term elections, as well as defeating Harrison's bid for reelection in 1892. He is to date the only president from Indiana.

fourteen points

the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations

secession

the withdrawal of eleven Southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War

Northern reactions to fugitive slave act

think its federal support. Prigg v. Penn says no one can be taken against will. overturned

shay's rebellion

this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

articles of confederation

this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

web dubois

this radical scholar/activist who authored "The Souls of the Black Folk", edited the NAACP journal the "Crisis", created the National Urban League, and called for immediate equality in society, was the 1st African-American to receive a PhD degree

savannah

this was Sherman's Christmas present to Lincoln

tippecanoe and tyler too

this was Tyler's slogan during his election, using his vicotry during the Battle of Tippecanoe as a "pro" for voting for him

enumerated commodities

tobacco and sugar

stephen a. douglass

took over for Henry Clay in the Compromise of 1850. Clay could not get the compromised passed because neither party wanted to pass it as a whole since they would be passing things for the opposite party as well as their own. Douglas split the compromise up to get it passed.

ghost towns

towns deserted as prospectors moved on to more promising sites or returned home

columbus

two ship logs. landed in san salvador. thought caribs were khan. led to inter caeteras- treaty of tordesillas.

william berkeley

virginia governor. favored defensive against indians. doegs then susquehannock. wanted to maintain. bacon disagreed. took control of virginia

philanthropy

voluntary promotion of human welfare

Why does Pierce support Kansas-Nebraska act

wanted trans-continental railroad

winfield scott

was a United States Army general, diplomat, and presidential candidate the American Civil War, conceiving the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan that would be used to defeat the Confederacy.

winfield scott

was a United States Army general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. Known as "Old Fuss and Feathers" and the "Grand Old Man of the Army", he served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history and most historians rate him the ablest American commander of his time. Over the course of his fifty-year career, he commanded forces in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and, briefly, the American Civil War, conceiving the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan that would be used to defeat the Confederacy.

dennis v US

was a United States Supreme Court case involving Eugene Dennis, general secretary of the Communist Party USA, which found that Dennis did not have a right under the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States to exercise free speech, publication and assembly, if that exercise was in furtherance of a conspiracy to overthrow the government.

national banking act

was a United States federal law that established a system of national charters for banks. The Act, together with Abraham Lincoln's issuance of "greenbacks," raised money for the federal government in the American Civil War by enticing banks to buy federal bonds and taxed state bonds out of existence.

phony war

was a phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France. Although the great powers of Europe had declared war on one another, neither side had yet committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground

proclamation of the people of south carolina

was a proclamation written by Edward Livingston and issued by Andrew Jackson in 1832. Issued at the height of the Nullification Crisis, the proclamation denounces the doctrine of Nullification as "incompatible with the existence of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which It was founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed.

john o'sullivan

was an American columnist and editor who used the term "Manifest Destiny" in 1845 to promote the annexation of Texas and the Oregon Country to the United States.

john wilkes booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

continental association of 1774

was formed to encourage each colony to form committees to enforce the boycott of English goods within its towns & cities. This boycott enforcement was designed to force the repeal of the Coercive, Quebec & Tea Acts.

joseph johnston

was the General of the Confederate force at Manassas Junction, a little town on a creek called Bull Run; his troops met McDowell and the Union army at the First Battle of Bull Run

henry ford

was the founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His future generations now sell the famous Ford cars. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. He was a prolific inventor and was awarded 161 U.S. patents. As sole owner of the Ford Company he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world 7: 1934-1941

long staple cotton

was the kind of cotton that had always been used for the cotton industry in the south. this cotton could not grow in avariety of climates like the newly discovered short-staple cotton, and long-staple cotton was replaced by the more durable and prosperous short-staple cotton.

operation rolling thunder

was the title of a gradual and sustained U.S. 2nd Air Division (later Seventh Air Force), U.S. Navy, and Republic of Vietnam Air Force (VNAF) aerial bombardment campaign conducted against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) from 2 March 1965 until 1 November 1968, during the Vietnam War.

strict construction

way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take

protestant ethic

way of life based on Biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and all work is a noble duty to be performed toward God

henry sinclair

wealthy oilman who bribed cabinet officials in the Teapot Dome scandal

Davy Crockett

well known frontiersman from Tennessee who fought and died for Texas at the Alamo

Draft Riots

were a series of violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War

city on a hill

what John Winthrop said that their Puritan model societies based on Christian principles should be (better than everyone else's societies.); a model of christian charity

Major issue in 1848 election

what to do with new land

energy crisis

when Carter entered office inflation soared, due to toe the increases in energy prices by OPEC. In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase. Facing pressure to act, Carter retreated to Camp David, the presidential retreat in the Maryland Mountains. Ten days later, Carter emerged with a speech including a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis.

popular soverignty

where the people decide for themselves wether or not to have something, the right of the people to govern themselves

white flight

working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs

the feminine mystique

written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

countee cullen

wrote "Any Human to Another," "Color," and "The Ballad of the Brown Girl;" American Romantic poet; leading African-American poets of his time; associated with generation of poets of the Harlem Renaissance

betty freidan

wrote The Feminine Mystique credited with starting the second wave of woman's liberation movement, question domestic fulfillment, founded NOW

h l mencken

young author; published the monthly American Mercury; assailed marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, and the middle class Americans; dismissed the South and attacked the Puritans

yuppies

young, urban professionals who wore ostentatious gear such Rolex watches or BMW cars. They came to symbolize the increased pursuit of wealth and materialism of Americans in the 1980s.

what did lincoln do in response to wade davis

pocket veto

force acts

These acts were passed in 1870 and 1871. They were created to put a stop to the torture and harassment of blacks by whites, especially by hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. These acts gave power to the government to use its forces to physically end the problems.

nineteenth amendment

granted women the right to vote in 1920

royal for 2 years

pennsylvania

National Housing Act

authorized low-rent public housing projects

phase 2

british blockade; chesapeake and delaware bays

conscription

compulsory military service

bill of rights

from Mass body of liberties in 1641

frontier

the edge of civilization where unsettled regions begin

robert shaw

young white commander of 54th Mass. Colored Regiment, died as abolitionist martyr

John Tyler

"His accidency", thought TX would help him gain popularity (almost worked). Vetoed bank.

sugar act

(1764) British deeply in debt partl to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

baby boom

An increase in population by almost 30 million people. This spurred a growth in suburbs and three to four children families.

mckinley tariff

- set the average ad valorem tariff rate for imports to the United States at 50%, and protected agriculture. Its chief proponent was Congressman and future President McKinley. In return for its passage, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was given Republican support. It raised the prices in the US under Benjamin Harrison and hurt the common folk, which may have cost him his presidency in the next elections

new england confederation

1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies. United mass, plymouth, conneticut, and new haven

south draft

18-35

Mexican Independence

1821: Spain gave independence to Mexico, where Texas, New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado were added. Mexico encouraged trade but with caution. Economy based on livestock

triangular trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

4 probs for reconstruction

How to bring south back, how to rebuild, how to integrate freedmen, what branch controls?

thirteenth amendment

Abolished slavery. 1865 Congress can enforce

impressment

British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.

boston massacre

British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution.

nonimportation

During their controversy with Britain over taxation, the colonists devised a strategy of political resistance in which they boycotted a wide range of British imported goods to put economic pressure on Britain. The cooperative effort promoted mutual trust among the colonists and strengthened their resistance to the British measures.

panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

assembly line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

great puritan migration

The emigration of English Puritans to New England and West Indies

federal trade commission act

This law authorized a presidentially-appointed commission to oversee industries engaged in interstate commerce, such as the meatpackers. The commissioners were expected to crush monopolies at the source.

Jefferson Davis's problem

had to be involved in everything

abigail adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

battle of thames

William Henry Harrison pushed up the river Thames into Upper Canada and on October 4, 1813, won a victory notable for the death of Tecumseh, who was serving as a brigadier general in the British army. This battle resulted in no lasting occupation of Canada, but weakened and disheartened the Indians of the Northwest.

william pitt

William Pitt was a British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the London government, and earned himself the name, "Organizer of Victory". He led and won a war against Quebec. Pittsburgh was named after him.

pueblo revolt of 1680

a unification and revolt of the Pueblo; Following years of drought the Pueblo united to fight agianst Spanish; drove them back into mexico

total war

a war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.

cabinet

persons appointed by a head of state to head executive departments of government and act as official advisers

maryland act of toleration

policy created in Maryland in 1649 offering religious freedom to all Christians; lord baltimore

temperance movement

campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages

civilan conservation corps

had to be single, unemployed, and between 17 and 23, had to pay 22 dollars to family members out of their $30 that they made, stayed at camp whole time provided many supplies

war hawks from

frontier and south

covenant theology

god made 2 covenants; covenant of works (if God's law kept, never die), covenant of grace (God would save chosen).

limited monarchy

government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch's powers (after glorious revolution)

charles townshend

government official, close to the king, likeable, sponsored taxes, "Champagne Charlie", sponsored taxes for: lead, glass, paper, paint & tea,

6 days war

...

