APUSH Exam Review

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Mexican Cession

1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.

California Gold Rush

1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on fed gov. to establish a stable gov. in CA

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Sumner-Brooks Affair

1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

National Banking Act

1863 - Established system of national charters for banks

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, the Model T, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

National Labor Union

1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Third Great Awakening

1880-1910- new denominations, very active missionary work,and also the social Gospel approach to social issues

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Moral Majority

"Born-Again" Christians become politically active. The majority of Americans are moral people, and therefore are a political force.

Fists of Righteous Harmony

"Boxers" ", a secret society that circulated handbills blaming foreigners and missionaries for China's troubles

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

"Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.

South African Boer War

1899 - British & Dutch fight over territory that has diamonds and gold; British win

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Albandy Congress

(1754) representatives from 7 out of 13 colonies met to discuss a defense against the French and their Native American allies, one of most important outcomes was an alliance between British/Colonists and the Iroquois Confederacy

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Sugar Act

(1764) law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies

First Continental Congress

(1774) Delagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence

Second Continental Congress

(1775) They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

Treaty of Alliance

(1778) Treaty where France agreed to help the colonists win their independence from England

Newburgh Conspiracy

(1783) The officers of the Continental Army had long gone without pay, and they met in New York to address Congress about their pay, they also considered staging a coup and seizing control of the new government, but the plotting ceased when George Washington refused to support the plan.

Treaty of Paris

(1783) agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country

Pinckney's Treaty

(1795) agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans

The Barbary Wars

(1801-1805 and 1815-1816) Two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century. At issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Czar Nicholas

(1868-1918) Czar of Russia (1894-1917). He was overthrown during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Later, he and his family were killed by the revolution's leadership.

Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

Great Upheaval

(1886) year of intense worker strikes and violent labor confrontations in the United States

Gentleman's Agreement with Japan, 1907

(1907) agreement in which the Japanese promised not to issue passports to laborers seeking to come to the US, in return for no Japanese segregation in the US.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

(1911) 146 women killed while locked into the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions)

John Paul II

(1920- 2005) In 1978, this Pole became the first non-Italian Pope in 400 years. He helped end Communism in Eastern Europe.

Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)

(1996) Defines marriage as man-woman. No state is forced to recognize same-sex marriage

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

(FDI) A United States government corporation created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. It provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks, currently up to $250,000 per depositor per bank

Neutrality Act of 1937

(FDR) The Neutrality Act of 1937, passed in May, included the provisions of the earlier acts, this time without expiration date, and extended them to cover civil wars as well. Further, U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations, however private ships can come at on risk

Neutrality Act of 1936

(FDR) forbade loans or credit for belligerents

Iran-Contra Affair

(RR) Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

Dexter Avenue Baptist Church

*church where MLK preached at and helped organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott in its basement

Christian Broadcasting Network

- Based in Virginia Beach, Virginia, this television network was the first Christian ministry to build and operate its own satellite earth station (in 1977).

Russia-Japanese War

- In 1903, Japan and Russia begin struggle over Manchuria - Japan attacks Russia in 1904, starting _________ - In 1905, treaty ends the war; Japan gains captured terrotories

John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

- Minister/Ambassador to multiple foreign countries - U.S. Senator from Massachusetts - Secretary of State under President Monroe (formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine_ - President (1825-1829) - served in the House of Representatives (1830-1848)

John C. Calhoun

- one of the original "War Hawks" in the House of Representatives in 1810 - served as Secretary of War, Secretary of State, U.S. Senator, and Vice President - South Carolina political leader who defended slavery and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which a state could nullify a federal law - A democrat and eventually a member of the Whig Party from the south

Henry Clay

- one of the original "War Hawks" in the House of Representatives in 1810 - served in the U.S. Senate and as Secretary of State - established an economic system known as the "American System" in the years following the War of 1812 - Political leader from Kentucky and leading member of the Whig Party who worked to keep the Union together through a series of compromises thus earning the nickname "The Great Compromiser"

Nicholas Biddle

- served as President of the 2nd Bank of the United States - he and Andrew Jackson had a personal and professional conflict that, in part, led to "The Bank War" which ultimately caused the destruction of the 2nd Bank of the United States in the mid 1830s

Daniel Webster

- served in the House of Representatives, the U.S. Senate, and a Secretary of State - Massachusetts political leader who advocated a strong Union of states and thought the doctrine of nullification was a threat to the preservation of the union - A federalist and eventually a member of the Whig Party from the NE

Andrew Jackson

- served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1796-1797) - served as a U.S. Senator (1797-1798, 1823-1825) - Justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court (1798-1804) - gained national fame for his defeat of the British at the Battle of NOLA at the end of the War of 1812 - led U.S. forces during the First Seminole War in Florida (1817-1818) - President (1829-1837)

3/5 Compromise

-each slave would count for 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes

Factors in the European Age of Exploration

-importance of trade with Asia -need for new routes -improvements in maritime technology -rise of nation-states

Emilio Aguanaldo

..., Leader of Filipino rebellion against Spain and later the US after the U.S took control of the Philippines

4 Reasons the U.S. Senate does not ratify the Treaty of Versailles

1. President Wilson's Delegation to Paris 2. President Wilson's stubbornness 3. Progressive Impulse Dying 4. Mood of Country ("Return to Normalcy")

Lodge Reservations

14 formal amendments to the treaty for the League of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desired to keep declaration of war to itself

Equal Protection Clause

14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Great Migration to Massachusetts

1630-1640. Largest migration in 19th century. Puritans moving for religious reasons, Winthrop brings people to MA Bay. Came bc of ptx upheaval

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Declatory Act

1766: , after parliament repealed the Stamp Act, the prime minister passed this act that confirmed parliamentary authority over the colonies "in all cases whatsoever", but the Americans paid little attention to this.

John James Audubon

1785-1851 *Romantic-era artist *Member of the Hudson River School, a group of landscape painters *Demonstrated the emotion of nature, especially birds and animals *In 1886, a nature organization took his name

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

26th Amendment (1971)

18 year olds gain the right to vote

Causes of the War of 1812

1812-1815 *British impressment of AMerican sailors *The United States suspected the British of encouraging Native American rebellion "War Hawk" Congressional leaders, such as Henry Clay and John Calhoun, pressed for intervention *American frontiersmen wanted more free land, as the West was held by Native Americans and the British *War Hawks also wanted to annex Canada and Florida *Despite the Embargo Act and Non-Intercourse Act, hostilities could not be cooled *Eventually, the United States sided with France against Britain

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933

March 6, 1933 - FDR ordered a bank holiday. Many banks were failing because they had too little capital, made too many planning errors, and had poor management. The Emergency Banking Relief Act provided for government inspection, which restored public confidence in the banks.

V-E Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Unemployment

Measures the number of people who are able to work, but do not have a job during a period of time.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Oliver North

Member of the National Security Council under President Ronald Reagan; Chief member of funneling arms to Iran and then transferring the money to the Contras in Nicaragua

Elvis Presley (1935-1977)

Memphis-born singer whose youth, voice, and sex appeal helped popularize rock 'n' roll in the mid-1950s. Commonly known using only his first name, he was an icon of popular culture, in both music and film

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

Men and women paid by federal government to do public projects

Four-Minute Men

Men sent on tour by Pres. Wilson to present four minute propaganda speeches to the public

Race Riots

Migration of African Americans to nothern cities increased racial tensions, which led to violence in many cities. Conditions were no better in the South than in the North.

My Lai Massacre (1968)

Military assault in a small Vietnamese village on March 16, 1968, in which American soldiers under the command of 2nd Lieutenant William Calley murdered hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children. The atrocity produced outrage and reduced support for the war in America and around the world when details of the massacre and an attempted cover-up were revealed in 1971.

Guantanamo Bay

Military base granted to the US in Cuba which is now used as a prison

Russian Civil War (1918-1921)

Millions died in the struggle between the Reds (pro-Communist forces) and Whites (an amalgam of non-Communists); the Reds won, largely because of the organizational skills of Leon Trotsky.

Coeur d'Alene

Mining district in Idaho. In 1892 Martial law was declared here when a streak occurred.

Homestead Strike (1892)

On June 29, 1892, workers belonging to the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck the Carnegie Steel Company at Homestead, Pa. to protest a proposed wage cut. Henry C. Frick, the company's general manager, determined to break the union. He hired 300 Pinkerton detectives to protect the plant and strikebreakers. After an armed battle between the workers and the detectives, several men were killed or wounded, the governor called out the state militia. The Homestead strike led to a serious weakening of unionism in the steel industry until the 1930s.

Anthracite Coal Strike

1902 United Mine Workers of America strike in eastern Pennsylvania which threatened to cause an energy crisis requiring the federal government to intervene on the side of labor (first time)

Pancho Villa's Raid, 1916

On March 9, 1916, several hundred Mexican rebels led by Francisco "Pancho" Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico killing 17 Americans. General John J. Pershing launched an expedition into Mexico to capture Villa, but failed. Resentment over the U.S. intrusion led to a diplomatic crisis with the Mexican government that escalated into violence when Mexican troops attacked the 10th Cavalry. Pancho Villa's raid drove a wedge between the U.S and Mexican governments, which led to the halt of all economic aid and resulted in American resentment towards Mexican Americans.

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Muckrakers

1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Richard Wright

1908-1960 *African American author who wrote about racial oppression His novels included Uncle Tom's Children (1938), Native Son (1940), and Black Boy (1945) *He joined the Communist Party for a brief time in the early 1930s

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

1921 legislation that limited immigration to 3% of the people of their nationality living in the US in 1910

The Jazz Singer

1927 - The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson.

Tidings-McDuffie Act

1934 Congress Act that allowed Philippines Independence in 1946

Rome-Berlin Axis

1936; close cooperation between Italy and Germany, and soon Japan joined; resulted from Hitler; who had supported Ethiopia and Italy, he overcame Mussolini's lingering doubts about the Nazis.

Neville Chamberlain

1938; gullible British Prime Minister; declared that Britain and France would fight if Hitler attacked Poland.

Cash and Carry Policy

1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. This benefited the Allies, because Britain was dominant naval power.

Cash and Carry Basis

1939; this new Neutrality Act allowed the U.S. to sell weapons to other countries with cash only.

Lend-Lease Act

1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

1949 alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved

McCarran Internal Security Act

1950 - Required Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government. Truman described it as a long step toward totalitarianism. Was a response to the onset of the Korean war.

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Senator Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

McCarran-Walter Immigration Act

1952 - Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952, it kept limited immigration based on ethnicity, but made allowances in the quotas for persons displaced by WWII and allowed increased immigration of European refugees. Tried to keep people from Communist countries from coming to the U.S. People suspected of being Communists could be refused entry or deported.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means

U-2 Spy Plane

1960 *Soviets shot down a United States U-2 reconnaissance plane in Soviet airspace *Eisenhower admitted to spying on the Soviets *The pilot, Francis Gary Powers, survived and served eighteen months in a Soviet jail

Lyndon Johnson's Great Society

1964 - It attempted to continue New Deal type programs. Aims were ending poverty, reducing pollution, regenerating urban life, and pursuing Civil Rights legislation

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Watts Riots

1964 riots which started in an African-American ghetoo of Los Angeles and left 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week, and spurred hundreds more around the country.

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history

Eugene McCarthy

1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson on an anti-war platform.

Tet

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Phyllis Schlafly

1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s

Gerald Ford

1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon

Panama Canal Treaty

1978 - Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.

Bakke v. University of California

1978 Supreme Court ruling that limited affirmative action by rejecting a quota system.

Three Mile Island

1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

George Bush

1989-1993 *Forty-first President *Prior to becoming the president, he served as a congressman, director of the C.I.A., U.N. Ambassador, and vice president to Ronald Reagan *Sent troops to overthrow Manuel Noriega in Panama *Led the US to success in the Gulf War, forcing Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait

Monica Lewinsky

1990s; had affair with Clinton who denied it under oath, but there was physical evidence; he was impeached for perjury and his resulting political battles kept him from being productive in his final term paving way for the seemingly moral Bush in 2000

Bill Clinton

1992 and 1996; Democrat; Don't Ask Don't Tell policy implemented by Congress, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Travelgate controversy; Operation Desert Fox (4 day bombing campaign in Iraq); Scandals: Whitewater controversy, Lewinsky scandal (impeached and acquited), Travelgate controversy, Troopergate; first balanced budget since 1969

Lydia Maria Child

19th c., an American abolitionist, women's rights activist, opponent of American expansionism, Indian rights activist, novelist, and journalist

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

1st Battle of Bull Run - Manassas, Virginia (July, 1861)

1st major battle of Civil War, and the Confederate's victory. The battle is also known as the first Battle of Manassas. It shattered the North's hopes of winning the war quickly.

Barack Obama

2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia

Chester Arthur

21st U.S. President. 1881-1885. Republican

Interstate Highway Act, 1956

25 billion dollars for the construction of the Interstate Highway System over a 20-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history through that time. Passed under Eisenhower, it was justified in part by the necessity for internal transportation in case of communist attack. Stimulated growth of suburbs and economy.

March on Washington (1963)

250,000 people for a peaceful demonstration to promote Civil Rights and economic equality for African Americans. I have a dream speech was given here by Martin Luther King jr.

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

Teddy Roosevelt

26th President, from 1901-1909, passed two acts that purified meat, took over in 1901 when McKinley was shot, Went after trusts, formed the "Bull Moose Party", wanted to build the Panama canal, and make our Navy ( military stronger )

William Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Warren Harding

29th president of the US; Republican; "Return to Normalcy" (life as it had been before WWI-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal

Woodstock

3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

31st President, Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961)

34th President

Jimmy Carter

39th U.S. President. 1977-1981. Democratic

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

Ronald Reagan

40th U.S. President. 1981-1989. Republican

Holocaust of WWII

6 million Jews are killed during this. After this, Israel becomes a state. Every Islamic nation in the UN rejects Israel but the security council, the Western States, have the final say and they want Israel to be a state because they would be allies. The day after it becomes a state, Israel is attacked by all of its neighboring countries. However, Israel prevailed with Western Support.

Pearl Harbor

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

European Renaissance

A "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy in the period 1350-1500 and that included not just a rediscovery of Greek learning but also major developments in art, as well as growing secularism in society.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Korematsu v. United States

A 1944 Supreme Court decision that upheld as constitutional the internment of more than 100,000 Americans of Japanese descent in encampments during World War II.

Mercy Otis Warren

A 19th century American historian who wrote a 3-volume history of the American Revolution.

Thomas Paine and Common Sense

A British citizen, he wrote Common Sense, published on January 1, 1776, to encourage the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution.

Molasses Act of 1733

A British law that established a tax on imports of molasses, sugar, and rum from non-British colonies. The law was loosely enforced and New England imported great quantities of West Indian sugar for manufacturing rum. Example of mercantilism

Soviet Union

A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.

Viet Cong

A Communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam.

Farmers' Alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

William Berkeley

A Governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles I, of whom he was a favorite. He was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians that led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.

Sam Phillips

A Memphis music producer who recorded and promoted early rock music

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Anasazi

A Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings

Harry Hopkins

A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.

William Lloyd Garrison; The Liberator

A Northern abolitionist who created "The Liberator" an abolitionist newspaper made to unify and amplify the abolitionist movement.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.

Winslow Homer

A Realist painter known for his seascapes of New England.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Conquistador

A Spanish conqueror of the Americas

Title IX

A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Colorado Volunteers

A band of Colorado militia under the command of John Chivington that slaughtered 400 Cheyenne Arapaho Indians

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

A black nationalist organization founded in 1914 by the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their "African homeland" and to stimulate a vigorous separate black economy within the United States.

National War Labor Board

A board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war

Treasury Department

A cabinet-level agency that is responsible for managing the federal government's revenue. It prints currency, collects taxes, and sells government bonds.