Southern economy dependent on north

...

southern manifest destiny vs. northern

...

freeport doctrine

..., Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so. Popular soverignty v. Dred scott decision

interchangeable parts

..., identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufactoring

lone star republic

..., nickname for Texas after it won independence from Mexico in 1836

anti-bank

10th amendment

age of reform

1830's - 1850's; where the American society begins to reform itself in some way; three schools of thought: 1.)Enlightenment Thought 2.)Religious Liberalism 3.) Second Great Awakening

fall of the berlin wall

1989 - Beginning of the fall of communism and the Soviet Union - symbolized the failure of communism and massive socialism

farmer's alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

american colonization society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

task system

A system of slave labor under which a slave had to complete a specific assignment each day. After they finished, their time was their own. Used primarily on rice plantations.

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

states' rights

According to the compact theory of the Union the states retained all powers not specifically delegated to the central government by the Constitution.

langston hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

19th amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

paul revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)

john tyler

An after-thought Vice President to William Henry Harrison in the election of 1840. He was a democrat but switched over to the Whig Party because he didn't like Andrew Jackson. After Harrison died after a month in office, Tyler took over. Since he was a Democrat in his principle he was against many of the things the Whigs tried to do. He became the first Vice President to take office because of a presidents death.

zora neale hurston

Black writer who wanted to save African American folklore. She traveled all across the South collecting folk tales, songs & prayers of Black southerners. Her book was called Mules and Men.

commissioners of trade and plantations

Board of Trade ; king William III appointed eight paid commissioners to promote trade in the American plantations. The Lords Commissioners of Trade and Foreign Plantations- not a committee of the Privy Council; members of a separate body. eliminated laws that were in violation of navigation acts

duke ellington

Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz.

george grenville

British Prime Minister Architect of the Sugar Act; his method of taxation and crackdown on colonial smuggling were widely disliked by Americans. He passed the Stamp Act arguing that colonists received virtual representation in Parliament

Burgoyne

British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722-1792)

andrew carnegie

Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"

black muslims

Developed by the black Muslim Leader Elijah Muhammad who preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. The movement attracted thousands of followers.

nixon doctrine

During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

oregon territory

For twenty years, the British and the United States agreed to jointly occupy this region. But in the mid-1840s this region became a political issue in the United States, with many expansionists willing to risk war to get all of the territory, including present-day British Columbia (54 40 or fight!). In 1846, Britain and the United States agreed to extend the 49th Parallel, forming the modern border between Canada and the United States. The settlers quickly applied for territorial status, which Congress granted in 1849. The territory was gradually split up, and in 1859, it—with its present borders—became the 33rd state.

industrial workers of the world

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

nazi party

German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule.

securities and exchange committee

Is the US government agency that determines the financial statements that public companies must provide to stockholders and the measurement rules that they must use in producing those statements

casablanca conference

Jan. 14-23, 1943 - FDR and Chruchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the Allies would accept nothing less than Germany's unconditional surrender to end the war.

revolution of 1800

Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.

progressive education

John Dewey led movement that focused on personal growth, not mastery of body of knowledge and learning through experience.

john peter zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

D Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

end of whig party

Kansas Nebraska Act splits the whig part because the north is against it and the south is for it...

kaiser wilhelm III

King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany whose political policies led his country into World War I. He was forced from power when Germany lost the war

lone gunman

Lee Harvey Oswald

marcus garvey

Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business

Monterrey

Mexican city easily captured by Zachary Taylor stopped by General Santa Anna, moves to Buena Vista ranch; 1st mexican invasion; ended February 1847.

operation desert storm

Military operations that started on January 16, 1991, with a bombing campaign, followed by a ground invasion of February 23 and 24, 1991. The ground war lasted 100 hours and resulted in a spectacularly one-sided military victory for the Coalition.

copperheads

Most extreme portion of the Peace Democrats. They openly obstructed the war through attacks against the draft, against Lincoln, and the emancipation. Based in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. There was really no victory for this group. Criticize lincoln. Wanted south to be own country

red scare

Most instense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. MItchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses. Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis. "Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed.

NOW

National Organization of Women

william paterson

New Jersey representative at the constitutional convention who presented the New Jersey Plan, which gave equal representation to states regardless of size or population

national monuments act

New national parks, game refuges and game preserves, new land protected. Financial gain for states

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross

black tuesday

October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929

enforcement acts of 1870 and 1871

Passed largely in response to the activities of the Ku Klux Klan, the Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 protected black suffrage.

independent treasury

President Van Buren's plan to keep government funds in its own vualts and do business entirely in hard money rather than keep them in depostits within shaky banks.

peace without victory

President Wilson call to the fighting nations that neither side would impose harsh terms on the others. Wilson hoped that all nations would join a "league for peace".

jimmy carter

President who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow

john bell

Presidential candidate of the Constitutional Union Party. He drew votes away from the Democrats, helping Lincoln win.

hepburn act

Prohibited free passes. Gave ICC enough power to regulate the economy. It allowed it to set freight rates and required a uniform system of accounting by regulated transportation companies.

bolsheviks

Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution.

RFC

Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Hoovers response to the Depression. Passed in January 1932, this measure loaned billions money to banks and insurance companies and RRs. and provided funds for state and local programs providing relief

agricultural adjustment act

Recovery: (AAA); May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise value of crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6, 1936

herbert hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

grenada invasion

Ronald Reagan dispatched a heavy- fire- power invasion force to the island of Grenada, where a military coup had killed the prime minister and brought Marxists to power ----Americans captured the island quickly demonstrating Reagan's determination to assert the dominance of the US in the Carribbean

speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally

hull house

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

peggy eaton

Social scandal (1829-1831) - John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were rumors of his affair with Peggy Timberlake even before her husband died in 1828. Many cabinet members snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson.

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success

treaty of velasco

Texans captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign it recognizing the Republic of Texas.

crispus attucks

The African-Native American man who was the first man to die in the Boston Massacre, also considered the first death in the Revolutionary War

pequot war

The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed. narrangansett allies. someone accused of killing Mass. colonist

cesar chaves

The Head Start Program is a program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families.

house committee on un-american activities

The House of Representatives established the Committee on Un-American Activities, popularly known as "HUAC," in order to investigate "subversion."

wobblies

The Industrial Workers of the World were a group that believed that there would eventually be a struggle between the rich and poor. They believed, that, in order to stop this, they needed to destroy wages and essentially take over the world.

IWW

The Industrial Workers of the World. International Union headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio. At its peak in 1923 the organization claimed some 10,000 members. The IWW contends that all workers should be united within a single union as a class and that the wage system should be abolished.

john poindexter

The National Security Advisor convicted for his involvement and role in the IranContra scandal.

KDKA

The first commercial radio station in America (in Pittsburgh).

rush-bagot agreement

The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the U.S. and British North America. This agreement was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Great Britain in the period following the War of 1812, treaty between the United States and Britain enacted in 1817 (signed April 28-29, 1817 in Washington, DC). The treaty provided for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained

treaty of aix-la-chapelle

The treaty signed in 1748 which ended the War of the Austrian Succession (King George's War). Although Britain was on the winning side and France on the losing side, this treaty did not settle the real problem between the two countries. France and Britain were soon at war again in 1756 (the Seven Years' War)

william mckinley

The twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last veteran of the Civil War to be elected. By the 1880s, this Ohio native was a nationally known Republican leader; his signature issue was high tariffs on imports as a formula for prosperity, as typified by his McKinley Tariff of 1890. As the Republican candidate in the 1896 presidential election, he upheld the gold standard, and promoted pluralism among ethnic groups.

food administration

This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.

implied powers

Those delegated powers of the National Government that are suggested by the expressed powers set out in the Constitution; those "necessary and proper" to carry out the expressed powers

seneca falls convention

Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

ulysses s. grant

U.S. president 1873-1877. Military hero of the Civil War, he led a corrupt administration, consisting of friends and relatives. Although Grant was personally a very honest and moral man, his administration was considered the most corrupt the U.S. had had at that time.

Battle of lake erie

U.S. victory in the War of 1812, led by Oliver Hazard Perry: broke Britain's control of Lake Erie.

bonus army

Unemployed World War I veterans who came to Washington in the spring of 1932 to demand the immediate payment of the bonus congress had voted them in 1922. The veterans were forcibly removed from Anacostia Flats by federal troops under the command of Douglas MacArthur.

1844 election

Van Buren initial democratic candidate. Originally not going to discuss texas, but then they found a doc supporting annexation by Jackson

greene

Who was the American General who saved the south from the British army without ever winning a major battle?

iwo jima

a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)

tejano

a person of Mexican descent living in Texas

nativist

a person who favors those born in his country and is opposed to immigrants

excise tax

a tax on the manufacturing of an item. Helped Hamilton to achieve his theory on a strong central government, supported by the wealthy manufacturers. This tax mainly targeted poor Western front corn farmers (Whiskey). This was used to demonstrate the power of the Federal Government, and sparked the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794.

containment

an act or policy of restricting the territorial growth or ideological influence of another, especially a hostile nation.

salutary neglect

british colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government; robert walpole

james, duke of york

brother of Charles II; took possession of the conquered Dutch province of New Netherland, renaming it NY, and conveyed ownership of the adjacent province of New Jersey to two of the Carolina proprietors.