Colored Farmers' Alliance (1886)

More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same org.

Erie Canal (1817-1825)

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Grandfather Clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

Joint Stock Company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Space Race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

Cultural Pluralism

A condition in which many cultures coexist within a society and maintain their cultural differences.

Cultural War

A conflict between traditionalist or conservative values and progressive or liberal values

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Annapolis Convention

A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

Satellite Nations

A country that is dominated politically and economically by another nation.

Protectorate

A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

Ghost Dance

A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into "white" citizens. It did little good.

Counterculture

A culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture.

The Ostend Manifesto

A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

"Magic"

A decoding device that the United States used to decipher Japan's radio transmissions

Ben Franklin

A delegate from Pennsylvania and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen colonies.

Haymarket Square Riot (1886)

A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

New World Order

A description of the international system resulting from the collapse of the Soviet Union in which the balance of nuclear terror theoretically no longer determined the destinies of states.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Plains Indians (Sioux, Blackfoot, Arapaho, Cheyenne)

A diverse group of Indian tribes and their languages that inhabited the West

Southern Manifesto (1956)

A document that repudiated the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education and supported the campaign against racial integration in public places

Peculiar Institution

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.

Stalwarts

A faction of the Republican party in the ends of the 1800s Supported the political machine and patronage. Conservatives who hated civil service reform.

Clarence Darrow

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.

Thomas Nast

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians

Medicaid

A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

A federation of labor union for all unskilled workers. It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

Proclamation of Neutrality

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

Impeachment

A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office

Abolition

Movement to end slavery

Henry Wallace

A former Democratic who ran on the New Progressive Party due to his disagreement on Truman's policy with the Soviets. He caused the Democratic party to split even more during the election season.

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

Crispus Attucks

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.

Inflation

A general and progressive increase in prices

Benard Montgomery

A general sent in by London to take control of British forces in North Africa during WWII

Operation Wetback (1954)

A government program to roundup and deport as many as one million illegal Mexican migrant workers in the United States. The program was promoted in part by the Mexican government and reflected burgeoning concerns about non-European immigration to America. (957)

Frank Norris

Muckraker during the Progressive Era; wrote "The Octopus" (1901) that described the power of the railroads over Western farmers

Black Panther Party

A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.

Beat Generation (1950s-1960s)

A group of American writers in the 1950s and 1960s who sought release and illumination though a bohemian counterculture of sex, drugs, and Zen Buddhism. Writers such as Jack Kerouac (On The Road) and Allen Ginsberg (Howl) gained fame by giving readings in coffeehouses, often accompanied by jazz music.

Niagra Movement

A group of black and white reformers, including W. E. B. DuBois. They organized the NAACP in 1909.

Taliban

A group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996

Nation of Islam

A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

Progressives

A group of reformers who worked to solve problems caused by the rapid industrial urban growth of the late 1800s.

Mugwumps

A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

Scots-Irish

A group of restless people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by the Scots-Irish. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors.

Little RocK Nine

A group of students who were enrolled in a white high school on the basis of being black

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

A group of women who advocated total abstinence from alcohol and who worked to get laws passed against alcohol.

William Tweed

N.Y. political boss (did not hold a political office) controlled the Democratic political machine known as Tammany Hall; Stole $200 million form New York City

Earth Day

A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970

Bombing of Yugoslavia, 1999

NATO bombings of Yugoslavia led to the withdrawal of Yugoslav forces from Kosovo and put an end to the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the strike (example of how government always sided with employers over workers in the Gilded Age). The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

A law creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured individual bank deposits and ended a century-long tradition of unstable banking that had reached a crisis in the Great Depression.

Pendelton Act

A law enacted in 1883 that established a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to government jobs by means of the merit system.

Draft

A law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military

Endangered Species Act of 1973

A law requiring the federal government to protect all species listed as endangered.

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

National Origins Act of 1924

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

Charles Finney

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Chicanos

Name given to Mexican-Americans, who in 1970, were the majority of migrant farm labor in the U.S.

Dynamo

A machine that generates electricity

March from Selma to Montgomery, 1965

A march that was attempted three times to protest voting rights, with many peaceful demonstrators injured and killed. Lead by MLK

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Economic Recovery Tax Act (1981)

A measure signed by Reagan in 1981 which cut personal income taxes by 25 percent, lowered the maximum rate from 70 to 50 percent for 1982, cut the capital gains tax by a third, and offered the wealthy a broad array of other tax concessions.

Hartford Convention (1814)

A meeting of Federalist delegates from New England inspired by Federalist opposition to the War of 1812;contributed to the death of the Federalist Party during the "Era of Good Feelings"

Sam Adams

A member of the Sons of Liberty who started the Committee of Correspondence to stir public support for American independence.

Glass ceiling

A metaphor alluding to the invisible barriers that prevent minorities and women from being promoted to top corporate positions.

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Stephen Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Gold Standard

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Red Power Movement

A movement which led to many Indian tribes winner greater control over education and economic development on their reservations.

Federal Theatre Project (FTP)

A nationwide effort representing the first time that the U.S. government directly subsidized theatre.

Commodore Matthew Perry

A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

A new tariff proposed by Henry Clay & John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816; avoided civil war & prolonged the union for another 30 years.

Doughboys

A nickname for the inexperienced but fresh American soldiers during WWI

Transcendentalism

A nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

South Carolina Exposition

A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written by John C. Calhoun. It spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of the tariff. Calhoun wished to use nullification to prevent secession, yet address the grievances of sectionalist Southerners. These sectionalist ideas helped lead to the Civil War.

Hunter's Civic Biology

A part of a chapter on the evolution of humankind and Darwin's theory of natural selection read by John T. Scopes in the spring of 1925.

political machine

A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity

2nd Red Scare

A period in 1950s America where Anti-Communism was rampant and at a fever pitch

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Mulatto

A person of mixed African and European ancestry

Mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Peace with Honor (1973)

A phrase U.S. President Richard M. Nixon used in a speech on January 23, 1973 to describe the Paris Peace Accord to end the Vietnam War.

Silent Majority

A phrase used to describe people, whatever their economic status, who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s

Dawes Plan (1924)

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

New York Conspiracy, 1741

A plot by slaves and poor whites to burn New York. Over 170 people were arrested for participating in the plot. Most were hanged, burnt, or deported.

Claude McKay

A poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and wrote the poem "If We Must Die" after the Chicago riot of 1919.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Brinkmanship

A policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Conservatism

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.

Free Soil Party

A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

NSC-68

National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

Bing Crosby (1903-1977)

A popular crooner known for a silky, gentle, nuanced voice that suggests intimacy.

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

Fragging

A practice, which erupted sporadically late in the Vietnam War, in which demoralized U.S. servicemen killed their own superior officers in order to avoid being sent on dangerous missions. Although was not widespread, numerous specific incidents were reported.

Limited Government

A principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution.

Initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

Gag Rule (1836-1844)

A procedure in the House of Representatives by which antislavery petitions were automatically tabled when they were received so that they could not become the subject of debate. Signifies the growing divisiveness of the slavery issue in the 1830's and 1840's.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Archibald Cox

A professor of Harvard law school who also worked with the Department of Labor. He was the appointed Special Prosecutor over the Watergate case.

Hubert Humphrey

A prominent liberal senator from Minnesota dedicated to the promotion of civil rights, he served as Johnson's vice-president from 1964-68 and ran an unsuccessful personal campaign for the presidency in 1968.

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Stono Slave Rebellion (1739)

A rebellion that occurred on September 9, 1729 in South Carolina by slaves. This uprising (largest prior to American Revolution) led to the laws suppressing slaves from assembly, education, freedom of movement, and a 10 year moratorium, and the Negro Act of 1740

The Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Puritan

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Confederate States of America

A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

poll tax

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Malaise

A sense of unease; depression

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Pacific Railway Act (1862)

A series of laws that promoted the construction of the *Transcontinental Railroad* authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Whitewater

A series of scandals during the Clinton Administration that stemmed from a failed real estate investment from which the Clintons were alleged to have illicitly profited. The accusations prompted the appointment of a special federal prosecutor, though no indictments.

Wartime Economy

A set of steps taken by a modern state to mobilize its economy for war production.

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

Peace Movement

A social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars), minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or type of situation, often linked to the goal of achieving world peace.

Cotton Club

A speak easy where blacks played but could not be apart of the audience. One of the most famous Harlem nightspots.

Pullman Strike (1894)

A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened because it was interfering with mail delivery and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Jazz

A style of dance music popular in the 1920s

Proposition 13 (1978)

A successful California state ballot initiative that capped the state's real estate tax at 1 percent of assessed value. The proposition radically reduced average property tax levels, decreasing revenue for the state government and signaling the political power of the "tax revolt," increasingly aligned with conservative politics.

Stock Market

A system for buying and selling shares of companies

Casta System

A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories.

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Nez Perce

Native American Tribe that will flee capture from U.S. Troops, who almost make it to Canada.

Russel Means

Native American actor and activist who founded AIM in the 1960s

Wigwams, Hogans, Igloos, Tepees, and Longhouses

Native American shelter

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Radar in WWII

A system that uses reflected radio waves to detect objects and measure their distance and speed. Used to detect incoming aircraft in World War Two.

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Tarrif

A tax on imported goods

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Patrick Buchanan

A television commentator and former White House aide who challenged Bush in the Republican primary.

Apache

Native American-Indian tribe; 1870's; group from Arizona and New Mexico led by Geronimo were difficult to control; chased into Mexico by Federal troops; they became successful farmers raising stock in Oklahoma

Chinook

Native Americans living in the Pacific Northwest of the present- day united States.

Zambo

A term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonists to describe someone of African or American Indian ancestry.

US Imperialism

A term used to describe the U.S. acquisition of Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands in 1898

The Third Way

A term used to describe the new and more central left-wing parties of the 1990s, most notably Britain's "New Labour".

literacy test

A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Roaring 20's

A time of booming business, lots of new entertainment like Jazz Age music, and new technologies.

Royal African Company

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)

Stonewall Inn

A two-day riot by Stonewall Inn patrons after the police raided the gay bar in New York's Greenwich Village in 1969; the event contributed to the rapid rise of a gay liberation movement.

Pocket-Veto

A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Native American "Code Talkers"

Native Americans that worked in military communications and speaking their own languages which enemy forces could not understand or decode over radios or telephones. It brought many Native Americans into contact with society and awakened in some of them a taste for the material benefits and assimilate them into a life living in capitalistic America that they would retain after the war.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History"

WWII

A war fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Axis powers — Germany, Italy, and Japan — and the Allies, including France and Britain, and later the Soviet Union and the United States.

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

Civilian Conservation Corps

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

Sovereignty of Nations

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Abortion rights fall within the privacy implied in the 14th amendment

American Expeditionary Force

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

Gettysburg Address (1863)

Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.

Chattel Slavery

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

Horizontal Integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Talented Tenth

According to W. E. B. DuBois, the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all blacks

Neutrality Act of 1939

Act that allowed nations at war to buy goods and arms in the United States if they paid cash and carried the merchandise on their own ships

War Powers Act

Act that grants emergency executive powers to president to run war effort

Brown Berets

Activist group formed in 1967 in response to police treatment of Mexican Americans.

Federalists Party

Adams and Hamilton formed this based on the idea of expanding the powers of the central government to promote manufacturing.

SALT II

Additional arms limitations signings in 1979 which places limits on long-range missiles, bombers and nuclear warheads.

George Washington Carver

African American farmer and food scientist. His research improved farming in the South by developing new products using peanuts.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Black Power Movement

African American movement that focused on gaining control of economic and political power to achieve equal rights by force in necessary. (Malcolm X)

Jelly Roll Morton

African American pianist, composer, arranger, and band leader from New Orleans; Bridged that gap between the piano styles of ragtime and jazz; Was the first important jazz composer

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

African American Religion

African slaves mixed African beliefs and beliefs and practices with Catholic rituals and theology, resulting in the formation of entirely new religions such as Vaudou in Haiti (later referred to as "voodoo), Santaria in Cuba, and Candombie in Brazil.

Malcom X

African-American civil rights leader who encouraged violent responses to racial discrimination

Arms Embargo

After France and Britain declared war on Germany, President Roosevelt tried to convince Congress to repeal

East Germany; West Germany

After WWII, Germany was divided into two countries, a communist one ruled by the Soviet Union (East) and one governed by the democratic allies (West)

Return to Normalcy

After World War I 1919-20s, when Harding was President, the US and Britain returned to isolatoinism. The US economy "boomed" but Europe continued to struggle. It was the calm before the bigger storm hit: World War II

Hawaii Annexation

After negotiations in 1897, a treaty was agreed to for the annexation of the Republic of Hawaii. Marines supported an overthrow of the Hawai'ian queen in order to obtain more territory for the U.S.

Walter Rauschenbusch

New York clergyman who preached the social gospel, worked to alleviate poverty, and worked to make peace between employers and labor unions.

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

New South

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.

The New South

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)

After the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in December 1979, President Carter placed an embargo on wheat shipments to Russia, increased spending on defense, and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963

Agreement between the US, Soviet Union, and Great Britain to end the testing of nuclear bombs in the atmosphere or underwater

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START)

Agreement between the United States and Russia to cut their long-range nuclear arsenals by half.

Nine-Power Treaty (1922)

Agreement coming out of the Washington "Disarmament" Conference of 1921-1922 that pledged Britain, France, Italy, Japan, the United States, China, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Belgium to abide by the Open Door Policy in China. The Five-Power Naval Treaty on ship ratios and the Four-Power Treaty to preserve the status quo in the Pacific also came out of the conference.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Agreement that created a free-trade area among the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

Satellite nations of the Soviet Union

Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland

Contract with America (1994)

Newt Gingrich (Republican congressman) planned for success of Republican party in upcoming election by pledging tax cuts, congressional term limits, tougher crime laws, balanced budget amendment, popular reforms &c.

Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Closing the Ring

Allied plan to surround Germany on all sides

Wartime Alliance

Allies (France, Russia, Great Britain, Japan, Italy, and U.S.) and Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire)

Fire Bombing of Dresden

Allies bombed german city of Dresden and many died and the city was destroyed

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

Split between Roosevelt and Taft

Allowed Wilson to win a narrow presidential victory in the election of 1916

U.S. v. Nixon (1974)

Allowed for executive privilege, but not in criminal cases; "Even the President is not above the law;" Watergate.

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

Also called the Labor Management Relations Act. This act was Congress' response to the abuse of power. Outlawed closed shops; prohibited unions' unfair labor practices, and forced unions to bargain in good faith.

Ashcan School

Also known as The Eight, a group of American Naturalist painters formed in 1907, most of whom had formerly been newspaper illustrators, they believed in portraying scenes from everyday life in starkly realistic detail. Their 1908 display was the first art show in the U.S.

Great Commoner

Nickname for William Pitt, the Organizer of Victory

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Sitting Bull

American Indian chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn

Ngo Dinh Diem

American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.

Soviet Ark (1919)

Nickname for the transport ship that transported 249 people from New York for Finland on December 22 1919; included were assorted anarchists, criminals, and public charges, all of whom were deported to Russia without benefit of a court hearing.

Clipper Ships

American boats, built during the 1840's in Boston, that were sleek and fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers.

Josiah Strong

American clergyman who preached Anglo-Saxon superiority and called for stronger U.S. missionary effort overseas, social darwinist

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

George M. Cohan

American composer famous for his World War I songs: "Over There" and "You're A Grand Ole Flag"

Sierra Club (1892)

American environmental organization. Helped promote the protection of the environment and nature.

Jacqueline Kennedy

American first lady and wife of president Kennedy; she was known for her style and social grace; was used to create a favorable public opinion about his presidency.

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Frederick Taylor

American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. He is known as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants

Pacific Fleet

American naval forces

Mary Cassatt

American painter whose sensitive portrayals made her one of the prominent new impressionists

Francis Townsend

American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935.

William L. Calley Jr.

American serviceman who led the killings of South Vietnamese villagers at My Lai

USS Panay

American ship sunk by Japanese in 1937. The US boat was floating up an international river in Manchuria, and Japan saw guns on board, so they fired. Japanese were testing their power and America's foreign attitude. Americans were not at all alarmed, and after an apology and a payment, pretended the incident didn't happen.

Bataan Death March (1942)

American soldiers (MacArthur's men) were forced to march 65 miles to prison camps by their Japanese captors

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Mandatory Rationing

Americans at home reminded to conserve materials in all aspects of life to support the military; resulted in saving up of money to cause economic boom after war

Doves

Americans who opposed the Vietnam War.

Hawks

Americans who supported the Vietnam War.

Bob Haldeman

Nixon's chief of staff

John Mitchell

Nixon's former attorney general

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. He was replaced by Gerald R. Ford.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) (1942)

Nonviolent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the "Double V"—victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. After World War II, CORE would become a major force in the civil rights movement.

Korean War (1950-1953)

North Korea (aided by SU) fighting to take over South Korea (Aided by US)

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique

An American feminist, activist and writer, best known for starting what is commonly known as the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of a book.

Gloria Steinem

An American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader of, and media spokeswoman for, the women's liberation movement in the late 1960s and 1970s.

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

An American marine biologist wrote in 1962 about her suspicion that the pesticide DDT, by entering the food chain and eventually concentrating in higher animals, caused reproductive dysfunctions. In 1973, DDT was banned in the U.S. except for use in extreme health emergencies.

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Kent State University

An Ohio university where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting the Vietnam War on May 4, 1970, wounding nine and killing four

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

An agency created after World War II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad. It became involved in intrigue, conspiracy, and meddling as well.

Rural Electrification Administration

An agency established in 1935 to promote nonprofit farm cooperatives that offered loans to farmers to install power lines.

Fire Bombing of Tokyo

An air raid on Japan using incendiary bombs. Led to the destruction of more than half of the city.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

Spanish Philippines

An archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization; the Spanish named them the Philippine Islands in honor of King Philip II of Spain.

Indian Territory

An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska

Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska

Credit

An arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future.

Victory Speed Limits

An attempt to conserve fuel by requiring Americans to drive more slowly.

Fair Deal

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964

An economic legislation that created many social programs to help provide funds for youth programs antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training; part of the Great Society.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

John T. Scopes

An educator in Tennessee who was arrested for teaching evolution. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernist. The trial placed a negative image on fundamentalists, and it showed a changing America.

Jackson Era (1824-1848)

An emphasis on the common man and a new spirit; defined by Andrew Jackson's political views

Ellis Island

An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy

Cross of Gold Speech

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

Global Warming

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

American Protective Association

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

An organization for social change founded by college students in 1960.

American Civil Liberties Union

An organization formed during the Red Scare to protect free speech rights.

Committee to Reelect the President

An organization formed to run President Nixon's 1972 reelection campaign, which was linked to the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters that set off the Watergate scandal

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.

National Union for Social Justice

An organization which denounced FDR's New Deal policies, it held weekly radio shows and discussed finance and politics

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

Irish Republican Army

An unofficial nationalist military force seeking independence for Ireland from Great Britain

Tories

Another name for Loyalists

Right-to-Life Movement

Anti-abortion movement that favored a constitutional amendment to prohibit abortion.

Recognition of the U.S.S.R.

November 1933 - In an effort to open trade with Russia, mutual recognition was negotiated. The financial results were disappointing.

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross

"Conscience" Whigs

Anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds.

information technology

Any computer-based tool that people use to work with information & support the information-processing needs of an organization.

Geronimo

Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)

Black Thursday and Black Tuesday

Oct. 24th and 29th in 1929. The Stock Market crashed losing over 30 billion in wealth.

1972 Olympics in Munich

Arab terrorists killed Israeli athletes

Grassy Knoll

Area in front of the JFK's car where witnesses said they also heard shots fired

Spheres of Influence

Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

Atlanta Compromise

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.

Atlanta Compromise (1895)

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.

Orval Faubus

Arkansas governor who called out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock's Central High School under federal court order.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Armed rebellion in Virginia against Governor William Berkeley, who had the support of the British government. Forces from England came to Virginia to suppress the resistance and reform the colonial government to one that was more directly under royal control.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

John Foster Dulles

As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.

John Wilkes Booth

Assassinated Abraham Lincoln

Lee Harvey Oswald

Assassinated JFK

James Earl Ray

Assassinated MLK

Start of WW1

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Custer's Last Stand

At the Battle of Little Bighorn: Custer and men defeated by 2500 Sioux warriors

South Carolina Nullification Crisis

Attempt by South Carolina not to honor federal tariffs on the grounds that they were unconstitutional, put down by Andrew Jackson

Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

Robert Dole

Attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas (1969-1996) longest serving Republican leader. Was the 1996 presidential nominee for the Republican party but lost to Bill Clinton. (Gerald Ford's VP running mate in 1976 election).

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Victory Gardens

Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort

J.P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Ku Klux Klan in the 1920's

Based on the post-Civil War terrorist organization, the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan was founded in Georgia in 1915 by William Simmons to oppose the forces changing America and to fight the growing "influence" of blacks, Jews and Catholics in US society. It experienced phenomenal growth in the 1920's, especially in the Midwest and Ohio Valley States. Its peak membership came in 1924 at three million members, but its reputation for violence led to rapid decline by 1929.

Rodney King

Beaten by police in 1991, case causes uproar because police are acquitted. Starts 1992 L.A Riots

Frances Willard

Became leader of the WCTU. She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor. Also worked to outlaw saloons as step towards strengthening democracy.

Harry Truman (1945-1953)

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business. 30th President

Floyd McKissick

Became the first black student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's Law School. In 1966 he became leader of CORE, the Congress of Racial Equality, taking over from James Farmer. A supporter of Black Power, he turned CORE into a more radical movement

Nancy Pelosi

Became the first female Speaker of the House following the 2006 elections

Whiskey Ring Scandal

Before they were caught, a group of mostly Republican politicians were able to siphon off millions of dollars in federal taxes on liquor; the scheme involved an extensive network of bribes involving tax collectors, storekeepers, and others.

weapons of mass destruction

Biological, chemical, or nuclear weapons that can cause a massive number of deaths in a single use.

Josef Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928-1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush all opposition.

Silent Spring (1962)

Book written by Rachel Carson, a Marine biologist who warned of the misuse of pesticides and their negative affects on the environment. The book is credited with starting the modern environmental movement.

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

Judicial Branch

Branch of government that decides if laws are carried out fairly.

Gold & Sword Beaches

British Captured during Normandy Invasion

Barbados

British West Indies colony whose plantation system and harsh slave codes became the model for Southern colonies in North America

Salutary Neglect

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

British Petroleum (BP)

British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England. It is one of the world's seven oil and gas "supermajors". Its origins date back to the founding of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in 1908, which exploited petrol in Iran.

Rudyard Kipling

British writer who wrote of "the white man's burden" and justified imperialism

William Levitt

Built new communities in the suburbs after WWII, using mass-production techniques

Ferdinand de Lesseps

Built the Suez Canal

James Blake

Bus driver who had Rosa Parks arrested

Election of 2000

Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush

conspicuous consumption

Buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position

Niagra Movement/NAACP

Called for a vigorous activism including legal challenges to achieve political equality for blacks and full integration into American life

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Irish Immigrants

Came to the U.S. because of the Irish Potato Famine. Many worked in factories in harsh conditions for little pay

Whistle Stop

Campaigning for political office by traveling around the country, originally by train, stopping at small communities to address voters.

Juno Beach

Canadian landing beach during the Normandy invasion. Canadians penetrated about 9 km inland by the end of D-Day.

William J. Fetterman

Captain whose troops were ambushed and massacred in the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming by the Sioux Indians, who were opposed to the construction of the Bozeman Trail.

Virgin Islands

Caribbean territory purchased by the United States from Denmark in 1917

1980 Olympics

Carter called for US boycott of Olympics because they were held in Moscow

Rustlers

Cattle thieves

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

John Ehrlichman

Chief Domestic Advisor to Nixon

Earl Warren

Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes.

Pochahontas

Chief Powhatan daughter who married John Rolfe ending the first Powhatan wars.

G. Gordon Liddy

Chief operative for the White House Plumbers unit that existed during several years of Nixon's Presidency. Masterminded the first break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate building in 1972. Served 4.5 years in prison.

14th Amendment (1868)

Citizenship to everyone born in the U.S.

Title VII

Civil Rights Act of 1964—forbids discrimination based on sex, race, color, national origin, or religion.

Battle of Antietam - Maryland (September, 1862)

Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties, led to Emancipation Proclamation

James Farmer

Civil rights leader who founded the Congress of Racial Equality

Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)

Civil rights organization that organized the bus boycott, headed by MLK

Don't Ask Don't Tell (1994)

Clinton managed to gain support for a compromise measure under which homosexual servicemen and servicewomen could remain in the military if they did not openly declare their sexual orientation

New Left

Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam.

Manhattan Project

Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

Draft Deferments

College students and workers in certain occupations were deferred from draft. Postponed

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

Major Robert Anderson

Commander of the Union forces at Ft. Sumter

Charles Cornwallis

Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution.

Senator Robert A. Taft

Commonly known as "Mr. Republican," he led the Republican party to reduce the size and the power of the federal government, to decrease taxes, to block Truman's liberal goals.

Red China

Communist China beginning in 1949.

People's Republic of China

Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang.

Kim Il Sung

Communist leader of North Korea; his attack on South Korea in 1950 started the Korean War. He remained in power until 1994.

Viet Minh

Communist-dominated Nationalist Movement. Ruled Vietnam when Japanese rule ended. Leader was Ho Chi Minh.

North Vietnam

Communists controlled part of Vietnam

Self-determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Valladolid Debate (1550-1551)

Concerned the treatment of natives of the New World. It concerned two main attitudes towards the conquest of the Americas. Bartolomé de las Casas argued Amerindians were creations of God and deserved same treatment as Christian Europeans. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda thought that the natives should be slaves because of their crimes against nature and against God.

General Pierre G. T. Beauregard

Confederate commander during First Battle of Bull Run/Manassas

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Great Sioux War (1876-1881)

Conflict between Sioux and Cheyenne Indians and federal troops over lands in the Dakotas in the mid-1870s.

Washington Gladden

Congregationalist minister who followed the social gospel and supported social reform. A prolific writer whose newspaper columns and many books made him a national leader of the Social gospel movement.

Army-McCarthy Hearings (1954)

Congressional hearings called by Senator Joseph McCarthy's to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spectacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace. (951)

Pequot War (1637)

Connecticut and Massachusetts soldiers teamed with Narragansett allies to set the main Pequot village afire and kill 500 Pequots

Fundamentalists

Conservative Christians who (as a group) have become more active in politics in the last two decades and were especially influential in the 2000 presidential election.

New Right

Conservative political movements in industrialized democracies that have arisen since the 1960's and stress "traditional values," often with a racist undertone.

House Judiciary Committee

Considers legislation dealing with civil liberties, constitutional amendments, federal courts and judges, immigration, civil and criminal laws

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Lublin Regime/Puppet Regime

Controlled by Soviet Union to control countries in Eastern and Central Europe

Rationing in WWII

Controlled distribution of scarce resources in WWII to support soldiers in war.

Social Security Act of 1935

Created both the Social Security Program and a national assistance program for poor children, usually called AFDC.

Daylight Savings Time

Created during WWI to save electricity by moving clocks ahead one hour for the summer.

Modern Republican Party (1854)

Created in the 1850s in opposition to Kansas Nebraska Act out of old Whig Party, moderate Democrats and Free Soilers

James Montgomery Flagg

Created the "Uncle Sam wants YOU" poster

Meuse River and Argonne Forest

On September 26, an American force of over 1 million soldiers advanced against the Germans in the Argonne Forest. After 42 days, the force had helped push the Germans back toward their own border and had cut the enemy's major supply lines to the front.

Settlement House Movement

Creation of places that offered social services to urban poor - often food, shelter, and basic higher education - Hull House was most famous

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

Pikes Peak or Bust

Cry used by the thousands of people rushing to Colorado Territory after gold was discovered there in 1858

Installment Plans

Customers could buy goods by making a small down payment followed by additional monthly payments with interest

De Lome Letter (1898)

De Lome, the Spanish minister in Washington, sent a secret letter he wrote describing President McKinley as weak with no mind of his own, angering many Americans when the letter was intercepted and published in American papers. This incident happened in February, as did the explosion of the battleship Maine. Both incidents stirred up war fever in America and increased cries to go to war against Spain.

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

14th Amendment (1868)

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Election of 1932

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

Democratic Domestic Affairs: Panic of 1837 Continued Jackson's policy of Indian Removal Specie Circular—hard currency Aroostook War Foreign Affairs: Opposed annexation of Texas Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Democratic Internationalists

Democratic Senators who supported the Treaty of Versailles and Wilson's 14 points

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

Pine Ridge Reservation

Oglala Sioux Native American reservation located in the U.S. state of South Dakota.

Watergate Hotel

Democratic party headquarters broken into during the scandal

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Insular Cases (1901)

Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.

Old Immigrants vs. New Immigrants

Old: Northern European (English, Germans, Irish Catholics), assimilated easier, high skill level, often spoke English New: South/Eastern, wouldn't assimilate, close- knit community, uneducated, poor, unskilled laborers

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators

Frank Capra

Director that celebrated simple values and criticized the wealthy and politicians in films like Mr. Deeds Goes to Town and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington

Fundamentalism vs. Modernism

Discourse of the 1920s between traditional Evangelical Christians and groups that embraced science and secular values; the Scopes Trial was an example of the Fundamentalism v. Modernism debate

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

Lowell System

Dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Spanish Catholic Missions

During the first decades of Spanish colonization and settlement, the Native Americans primary contact with Spanish culture through

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"

Peter Minuit

Dutch colonist who bought Manhattan from the Native Americans for the equivalent of $24 (1580-1638)

property qualifications

Early American state requirement of property ownership in order to vote.

Panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Suez Canal Crisis (1956)

Egypt's dictator, Abdul Gamal Nasser, a former army officer who had led the coup that overthrew King Farouk, nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, and was attacked by British, French and Israeli forces. The U.S. intervened on behalf of Egypt. Damaged Britain and France's standing as world powers.

Open Skies Proposal

Eisenhower met with Soviet leaders in Geneva, Switzerland; Soviets rejected proposal for US and Soviet Union to allow flights over each other's territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks

Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)

Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.

Sagebrush Rebellion

Emerged in parts of the West in the late 70s, mobilized conservative opposition to environmental laws and restrictions on development. It also portrayed the West as a victim of government control. It demanded government-owned land to be opened for development.

bank Failures

One of the factors that led to the Great Depression; when a bank ran out of reserves to pay customers who wanted to withdraw their deposits

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-1974) and symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during World War II, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as an autocrat. (809)

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Back to Africa Movement

Encouraged those of African decent to return to Africa to their ancestors so that they could have their own empire because they were treated poorly in America.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)

English economist. He is most famous for The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), which judged most of classical economic analysis to be a special case (hence "General Theory") and argued that the best way to deal with prolonged recessions was deficit spending.