Civilian Conservation Corps

employed young men in environmental projects

jingoism

fanatical patriotism

slavery

first- moslem captives.

calvinism

founded by john calvin, predestination, elect, led to covenant theology and puritanism

famous war hawks

henry clay and john c calhoun

impeachment of johnson

impeached February before even drawing up charges by 126-47; acquitted

enclosure

in England in the 1700s, the process of taking over and fencing off public lands

central powers

in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies

allies

in World War I the alliance of Great Britain and France and Russia and all the other nations that became allied with them in opposing the Central Powers

electronic revolution

in the 1970's. The information economy brought the large use of computers to America. The silicon chip, made in 1959, is a small one quarter of an inch square that can hold incredible amounts of information. This is called a microchip, and it helped to cause the electronic revolution.

virginia

ironclad warship used by the Confederates to break the Union blockade

kern-mcgillicuddy act

it established compensation to federal civil service employees for wages lost due to job-related injuries

eugene debs

labor leader arrested during the Pullman Strike (1894); a convert to socialism, Debs ran for president five times between 1900 and 1920. In 1920, he campaigned from prison where he was being held for opposition to American involvement in World War I.

bao dei

leader of south vietnam?

Farm Security Administration

lent money to sharecroppers and tenant farmers to help them buy their own farms; established camps for migrant workers

22nd amendment

limits the number of terms a president may be elected to serve

38th parallel

line of latitude that separated North and South Korea

Jefferson sent * and * to france

livingston and monroe

hernando de alvarado

mapped the Mississippi Valley; explored north of rio grande

made royal in 1691

mass, ny, md

conservation

protection of natural resources

Pro-national bank

raise revenue, borrow money, promote general welfare

Emergency Banking Act

reopened banks under government supervision

nullification ordinance

south carolina's ordinance to repudiate the tariff acts of 1828 and 1831 as unconstitutional and forbidding collection of the duties in the state after feb 1833, #foreveralone

mergers

the combining of companies

spoils system

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

won 48 election

zachary taylor

cherokee nation v georgia

(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"

james a garfield

(1831-1881) He was remembered as one of the four "lost presidents" after the civil war. He was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859 as a Republican. During the secession crisis, he advocated coercing the seceding states back into the Union. As President, he strengthened Federal authority over the New York Customs House. Less than four months of taking office in 1881, he was assassinated. His assassination led to the Pendleton Civil Service Reform of 1883.

battle of buena vista

(1847) Key American victory against Mexican forces in the Mexican American War; elevated General Zachary Taylor to national prominence and helped secure his success in the 1848 presidential election. followed 8 week armistice

thorstein veblen

(1857-1929) American economist (of Norwegian heritage). Veblen is primarily remembered for his The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) that introduced phrases like "conspicuous consumption." He is remembered for likening the ostentation of the rich to the Darwinian proofs-of-virility found in the animal kingdom.

venustiano carranza

(1859-1920) Mexican revolutionist and politician; he led forces against Vitoriano Huerta during the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920).

forest reserve act

(1891) President Roosevelt used this act to protect some 172 million acres of timberland. Part of the Roosevelt conservation policy of conserving natural resources for the long term good of the public. It was to make big businesses mindful of their effect on the environment

niagara movement

(1905) W.E.B. Du Bois and other young activists, who did not believe in accommodation, came together at Niagara Falls in 1905 to demand full black equality. Demanded that African Americans get right to vote in states where it had been taken away, segregation be abolished, and many discriminatory barriers be removed. Declared commitment for freedom of speech, brotherhood of all peoples, and respect for workingman

panay incident

(FDR) Dec. 12, 1937, The Panay incident was when Japan bombed a American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized.

operation desert shield

(GB1) Bush place embargo on Iraq, put miltary in Saudi, West Europe and Arabs now against Iraq

munn v illinois

(GC) , 1876; Munn, a partner in a Chicago warehouse firm, found guilty by an Illinois court of violating the state for fixing maximum charges for storage of grain. The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

oliver h kelley

(GC), considered the "Father" of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (more commonly known as "The Grange"). a fraternal organization for American farmers that encouraged farm families to band together for their common economic and political good.

assumption of state debts

(GW) Plan by Hamilton meant to tie the states more securely to fed gov; states pay debt, created huge national debt, assumption bill. logrolling - one support another

genet affair

(GW), refused to give aid Washington objected to this French ministers plan to hire American Privateers to fight on the high seas for France and against England.

emilio aguinaldo

(WMc) Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (p. 743), USA developed Jones Act and Tydings McDuffie Act

nativism

(philosophy) the philosophical theory that some ideas are innate, a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

national forest service

-manages lands in national forests and grasslands -their mission is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of our forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future gen.

world war adjustment compensation act

...

dred scott decision

..., A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

alamo

..., A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

john slidell

..., A diplomat sent by Polk to buy California, New Mexico, and Texas from the Mexicans. Mexico rejected his offer and Polk sent Taylor's army into Mexico. recognition of rio grande, and us would forgive mexican gov't

panic of 1857

..., A notable sudden collapse in the economy caused by over speculation in railroads and lands, decrease in exports, decrease in international credit, and the American boom. false banking practices, and a break in the flow of European capital to American investments as a result of the Crimean War. Since it did not effect the South as bad as the North, they gained a sense of superiority. Short-lived because of industrialization

liberty party

..., A political party that started during the two party systems in the 1840's.The party's main platform was bringing an end to slavery by political and legal means. The party was originally part of the American Anti-slavery however; they split because they believed there was a more practical way to end slavery than Garrison's moral crusade. Ran James Birney in 1844

james D. B. Debow

..., Author of "The Commercial Review of the South and the Southwest." Recognized that economically the South had a kind of "colonial dependency" on the North. Encouraged economic diversification

wilmot proviso

..., Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S.

henry clay

..., Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

"forty-niners"

..., Easterners who flocked to California after the discovery of gold there. They established claims all over northern California and overwhelmed the existing government. Arrived in 1849.

roger taney

..., Fifth Chief Justice, he was the first Roman Catholic to hold the job and was pro-slavery. He wrote the decision on the Dred Scot case.

pottawatomie creek massacre

..., In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas

william lloyd garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

joseph f glidden

1874 invented a superior type of barbed wire and in 1883 the company was producing 600 miles of the product each day; the barbed wire was used against trespassing cattle

gold standard act

1900 - This was signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided they wanted to trade in their money. Eliminated silver coins, but allowed paper Silver Certificates issued under the Bland-Allison Act to continue to circulate.

manpower act

1962 mandated funding to educate thousands of people unemployed because of automation/technological advances so they would be marketable in these fields.

pentagon papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

dienbienphu

A city in Northwestern Vietnam. Home to the battle of Diebienphu, which was fought between pro-communist Vietnamese and Democratic United Sates and France. This battle lead to the leave of the French, and Vietnam divided into two. Communist North Vietnam lead by victorious Ho Chi Minh, and pro-Western government South Vietnam lead by Ngo Dinh Diem in Saigon. Vietnam remained a dangerously divided country. (pg. 919)

america first committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

clarence darrow

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.

totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

bruce barton

A founder of the "new profession" of advertising, which used the persuasion ploy, seduction, and sexual suggestion. He was a prominent New York partner in a Madison Avenue firm. He published a best seller in 1925, The Man Nobody Knows, suggesting that Jesus Christ was the greatest ad man of all time. He even praised Christ's "executive ability." He encouraged any advertising man to read the parables of Jesus.

australian ballot

A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890 in order to reduce the voting fraud associated with party printed ballots cast in public.

free silver

A short term solution. Wanted to put silver into circulation instead of paper money. However, is was not free because it could cause inflation of prices of goods and deflation of the value of money. Decided not to put silver into circulation.

middle class

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers.

hawks

Americans who supported the Vietnam War.

chester a arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

huey long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

five civilized tribes

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion

george carteret

Co-founded New Jersey with John Berkeley, they split, he got East Jersey, sold it to twelve others

political machines

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

short staple cotton

Cotton that replaced other crops in the south because it was more resilient than other crops and could grow nearly anywhere; Dominated southern plantations for decades in the 19th century

us ec knight company

Court undermined the authority of the fed to act against monopolies; said that the American Sugar Refininng Company had not violated the law by taking over a number of important competitors

Battle of Trenton

Crossed Delaware and surprised British at Trenton- Hessian Garrison. Total surprise First AMERICAN VICTORY of the revolutionary war. Helped restore morale December 26, 1776

fidel castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

teheran conference

December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.

Battle for New York

Drove Washington off Long Island then from Harlem, then to white plains. Able to hold off british. then they outmaneuvered him. forced to retreat to NJ July to august 1776

plan of union

During the French and Indian War, Franklin wrote this proposal for a unified colonial government, which would operate under the authority of the British government.

mercantalism

Economic system of trading nations; belief that a nation's power was directly related to its wealth

atlanta

Federal troops under Sherman cut off the railroads supplying Atlanta and burned the city

sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

manasses

First battle of the Civil War (As the confederates called it)

quebec

First permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain

transcendentalists

Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms.

dollar diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

revenue sharing

Form of federal monetary aid under which Congress gave a share of federal tax revenue, with virtually no restrictions, to the States, cities, counties, and townships

secured election for lincoln

GA

treaty of greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

fredericksburg

General Ambrose Burnside replaced McClellan and he attacked Lee in 1862 here while suffering immense losses (more than 2 soldiers on Union side killed for every one Confederate). Lost really badly and resigned

sherman's march

General Sherman lead a force from Chattanooga, Tennessee to South Carolina destroying everything the Confederates could use to survive. He set fire to South Carolina's capital, Columbia. March to the sea. total war fare. Hood tried to leave him away. Gave Savannah to lincoln as gift. Captured biggest city in south

predestination

God decreed who will be saved and who will be damned

james bowdoin

Governor of Mass. during Shay's rebellion. Raised a private army to be ready against Shay's rebels. Captured 1000 rebels and jailed them on a surprise attack.

sir edmund andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England. tax, protestors imprisoned, converted churches to anglicanism.

vicksburg

Grant's best fought campaign, this siege ended in the seizure of the Mississippi River by the Union. July 4. Lincoln makes grant Lt. general

freedom riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Hollywood ten

Group of people in the film industry who were jailed for refusing to answer congressional questions regarding Communist influence in Hollywood

babe ruth

He was a famous baseball player who played for the Yankees. He helped developed a rising popularity for professional sports.

nicholas biddle

He was an American financier who was also president of the Bank of the United States. He was also known for his bribes. He was in charge during the bank war, where Jackson refused to deposit federal funds, which bled the bank dry. He also showed the corruption of the bank.