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

Wool Act, 1699

English law that made it illegal to ship wool from the American colonies. The law was designed to assist the British wool industry. Example of mercantilism

Frank Sinatra

One of the greatest entertainers in history; unique singing style & silky voice; starred in over 60 movies; led the Rat Pack during the 60s; created the role of the lead singer

George Calvert

English noble who while Catholic, was also loyal to the crown. He received Maryland as a refuge for Catholics he is also known as the first Lord Baltimore

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

Sally Louisa Tompkins

Established a small hospital in Virginia that became a major army hospital

Federal Housing Authority

Established by FDR during the depression in order to provide low-cost housing coupled with sanitary condition for the poor

Barbados Slave Code

Established in 1661, it gave masters virtually complete control over their slaves including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution

Federal Trade Commission Act (1914)

Established the Federal Trade Commission to monitor business practices, false advertising, and dishonest labeling

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Bonus March

Event when nearly 17,000 veterans marched on Washington in 1932, to demand the military bonuses that they had been promised; this group was eventually driven from their camp city by the U.S army; increased the public perception that the Hoover administration cared little about the poor.

Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)

Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.

Quarantine Speech (1937)

FDR encouraged democracies to quarantine their opponents (economic embargos); criticized by isolationists

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

"Happy Days Are Here Again"

FDR's optomistic campaign song 1932

Yalta Conference (1945)

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

The Black Legend

False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

Appomattox Court House, 1865

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Nonagression Pact of 1939

Fascist Germany and Communist Russia publicly agreed to never to attack one another

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Fort Sumter, 1861

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Comstock Law

Federal law promoted by a self-appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

Federal law requiring employers to verify and maintain records on applicants' legal rights to work in the United States

Affordable Care Act (ACA)

Federal legislation passed in 2010 that includes a number of provisions designed to increase access to healthcare, improve the quality of healthcare, and explore new models of delivering and paying for healthcare.

Peace Corps

Federal program established to send volunteers to help developing nations

Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA)

Federal program to send volunteers to help people in poor communities

South Advantages in Civil War

Fight defensive war, land familiarity, local support, clearer support for the war

Alan Shepard

First American in space

Virginia Dare

First English child born in America

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

KDKA

First commercial radio station

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

First constitution in written history (1639). Established a representative government made up of a legislature elected by the people and a governor chosen by the legislature.

Comstock Lode

First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Yuri Gagarin

First human in space

Berkely Free Speech Movement

First major campus protest at U of California, Berkeley. Insisited on the right to campus political activity. In the end, student radicalism catalyzed the resentments of millions of people into a rejection of liberalism, propelling Reagan into prominence and making continued involvement in Vietnam difficult.

St. Augustine

First spanish settlement. Florida 1565

Wright Brothers (1903)

First to achieve a sustained, controlled flight in a powered airplane

Jeannette Rankin

First woman elected to the United States House of Representatives and the first female member of Congress. A Republican and a lifelong pacifist, she was the only member of Congress to vote against United States entry into both World War II and World War I. Additionally, she led resistance to the Vietnam War.

Security Council

Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.

Election of 1976

Ford vs Carter, Carter wins. Importaint because he was the first president from the south for a while and people thought he would bring fresh ideas

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

Maryland Act of Toleration (1649)

Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.

Organization of American States, 1948

Organization composed of most of the nations of the North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Designed to to fight communism in the western hemisphere and deal with mutual concerns.

Congressional Elections of 1866

Former Confederates were elected to Congress but Congress wouldn't allow them back in because of the Civil War, Republicans ruled Congress but fought with Johnson

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

Timothy Leary

Former Harvard psychologist who experimented with psychoactive drugs (including LSD) and became a well-known advocate of their use as a way to open and expand the mind.

Daniel Ellsberg

Former Pentagon official who "leaked" the Pentagon Papers

Cesar Chavez

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW); help migratory farm workers gain better pay & working conditions

Hudson River School (1825-1875)

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

Industrial Workers of the World

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

Mary Baker Eddy

Founded the Church of Christian Scientists and set forth the basic doctrine of Christian Science.

Vladimir Lenin

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

Mason-Dixon Line

Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery.

Lillian Wald

Founder of public health nursing

Wallace Fard

Founder of the Nation of Islam

William Simmons

Founder of the second Ku Klux Klan

The panic of 1873

Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver

Free Silver Movement

Free, unlimited coinage of free silver, which would cause inflation. Supported by farmers, Democrats, the Populist Party, Westerners and Southerners

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

Yom Kippur War (1973)

Frustrated by their losses in the Six-Days War, Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur on October 6, 1973. Israel counterattacked, won a decisive victory, and had even occupied portions of northern Egypt.

Treaty of Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

War Powers Act of 1973

Gave any president the power to go to war under certain circumstances, but required that he could only do so for 90 days before being required to officially bring the matter before Congress.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Little Big Horn (1876)

General Custer and his soldiers attacked an army of Sioux Native Americans and lost

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

General John J. Pershing

General of the American Expeditionary Force in WWI

Wehrmacht

German army

V-weapons (V1 and V2)

German rocket propelled weapons which were launched against Allied targets in 1944 and 1945. Ushered in a new age of long-range warfare

Hessians

German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

U-boats

German submarines used in World War I

Occupation Zones

Germany split into four between the USSR, the U.S., Britain, and France; Berlin split into four as well, with the USSR controlling the Eastern half and the remaining half split between the remaining three nations

Operation Sea Lion

Germany's plan to invade Great Britain in 1940. It consisted first of taking air superiority and then launching an amphibious invasion. However, it failed because German air superiority could never be established.

Newt Gingrich

Gingrich was the Republican speaker in the House. He pushed for more conservative legislation during Clinton's presidency.

North Advantages in Civil War

Goods vantage, population twice as large, advanced industrial manufacturing means they can make their own war supplies Better transportation system, railroads,

Alphabet Agencies

Government agencies that came to be known by the first initials of their names.

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

Government agency that manages and finances many of the schools on Native American Reservations.

Loose Interpretation

Government can do anything not expressly forbidden by the Constitution.

Railroad Subsidies

Government grants of land or money to railroad companies to build railroads in the West.

Al Smith

Governor of New York four times, and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928. He was the first Roman Catholic and Irish-American to run for President as a major party nominee. He lost the election to Herbert Hoover.

Granger Laws

Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

Patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

14th Amendment (1868)

Grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the US"; it forbids any state to deny any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws." Most important law ever passed besides original Constitution and Bill of Rights. It has been the vehicle for the expansion of civil rights, women's rights, gay rights among other movements. It also allowed for the "incorporation doctrine" which means the application of the national Bill of Rights to the states.

Bonus Army March

Group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 (during the Great Depression) to demand the immediate payment of their pension bonuses, Largest protest

Utopian Societies

Group of small societies that appeared during the 1800s in an effort to reform American society and create a "perfect" environment (Ex. Shakers, Oneidas, Brook Farm, etc.).

"Lost Generation"

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Haight-Ashbury

Haven for young people seeking an alternative to the straight world in 1965. Was located in San Francisco

John Hinckley

He attempted to assassinate Ronald Reagan in 1981

Governor George Wallace

He called for federal job training programs, stronger unemployment benefits, national health insurance, a higher minimum wage, and a further extension of union rights.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

He led the coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and started a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

Dean Acheson

He was Secretary of State under Harry Truman. It is said that he was more responsible for the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine than those that the two were named for.

Albert Fall

He was Secretery of the Interior during Harding's administration, and was a scheming anticonservationist. He was convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and collecting bribes, which was called the Tea Pot Dome scandal.

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Robert Kennedy

He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans.

James Meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

General George Armstrong Custer

He was a hero the civil war and leader of the 7th calvary. He was killed at Little Big Horn attempting to route the last of the great Sioux nation.

Wovoka

He was a new prophet, who promised to restore the Sioux to their original dominance on the Plains if they performed the Ghost Dance

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

George Kennan

He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.

William Graham Sumner

He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.

William Sumner

He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.

J. Strom Thurmond

He was nominated for president on a States' Rights Party (Dixiecrats) in the 1948 election. Split southern Democrats from the party due to Truman's stand in favor of Civil Rights for African American. He only got 39 electoral votes.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

General Douglas MacArthur

He was one of the most-known American military leaders of WW2(He liberated the Phillipines and made the Japanese surrender at Tokyo in 1945, also he drove back North Korean invaders during the Korean War)

Thomas Dewey

He was the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948. As a leader of the liberal faction of the Republican party he fought the conservative faction led by Senator Robert A. Taft, and played a major role in nominating Dwight D. Eisenhower for the presidency in 1952.

James Weaver

He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.

A. Phillip Randolph

He was the black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII. He helped encourage the end of segregation in the military, although that happened after the war.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Walter Mondale

He was the vice president of Carter and when he won the democratic nomination he was defeated by a landslide by Reagan. He was the first presidential candidate to have a woman vice president, Geraldine Ferraro.

Henry George

He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

He wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book's purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.

Eugene V. Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

George Creel

Headed the Committee on Public Information, for promoting the war effort in WWI

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Held that Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty; ignored by the Jackson administration.

Victory Loans

Helped fund part of WWI and WWII. Average citizens would buy them in a sense loaning money to the government.

Rugged Individualism

Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Hires jobless people to build public buildings and parks.

John Steinbeck (1902-1968)

His famous novel "The Grapes of Wrath" captured the ordeal faced by the Oakies as they fled the Dust Bowl and migrated to California.

New Imperialism

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.

Sudetenland (1938)

Hitler insisted Germany had right to take over strip of land in Czechoslovakia, Roosevelt encouraged Chamberlain and Daladier to meet in Munich

Anacostia Flats

Hoover has the Veterans tear gassed, burns down their houses, and then calls them Communist); Veterans lived around the Potomac River at that time; destroys Hoover's popularity

Freeport Doctrine (1858)

Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

"Chronic Wrongdoing"

If a Latin American country engaged in large debts or civil unrest, the United States military would intervene.

Graft

Illegal use of political influence for personal gain

Old Immigration

Immigrants from Northwest Europe arriving in the EARLY 1800s

Birds of Passage

Immigrants who came to America to earn money for a time and then returned to their native land

Prison and Asylum Reform (Dorothea Dix)

Improve conditions for the prisons, and separation of mentally ill from prisoners , eliminate debtor's prison

Vocational Education Act of 1963

Improve quality of education and technical training to better train baby boomers. Expanded technical training to include funding for training in any occupational area for which there was a need. Voc ed also expanded to include persons of all ages in all communities and encouraged development of programs at the post-secondary level but less than a B.S. degree

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

In 1828, during President John Quincy Adams' term, Congress created a new tariff law which pleased northern manufacturers, but alienated southern planters. (p. 194)

Chinese Trade

In 1844 the U.S. secured a treaty with China that gave the United States the trading privileges already enjoyed by many other foreign powers.

Edward Bellamy

In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000.

Sooners

In 1889, people who illegally claimed land by sneaking past government officials before the land races began

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

In 1903, the Panama government signed this treaty with the United States. It granted the U.S. all rights to the 51 mile long and 10 mile wide Canal Zone, in exchange for U.S. protection. (p. 418)

1912 Election

In 1912 republican convention Taft was re nominated after being picked in 1908 by Roosevelt himself, some republican got mad and started the progressive party and they nominated Roosevelt the democrats were able to win because of the split, Wilson won. Wilson was barely re-elected In 1916

General Francisco Franco

In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. Franco led the Fascists, fighting republican forces. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). Franco ruled until his death in 1975.

Levittown

In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.

Desegregation of the Armed Services

In 1948, President Harry S Truman's Executive Order 9981 ordered the integration of the armed forces shortly after World War II, a major advance in civil rights. Using the Executive Order (E.O.) meant that Truman could bypass Congress. Representatives of the Solid South, all white Democrats, would likely have stonewalled related legislation.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993)

In 1967, appointed the first Black Supreme Court Justice, he had led that NAACP's legal defense fund and had argued the Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case before the Supreme Court.

Iranian Hostage Crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

Geraldine Ferraro

In 1984 she was the first woman to appear on a major-party presidential ticket. She was a congresswoman running for Vice President with Walter Modale.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

In an effort to expel foreign influence from their country, a secret super patriotic group of Chinese called the Boxers (their symbol was a fist) revolted against all foreigners in their midst. In the process of laying siege to foreign legations in Beijing hundreds of missionaries and foreign diplomats were murdered. Several nations including the United States sent military forces to quell the rebellion. American participation was seen as a violation of its noninvolvement policies.

Bozeman Trail

In attempts to block the construction of this road to MT, Sioux massacred and mutilated 81 soldiers under Capt. Fetterman's command

Eisenhower's Farewell Address, 1961

In his Farewell Address, Eisenhower warned of the necessary, but dangerous combination of the military and the industrial sector he called the MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX. This combination ensured that the U.S. would constantly be prepared for war. Although realizing the need to have this alliance between the defense and industries, Eisenhower also recognized the potential for the rise of mis-placed power, and urged citizens to be alert so this power would never threaten democracy (as miltiary power had in the past - Caesar and Napoleon for example)

New Manifest Destiny

In the 1890s, fears that natural resources would soon disappear and that alternative sources would have to be found abroad. Protests led to a push for a more aggressive foreign policy while others considered acquiring colonies that might expand our world market.

Little Rock, Arkansas

Incident where President Eisenhower sent federal troops to allow black students into the high school.

Morill Tariff Act (1861)

Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War.

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

Chief Little Turtle

Indian chief who formed the Western Confederation in the northwest territories and led his followers to many victories against U.S. forces in the 1790s. His forces were defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, which led to the signing of the Treaty of Greenville.

Medicare Modernization Act of 2003

Introduced an entitlement benefit for prescriptions (Medicare part D) Created Tax free savings accounts for pharmaceutical purposes

Young Men's Christian Association

Introduced in Boston in 1851, the YMCA promoted muscular Christianity, combining evangelism with athletic facilities where men could make themselves "clean and strong."

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the mechanical reaper

John Deere

Invented the steel plow

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Elisha Otis

Inventor who developed the first safety elevator in 1852.

Yankee Imperialism

Is a term referring to the economic, military, and cultural influence of the United States on other countries, especially those in Central and South America.

United Farm Workers (UFW)

Is a union for agricultural laborers, primarily in California. Founded by charismatic leader, Cesar Chavez, UFW reached the peak of its influence in the 1970s, then declined until his death in 1993.

Al Qaeda

Islamist terrorist organization that launched a series of attacks against U.S.

Two Jima and Okinawa

Islands used for supplies in fight against japan

Stimson Doctrine, 1932

Issued by Secretary of State, Henry L. Stimson, it was in response to Japan's violation of the Open Door policy when it attacked Manchuria in 1931. It stated that United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force. It was ignored by the Japanese and they moved towards to Shanghai in 1932.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Sonar in WWII

It allowed to detect submarines

Encomienda System

It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity

Near Beer

It is a bottom-fermented beer from which most of the alcohol has been removed so that is contains less than 0.5% alcohol. Manufactured and permitted during prohibition.

Aswan Dam

It was built in 1956 to control the flooding of the Nile River. The dam gives Egyptian farmers a more dependable source of water for their crops. It also gives Egypt electrical power.

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Ich bin ein Berliner

JFK gives a speech in Berlin about how Berlin is free and should never succumb to communism and calls himself a Berliner, 1963, shortly after the Berlin wall is erected

The Bank War (1832-1836)

Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks"

Election of 1828 (corrupt bargain)

Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams in this election, becoming our 7th President

Destruction of the Second Bank of the United States 1833

Jackson's destruction of the 2nd Bank of the U.S. indirectly led to the Panic of 1837 which was one of the worst economic crises in the history of the country

Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain)

Jackson, Clay, Adams, and Crawford all ran. The House of Reps chose Adams because Henry Clay had supported him. After Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. This was seen as a corrupt bargain by Andrew Jackson

1856 election

James Buchanan won election with all southern state votes except Maryland.

Wake Island

Japan attacked on December 7, 1941, but American marines held them off until island fell on Desember 23rd and 1,600 Americans surrendered and became POWs. Referred to as "The Alamo of Pacific" in honor of heroic defense.

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.

Fred Korematsu

Japanese-American who sued the United States for the relocating the Japanese-Americans after Pearl Harbor

Jeffersonian vs. Jacksonian Democracy

Jeffersonian Democracy: - believed that capable, well educated leaders should govern in the people's interest - reflected an agricultural society - limited democracy to chiefly its political aspects Jacksonian Democracy: - believed that the people should manage government affairs - reflected an agricultural and rising industrial society - expanded democracy beyond political aspects to include social and economic aspects as well

Carter's "Malaise" speech, 1979

Jimmy Carter criticizes American materialism and urges a communal spirit to help the economy intended to improve public morale -political disaster

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry (1859)

John Brown's failed scheme to invade the South w/ armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, N. abolitionists; seized the fed. arsenal; Brown & remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged; South feared danger if it stayed in Union

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868)

Johnson was impeached for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868 of which one of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office and replaced him with Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Judge Raulston

Judge who presided over the scopes trial

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Operation Overlord (D-Day)

June 6, 1944; Allied forces landed in Normandy, France to begin a massive offensive against the germans in the occupied territory of europe. Code name Operation Overlord

Sargent Shriver

Kennedy's brother in law, former head of peace corp, then headed the OEO

James Henry Crittenden

Kentucky Senator who attempted to make compromises between the North and the South, took mantle of Henry Clay

Jack Ruby

Killed Lee Harvey Oswald

King George III

King of England during the American Revolution (1760-1820)

Syngman Rhee

Korean leader who became president of South Korea after World War II and led Korea during Korean War.

Inchon

Korean port from which American forces launched a successful attack against the North Korean army during the Korean War

Mexican Cession, 1848

Land that Mexico ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. This territory included CA, NM, NV, AZ, UT, TX, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. The addition of so much land to the United States exacerbated conflict over the expansion of slavery because some Northerners feared that the extension of slavery into California and New Mexico would deter free laborers from settling there.

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Luisa Moreno

Latina civil rights activists, having found "El Congreso del Pueblo de Habla Española" or The Spanish-Speaking People's Congress. Guatemalan-born, immigrated to NY in 1928. She brought awareness and social justice to many Latinos in an era where it was unimaginable to conceive the concept of labor law equality

Baltic States

Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, three countries that border the Baltic Sea.

GI Bill of Rights

Law Passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Patriot Act (2001)

Law responding to 9/11. Expands anti-terrorist powers (wiretapping, surveillance); 4th Amendment concern for civil liberties.

Immigration Act of 1990

Law that increased the number of immigrants allowed in the US per year.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Public Order Laws

Laws passed by many southern communities to stop civil rights protests by allowing the police to arrest anyone suspected of intending to disrupt public order.

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Black Kettle

Leader of the Cheyenne who were massacred at Sand Creek

William Sylvis

Leader of the National Labor Union; which was the first national labor federation in the United States, lead to Knights of Labor

Jerry Falwell

Leader of the Religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was "family values", anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools

Leonard wood

Leader of the Rough Riders

Elijah Muhammad

Leader of the nation of Islam from 1945 to his death in 1975. He helped many people and was a strong advocate of civil rights, but was involved in some shady activities and lost the favor of Malcolm X, who went on to form his own civil rights group.

Pat Robertson

Leader of the religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was "family values"; anti-feminist, anti-homosexuality, anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

Leading U.S. group advocating American support for Britain in the the fight against Hitler

American Railway Union

Led by Eugene Debs, they started the Pullman strike, composed mostly of railroad workers.

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Sandinista Liberation Front

Leftist guerrilla movement that established a revolutionary government in Nicaragua in 1979 under Daniel Ortega.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work

Neutrality Act of 1935

Legislation that sought to avoid entanglement in foreign wars while protecting trade. It imposed an embargo on selling arms to warring countries and declared that Americans traveling on the ships of belligerent nations did so at their own risk.

17th Parallel

Line of latitude that separated North and South Vietnam

Oral Tradition

Literature that passes by word of mouth from one generation to the next.

Lakota

Lived in the interior of the United States (the Great Plains)

Los Alamos

Location of Manhattan project (to create atom bomb) in New Mexico; collection of best scientists available to the US in scientific community dedicated to atomic weaponry research for use in WWII

Huey "Kingfish" Long - "Share Our Wealth"

Louisiana senator and popular mass agitator who promised to make "every man a king" at the expense of the wealthy

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Made it so that meat would be inspected by the government from coral to can. It began a quality rating system as well as increased the sanitation requirements for meat producers.

James Duke

Made tobacco a profitable crop in the modern South, he was a wealthy tobacco industrialist.

Election of 1844

Main debate over Texas. Whigs nominate Henry Clay and democrats nominate James Polk. Polk says he will annex Texas and Oregon to make both sides happy. Polk was elected

Department of the Interior

Manages and protects the nations public lands and natural resources

Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi

Manhattan project carried out at university of Chicago. Worlds 1st controller nuclear reaction 1942

Apollo-Soyuz

Manned spaceflight project linking American and Soviet spacecraft in space

Daniel Ellsberg, Pentagon Papers

Papers were part of a top-secret government study on the Vietnam War and said that the U.S. government had lied to the citizens of the U.S. and the world about its intentions in Vietnam.

Greenwich Village

Part of Manhattan where many artists, writers, and intellectuals flocked

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Passed in 1883, an Act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage.

Water Quality Act

Passed in 1965, this supported standards and goals for environmental protection of drinking water

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Pay off all war debts, raise government revenues, create a national bank

Dayton Agreement

Peace agreement signed in 1995 that ended the Bosnian civil war and established the grounds for an independent Bosnia and a Serbian Republic

Camp David Accords (1978)

Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel; hosted by US President Jimmy Carter; caused Egypt to be expelled from the Arab league; created a power vacuum that Saddam hoped to fill; first treaty of its kind between Israel and an Arab state

Metis

People of mixed Native American and French Canadian descent

Algonquian Indians

People who inhabited the coastal plain of present-day Virginia, near the Chesapeake Bay, when English colonists first settled the region.

Isolationists

People who wanted the United States to stay out of world affairs

Moral Reform Movement

People/Groups involved: Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), Carry Nation, Frances Willard, and Anti-Saloon League. Successes: Sought to close saloons to cure society's problems.

Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

Period of bloody conflict between Wampanoag Indians and Puritan settlers in New England (1675-1676); an example of Indian resistance to English expansion in North America.

Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24

Period of strong nationalism, economic growth, territorial expansion under the presidency of James Monroe. Only one major political party at the time (Republican)

Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967)

Physics professor at U.C. Berkeley and CalTech, he headed the U.S. atomic bomb project in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He later served on the Atomic Energy Commission, although removed for a time the late 1950's, over suspicion he was a Communist sympathizer.

Battle of Midway (1942)

Pivotal victory in the war; Battle from June 3-6 in which Japan sought to conquer Midway Island, northwest of Honolulu; Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, a high grade naval strategist, directed a small carrier force under Admiral Raymond A. Spruance against the invading Japanese fleet, the fighting was all done by aircraft and the japanese stopped fighting after losing four vital carriers

Promontory Point, Utah (1869)

Place where Union Pacific RR tracks connected to the Central Pacific tracks

Bracero Program

Plan that brought laborers from Mexico to work on American farms

Arabic Pledge and Sussex Pledge

Pledges made by the German government after the sinking of the British passenger vessel Arabic in 1915 and the French steamer Sussex in 1916, agreeing to pay an indemnity and offering public assurances that German U-boats would not sink passenger and merchant ships; the latter implied the virtual abandonment of submarine warfare.

The American System, 1815

Policies devised by the Whig Party and leading politician Henry Clay: national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements

Omaha Platform

Political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. Called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

Thomas Nast (1840-1902)

Political cartoonist against Boss Tweed/Tammany Hall, 1869-1871

Free Silver

Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan

Greenback Labor Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Greenback Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

People's Party (Populist Party)

Political party formed in 1892 by the Farmers' Alliance to advance the goals of the Populist movement. Populists sought economic democracy, promoting land, electoral, banking, and monetary reform. Republican victory in the presidential election of 1896 effectively destroyed the People's Party.

Democrats

Political party lead by Andrew Jackson from 1828 to 1856. Campaigned against strong central government and fought to end elitism.

Tenements

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived

Vatican II

Pope John XXIII called the conference which met in four sessions between 1962-65. The purpose was to bring the church up to date (aggiornamento).

Edwin Stanton

Popular Secretary of War who is fired by Johnson and leads to Johnson's impeachment

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work

Ed Sullivan Show

Popular variety show, hosted by Ed Sullivan, that ran from 1955 to 1971

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jews

New Look, 1955

President Eisenhower's policy of reducing the size of the U.S. army, developing tactile nuclear weapons, and building strategic air power to employ nuclear weapons. Came to be known as a "bigger bang for the buck."

Modern Republicanism

President Eisenhower's views. Claiming he was liberal toward people but conservative about spending money, he helped balance the federal budget and lower taxes without destroying existing social programs.

War on Poverty

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Boris Yeltsin

President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.

Ford and the "Pardon"

Presidential pardon is the right of the leader of a country to forgive someone for a crime, or to excuse someone from a punishment. Ford did this for Nixon so everyone would move past

Mohammed Mossadegh

Prime Minister of Iran before overthrown in CIA coup, accused of treason, and convicted as a Communist

Separate but equal

Principle upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public facilities was legal.

Greenback Dollar

Printing paper currency not backed by gold or silver but the good faith and credit of govt. Value fluctuated. Largest source of financing for the war was loans.

Turnpikes

Privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them

Ethnic Cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

24th Amendment (1964)

Prohibits federal and state governments from charging poll tax

Hillary Clinton

Prominent child care advocate and health care reformer in Clinton administration; won U.S. senate seat in 2000

Zimmerman's Telegram

Proposed alliance between Germany and Mexico stating that Mexico should attack the US to get back their land from previous wars. Caused wilson to allow Naval arming and and eventual declaration of war.

Freedom Trash Can

Protest of Miss America Beauty Pageant. Filled a trash can with items of oppression. Labeled women as "Bra Burners"

Walter Reed and William Gorgas

Proved Finlay's theory and took steps to eliminate yellow fever

United States Housing Authority (USHA)

Provided federal loans for low-cost public housing

National Youth Administration (NYA)

Provided job training for unemployed young people and part-time jobs for needy students

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Underwood Tariff (1913)

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction that required 50% of a state's 1860 voters to take an "iron clad" oath of allegiance and a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials; pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Radical attempt to further diminish Andrew Johnson's authority by providing that the president could not remove any civilian official without Senate approval; Johnson violated the law by removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war, and the House of Representatives impeached him over his actions.

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Morrill Tariff Act (1861)

Raised tariff rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers; high protective tarrifs to project industrialists

"It's morning in America"

Reagan's campaign slogan

Sandinista

Rebel forces in Nicaragua who struggled against what they saw as US occupation of their nation and US backed puppet rulers in their nation's government. Particularly active in the 1970s and 1980s. The US frequently arranged groups to fight against these rebels, sometimes covertly as in the case of the Iran-Contra Affair.

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Walter Raleigh

Received a charter from Queen Elizabeth I to explore the American coastline. His ships landed on Roanoke, which became a "lost colony."

Wilderness Protection Act (1964)

Recognized wilderness as "an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man"

Radical Reconstruction

Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war

Nixon Doctrine (1969)

Redefined the role of America as that of a helpful partner rather than a military protector.

Robber Barons/Captains of Industry

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Palestine, 1948

Region of the Middle East that was partitioned by the United Nations to allow for the creation of a Jewish state (Israel) and a Palestinian state, which was never established.

21st Amendment

Repeal of Prohibition

Keener Commission

Report that concluded the main cause of urban violence was white racism

1908 Election

Republican Party chose William Howard Taft, secretary of war to Theodore Roosevelt. The Democratic Party chose William Jennings Bryan.

Republican Reservationists

Republican senators who supported the Treaty of Versailles but with reservations, leading senator was Henry Cabot Lodge

Clinton Impeachment

Result of a political sex scandal emerging from a sexual relationship between United States President Bill Clinton and a 22-year-old White House intern, Monica Lewinsky.

Acoma Pueblo Uprising 1858

Revolt against the Spaniards by Indians living at the Acoma pueblo in 1599. Juan de Onate violently suppressed the uprising, but the Indians revolted again later that year, after which many Spanish settlers returned to Mexico.

John WHite

Roanoke's colony leader who returned to England for more food and tools--when he finally returned to Roanoke the colony had vanished--the only clue he found of Roanoke or the "Lost colony" was the native american tribes name "CROATAN"

The Great Communicator

Ronald Reagan

Election of 1980

Ronald Reagan won over Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation.

Evil Empire

Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union because of his fierce anti-communist views and the USSR's history of violation of human rights and aggression.

Japanese-American Internment

Roosevelt signed a document Feb. 19,1942 stating that all people of Japanese ancestry from California and parts of Washington, Oregon, and Arizona, needed to be removed. Put them in internment camps because of their fear for another attack by the Japanese.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Northern Securities Case (1904)

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

Big Three

Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin

Maroons

Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa.

Port Huron Statement (1962)

SDS leader Tom Hayden manifesto that rejected what they claimed was a system of power rooted in possession, privilege, racism, or circumstance.

Persian Gulf War (1991)

Saddam Hussein's Iraq invaded Kuwait over oil dispute on the border against US wishes (Saddam had formerly been US ally). US invaded Iraq to liberate Kuwait; Iraq set Kuwait's oil fields on fire so the Americans couldn't gain the oil; this conflict caused the US to set military bases in Saudi Arabia; also called Operation: Desert Storm.

Teapot Dome Scandal, 1923-24

Scandal surrounding the illegal leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior, Albert Fall to private businesses in return cash and no interest loans. Harding died before the full extent of the crimes had been determined. Scandal revealed the corruption of his cabinet, which was involved in other crimes as well.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Frances (Franny) Wright

Scottish-born woman who became a vocal advocate as a US citizen for racial equality, equality for women, birth control, and open sexuality

Speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally

Pentagon Papers, 1971

Secret document papers, leaded by Daniel Ellsberg, published by the New York Times in 1971, showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States that led to the Vietnam war. Revealed the government misleading the people of its involvement in Vietnam, both about the intentions and the outcomes of the conflict.

Las Gorras Blancas (The "White Caps"), 1889

Secret organization of Spanish-speaking New Mexicans that fought against Anglo-Americans who had taken land away from Hispanic families.

Knights of Labor Union (1869)

Secret, ritualistic labor organization that enrolled many skilled and unskilled workers but collasped suddently after the Haymarket Square bombing

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

Albert Gallatin

Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson who reduced the national debt and balanced the budget.

Leonid Brezhnev

Seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. Ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854.

September 11, 2001

September 11, 2001 *Day of attacks by terrorist cells connected to the Al Qaeda network, which was led by Osama bin Laden, a Saudi dissident *Al Qaeda operatives hijacked two airliners and crashed them into NY's World Trade Center, destroying the buildings and killing thousands *Another hijacked plane hit the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. *A final hijacked plane was diverted from its mission, crashing in Pennsylvania *As a result of the attacks, Congress passed the USA Patriot Act, which broadened government authority to gather intelligence and further defined crimes that were punishable as terrorism *Attacks led to the invasion of Afghanistan

Operation Rolling Thunder (1965)

Series of bombing campaign that start in March 1965. Largely trying to cut off the Ho Chi Ming Trail, but it is very very difficult. Tens of thousands of American troops are being sent to Vietnam. At the peak, there are 536,000 troops in Vietnam.

Hungarian Uprising (1956)

Series of demonstrations in Hungary against the Soviet Union. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev violently suppressed this pro-Western uprising, highlighting the limitations of America's power in Eastern Europe. (959)

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

German Immigrants

Settled in the rural Midwest and Texas. Many were farmers and craftsmen. Many were well-educated and helped start the system of universal education in the United States.

Pilgrim Separatists

Settlers of the Plymouth Colony who wanted to completely separate from the Church of England.