Battle of Princeton

Howe sent troops to take on Washington in Trenton. Battled in Princeton instead. Americans won. British left NJ

committee on public information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

election of 1856

James Buchanan (D). Another worthless president

louis armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

francisco vasquez de coronado

Leads exploration through modern day Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas searching for wealth and an empire to conquer. looking for 7 cities of gold. attacked zunis, but unsuccessful

executive, legislative, judicial branch

Legis: -President vetoes bills passed by Congress -Calls Congress into special sessions to considers bills the President deems important Judicial:-The President nominates Supreme court Justices

ernest hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

mcculloch v maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Railroads help

NW

buffalo soldiers

Nickname for African-American soldiers who fought in the wars against Native Americans living on the Great Plains during the 1870s

lee harvey oswald

On November 22, 1963, he assassinated President Kennedy who was riding downtown Dallas, Texas. Oswald was later shot in front of television cameras by Jack Ruby.

oliver north

One of the chief figures in the Iran-Contra scandal was Marine Colonel Oliver North, an aide to the NSC. He admitted to covering up their actions, including shredding documents to destroy evidence. IMP. Although Reagan did approve the sale of arms to Iran he was not aware of the diversion of money to the contras. This still tainted his second term in office.

abraham lincoln

One of the most skillful politicians in Republican party. Lawyer. Tried to gain national exposure by debates with Stephen A. Douglas. The Lincoln-Douglas debates attracted much attention. Lincoln's attacks on slavery made him nationally known. He felt slavery was morally wrong, but was not an abolitionist. He felt there was not an alternative to slavery and blacks were not prepared to live on equal terms as whites. Won presidency in November election.

Bunker hill

Overlooking boston, British victory under Gage. Heavy losses June 1775

17th amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

3 R's

Relief, Recovery, Reform

robert lafollette

Republican Senator from Wisconsin - ran for president under the Progressive Party - proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations

mugwumps

Republican political activists who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884. They switched parties because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate, James Blaine.

samuel dawes

Rode with Paul Revere warning the colonists that the British are coming

trust busting

Roosevelt wanted to break up trusts, but made a distinction between regulating "good trusts" which through efficiency and low prices dominated to a market and breaking up "bad trusts" which harmed the public and stifled competition.

czar nicholas II

Russian Czar during WWI; unpopular with Russian people; overthrown in March 1917; executed by Bolsheviks after November Revolution (1917)

william H. seward

Senator who believed that slavery should be banned because it is morally wrong

ngo dinh diem

South Vietnamese president that was catholic and strongly opposed communism. His poor leadership and corrupt government spelled doom

2nd wave immigration

Southern and Eastern Europeans (late 19th century early 20th century)

charles evans hughes

Started government regulation of public utilities. He was Secretary of State under Harding and later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He was the Republican candidate in 1916, and lost to Wilson by less that 1% of the vote.

millard fillmore

Successor of President Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.

adlai stevenson

The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower.

first continental congress

The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

jonathan edwards

The most outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. He was a New England Congregationalist and preached in Northampton, MA, he attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all. He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners.

age of affluence

US corporations and banking institution dominated the world economy by producing 52% of the worlds mechanical energy and produced 65% of the worlds manufactured goods.

hemispheric solidarity

US sacrifices self-proclaimed international "police" power. Solidarity against the aggressive nations of Axis powers. Non-intervention, commercial expansion, regional collaboration

muscle shoals bill

Was a proposal to dam up the Tennessee River in order to make a lake to create hydro-electric electricity as well as a recration area. Was opposed by Hoover because hw didnt like that the govt. would be selling electricity and competing against its citizens. Was a classic example ov Hoover's fear of a socialist govt. (page 766)

edward braddock

a British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.

why isn't millard filmore chosen

credited with compromise of 1850

covenant of grace

man and god

Emergency Farm Mortgage Act

provided funds for the refinancing of farm mortgages

RCA

radio corporation of america

dutch colonies

sea faring, traders

phase 1

three-pronged attack

first person born in colony

virginia dare

general westmoreland

was an American General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak from 1964 to 1968 and who served as US Army Chief of Staff from 1968 to 1972.

john rolfe

when pochahontas was captured and sent to jamestown, he fell in love with her; started virginia's first export boom. tobacco

king george III

• King George III, the king of England from 1760 to 1820, exercised a greater hand in the government of the American colonies than had many of his predecessors. Colonists were torn between loyalty to the king and resistance to acts carried out in his name. After King George III rejected the Olive Branch Petition, the colonists came to see him as a tyrant.

blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939

douglas macarthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

work progress administration

(WPA) a main federal relief agency for the depression, it put relief workers directly on the federal payroll

martin van buren

..., the eighth president of the US (1837-1841); a powerful Democrat from New York, he served in the US Senate (182101828), as secretary of state (1829-1831), and as vice president (1933-1837) under Jackson before being elected president in 1836; presidency was marked by the Panic of 1837 and unsuccessfully sought reelection in 1840 and 1848

san miguel de guadalupe

1526; Went to South Carolina FAIL. returned to Cuba

clayton-bulwer treaty

1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.

gold reserve act

1934; United States nationalized gold and prohibited private gold ownership except under license.

CA vs Bakke

1978- The first case that considered the constitutionality of affirmative action programs. Bakke argued that he had been denied admission because there were 16 of 100 spots open for minority applicants.

william bradford

1st governor of plymouth.

north draft

20-45 (married: 35), commutation

turkey

A Muslim country, bordering Iraq on the north. Turkey is a critical U.S. ally in the region. The people of Turkey are Muslim, but they are NOT Arab. Like Iraq and Iran, the Turks also have a Kurd minority within their borders.

chicago race riots

A black man was swimming and a group of white men hit him with a rock and he drowned; this caused a race riot; 40 people died, hundreds injured and thousands left homeless because of arsonists. Was the worst Riot in The Red Summer.

the impending crisis of the south

A book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. The non-aristocrat from N.C. had to go to the North to find a publisher that would publish his book. Slams the Sough

bicameral legislature

A law making body made of two houses (bi means 2).

stalwart

A supporter of the Republican Party during the Gilded Age who supported the Spoils System, Protective Tariffs, and Hard Money; he opposed reform.

politics of harmony

A system in which the governor and the colonial assembly worked through persuasion rather than through patronage or bullying.

spoils system

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends. Jackson used it

american expeditionary force

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

war labor board

Acted as a supreme court for labor cases. Did more harm than good when it tried to limit wages, which led to strikes., (WLB) settled disputes between business and labor without strikes so that production would not be interrupted and morale would be high

return to normalcy

After World War I 1919-20s, when Harding was President, the US and Britain returned to isolatoinism. The US economy "boomed" but Europe continued to struggle. It was the calm before the bigger storm hit: World War II

arab oil embargo

After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused a crisis

21st amendment

Amendment which ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment

pacific railroad bill

Approved and signed into law by president Abraham Lincoln on Jul 1, 1862 and passed by congress to aid in the contruction on the transcontinential railroad.

36 30 line

As a part of the Missouri Compromise, this line was drawn in the Louisiana Territory, which divided the North and South

international economy

Beginning in the 1920's and continuing to the present day, the U.S. has become a mass consumer economy with heavy machinery and automobile corporations. The "information age" developed, and technology has become and industry in itself. Communication to businessmen became much quicker and also made business transactions in different areas of the world much easier. The U.S. has become more and more involved with foreign trade as technology and communication has advanced.

arminianism

Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election.

richmond

Capital of the Confederacy. Lee trying to make it to lunchburg, makes to appomattox courthouse

candidates for 48 election

Cass (D): popular soverignty, Taylor (W): slaveholder with no stance, Van Buren (FS): Northern democrat support

earl warren

Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes.

operation barbarossa

Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II -- led to USSR joining the Allies

patriots

Colonists who wanted independence from Britain

great compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house Roger Sherman Congress is bicameral legislature

declaration of american rights

Declaration by first continental congress that said he Parliament has the right to regulate trade but shouldn't tax. It also said that each colony has the right to determine need for British troops.