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Dumbarton Oaks Conference 1944

Several world leaders came to a conference and drafted tentative proposals for a United Nations Organization

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.

USS Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

Bombshell Message

Shortly after the World Economic Conference, Roosevelt released this message repudiating the orthodox views of most of the delegates and rejecting any agreement on currency stabilization.

Good Neighbor Policy, 1933

Since the days of Teddy Roosevelt's Roosevelt Corrolary, the US had intervened many times in Latin America militarily and economically to benefit US businesses, enraging many Latin Americans. FDR's "Good Neighbor" policy promised to end these interventions and treat Latin America with respect. The main motivation was to prevent Latin America from joining rising tide of fascism across the world in the 1930s. FDR was very popular in Latin America due to this policy

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

Alamogordo, New Mexico

Site of the first successfully tested atomic bomb in July 1945

San Juan Hill

Site of the most famous battle of the Spanish-American war, where Theodore Roosevelt successfully leads the Rough Riders in a charge against the Spanish trenches

Quemoy and Matsu

Small islands off the coast of China occupied by the nationalists and claimed by the People's Republic. Late in 1954, the U.S. hinted at defending them because they were considered vital to the defense of Formosa, even though they were not expressly covered by the mutual defense treaty.

Protestant Ethic

Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group

Fellow Traveler

Someone who sympathized with or supported the beliefs of the Communist Part without being a member. Many American fellow travelers were investigated and blacklisted during the late 1940s and 1950s.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Juan de Sepulveda

Spaniard who supported the Spanish Empire's right of conquest and colonization in the New World. He also argued in favor of the Christianize of Native Americans.

Juan Ponce de Leon (1513)

Spanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida while searching for the "Fountain of Youth"

Juan de Onate

Spanish explorer and conquistador. He claimed New Mexico for Spain in 1598 and served as its governor until 1607.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

1st Great Awakening

Spectacular, emotional religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s. This event saw an increase in religious sects in the colonies.

Four Freedoms Speech (1941)

Speech given by Franklin Roosevelt where he outlined the nation's goals of freedom of speech and worship, freedom from want and fear of tyrannical regimes around the world. Demonstrated the movement of President Roosevelt away from the isolationist policies of the 1930s.

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)

States can regulate abortion, but not with regulations that impose "undue burden" upon women; did not overturn Roe v. Wade, but gave states more leeway in regulating abortion (e.g., 24-hour waiting period, parental consent for minors)

Strict Interpretation

Stick to literal word meaning of the Constitution

United States v. Windsor (2013)

Struck down the federal Defense of Marriage of Marriage Act's (DOMA) restrictions of marriage rights to only heterosexual couples as unconstitutional violation of the 5th amendment due process clause; same sex married couples now receive federal benefits (Roberts Court)

William Edward Burghardt DuBois

Studied relations between African Americans. Combined the role of academic sociologist with that of social reformer.

Lusitania (1915)

Sunk in 1915 by a German submarine. 139 American killed. Forced Germany to stop submarine warfare.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

Crop Lien System

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

Increase in the Budget Deficit and National Debt

Tax cuts and increases in defense spending let to an explosion of the federal deficit and national debt during the 1980s and early 1990s

Alsace-Lorraine

Territory taken by Germany from France as a rest of the Franco Prussian war. Was later returned to France as a result of German defeat in WWI

Trinity Site

Test site for the original atomic bomb to see if it would work. This site was in New Mexico. This was the first step in atomic weapons.

John Connally

Texas Govenor shot with JFK but survived

Annexation of Texas, 1845

Texas decides to secede from Mexico and attempts to declare its independence which eventually leads to our adoption of the land as a state although it was feared that it would cause conflict with mexico leading to war. Southern states in support of this as Texas brought slaves with it meaning it would increase agricultural profits

Lowell Mill Girls

The "Mill Girls" were female workers who came to work in industrial corporations in Lowell, Massachusetts, during the Industrial Revolution in the United States.

Old Lights, New Lights

The "New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the congregational church in New England. The "Old Lights" were the established congregational church.

Field Marshall Erwin Rommel

The "desert fox" was leader of the Africa Korps and was Hitler's top general. He tried to assassinate Hitler.

Massive Retaliation

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

Treaty or Tordesillas

The 1494 treaty in which the pope divided unexpected territories between Spain and Portugal

Midnight Judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Engel v. Vitale

The 1962 Supreme Court decision holding that state officials violated the First Amendment when they wrote a prayer to be recited by New York's schoolchildren.

Federal Emergency Relief Act

The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers *, law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed *Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression, still in effect today

Big Four (Paris Peace Conference)

The Big Four were the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

Royal Air Force

The British air force, Inflicted heavy losses on the German air force because its planes were aided by a newly developed radar and an excellent systems of communications

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Military Reconstruction

The Congressional reconstruction plan that placed the South in 5 military districts

English Civil War (1642-1649)

The English Civil War tested whether sovereignty in England was to reside in the king or in the Parliament. The civil war did not resolve that problem, however, although it ended in 1649 with the execution of King Charles I on the charge of treason-a severe blow to the theory of divine right monarchy. It separated two monarchial periods. (552)

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

The Fourteenth Amendment requires a State to license a marriage between two people of the same sex and to recognize a marriage between two people of the same sex when their marriage was lawfully licensed and performed out-of-State.

Serviceman's Readjustment Act ["G.I. Bill"] (1944)

The G. I. Bill of Rights or Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs or G. I.s) as well as one-year of unemployment compensation. It also provided loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses.

Stalingrad (1942)

The German advance into Russia was stopped at Stalingrad by the cold and cruel Russian winter and stiff Russian resistance. With the German defeat at Stalingrad, Hitler lost all hope of defeating Russia.

El Alamein (1942)

The German army was headed towards the Suez Canal to choke off British supplies but General Montgomery successfully defeated General Erwin Rommel, "the Desert Fox" at El Alamein, west of Cairo.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

The Mayflower Compact, signed by 41 English colonists on the ship Mayflower on November 11, 1620, was an early step toward written frameworks of government in what is now the United States. The compact was drafted to prevent dissent among Puritans and non-separatist Pilgrims who had landed at Plymouth a few days earlier.

49th Parallel

The Oregon Treaty of 1846 established an U.S./Canadian (British) border along this parallel. The boundary along the 49th parallel extended from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.

Public Works Association (PWA)

The PWA launched projects such as the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River.

Ben Shahn

The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti

Election of 1868

The Republicans nominated General Grant for the presidency in 1868. The Republican Party supported the continuation of the Reconstruction of the South, while Grant stood on the platform of "just having peace."The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour. Grant won the election of 1868

Salem Witch Trials, 1692

The Salem witch trials occurred in colonial Massachusetts between 1692 and 1693. More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft—the Devil's magic—and 20 were executed. Eventually, the colony admitted the trials were a mistake and compensated the families of those convicted. Since then, the story of the trials, and the term "witch hunt," has become synonymous with paranoia and injustice - for example, during the McCarthyism period of the Second Red Scare during the late 1940s and 1950s.

Seminole Wars 1814-1819, 1835-1842

The Seminole of Florida opposed removal and resisted US troops

Soviet Bloc

The Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries that installed Communist regimes after World War II and were dominated by the Soviet Union.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

Tet Offensive (1968)

The Tet Offensive was one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968 by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army against the forces of South Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. It failed militarily, but had an enormous psychological impact on the US, showing that the war was far from over, and proving that the government was lying about the war.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The US federal agency with a mission to protect human health and the environment.

Sergeant Boston Corbett

The Union soldier who shoots Booth.

United Fruit Company (UFCO)

The United Fruit Company was an American corporation that traded tropical fruit, they also grew on Central and South American plantations, and sold in Europe and the United States.

Headlight System

The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land

Smuggling

The act of illegally importing or exporting goods

New Deal Democratic Coalition

The alignment of interest groups and voting blocs that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until approximately 1968, making the Democratic Party the majority party during that period.

Grand Alliance

The alliance between the United Kingdom, United States, and the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany during World War II

Thirtenth Amendment

The amendment that ended slavery in all parts of the Union. Before a state could return to the Union they had to adopt this amendment and they had to abolish slavery and denounce sectionalism.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Colorado Gold Rush (1859)

The boom in gold prospecting and mining in Kansas territory, and Nebraska territory. About 100,000 people took part in one of the greatest gold rushes. "Pike's Peak or Bust!" and the "59er's"

Curtis Lemay

The commander of the U.S. Air Force's 21st Bomber Command in the Pacific theater during World War II. LeMay is best known for developing the U.S. strategy of using massive incendiary bomb attacks on Japanese cities in order to break the Japanese will near the end of the war.

London Conference of 1933

The conference of the six Great Powers (which for the first time included Italy) which met at London in May, 1867, to settle the political order of northern Europe after the disruption of the German Confederation in 1866 is known as the London Conference of 1867. It resulted in the Treaty of London of May 11, 1867.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.

Pikes Peak

The discovery of gold in 1858 which sent minors on a frantic rush to the Dakota territory, Montana, and Colorado.

Suffrage Movement

The drive for voting rights for women that took place in the United States from 1890 to 1920.

Election of 1828 aka "The Revolution of 1828"

The election of 1824 convinced Van Buren of the need for a renewed two-party competition. In the election of 1828, a new party formed & gradually became known as the Democratic Party which made Jackson president & Calhoun VP. Opponents called themselves the National Republicans. Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams in this election, becoming our 7th President

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Reaganomics

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Hiram Revels

The first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress.

Sputnik (1957)

The first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957.

Salvador Allende

The first Marxist politician elected president in the Americas. He was elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by a US-backed military coup in 1973.

Roanoke Colony

The first attempted colony in the Americas (1586). it ultimately failed

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 1828

The first company to begin actual road operations, which opened a thirteen mile stretch of track in 1830.

House of Burgesses, 1619

The first elected lawmaking body in North America, established by the Virginia Company to allow representative government in Virginia.

National Road (Cumberland Road)

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of minutemen on Lexington green.

Grange ( a.k.a. The Patrons of Husbandry)

The first national organization of farmers. Organized in 1867.

Paris Peace Conference

The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

Compact Theory

The idea advanced by Rousseau, Locke, and Jefferson, that government is created by voluntary agreement among the people involved and that revolution is justified if government breaks the compact by exceeding its authority.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

Angel Island

The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940 50k Chinese immigrants entered through Angel Island. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York.

New York Stock Exchange

The largest stock exchange, located in New York City. Most of the companies on this exchange are larger companies with higher-priced stock.

Bataan and Corregidor

The last strands of American and Filipino forces against the Japanese before they overran the Philippines were here, also key point for the American liberation of the Philippines from Japan. McCarthur vowed to return here

Richard Daley

The long-time democratic mayor of Chicago who worked with MLK on improving slum conditions

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins

The nation's first woman cabinet member.

Reagan Democrats

The nickname given to southern and blue-collar workers who began to vote Republicans in 1980 due to their socially conservative values.

Rust Belt

The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the United States and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate.

Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

Lost Cause

The phrase many white southerners applied to their Civil War defeat. They viewed the war as a noble cause but only a temporary setback in the South's ultimate vindication

Frankiln D. Roosevelt

The president during the great deepresion he belived in making the new deal to end the depression.

Chesapeake

The region of Virginia and Maryland. In contrast to New England, this region was distinguished by indentured servants, cash crops, and African slavery.

Fall of the Berlin Wall

The removal of the wall that separated East and West Germany in 1989. Symbolized the end of the Cold War.

Suburbia

The residential districts or suburbs outside the boundaries of a city or town. Dramatically increased in size after WW2.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

New Immigration

The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; betwen 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.

Stone Mountain

The site where William Simmons summoned a secret gathering on Thanksgiving Day

The long, hot summer

The summer of 1967 where over 100 African Americans died in race riots all over America

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Treaty of Paris 1898

The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

1904 Election

Theodore Roosevelt (R) - wins Another demonstration of democratic popularity in the South

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

The Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Battle of Manila Bay

This Battle took place on 1 May 1898, during the Spanish-American War. The American Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey engaged and destroyed the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo that marked an end to wooden ships to the more powerful American Steel Navy.

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

Ross Perot

This billionaire was a third-party candidate in the 1992 presidential election won 19 percent of the popular vote. His strong showing that year demonstrated voter disaffection with the two major parties.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Food Administration

This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.

General Assembly

This is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions.

Jeffersonian Democracy

This is the phrase used to describe the general political principles embraced by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson favored reducing the size and scope of the national government. Once in office, he announced conservative fiscal policies that reduced the public debt also supported simplicity, disliking especially the ceremonial aspects of the Federalist administrations. Jefferson articulated a clear vision of what type of society and citizenry he thought was best suited for protecting American virtue: an agrarian society in which all men were honest, hardworking, and responsible—promoted independence derived from self-sufficiency.

Volstead Act (1919)

This law that established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department was under budgeted and largely ineffective, especially in strongly anti-prohibition states

Dwight Lyman Moody

This man, part of the social gospel movement, proclaimed the gospel of kindnessand forgiveness and adapted the old-time religion to the facts of city life and founded an institute in 1889

Nicolae Ceausescu (1918-1989)

This militant communist leader of Romania attempted to keep his power by force, but was defeated and sent to the Hague to be executed by demand of a military court

Daughters of Liberty

This organization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 1874

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

Bundle of Compromises

This referred to the fact that the Constitution was trying to please everybody. (Great Compromise; 3/5 compromise; method of electing president; regulation of slave trade)

Credit Mobilier Scandal

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.

Roosevelt Recession

This terms refers to the period when FDR cut government spending to balance budget; this led to a recession

Great Society Programs

This was Johnson's domestic agenda tried to end poverty and racial injustice.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Immigration Quota Act 1924

This was passed in 1924 replaced the Quota Act of 1921, cutting quotas for foreigners from 3% to 2%. Different countries were only allowed to send an allotted number of its citizens to America every year.

1st Red Scare (1919-1920)

Time period after WWI in which the nation feared the spread of communism

U.S. Occupation of the Dominican Republic, 1965

To stop what President Johnson said would be a "communist dictatorship" in the Dominican Republic, the U.S. sent to the Dominican Republic. The U.S. invasion provoked protests in Latin America and criticism within the United States.

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862 and 1890)

Transferred public acreage to the state governments which could sell land and use proceeds for the establishment of agricultural colleges (for example, Texas A&M). Called "Land-Grant" colleges, it help spread public education in America.

Hay-Herran Treaty of 1903

Treaty rejected by the Colombian Senate that would have granted the United States possession of the land on which the Panama Canal would be constructed in return for $10 million. The treaty's rejection led President Roosevelt to encourage Panama to declare its independence from Colombia.

SALT I

Treaty signed in 1972 between the U.S. and the USSR. This agreement limited the number of missiles in each nation and led to the SALT II discussions and a slowdown of the arms race between the two countries.

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

Treaty signed in 1972 by the United States and the Soviet Union to slow the nuclear arms race.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and CA in exchange for $15 million

Whip Inflation Now (WIN)

Tried to limit federal authority, balance the budget, and keep taxes low

Pre-War Alliances

Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) and Triple Entente (France, Russia, and Great Britain)

Battle of Gettysburg - Pennsylvania (July 3, 1863)

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

The "Elect" or "Visible Saints"

Two-part Give the names that true members of the Puritan church were known as.

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Chester Nimitz (1885-1966)

U.S. Navy admiral who was Commander-in-chief of the Pacific Naval Forces for the United States and its allies during World War II. He strategized the important victories in the Battles of Midway and the Coral Sea.

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

U.S. acquisition of land south of the Gila River from Mexico for $10 million; the land was needed for a possible transcontinental railroad line through the southern United States. However, the route was never used.

Oregon Treaty of 1846

U.S. and Great Britain *Terms:* Extended the Oregon Territory-Canadian border along the 49th parallel.

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Mann Doctrine, 1964

U.S. foreign police under Lyndon Johnson that called for stability in Latin America rather than political and economic reform. Outlined by Thomas Mann, and American diplomat and State Department employee.

Uriah Stephens

U.S. labor leader. He led nine Philadelphia garment workers to found the Knights of Labor in 1869, a more successful early national union.

Admiral George Dewey

U.S. naval leader who sank the Spanish fleet stationed in Manila Bay; stating to an officer, "You may fire when ready, Gridley."

Sun Belt

U.S. region, mostly comprised of southeastern and southwestern states, which has grown most dramatically since World War II.

General William Shafter

US Army commander, US invasion of Cuba

Seventh Cavalry

US Army group, quite active during the Indian Wars

Department of Homeland Security

US federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism

Freedom Fighters

US term for local forces resisting communist revolution in developing countries

Reagan Doctrine

US would support freedom fighters trying to overthrow Communist regimes; applied in Nicaragua, Angola, Cambodia and Afghanistan

Iraq War (2003)

USA forces overthrew Saddam Hussein. President George W. Bush believed Saddam held weapons of mass destruction.

Battle of Vicksburg - Mississippi (July 4, 1863)

Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy split in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins

Louis Sullivan

United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase 'form follows function' (1856-1924)

Charles Lindbergh (1902-1974)

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean. Insisted that hemispheric defense was the wisest choice for America.

Montgomery Ward

United States businessman who in 1872 established a successful mail-order business (1843-1913)

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Denmark Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)

George Marshall

United States general and statesman who as Secretary of State organized the European Recovery Program (1880-1959)

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Bracero Program

United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico.

Mark Twain

United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)

Helen Hunt Jackson

United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (1830-1885)

Shantytowns

Unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard.

Flood Control

Use of levees, walls, reservoirs, floodways, and other means to protect land from water overflow.

Richard Nixon

Vice President under Eisenhower and 37th President of the United States

Stonewall Riots (1969)

Violent clashes between police and gay patrons of New York City's Stonewall Inn, seen as the starting point of the modern gay rights movement.

Chinese Civil War

War between communist Mao Zse Tong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Big Foot

Was killed at the Battle of Wounded Knee.

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, Washington Post

Washington Post reporters who investigated suspicious payments from key republicans. Found that the transactions were related to Mitchell, CREEP, and the White House.

New England Confederation (1643)

Weak union of the colonies in Massachusetts and Connecticut led by Puritans for the purposes of defense and organization, an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War.

Powhatan Wars

Were fought over land between the Indians and the English. 1st war: bloody, ended with the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. 2nd war: even bloodier, peace treaty signed and the Indians were banished from Virginia.

Black Friday

When Fisk and Gould bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit. In order to lower the high price of gold, the Treasury was forced to sell $4 million in gold from its reserves.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Leisler's Rebellion, 1689

When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the Netherlands, the colonists of New York rebelled and made Jacob Leiser, a militia officer, governor of New York. Leisler was hanged for treason when royal authority was reinstated in 1691, but the representative assembly that he founded remained part of the government of New York.

"Work or Fight"

When workers refused to obey the National War Labor Board's decisions, they would be told to ________ as their draft exemptions were taken away.

Chateua-Thierry

Where American troops fought to stop the German offensive

Court Packing

Where FDR tried to add more members to the Supreme Court to pass his programs.

Dealey Plaza

Where JFK was shot

Texas School Book Depository

Where Lee Harvey Oswald worked and where the shots are said to be fired from

Naval Quarantine of Cuba

Where Soviet Union and United States came the closest to nuclear war

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

Election of 1840

William Henry Harrison (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Democrat); result: Whig victory & a truly national two-party system.

Great Commoner

William Jennings Bryan

"Make the world safe for democracy"

Wilson gave this as a reason for U.S. involvement in WWI.

Senator Gaylord Nelson

Wisconsin Senator who proposed the first Earth Day

Operation Vittles

With help from the Royal Air force, the United States began an around-the-clock airlift of historic proportions that delivered nearly 2 million tons of supplies to West Berliners.

WASPS

Women Airforce Service Pilots- tested and delivered aircraft

WAVES

Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service in the Navy

SPARS

Women serving in the Coast Guard.

WACS

Women's Army Corps; had about 140,000 members; including nurses; female officers were not allowed to command men; banned from combat duty.

Just Peace

Woodrow Wilson's blueprint for world peace

Martinsburg Strike

Workers for B&O Railroad Company had their pay for the second time in 8 months Workers drove engines into their roundhouses and stated no train would leave until pay cuts have been restored. Many townspeople supported the striking of workers

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence 3rd President of the United States

Hippie

Young people who rebelled against the mainstream culture of the 1960s

Flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Tito

Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war

John Peter Zenger Trial

Zenger published articles critical of British governor William Cosby. He was taken to trial, but found not guilty. The trial set a precedent for freedom of the press in the colonies.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Siege of Petersburg

a 9-month long siege between Lee and Grant that ultimately opened the way for Grant's capture of Richmond

Belleau Wood

a World War I battle in northwestern France where the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918

Stokely Carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Crazy Horse

a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877)

Pueblo

a communal village built by Indians in the southwestern United States

Boomtown

a community experiencing a sudden growth in business or population

Joint Stock Companies

a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

Democratic National Committee

a convention where the democratic delegates from each state nominate the democratic parties Presidential and vice Presidential candidates

Mother Jones

a dressmaker in Chicago until a fire destroyed her business. She then devoted her life to the cause of workers. Supported striking railroad workers in Pittsburg, and traveled around the country organizing coal miners and campaigning for improved working conditions. Helped pave the way for reform.

James McCord

a former CIA agent, later involved as an electronics expert in the Watergate burglaries.

War Production Board (WPB)

a government agency set up to oversee production of war materials during World War II

Australian ballot

a government-printed ballot of uniform dimensions to be cast in secret that many states adopted around 1890 to reduce voting fraud associated with party-printed ballots cast in public

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

a group formed by leading suffragist in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), 1869

a group formed by leading suffragist in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Patrons of Husbandry

a group organized in 1867, the leader of which was Oliver H. Kelley. It was better known as the Grange. It was a group with colorful appeal and many passwords for secrecy. The Grange was a group of farmers that worked for improvement for the farmers.

Credit Mobilier

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

a labor organization composed of industrial unions founded in 1938, it merged with the AFL in 1955

Referendum

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

Joseph McCoy

a livestock owner who realized railroads could send meat to populated eastern cities by transporting longhorns and other bovines north through the railroad. He also built large cattle pens called stockyards

Native Americans

a member of any of the indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Minimum Wage

a minimum price that an employer can pay a worker for an hour of labor

Citizen Genet Affair

a minister to the United States dispatched by the revolutionary Girondist regime of the new French Republic. violated an American proclamation of neutrality in the European conflict and greatly embarrassed France's supporters in the United States. Hired Americans as privateers to prey on British commerce and opened negotiations with several American frontier leaders to attack Spanish FL/LA. Finally what made him so bad and offensive was when he commissioned several land speculators as officers in the French army.

Chinese Manchuria

a modern name given to a large geographic region in Northeast Asia

Second Bank of the United States (1816)

a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency.

Atomic Bomb

a nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission (splitting the nuclei of a heavy element like uranium 235 or plutonium 239)

Indochina

a peninsula of southeastern Asia that includes Myanmar and Cambodia and Laos and Malaysia and Thailand and Vietnam

Dust Bowl, 1935

a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion caused the phenomenon.

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

Policy of Containment

a plan to keep something, such as communism, within its existing geographical boundaries and prevent further aggressive moves

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a policy designed to reduce the barriers to voting for those suffering discrimination.

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Head Start

a preschool program for children from low-income families that also provides healthcare, nutrition services, and social services

Temperance and Prohibition

a progressive movement that pushed for the ban of alcohol

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

a resolution adopted by Congress in 1964, giving the president broad powers to wage war in Vietnam

Knights of the White Camellia

a secret organization that operated in Louisiana during military Reconstruction and that used threats and physical violence to keep the freedmen from voting or to force them to vote for Democratic candidates

Alliance for Progress (1961)

a series of cooperative aid projects with Latin American governments (Kennedy's plan to improve relations between the US and Latin America); called for a 10-year $20 billion donation to establish good schools, housing, health care, and land distribution; Good effect on Chile, Columbia, Venezuela, and the Central American republics (prevented Communism); Other countries just used the $ to keep the rulers in power

Atlantic Wall

a series of fortifications along the coast of France that Hitler had built in anticipation of an attack from the sea

Freedom Rides

a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961

Zoot Suit Riots (1943)

a series of riots in 1943 during World War II that exploded in Los Angeles, California, between white sailors and Marines stationed throughout the city and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored; the effect of the infamous Sleepy Lagoon murder which involved the death of a young Latino man in a barrio near Los Angeles; triggered other similar attacks in other places

C. Wright Mills and the Power Elite

a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources

Defaltion

a sustained drop in the price level

Participatory Democracy

a system of government where rank-and-file citizens rule themselves rather than electing representatives to govern on their behalf

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Linotype machine

a typewriter-like keyboard allowing printers to set type mechanically rather than manually

Jacob S. COxey

a wealthy Ohio quarry owner turn populist who led a protest group to Washington D.C. to demand that the federal government provide the unemployed with meaningful work (during the depression of 1893). The group was arrested and disbanded peacefully in D.C. movements like this struck fear into American's hearts

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted US citizenship. The act was an attempt to destroy Indian culture and the unity of the tribe and make each Native American head of household more like the White citizen/farmers.

Camp David Agreement 1978

agreement between Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin that brought hopes of peace in the Middle East

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Meatless Mondays and Wheatless Wednesdays

although the United States did not have food rationing in World War I, it relied heavily on propaganda campaigns to persuade the public to moderate their food consumption, through slogans such as "Food Will Win the War",the United States Food Administration under Herbert Hoover reduced national consumption by 15%

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Jim Bakker

an American televangelist, a former Assemblies of God minister, and a former host (with his then-wife Tammy Faye Bakker) of The Praise The Lord (PTL) Club, a popular evangelical Christian television program. A sex scandal led to his resignation from the ministry. Subsequent revelations of accounting fraud brought about his imprisonment and divorce and effectively ended his time in the larger public eye.

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

an agency established by Congress to control inflation during World War II

Interstate Commerce Commission

an agency that sets the laws for all the companies that do business across state lines

yellow dog contract

an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

an alliance of trade and craft unions, formed in 1886

Platt Amendment (1901)

an amendment added to Cuba's constitution by the Cuba government, after pressure from the United States; it provided that Cuba would make no treaties that compromised its independence or granted concessions to other countries without U.S. approval. The amendment was abrogated in 1934.

Sand Creek Massacre

an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members

Pacific Rim

an economic and social region including the country's surrounding the pacific ocean

Market Economy

an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services

Radiation Sickness

an illness caused by excess radiation exposure, marked by low white blood cell counts and nausea; possibly fatal

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Greenpeace

an international organization that works for environmental conservation and the preservation of endangered species

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

an interracial group founded in 1942 by James Farmer to work against segregation in Northern cities

White League

an organization established in 1874 by the Redeemer Democrats to restore political power to the prewar white Democrats

James E. Ware

architect of dumbbell tenements

Reservations

areas of federal land set aside for American Indians

Charles Guiteau

assassinated President James to make civil service reform a reality. He shot Garfield because he believed that the Republican Party had not fulfilled its promise to give him a government job.

Sirhan Sirhan

assassinated Robert Kennedy

Hate Crimes

attacks based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics

First Bank of the United States

bank set up in 1791 to hold government deposits and to issue paper money to pay government bills

Massacre at Wounded Knee (1890)

battle that was the last large scale attempt by Native Americans to resist American settlement in the Great Plains region. federal soldiers opened fire on Native Americans, killing more than 200.

Native Crops

beans, squash, corn

Philippine Insurrection

before the Philippines was annexed by the U.S. there existed tension between U.S. troops and Filippinos. eventually we entered into a war with the Philippines.

War in Afghanistan

began on October 7, 2001,[28] as the armed forces of the United States and the United Kingdom, and the Afghan United Front (Northern Alliance), launched Operation Enduring Freedom in response to the September 11 attacks on the United States, with the stated goal of dismantling the Al-Qaeda terrorist organisation and ending its use of Afghanistan as a base.

William Monroe Trotter

believed that victims of racism should not support a racist government

Marquette Frye

black individual who police arrested and pulled a gun on for a minor offense

English Channel

body of water that separates France and England

Sears and Roebucks

brought retail merchandise to small towns, people could shop by mail, which boosted US Post Office business

Margin Purchase

buy a lot with only a little of your own money

Washington Naval Arms Conference

called by Harding in 1921 when naval race between US, Britain, and Japan was a danger, they pledged to reduce battleships but failed to prevent war, US and Japan recognized each others territory in the Pacific

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

case in which the Supreme Court prevented the New Hampshire from changing Dartmouth's charter to make it a public institution; the Court held that the contract clause of the Constitution extended to charters and that contracts could not be invalidated by state law. The case was one of a series of Court decisions that limited states' power and promoted business interests

Baker v. Carr (1962)

case that est. one man one vote. this decision created guidelines for drawing up congresional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state

Woolworth's

chain store that emerged during the roaring twenties. Was a nickel-and-dime store

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

Articles of Impeachment

charges against the president during an impeachment

Bank Holiday

closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen

Christian Right

collective term used for a variety of Christian groups that support socially conservative policies (such as opposition to therapeutic abortion or divorce)

Colonel John Chivington

colonel of the Colorado militia that massacred many Indians at Sand Creek

Warren Commission

committee that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy

Old Left

communists and socialists of the 1930s and 1940s

Atlanta Exposition

conducted by Booker T. Washington where in a famous speech he conceded the need for Af. Am economic equality and let the other social and political equality wait and reveal itself in the future.

HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)

congressional committee that investigated possible subversive activities within the United States

Whigs

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

U.S. Fish Commission

created in 1871, fish culture, regulations initiated to protect fisheries (focused on stocked fish and protecting spawning seasons).

House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)

created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties

Civil War (1861-1865)

deadliest war in American history; conflict between north (union) and south (confederacy); 11 southern slave states wanted to secede from Union

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

decision that established the precedent that the Supreme Court could rule a state law unconstitutional

Alcatraz

defunct federal prison taken over by a militant band of native americans in 1969to dramatize condition of them. turned it int a cultural and educational center, run out by fed officials in 1971

Kyoto Agreement, 1997

delegates of 159 countries agreed in 1997 to cut greenhouse gas emissions blamed for global warming

South Vietnam

democratic

Black Reconstruction

derisive label for political efforts by African Americans after the Civil War; exaggerated black political influence that was limited mainly to voting; blacks could vote and had rights, but kept virtually enslaved; however, they did get more political Power

Sherman's March to the Sea

during the civil war, a devastating total war military campaign, led by union general William Tecumseh Sherman, that involved marching 60,000 union troops through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah and destroying everything along there way.

Frederick W. Taylor, Scientific Management

efficient working methods to increase productivity; usually resulted in lower wages (hated by workers), power to managers

John Tyler (1841-1845)

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

National Labor Relations Board

enforces procedures whereby employees may vote to have a union and for collective bargaining

Senate

equal representation

Jingoism

extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy

xenophobia

fear of foreigners

Social Security

federal program of disability and retirement benefits that covers most working people

Fall of South Vietnam

fell to communist north in 1975- American troops were evacuated- America "lost" the war and lost a lot of respect

John Glenn

first American to orbit the earth

P.B.S. Pinchback

first black governor of Louisiana

Jamestown (1607)

first permanent English colony in North America, founded in Virginia in 1607 - 13 years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in Massachusetts - Initially, the settlers spent too much time trying to find gold and neglected to prepare for the winter. The "Starving Time" of 1609-10 saw 80% of the settlers die. Only after several more shipments of immigrants and the widespread adoption of TOBACCO cultivation did the colony begin to thrive.