Bi elections of 74

Democrats to state governmnets

gaither report

Deterrence & Survival in the Nuclear Age was the report of the Security Resources Panel, presented to President Eisenhower in 1957. It is known as the Gaither Report after the panel's chairman. The report recommended a significant strengthening of U.S. strategic offensive and defensive military capabilities.

treaty of hartford

Dissolves Pequot Nation, remaining Pequots sold into slavery

perfectionism

Due to the new liberal movements and religious fervor, many Americans believed that perfection was attainable. Therefore, a series of movements took place to perfect society, such as prison reform, temperance, etc.

irreconcilables

During World War I, senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, led a group of people who were against the United States joining the League of Nations. Also known as "the Battalion of Death". They were extreme isolationists and were totally against the U.S. joining the League of Nations.

anwar sadat

Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981)

ponce de leon

Explored Florida looking for the Fountain of Youth

fair employment practices commission

FDR issued this committee in 1941 to enforce the policy of prohibiting employment-related discrimination practices by federal agencies, unions, and companies involved in war-related work It guaranteed the employment of 2 million black workers in the war factories.

pure food and drug act

Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

howe

George Washington's British adversary who could have crushed him had he been quicker and smarter

the sussex

Germany agreed not to sink unarmed passenger ships with out warning. They violated this in 1916 when they torpedoed this French passenger ship. Wilson threatened to break diplomatic relations because of this.

roger williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

alfred e smith

He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate., Former governor of New York who ran for President against Herbert Hoover. He was against Prohibition.

napalm

Highly flammable chemical dropped from US planes in firebombing attacks during the Vietnam War.

war on terror

Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.

united nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

jesse smith

Involved in Teapot Dome scandal which involved illegally received benefits due to oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California.

menachem begin

Israeli statesman (born in Russia) who (as prime minister of Israel) negotiated a peace treaty with Anwar Sadat (then the president of Egypt) (1913-1992)

regulator movement

It was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.

Confederate Generals

Jackson, Pickett, Longstreet, Forrest, Stewart, Lee

manchurian crisis

Japan wanted some of China's natural resources and space. in 1932 Japan annexed an area in Manchuria after an alleged attack by the Chinese in 1931. League of Nations did nothing

virginia company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England. plymouth company had control of new england and new york. london company had virginia and north carolina

charles g finney

Known as the "father of modern revivalism," he was a pioneer of cooperation among Protestant denominations. He believed that conversions were human creations instead of the divine works of God, and that people's destinies were in their own hands. His "Social Gospel" offered salvation to all

civil rights act

LBJ passed this in 1964. Prohibited discrimination of African Americans in employement, voting, or public accomidations. Also said there could be no discrimination against race, color, sex, religion, or national origin.

tea act

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

national socialist party

Led by Adolf Hitler in Germany; picked up political support during the economic chaos of the Great Depression; advocated authoritarian state under a single leader, aggressive foreign policy to reverse humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles; took power in Germany in 1933.

black panthers

Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, they believed that racism was an inherent part of the U.S. capitalist society and were militant, self-styled revolutionaries for Black Power.

democratic-republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

war powers act

Limits the ability of the president to commit troops to combat-48 hours to tell Congress when and why the troops were sent, they have 60-90 to bring them home if they disagree

legal tender act

Lincoln signed in 1862, authorized $150 million in greenbacks. - Confederacy never made its paper money legal tender, responded by making more paper money, which accelerated southern inflation.

fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

war on poverty

Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty in his 1964 State of the Union address. A new Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start.

Battle of Saratoga

MOST IMPORTANT; burgyone pressed on to Albany; americans blocking at Bernis heights. Britished forced to withdraw to sartoga. had to surrender. 1/4 of British troops surrendered. Demonstrated american ability, turning poitn in war October 1777

brain trust

Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House. A newspaperman once described the group as "Roosevelt's Brain Trust." They were more influential than the Cabinet.

zimmerman telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

border states

Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri; these slave states stayed in the Union and were crucial to Lincoln's political and military strategy. He feared alienating them with emancipation of slaves and adding them to the Confederate cause.

pequot war

Massachusetts colonists accused a Pequot Indian of murdering a settler. The English set fire to a Pequot villain and the Indians fled their huts and the Puritans shot and killed them. Virtually eliminated the tribe.

V-E day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

ambrose burnside

McClellan's short-lived replacement who tried to move toward Richmond by crossing the Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg. He launched a series of hopeless, bloody attacks on Lee. He withdrew to the north bank of the Rappahannock. He was relieved at his own request and 1862 ended with a series of frustrations for the Union.

bounty jumpers

Men who enlisted in the Union army to collect the bounties offered by some districts to fill military quotas; these men would enlist and then desert as soon as they got their money

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

hiss trial

Nixon accused Alger Hiss of being a communist. Hiss demanded the right to defend himself and met Nixon before the Un-American Activities Committee and denied everything. However, he was sentenced to 5 yrs in prison.

edward doheny

Oilman who bribed Fall $100,000 in the Teapot Dome scandal; he was acquitted in court.

judiciary act of 1801

One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government. 6 to 5 justices. number of lowe courts increased

congress of industrial organizations

Orginially began as a group of unskilled workers who organized themselves into effective unions. As there popularity grew they came known for the revolutionary idea of the "sit down strike", there efforts lead to the passage of the Fair Labor Standard Act and the organization continued to thrive under the New Deal.( page 790-791)

gabriel's rebellion

Out of black revival meetings in Virginia arose an elaborate plan in 1800 (devised by Gabriel Prosser, the brother of a black preacher) for a slave rebellion and attack on Richmond. The plan was discovered and the rebellion forestalled by whites, but revivalism continued to stir racial unrest in the South. 3: 1775-1825

promontory point

Point in Utah where the Transcontinental Railroad was completed. The crews celebrated with placing real golden spikes into the last track laid.

moral diplomacy

Policy adopted by President Woodrow Wilson that rejected the approach of "dollar diplomacy". Rather than focusing mainly on economic ties with other nations, Wilson's policy was designed to bring right principles to the world, preserve peace, and extend to other peoples the blessings of democracy.

solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

greenback labor party

Political party that farmers sought refuge in at first, combined inflationary appeal of earlier Greenabackers w/ program for improving labor

james k. polk

Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and he won the election. Polk favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a friend and follower of Andrew Jackson. He opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. He was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny. 54 40 or fight. Annexed Texas in 1845. Settles for 49 parallel. Believes in one-term presidency

strategic defense initiative

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

navigation laws

Promoted English shipping and control colonial trade; made Americans ship all non-British items to England before going to America; 1st- no foreign ships. half crew. 1660- 3/4 crew. staple act 1663. duty act 1673

bank of the united states

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

evangelical protestantism

Protestant Christian theological stream; stressed a belief in the need for personal conversion; high regard for biblical authority; death and resurrection of Jesus

puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

buying on margin

Purching stock with a little money down with the promise of paying the balance at sometime in the future

collis p huntington

R.R Baron of the Central Pacific. One of the "Big Four"(four men that funded railroads around the late 1860's. He was an adept lobbyist., One of the Big Four with Leland Stanford, he was involved in both railroads and shipping. He founded Newport News Shipping, the largest privately owned shipyard in the United States.

Election of 1876

Race for the presidency between Republican Rutherford B Hayes and Democrat Samuel J Tilden. The decision of the winner came down to congress but no one knew which house should vote because the Senate was Republican and the House of Reps was Democratic. Congress created a Special Electoral Commission consisting of 5 senators, 5 House Reps, and 5 justices from the Supreme court. Votes went 8-7 in favor of Hayes. Corrupt bargain part II

walter raleigh

Received a charter from Queen Elizabeth I to explore the American coastline. His ships landed on Roanoke, which became a "lost colony."

dust bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

internment v relocation

Relocation = choice March 1942 = E.O 9102 curfew and restricted mobility E.O 9095 authorization over "alien" property, encourage voluntary evacuation May 1942 = evacuation to assembly centers -> relocation centers -> justice department internment camp -> citizen isolation camp

macon's bill

Replaced the unsuccessful Non-Intercourse Act and tried to change British and French economic policy. It reopened U.S. trade with all nations including Great Britain and France but threatened to restore the Non-Intercourse Act if they failed to comply with U.S. demands.

dan quayle

Republican vice-presidential nominee in the 1988 election; ridiculed for factual and linguistic mistakes; George H. Bush's running mate in 1988 and 1992 , who had a hard time spelling "potato"

republicans

Rivals of the Federalists who believed in a smaller government based on state rights. Their rivalry sparked tensions with Federalists, creating a political party system.

election of 1904

Roosevelt was handily elected president in 1904. Personal popularity. Bosses considered him dangerous, grew restive as Roosevelt in his second term called ever more loudly for regulating the corporations, taxing incomes, and protecting workers. He announced himself that under no circumstances he would be a candidate for third term, tactical blunder..

royal charter

Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens

joseph stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

battle of wilderness

Second battle fought in the thickly wooded wilderness near Chancellorville, Virginia; in the battle of May 5-6, 1864, no clear victor emerged, but the battle served to deplete the Army of Northern Virginia. Lee wins pyrric victories (Wilderness, spotsylvania, court house, cold harbor)

edwin m. stanton

Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment.

santa fe

Served as capitol of the Spanish colonies in North America, 1st spanish settlement; first capital city in US

treaty of tordesillas

Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

convention of 1818

Set the border between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel (or latitude). Also affirmed U.S. rights to fisheries along Newfoundland and Labrador.

conquistadors

Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain;, Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (See Cortes, Hernan; Pizarro, Francisco.) (p. 436)

elkins act

The Elkins Act of 1903 was an act passed by Congress against the Railroad industries. It was specifically targeted at the use of rebates. It allowed for heavy fining of companies who used rebates and those who accepted them. It is part of the Progressive Reform movement.

serbia

The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. Terrorists from here triggered WWI. After World War II it became the central province of Yugoslavia.

the long walk

The forced march of many Navajo to Fort Sumner, New Mexico, where they were imprisoned, in 1864.

virginia and kentucky resolutions

These documents drafted by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson claimed that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the U.S. Constitution. These resolutions affirmed the principle of states' rights

factory towns

Towns sprung up around the factories because their only mode of transportation is their feet. They have to live near their place of work, both men and women. This establishes an inner city world, whereas those who own the factories migrate outward. This creates a separation of classes.

fort donelson

Two forts in Tennessee that were forced to surrender by General Grant (earned him the nickname "Unconditional Surrender" Grant)

george pickett

U.S. Army officer who became a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He is best remembered for his participation in the futile and bloody assault at the Battle of Gettysburg that bears his name, Pickett's Charge.

mayaguez

US ship captured in Cambodia that Ford sent US troops in to take back, unaware that the Cambodians had already agreed to give it back. 41 troops lost their lives for nothing

muckrackers

Writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, child labor and more. Primarily in the 20th century, their popular books and magazine articles spurred public interest in reform.

battle of stalingrad

a 1942-1943 battle of World War II, in which German forces were defeated in their attempt to capture the city of Stalingrad in the Soviet Union thanks to harsh winter --> turning point of war in Eastern Europe

nazi

a German member of Adolf Hitler's political party

george mcclellan

a general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

georgia

a restoration colony. settled in 1730s; buffer colony

anarchy

a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government)

reasons for westward movement

adventure, opportunity, oregon valley land, panic of 1837

writ of mandamus

an extraordinary writ commanding an official to perform a ministerial act that the law recognizes as an absolute duty and not a matter for the official's discretion

montreal

center of fur trade

Union named battles after *, confederate after *

creeks, towns

virginia named for

elizabeth 1

balance of trade

export more than import

mercenaries

foreign soldiers who fought for money

timothy mcveigh

in 1995, the murrow federal building in oklahoma city was attacked by a large bomb that killed 168 people; the bombing was the act of this extremist

causes of the panic of 1819

inflation, over-speculation in the west, second bank of the US, foreign markets

propaganda

information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc.

manifest destiny coined by

john o'sullivan

Industrialization

more people are consuemrs

reasons jamestown survived

positive relationship, tobacco

mercantilism

power from wealth/ trade and colonies

eighteenth amendment

prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Buchanan's dilema

promised fair election. Sent through Lecompton. Passes senate but not house. Leads to congressional struggle and splits democrats

Federal Emergency Relief Act

provided funds for local and state relief organizations

renaissance

revived literature and art in ancient greece and rome

ford's theater

site of Lincoln's assassination

pool

system in which several railroad companies agreed to divide up the business in an area

seaman's act

the 1915 act requiring decent wages, treatment, and food for those in the merchant marine

mayflower

the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620. landed on cape cod and then plymoth

cattle trails

used to transport livestock from summer grazing areas in Texas to the railroads in Kansas

attacked st. mary's

virginians

welfare capitalism

when companies provide incentives to build better relationships with employees; health insurance, safety standards, buy stock in the company

horizontal integration

"Horizontal integration" combined a number of firms engaged in the same enterprise into a single corporation, such as the consolidation of many different railroad lines into one company; "vertical integration," a company took over all the different businesses on which it relied for its primary function, for example, Carnegie Steel, which came to control not only steel mills but mines, rail- roads, and other enterprises

kinsey report

"Sexual Behavior in the Human Male & Female": scientific study by Alfred Kinsey, turned traditional presumptions about sex and marriage on its head. high counts of homosexuality, masturbation, extramarital affairs, sexuality more fit to a continuum, homosexual tendencies are higher than expected, homosexual thoughts higher than expected. However, began interviewing people about their sexual behaviors in 1938. 17500 individuals, most of them were from University of Indiana and the surrounding community (White well educated individuals) FAILED to obtain a Representative sample.

V-J day

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945

queen anne's war

(1702-1713), second of the four North American wars waged by the British and French between 1689 and 1763. The wars were the result of the worldwide maritime and colonial rivalry between Great Britain and France and their struggle for predominance on the European and North American continents; each of the wars fought in North America corresponded more or less to a war fought between the same powers in Europe; war of spanish succession.

john c. calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

william howard taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

five-power treaty

(1922) treaty resulting from the Washington Armaments Conference that limited to a specific ratio the carrier and battleship tonnage of each nation. It created a moratorium for 10 years, during which no battleships would be built. The countries agreed to refrain from further fortification of their Pacific Possessions. The five countries were: US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy

tariff of 1833

(AJ) set up by henry clay, it was a way to prevent jackson from victory. clay aptly deserves his title as the great comprimiser. it allowed for the tariff of 1832, with a 10 percent decrease every year for 10 years, when the tariff rate would be back to where it was in 1816. it was squezed through congress.

sherman silver purchase act

(BH) 1890 , In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would by 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. This law doubled the amount of silver that could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878.

public works administration

(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.

funding at par

(GW)This meant that the federal government would pay off its debs at face value, plus accumulated interest which at the time had a total of $54 million. This included the federal government taking on the debts by the states and paying for it as a country. Hamilton's establishment of this act gave the country much needed unity because it brought the states together under the centralized government. This made paper money essentially useless do to inflation.

taft-hartley act

(HT) 1947, , The Act was passed over the veto of Harry S. Truman on the 23rd June, 1947. When it was passed by Congress, Truman denounced it as a "slave-labor bill". The act declared the closed shop illegal and permitted the union shop only after a vote of a majority of the employees. It also forbade jurisdictional strikes and secondary boycotts. Other aspects of the legislation included the right of employers to be exempted from bargaining with unions unless they wished to. The act forbade unions from contributing to political campaigns and required union leaders to affirm they were not supporters of the Communist Party. This aspect of the act was upheld by the Supreme Court on 8th May, 1950.

peace corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

nuclear test-ban treaty

(JFK) 1963, Wake of Cuban Missile Crisis (climax of Cold War, closest weve ever come to nuclear war) Soviets & US agree to prohibit all above-ground nuclear tests, both nations choose to avoid annihilating the human race w/ nuclear war, France and China did not sign

iran-contra affair

(RR) Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

SNCC

(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement

hay-pauncefote treaty

(TR) , negotiations with Colombia, six mile strip of land in Panama, $10 million, US could dig canal without British involvement

tennessee valley administration

(TVA) created in 1933 to control flooding in the Tennessee River Valley, provided work for the regions' unemployed and produced inexpensive electric power for the region, part of FDR's hundred days

central pacific railroad

(USG), A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Irish immigrants

pinchot-ballinger controversy

(WT) Pinchot found out that Ballinger had taken a series of 'no-bid' contracts out (to friends, with the promise of substantial kickbacks to Ballinger) companies intent on mining coal on federally protected land. Pinchot went to Taft, Teddy Roosevelts hand picked successor, and informed him. Taft basically told Pinchot that it was ok, and that the contracts would be allowed to stand. This caused a heated argument between Pinchot and Taft with Pinchot getting fired by the President.

WCTU

(Women's Christian Temperance Union) group organized in 1874 that worked to ban the sale of liquor in the U.S.

haiti

(french colony) had slave revolution (1794) to gain independence led by Toussant Louverture

patronage

(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

virginia plan

, The Virginia Plan was presented to the Constitutional Convention and proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in both houses proportional to population. The Virginia Plan favored the large states, which would have a much greater voice. In opposition, the small states proposed the New Jersey Plan. In the end, the two sides found common ground through the Connecticut Compromise. Drafted by Edmund Randolf Two houses with proportiional rep.

john c calhoun

..., (1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

adams-onis treaty

..., 1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean.

prigg v pennsylvania

..., 1842 - A slave had escaped from Maryland to Pennsylvania, where a federal agent captured him and returned him to his owner. Pennsylvania indicted the agent for kidnapping under the fugitive slave laws. The Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for bounty hunters or anyone but the owner of an escaped slave to apprehend that slave, thus weakening the fugitive slave laws.

texas war for independence

..., After a few skirmishes with Mexican soldiers in 1835, Texas leaders met and organized a temporary government. Texas troops initially seized San Antonio, but lost it after the massacre of the outpost garrisoning the Alamo. In respone, Texas issued a Declaration of Independence. Santa Ana tried to swiftly put down the rebellion, but Texan soldiers surprised him and his troops on April 21, 1836. They crushed his forces and captured him in the Battle of San Jacinto, and forced him to sign a treaty granting Texan independence. U.S. lent no aid.

david wilmont

..., David had preposed the wilmont compromise that stated that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist in any part of the Mexican Cession.

san jacinto

..., Decisive battle of the Texas Revolution; led by General Sam Houston the Texans won their independence from Mexico

lewis cass

..., Democratic presedential candidate in 1848, original proponet of the idea of "popular sovereignty"

georgia platform

..., GA would accept Compromise of 1850 as the final resolution of the issue of slavery in the territories, GA would resist to the point of secession any future attempt to deny statehood to a territory applying for admission as a slave state, GA would resist to the point of secession any failure by the free states to fully enforce the Fugitive Slave law.