Oliver Kelley

founded the Grange

Lillian Wald

founded the Henry Street Settlement and Visiting Nurse Service which provided nursing and social services and organized educational and cultural activities. She is considered the founder of public health nursing

Huey Newton and Bobby Seale

founders of the Black Panthers

Kate Cummings

from Alabama; who nursed the wounded in Corinth after the Battle of Shiloh, wrote, "Nothing that I had ever heard or read had given me the faintest idea of the horrors witnessed here"

Amnesty Act of 1872

gave forgiveness to former Confederates and Whites in the South and allowed them to vote again

Kickbacks

gifts given by suppliers to purchasing agents for the purpose of influencing their choice of suppliers

Fuel Administration

government agency created during the war to regulate the use of coal for the war effort

Independent Treasury Bill

government would hold its revenues rather than deposit them in banks, thus keeping the funds away from private corporations; "America's Second Declaration of Independence"

Weathermen

group that branched off of the SDS; advocated terrorism in the US to stop another Vietnam from happening; name came from Bob Dylan lyrics "don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows"; dwindle away after 4 of them die in an explosion in Greenwich Village

Utopian Communities

groups of people who tried to form a perfect society

Nicaraguan Contras

guerilla army sponsored by CIA to attack procommunist revolutionaries in Nicaragua; fear of another Vietnam

Mujahideen

guerrilla fighters in Islamic countries, especially those who are fighting against non-Muslim forces.

Fighting Bob Lafollette

he was a progressive governor of Wisconsin, and then a US senator.

Spanish American War Causes

help cuba with independence from Spain, yellow journalism convinced public, de Lome letter, U.S.S maine blows up in the Cuban port

New Right Movement

helped to get R. Reagan elected movement, partly in response to counter-cultural protests of the 1960s—evangelical Christian groups, social issues denouncing abortion, pornography, homosexuality, feminism, and affirmative action

Fisk University

historically black college started by the Freedmen's Bureau located in Nashville, TN

White Man's Burden

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Marco Polo Bridge

in 1937, Japan militarists touched off an explosion here that led to an all-out invasion of China

Border States

in the civil war the states between the north and the south: delaware, mayland, kentucky, and missouri

Rape of Nanking

infamous genocidal war crime committed by japanese military in Nanjing. started in 1937 and lasted a few weeks. japanese army raped, stole and killed prisoners of war and civilians

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Settlement Houses

institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Joseph Glidden

invented barbed wire in 1874

Marc Hanna

iron magnate who took on the role of president-maker in McKinley's election; believed that a prime function of government was to aid business; waged a campaign against silver

Department Stores

larger stores that are organized into many separate departments and offer many product lines

Civil Rights Act of 1875

law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

law that changed the national quota system to limits of 170,000 immigrants per year from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 per year from the Western Hemisphere

Civil Rights Act of 1866

law that established federal guarantees of civil rights for all citizens

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period

antitrust laws

laws that encourage competition in the marketplace

Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi

leader of Iran after World War II; embraced Western governments and wealthy Western oil companies

Tom Hayden

leader of Students for a Democratic Society

Walter Waters

leader of the Bonus Army

Red Cloud

leader of the Oglala who resisted the development of a trail through Wyoming and Montana by the United States government (1822-1909)

American Indian Movement (AIM)

led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre

Filipino Rebellion, 1899-1902

led by Emilio Aguinaldo, Filipinos wanted their independence from Spain and then America, after Aguinaldo was defeated the US formed the Philippine Commission with Taft as the leader; he formed a strong bond with the people and improved conditions there (schools, transportation, roads, taught English

Writs of Assistance

legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled

Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)

loaned money at low interest to homeowners who could not meet mortgage payments

Butler Law (1925)

made it illegal to teach evolution in public schools.

George Atzerodt

man who was suppose to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson, but backed out

Open Door Notes

message send by secretary of state John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy & Japan asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China.

Vo Nguyen Giap

military commander of the Viet Minh and the victor at Dien Bien Phu in 1954.

American Women Suffrage Association (AWSA), 1869

moderate & led by Lucy Stone & Frederick Douglas - "negro hour" - women take action @ a state level

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong

most famous jazz performers of the Harlem Renaissance

Civil Rights Movement

movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Education Reform (Horace Mann)

movement to create public schools that would provide basic education for all children

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Rock and Roll

music that grew out of rhythm and blues and that became popular in the 1950s

Lafayette Escadrille

name given to a group of American volunteers who flew for the French Air Force prior to US entry into WWI

Great War

name originally given to the First World War (1914-1918).

Old Age Revolving Pension Plan

national sales tax would pay for a pension of $200 per month for all retired Americans, proposed by Dr. Francis Townsend.

Hoover Blankets

newspapers used as blankets

Bull Moose Party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912

Sit-ins

nonviolent protests in which a person sits and refuses to leave

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Wagner Act (1935)

officially "National Labor Relations Act"; established National Labor Relations Board to administer labor laws and union elections; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. Highest legislative achievement for unions in US history.

Leadville, Colorado (1873)

one of the West's most famous boomtowns; deep deposits of lead mixed with silver led to creation of this legendary boomtown in the Colorado mountains that dotted the mining frontier, known as Leadville

Election of 1800 and 1824

only two elections in U.S. history to be decided by the House of Representatives when no candidate received the simple majority of Electoral votes

Nuclear Power Industry

outgrowth of weapons industry

Soft Money

paper currency that is backed by something of value like precious metals

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

passed to amend and clarify the Sherman Antitrust Act

Drovers

people who move livestock to market

Anti-Federalists

people who opposed the Constitution

Depositors

people who put money into banks

Republican Irreconcilables

people who were anti-League, nationalistic; feared entanglement in foreign affairs

Plumbers

people whose job it was to stop leaks of what Nixon was trying to achieve from being let out of the White House

Antabellum

period before the Civil War

Peaceful coexistence 1955-1960

period in Soviet-American relations marked by less tension and by personal diplomacy between Khrushchev and Eisenhower; the two leaders recognized that, in a nuclear age, competition between their nations must be peaceful. This thaw in the Cold War was ended by the U-2 spy plane incident over the Soviet Union in 1960.

Speculator

person who risks money in order to make a large profit

Soup kitchens and Bread lines

places that provided free food during the Great Depression

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Yiddish Theater

plays written and performed primarily by Jews in Yiddish The range of Yiddish theatre is broad: operetta, musical comedy, and satiric or nostalgic revues; melodrama; naturalist drama; expressionist and modernist plays. Satiric Plays most popular

Hoover Flags

pockets turned inside out to protest the poor economy.

Credit Lines

prearranged agreements with a bank that allow a company to borrow cash without following normal loan procedures and paperwork

Hard Money

precious metals

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

prejudiced jury sentenced them to death, caused riots around the world, new trial denied

James K. Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

Concentration Camps

prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately.

Recall

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

Kenneth Starr

prosecutor against Clinton in the Lewinsky scandal; led to the impeachment of Clinton

Radical Republican Reconstruction

punish south, protect former slaves; US military occupation of South, Confederate military leaders needed pardon to hold office, protect Blacks right to vote

"I shall return"

quote of Douglas McArthur that he would return to free the Philipines

"Share Our Wealth"

radical relief program proposed by Senator Huey Long in the 1930s to empower the government to seize wealth from the rich through taxes and provide a guaranteed minimum income and home to every American family

Benjamin Wade

radical republican and a senator of OH wanted to abolish slavery completely, was the chair of the committee on the conduct of the war

Boomburbs

rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city

"Speak softly and carry a big stick"

refers to Roosevelt Diplomacy, which allowed for aggressive foreign policy. "big stick" = the US Navy

Florence Kelley

reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers

Jacob Rils

reformer wrote "How the Other Half Lives" (describes how poor immigrants live)

Matrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother

Focus on the family

religious organization that promotes socially conservative views on public policy

Article X of the League of Nations

required the United States to respect the territorial integrity of member states

Pensions

retirement payments

Air Quality Act (1967)

set federal air pollution guidelines and extended federal enforcement power

Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty

signed 1987 ratified 1988, it eliminated a class of nuclear weapons with a range of 300-3400 miles, over 2600 missiles were destroyed under this by 1991

"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"

slogan used in the 1844 presidential election as a call for us annexation of the oregon territory

Guerillas

small bands of fighters who weaken the enemy with surprise raids and hit-and-run attacks

Progressvism

social and political reform through education, political participation by all classes, and direct government action

Slaveocracy

society organized around slavery; slaveholders have power

Dixiecrats

southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

Fannie Lou Hamer

spokesperson for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party at the 1964 Democratic Convention

Truman Doctrine (1947)

stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to resist internal left-wing (and therefore it was assumed "communist") movements and prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere. Early example of application of "containment" doctrine - that the US would take action to stop spread of communism. Some see this as beginning of Cold War.

Lincoln's 10% Plan

states could return to the union after 10% had signed allegiance to the U.S. following the state to select a state government and write a new constitution (must include end to slavery)

Carter Doctrine (1980)

states the US will defend the Persian Gulf against social expansionism

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

Conestoga Wagon

sturdy vehicle topped with white canvas and used by pioneers to move west

Loyalists (Spanish Civil War)

supporters of a republic, includes communists, socialists, and those who wanted democracy (anti-nazi germans, anti fascists italians fought with loyalists)

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution

Teflon President

term given to Reagan because of his ability to avoid blame even when things went wrong

"Buy Now, Pay Later"

term used to describe america's consumer culture of the 1920's, when advertising began to influence the choices of purchasers

Westward Expansion

territorial acquisitions as settlers began moving westward beyond the Appalachian Mountains

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

James Garfield

the 20th President of the US; he died two months after being shot and six months after his inauguration.

Wilmer McLean

the Civil War began in his front yard and ended in his parlor (Appomattox Courthouse) in Richmond, Virginia

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

Destroyer Deal (1940)

the U.S. traded 50 old-model destroyers left over from WWI to Britain in return for eight valuable defensive base sites, stretching from Newfoundland to South America

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

the United States and Japan agreed to respect each other's territorial holdings in the Pacific

Bootlegging

the act of making of transporting alcoholic liquor for sale illegally

White Supremacy

the belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races

Executive Branch

the branch of government that carries out laws

Legislative Branch

the branch of government that makes the laws

Flexible Response

the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Development of the hydrogen bomb, 1952

the first hydrogen bomb, which was one-thousand times more powerful than the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, was test by the U.S. in the South Pacific in 1952. The Soviet Union, after testing their first a-bomb in 1949, tested their first h-bomb in 1953

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Pan-Americanism

the idea that the United States and Latin American nations should work together

Pusan Perimeter

the line where U.N. troops stopped the advance of North Korea in 1950

House of Representatives

the lower house of Congress, consisting of a different number of representatives from each state, depending on population

Chisholm Trail

the major cattle route from San Antonio, Texas, through Oklahoma to Kansas

Great Powers

the most powerful countries, militarily and economically, in the global system

Enola Gay

the name of the American B-29 bomber, piloted by Col. Paul Tibbets, Jr., that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945.

Reichstag

the parliament of Germany before 1945 (and the name of its building). Previously the general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, and later the North German Confederation. After 1949 it was replaced with the current German parliament, the Bundestag.

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Reagan Revolution

the policies of the first reagan administration which increased defense spending reduced social programs and cut taxes they were based on supply side theory of growing the economy by cutting government interference and taxes

Civil Service System

the practice of hiring government workers on the basis of open, competitive examinations and merit

Convoy System

the protection of merchant ships from U-boat-German submarine-attacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships

Red Army

the regular army of the former Soviet Union

Neoclassicism

the revival of a classical style or treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music.

Freedom of the Seas

the right of merchant ships to travel freely in international waters

Yalu River

the river that forms the boundary between North Korea and China

Fall of Soviet Union (1991)

the soviet union's weakening economy along with great discrepancies between worker's wages and the privileges their leaders enjoyed, led the the breakup of the soviet union.

The Shoshone, Piute, and Ute People

the three largest groupings of native peoples in the Great Basin

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Treaty of Fort Laramie

the treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River

Utah and Omaha Beaches

the two beaches US forces fought at during the D-Day invasion

Homestead Act of 1862

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

Communist Labor Party

this political party suffered a loss of political power after the Red Scare.

Germaine Greer

this radical Feminist thinker argues that gender stereotyping in the media is getting worse for women because of online pornography and abuse over social media (eg: slut shaming, etc)

Anti-Imperialists

those who opposed annexation of the Phillipines, declaring it unconstitutional to do so.

Progressive Era

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

Monitor vs. Merrimack (March, 1862)

to fight the blockade by the Union the Confederates reconstructed the Merrimack and destroyed Union ships in the Chesapeake Bay. The Union sent in the Monitor to fight back neither side could claim a victory.

Americanize

to make American in character and nationality

Panmunjom

town in the demilitarized zone between North and South Korea where peace talks took place following the Korean War

Traingular Trade

trade among three places: the Americas, Britain, and Africa

Ralph Abernathy

trusted assistant to Dr. King; tried to keep MLK's plans going after his death with his ambitious "Poor People's Campaign" but it didn't achieve any of the goals they had hoped it would

Espionage and Sedition Acts

two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI

Priming the Pump

use of government spending to stimulate private industry

"It's the economy, stupid"

used during Bill Clinton's successful 1992 presidential campaign against George H. W. Bush. For a time, Bush was considered unbeatable because of foreign policy developments such as the end of the Cold War and the Persian Gulf War. The phrase, a slight variation on a phrase created by Bill Clinton's campaign strategist James Carville, refers to the notion that Clinton was a better choice because Bush had not adequately addressed the economy, which had recently undergone a recession.

Open Range

vast areas of grassland owned by the federal government

Liberty Bond Drives

war bond that was sold in the United States to support the allied cause in World War I; seen as patriotic

Munitions

war materials, such as weapons

Onondaga, Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga

warring groups living near Canada, which joined together to form the Iroquois League, also known as the Iroquois Confederacy.

Henry "Box" Brown

was a 19th century Virginia slave who escaped to freedom by arranging to have himself mailed to Philadelphia abolitionists in a dry goods container. He became a noted abolitionist speaker and later a showman.

Father Charles Edward Coughlin

was a fierce critic of Roosevelt's new deal. He was a priest in detroit who had developed a large following by broadcasting sermons over the radio.

Edward Hooper

was a prominent American realist painter and printmaker. In both his urban and rural scenes, his spare and finely calculated renderings reflected his personal vision of modern American life.[1]

John Wilkes Booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Talmadge Amendment, 1819

was submitted by James Tallmadge, Jr. in the United States House of Representatives on February 13, 1819, during the debate regarding the admission of Missouri as a state. Amendment wasn't adopted, but proposed the gradual elimination of slavery from Missouri.

Major Henry Rathbone

was with Lincoln while he was assassinated and was stabbed in the arm trying to stop Booth

Energy Crisis

when Carter entered office inflation soared, due to toe the increases in energy prices by OPEC. In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase. Facing pressure to act, Carter retreated to Camp David, the presidential retreat in the Maryland Mountains. Ten days later, Carter emerged with a speech including a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis.

Coretta Scott King

wife of Martin Luther King Jr.; active in the women's movement; worked to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Totem Pole

wooden post carved with animals or other images; often made by Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest to honor ancestors or special events

Henry Favid Thoreau

writer and naturalist who became America's best known transcendentalist

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Issues facing the South during Reconstruction

• Economic - mainly agricultural, no industry • Racial Attitudes - many southerners did not see slavery as immoral and sought to continue the repression of freed black in post Civil War years throughout the passage of black codes aka "Jim Crow Laws" • Freedmen's Bureau - difficulty truly succeeding in its founding goals