topeka

..., In this city abolitionists created by 1856 a fully functioning an anti-slavery government for Kansas in hope of becoming a free state, skipping the territorial phase

border ruffians

..., Missourians who traveled in armed groups to vote in Kansas's election during the mid-1850's

james buchanan

..., Nominated by Democrats for having few enemies with Kansas-Nebraska debate. Elected as the fifteenth President of the United States (1857-1861), ranked as one of the worst Presidents, held that secession was illegal, but that going to war to stop it was also illegal. Mixed views on slavery, but policy was consistent as a slavery sympathizer. Biggest mistakes were supporting the Lecompton Constitution and creating financial panic.

harpers ferry raid

..., Occurred in October of 1859. John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist cause. Town in Virginia

george fitzhugh

..., Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society,The most influential propagandist in the decade before the Civil War. In his Sociology (1854), he said that the capitalism of the North was a failure. In another writing he argued that slavery was justified when compared to the cannibalistic approach of capitalism. Tried to justify slavery. Also wrote cannibals all. allowed in the north

lecompton constitution

..., Supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state. Pro-slavery convention. Boycotted by anti-slave

dred scott v sanford

..., Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

battle of the alamo

..., Texans were greatly outnumbered and many were killed by the Mexicans. However, Texans were then inspired to seek revenge. "Remember the Alamo" at San Jacinto

santa anna

..., The Mexican dictator and military leader in the time of the Alamo. When Stephen Austin went to negotiate with him, he shut him in jail for eight months. Was the opposition to American Texans. He wiped out Texans at the Alamo, however he surrendered to Sam Houston in 1836.

repeal of missouri compromise

..., They repealed the Missouri Compromise and believed it should never have been past in the first place. During this time western expansionists wanted these to be slave states but the 36 30 from the Missouri Compromise hindered this. Many disagreed to this decision and it was very controversial., Douglas tried to organize northern area of the LA Purchase while keeping the ban on slavery that came with the MO Compromise of 1820, but southern senators denied. So Douglas removed the ban in the KS-NE Act

sam houston

..., United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)

preston brooks

..., Was a Congressman from South Carolina, notorious for brutally assaulting senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate.

harriet beecher stowe

..., Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery.

joint resolution

..., a formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president

transcontinental railroad

..., a railroad that connected the eastern United States to the western United States. The railroad firmly bonded the West Coast the Union, created a trade route to the far-east, and helped the western expansion

bleeding kansas

..., a sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

jefferson davis

..., an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865. Thought that the government shouldn't be able to dictate slavery because it violates states' rights

mormons

..., church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT. Smith visited by angel Moroni and wrote the book of Mormons. Church of Jesus of latter day saints

american progress

..., depected in an 1872 painting by john gast. Painting: settlers moving west and civilizing "wild" nature and indians. Idea or bringing light to dark land

free soil party

..., formed from the remnants of the Liberty Party in 1848; adopting a slogan of "free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men," it opposed the spread of slavery into territories and supported homesteads, cheap postage, and internal improvements. It ran Martin Van Buren (1848) and John Hale (1852) for president and was absorbed into the Republican Party by 1856. Liberty and whig. not morally based.

charles sumner

..., gave a speech in may 1856 called " the Crime Against Kansas" militant opponent of slavery, beat with a cane by Preston Brooks after the speech, collapsed unconscious and couldn't return to senate for 4 years, symbol throughout the north. Listed senators who were reponsible for Bleeding Kansas

mexican cession

..., historical name for the region of the present day southwestern United States that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War. this massive land grab was significant because the question of extending slavery into newly acquired territories had become the leading national political issue.

caning of sumner

..., in may 1856 charles sumner gave a speech openly attacking andrew butler of south carolina. preston brooks, the nephew of butler attacked sumner with a cane two days later while sumner was working at his desk. northeners were horrified. southeners rejoiced.

stephen austin

..., known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States.

california trail

..., major overland emigrant route across the Western United States from Missouri to California in the middle 19th century. It was used by 250,000 farmers and gold-seekers to reach the California gold fields. Largely superseded by the railroads

oregon trail

..., pioneer trail that began in missouri and crossed the great plains into the oregon country

54 40' or Fight

..., slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk.

rio grande

..., southern boundary of Texas, claimed by the United States

know-nothings

..., the American party, formed in July of 1854. It was a secret, and so those who were questioned, answered I know nothing. In the 1850s, there were a large group., the American Party; anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic

winfield scott

..., was a United States Army general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. Known as "Old Fuss and Feathers" and the "Grand Old Man of the Army", he served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history and most historians rate him the ablest American commander of his time. Over the course of his fifty-year career, he commanded forces in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and, briefly, the American Civil War, conceiving the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan that would be used to defeat the Confederacy.

election of 1908

1) Roosevelt supports taft. Stronger interstate commerce. stronger sherman anti trust act. improved highways. revised tariff conservation reforms 2) Bryan. doesn't win. 3rd attempt. called the GOP party of the priveledged. federal income tax. lower tariff. AFL supports. 3) first time a union supports a candidate

haymarket riot

100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.

house of burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses; elected assembly who met and established local laws based on common law. self-governing. headright

dominion of new england

1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. no religious toleration. navigation acts.

act to prevent frauds and abuses

1696 from William and Mary required governors to enforce trade laws, agents to use writs of assistance, and try criminals in Admiral courts instead of colonial

treaty of ryswick

1697 treaty that ended King William's War; inconclusive

abraham lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

pontiac's rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

declatory act

1766: , after parliament repealed the Stamp Act, the prime minister passed this act that confirmed parliamentary authority over the colonies "in all cases whatsoever", but the Americans paid little attention to this.

annapolis meeting

1786. Meeting that spurred the Constitutional Convention, the idea of Alexander Hamilton. Delegates met to discuss the economic trouble and lack of government throughout the states.

constitution of the US

1787, Written by James Madison, sets out the laws and principles of the government of the US. "New and improved" Articles of Confederation.

alexander hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

jay treaty

1794 - It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals.

pinckney treaty

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

Berlin-Milan Decrees

1806 and 1807- Berlin decree- Napoleon declared his own paper blockade of the British Isle and barred British ships from ports under French control. The Milan decree ruled that neutral ships that complied with the British orders in council were subject to seizure when they reached continental ports. This was Napoleon's "Continental system." This helped lead to the War of 1812. IT was harassment of US neutrality. Put the US in an awkward spot, either orders/decrees they followed they would be in trouble with the other.

Chesapeake Affair

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

chesapeake incident

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

battle of tippecanoe

1811 Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.

dartmouth college v woodward

1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

adams-onis treaty

1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in teh New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean.

jacksonian democrats

1828-1848; Jeffersonian traditions/ideas; Supporters: small farmers & mechanics; Anti-National Bank; States control/build roads & canals; Proslavery; Pro-Mexican War; Strong executive; Laissez-faire

force bill

1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

fugitive slave act/law

1850; Passed as par tof the Compromise of 1850 it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves.

Republican Party

1854. Northern Whigs, Northern Democrats, Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, and other opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

blessings of slavery

1857, argues that slaves are happier than free laborers, freedom is a curse for slaves, and slavery is necessary for economy

crittenden compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

pacific railway act

1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)

wade-davis bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. Iron clad oath, new constitutions, protect liberties (benjamin wasde and henry davis), Jefferson Pocket vetoed

freedmen's bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs/Called carbetbaggers by white southern democrats

tenure of office act

1866 - Enacted by radical Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime". Edmund stanton targets Jognson

national labor union

1866, met in Baltimore, first federation of all the labor union groups. It was composed of a congress of delegates from labor and reform groups more interested in political and social reform than bargaining with employers. It wanted an 8-hour workday, workers' cooperatives, greenbackism, and equal rights for women and African Americans. They were successful in persuading Congress to enact an 8-hour workday for federal employees and to repeal the 1864 Contract labor Act which had encouraged the importation of laborers.

military reconstruction act

1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions. Confederate states except TN

bland-allison act

1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.

chinese exclusion act

1882 - Chinese immigrants had to be examined, and all convicts, polygamists, prostitutes, anarchists, persons suffering from loathsome or contagious diseases, and persons liable to become public disturbances and problems were all excluded form the U.S

pendleton act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

dawes severality act

1887; Continued attempted to break down Native American loyality to their own nation. This act decreed that parcels of land be given not to nations by to individuals. Each family head was allowed 160 acres. Land left over was sold to white settlers. 20 years after this act, N. Amer.'s retained control only 20 precent of their original reservation lands owned.

northern securities case

1902 Roosevelt attacked the Northern Securities Company, a railroad holding company organized by financial titan J. P. Morgan and empire builder James J. Hill (they had sought to achieve a virtual monopoly of the railroads in the Northwest); Court held up Roosevelt's antitrust suit and ordered the company to be dissolved; the decision jolted Wall Street and angered big business but greatly enhanced Roosevelt's reputation as a trust smasher

anthracite coal strike

1902 United Mine Workers of America strike in eastern Pennsylvania which threatened to cause an energy crisis. Roosevelt had no authority in the matter, but summoned representatives of both sides to a White House meeting. The president proposed arbitration; the miners accepted the proposal, but the owners declined. Then Roosevelt angrily threatened to send in federal soldiers to take over the mines. After issuing this threat, he turned to J.P. Morgan and secured his services to act as a go-between with the mine operators.

hay-bunau-varilla treaty

1903 agreement between panama and us that gave us a 99 year lease to build a canal on a ten mile ide strip of land across Panama Isthmas

shepherd-towner act

1921- established the first federally funded health care program providing matching funds for states to set up prenatal and child health care centers

four-power treaty

1921. Treaty between the US, Great Britain, France, and Japan to maintain the status quo in the South Pacific, that no countries could seek further territorial gain.

the jazz singer

1927 - The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson.

wagner act

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

joseph mccarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

malcolm x

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

barry goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history

voting rights act

1965 act which guaranteed the right to vote to all Americans, and allowed the federal government to intervene in order to ensure that minorities could vote

my lai massacre

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.

tet offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

chappaquiddick

1969 automobile accident that happened on an island in which a young woman assistant was drowned when Kennedy's car plunged off a bridge

phyllis schlafly

1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s

ABM treaty

1972-2001; political; treaty between the U.S and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against missile-delivered nuclear weapons

camp david peace talks

1978, Carter's personal touch. Carter brought Israel's and Egypt's leaders to the presidential retreat at Camp David. 13 days of bargaining = negotiations and peace treaty.

william clinton

1993-2001, youngest to be reeelected, Democrat ever since FDR, universal healthcare, higher taxes on wealthy, cut federal budget deficit, freedom choice of abortion = success

W.E.B duBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

elanor roosevelt

1st lady, acted as president's eyes and ears, fought for womens rights and African American justice.

theodore roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

theodore roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War.

william howard taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term., 27th president of the US, 1909- 1913; continued progressive reforms of President Theodore Roosevelt; promoted "dollar diplomacy" to expand foreign investments

woodrow wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Resaca de la Palma

2nd battle of the Mexican war, fought in a valley of the Rio Grande. Mexican troops led by General Arista retreated south after Palo Alto and were defeated by American forces led by Zachary Taylor. Collapse of mexican army and retreat to Rio Grande. Never fight in America again

pickett's charge

3rd day of Gettysburg, Lee asked Pickett to lead troops on a mile and a half run where they were then slaughtered by the union army

john quincy adams

6th U.S. President. 1825-1829. Democratic-Republican. Secretary of State under Monroe. Skilled diplomat as evidenced by the Adams-Onis Treaty and the Treaty of Ghent. Wrote the Monroe Doctrine. Accused of winning the presidency with a "corrupt bargain" with Clay. Repealed the Gag Rule in 1845.

commutation law

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molasses act

A British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported into colonies not ruled by Britain. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing and smuggling. Their protest of this and other laws led to revolution.

father coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

bible commonwealth

A Christian theocratic political economy such as those of the Puritan of Massachusetts Bay and New Haven, Connecticut. There, laws intended for the common good were based on the Bible and the right to vote was limited to church members. bible= puritan; commonwealth= self-governing body. no separation of Church and state

robert e. lee

A General for the confederates, fought many battles. One of his main plans towards the end of the civil war was to wait for a new president to come into office to make peace with. Fought Peninsular Campaign, 2nd battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville (with Jackson), and Gettysburg.

john adams

A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. Adams later served as the second President of the United States.

national recovery act

A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA.

jay cooke

A New York financier who was interested in the OSN Railroads. When he acquired the charter of the North Pacific, he persuaded Congress to enlarge the land grants 60 miles on each side of the railroad, and he allowed timber companies to sell of these lands.His bankruptcy caused a national depression.

harry hopkins

A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.

contras

A Nicaraguan rebel group that got financial support from the CIA. This group was formed as a response to the overthrowing of Anastazio Somoza Debayle

half-way covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

andrew Johnson

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president. ANti-aristocrat. White supremacist. wanted to ruin plantation owners

watergate scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

erie canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

coverture

A common-law doctrine under which the legal personality of the husband covered the wife and he made all legally binding decisions

viet cong

A communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam.

cold war

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

lodge corollary

A corollary to the Monroe Doctrine proposed by Henry Cabot Lodge and ratified by the U.S. Senate in 1912 forbidding any foreign power or foreign interest of any kind to acquire sufficient territory in the Western Hemisphere so as to put that government in "practical power of control".

crisis

A decisive point in the plot of a play or story, upon which the outcome of the remaining action depends, and which ultimately precipitates the catastrophe.

carpetbaggers

A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.

scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

denmark vesey

A free black from Charleston who led a rebellion which caused increasing anxieties in the south whose blame was outlet into protest of the tariffs. This slave rebellion showed that the time of slavery in America was coming to a crossroads where something must be done. They did not want it reach a level as it did in Haiti and along with increasing pressure from Britain, slavery was becoming redefined as immoral. Much of the South's frustrations were outlet into tariff protests.

emergency quota act

A government legislation that limited the number of immigrants from Europe which was set at 3% of the nationality currently in the U.S. It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals.

ohio gang

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

AF of L

A labor union created by Samuel Gompers that was the ONLY labor union that only accepted skilled workers, a national union formed in 1866 under the leadership of Samuel Gompers, a London-born cigar maker, it was a craft union that sought to organize only skilled workers in a network of smaller unions, each devoted to a specific craft

ida tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

hitler-stalin nonaggression pact

A letter sent from Stalin to Hitler in 1939, it gave Germany the permission to wage war on Poland, meaning an agreement of neutrality between the Soviet Union and Germany. (pg. 807)

land ordinance of 1785

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S., A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers

mount Vernon conference

A meeting between Maryland and Virginia to discuss navigation of rivers, but turned into discussion of trade problems between states

stamp act congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

alexander kerensky

A member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party and an active participant in both the provisional government and the Petrograd Soviet. At first, Kerensky acted as a liaison between the two governing bodies. Within the provisional government, he served as minister of justice, minister of war, and later as prime minister. After the October Revolution, Kerensky fled the country and eventually immigrated to the United States

elizabeth cady stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

national women's party

A militant feminist group led by Alice Paul that argued the Nineteenth Amendment was not adequate enough to protect women's rights. They believed they needed a more constitutional amendment that would clearly provide legal protection of their rights and prohibit sex-based discrimination.

george washington plunkitt

A minor boss in Tammany Hall and a member of the New York State Assembly, he was skilled in winning numerous votes for party candidates by associating with and being kind to the people in New York. He was paid by these candidates, and he received generous rewards.

era of good feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

gilded age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

great white fleet

A nickname for the ships of the US Navy that Roosevelt sent on a worldwide cruise to showcase American naval power; had large impressions on other countries and impressed many, which raised morale on foreign expansion and showed the benefits of a powerful navy.

winston churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

espionage and sedition acts

A person could be fined up to $10,000 and/or sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the draft, obstructing the sale of government bonds, or saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort.

republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

dawes plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

kellog-briand pact

A pledge by 15 nations to never threaten war in international relations, effectively outlawing war in general. This pact was enacted to keep Europe and the U.S. safe by announcing to never declare war on each other, which was effective in theory, but never had provisions in case of a violation, and by 1941, many of these countries had violated it.

imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

open door policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

challenger

A politician running for an office that he does not hold at the time of the election. Challengers run against incumbents or in open-seat elections.

pinkertons

A private detective agency founded in 1850. During the labor unrest of the late 19th century, Pinkertons were hired to infiltrate labor unions, and as security guards. They were well known for their involvement in the Homestead Strike, where they protected the strikebreakers.

cultural nationalism

A process of protecting, either formally (with laws) or informally (with social values), the primacy of a certain cultural system against influences (real or imagined) from another culture.

proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

medicare

A program added to the Social Security system in 1965 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor fees and other health expenses.

lend-lease

A program under which the United States supplied U.K, USSR, China, France, and other allied nations with vast amounts of war meterial between 1941 and 1945 in return for, in the case of Britain, Military bases in New Foundland, Bermuda, and the British West Indies. It began in March 1941, nine months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. It was abruptly stopped by the Americans immediately after V-J day.

hiram johnson

A progressive reformer of the early 1900s. He was elected the republican govenor of California in 1910, and helped to put an end to trusts. He put an end to the power that the Southern Pacific Railroad had over politics.

thomas jefferson

A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality

rosie the riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

sons of liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Federalist paper 10

A republican form of government, whereby the people do NOT vote directly, but are represented by fellow citizens, can exist in either a large or small country; but is BEST in a large country, because the existence of many factions (interest groups), as is always the case in a large country, prevents any one group from gaining power. A republican government, therefore, is a protection against the concentration of power.

bear flag revolt

A revolt of American settlers in California against Mexican rule. It ignited the Mexican War and ultimately made California a state.

"seven days" campaign

A series of engagements in June 1862 on the peninsula of South Richmond, Lee fought off McClellan's attacks and forced him to withdraw back to Washington D.C. Lincoln then removed McClellan

referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

monroe doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

waltham system

A system where all stages of textile production done under one roof, with employees living in company housing, and away from home and family. As competition in the domestic textile industry increased and wages subsequently fell, strikes began to occur, and with the introduction of cheaper imported foreign workers by mid-century, the system proved unprofitable and declined.

gang labor

A system where planter organized their slaves into gangs, supervised them closely, and had them work in the fields all day. Primarily used on tobacco plantations.

pet banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

helen hunt jackson

A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture.