APUSH Exam Review

compass

A technological development that allowed sailors to navigate at night and away from land.

Trade

After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Europeans began looking for alternative ways of trading with India and China.

John Copley

American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock.

Pontiac's Rebellion

As colonists spread west after French and Indian War, Indians fought back causing British to commit troops to pacify the situation. This leads to the Proclamation of 1763.

Mayas

Between 300 and 800 AD they built remarkable civilizations in the Yucatán peninsula.

Hopewell

Built larger mounds around the Ohio River Valley

Andrew Hamilton

Defense attorney in the Zenger case who made the first step toward freedom of the press

Peter Stuyvesant

Dutch colonial leader of New Amsterdam, he is overthrown by an bloodless takeover by the brother of the English King, the Duke of York (hence the name). The people of New Amsterdam famously do not fight for him and the colony peacefully become English.

Phyllis Wheatley

Former slave poet who described the human experience through the lens of slavery.

Indentured Servitude

Many poor English willingly choose to become indentured servants, exchanging 5-7 years of labor for passage to the New World. If they survive, which many don't, they receive a little money and perhaps some land (often of a low quality).

Act of Toleration

Maryland grants religious toleration to Catholics

Navigation Acts

Mercantist policy restricting trade in Americas to only England.

Early Immigrants

Most Early American immigrants came from Great Britain and Western Europe (Germany, Protestant France).

Lord Baltimore

Proprietor (leader) of Maryland. The two Lord Baltimores (father and son) established a tolerant colony in Maryland to harvest tobacco and send it back to England.

Triangular Trade

Raw Materials from America sent to Europe. Manufactured Goods sent from Europe to the Americas. Weapons, tools, and Rum sent from Europe to Africa. Slaves from Africa to the Americas.

Mississippian

Relating to a Mound Builder culture that flourished in North America between A.D. 800 and 1500.

Great Awakening

Religious revival of the 1730s and '40s. It caused believers to seek their own truths rather than relying necessarily on church leaders. It also leads to greater political diversity as people are drawn to new denominations like the Baptists and Methodists.

English culture

Religious toleration, Self-government, Social Mobility and no aristocracy were English traditions that continued into its English colonists.

Quartering Act

Required colonists to house and feed British soldiers.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

The first document creating a set of laws to govern a colony. This type of document would eventually evolve into the U.S. Constitution over a century later.

New Technologies

The sailing compass, gunpowder,

Connecticut

Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts Bay Colony with a large group of Puritans to found Connecticut. Created the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut to govern the new colony.

Southern Colonies

Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Georgia. Known for farming, warmer climate, rich soil and use of slave labor. Geographic differences from New England and Middle Colonies put these colonies on a track that will eventually lead to Civil War.

Roger Williams

Banished from Massachusetts, founds Rhode Island. Promotes religious toleration.

House of Burgesses

First Colonial Legislature in Jamestown.

House of Burgesses

First colonial legislature in New World (Virginia).

Religious revival of the 1730s and '40s. It caused believers to seek their own truths rather than relying necessarily on church leaders. It also leads to greater political diversity as people are drawn to new denominations like the Baptists and Methodists.

Great Awakening

King George III

King of England

Metacom

Leader of King Philip's War. Native American son of Massasoit. Executed, decapitated and head displayed for decades, marking an end to Native American resistance in New England.

Subsistence Farming

Most New England farms provided just enough to support their own families.

Limited Democracy

Only white, male landholders could vote. Over the course of time expanding suffrage will become a theme of expanding democratic principals in what becomes the United States.

New York

Originally a Dutch Colony, (New Amsterdam) the colony is uniquely situated on the southern tip of Manhattan Island, ideal for trade with Native Americans by using the Hudson River. The colony is know for its diversity, toleration and trade.

Ben Franklin (the writer)

Published Poor Richard's Almanac, a collection of witty jokes, weather predictions and general advice. It became a best-selling publication and helped propel him into higher social and economic circles, allowing him time to work on inventions and learning new political philosophies.

Mercantilism

Purpose of colonies was to supply mother countries with raw materials

William Bradford

Separatist (Pilgrim) leader of Plymouth (1620).

Ben Franklin (scientist)

Studies plants, experiments with electricity and invents bifocal glasses and a stove to heat the whole house.

Salutary Neglect

Term for the period of time leading up to the French and Indian War when the British would not interfere with colonial business as long as they were profitable. This lead to a sense of independence and self-reliance that ended when the British tried to recoup the costs of the French and Indian War in the form of taxes.

Nation State

A country where the majority of the people share a common culture, language and religion.

Adena

A mound builder society that was centered in the Ohio River Valley and flourished from about 700 B.C. to A.D 100

Renaissance

A period of scientific knowledge leading to new technologies.

Renaissance

A rebirth of classical learning and an outburst of scientific and artistic output in Europe in the late 1400s and early 1500s.

Stamp Act

A tax on official government documents. Led to colonial protests by groups like the Sons of Liberty and tax was eventually repealed.

Iroquois

A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK.

Halfway Covenant

After several generations this was created to increase church membership in Puritan New England churches after attendance begins to decline.

Printing Press

Allowed knowledge of new discoveries to be spread quickly.

Separatists

Also known as Pilgrims, believed church was tainted and wanted to create a new, pure society in the New World. Founded Plymouth Plantation in 1620.

Colonial Families

Americans had larger families and experienced a higher standard of living than their European counterparts.

Benjamin West

Another portrait painter.

Anne Hutchison

Believed in Antinomianism (salvation through faith, not deeds). She was banished for clashing with religious males power structure in Massachusetts.

King Philip's War

Bloody war between Native Americans and New England Puritans. Led by King Philip (Metacom) the son of Massasoit, the leader who took the Pilgrims under his wing, Natives felt betrayed by English who were now pouring into their lands by the thousands. Descendants of the Puritans and Pilgrims didn't have the same respect or admiration of the Natives and killed thousands, eventually tracking down Metacom himself, killing him and placing his decapitated head on a spear in Plymouth for several decades. This marks the end of Native American resistance in New England.

Edward Braddock

British General killed near Battle of Fort Duquesne. Washington leads retreat. Early British failures in war lead to increase spending on war leading to debts.

French And Indian War

British and Colonists fight French and their Indian Allies. Debts from war passed to colonists leading to movement for Independence.

Proclamation of 1763

British forbid colonists from crossing the Appalachian Mountains to keep them from interfering in fur trade with Native Americans and keep colonists closer to coastal regions to assist in direct trade with England.

Whigs

British political party who favored payment of French and Indian War by passing costs on to colonists in form of raised taxes.

George Washington

British soldier in French and Indian War, he is chosen to lead the Continental Army during the American Revolution before becoming the 1st President of the United States.

Protestant revolt

Christians in Germany and other Northern European counties rebelled against the authority of the Catholic Pope. This lead to a series of wars between the competing ideologies.

J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur

Coined the term "melting pot" when referring to America as a new mixture of European settlers.

Portugal

Competed with Spain for land in North and South America.

Town Meetings

Early example of democratic style government in New England when people met together to discuss government and political issues in local church buildings.

Albany Plan of Union

Early plan for colonial unity in 1754 and credited to Ben Franklin after Native American tribes expressed frustration in dealing with different colonies while there was no single voice coming from the overall colonies. Plan was rejected but represented an early idea that would evolve into the United States.

Mayflower Compact

First government document in New World. Passengers on Mayflower (Separatists and "Strangers") agree to stick together once they land and work together to create a new colony.

Mayflower Compact

First government document signed by passengers of the Mayflower. The document required the non-Pilgrim/Separatists known as Strangers to remain together to work as a community. A significant portion of the crew were not Separatists but common laborers (known as The Strangers) brought to do the work necessary for survival.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First set of written laws and a framework for government in the colonies.

Slavery

First slaves arrive in 1619 in Jamestown to assist Indentured Servants in harvesting tobacco. Slavery continues to grow but becomes primary source of Southern labor after Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.

Maryland

Flourishes several decades after Jamestown by growing tobacco in the Chesapeake Bay area. Also known for toleration of Catholics and its leader, Lord Baltimore (sounds like a great name for a city).

Bacon's Rebellion

Former indentured servants and poor, white Virginians become frustrated with lack of support and protection from royal Virginia governor William Berkeley. The frustration stems from declining tobacco prices, high taxes and Native American attacks. As a result, Nathaniel Bacon leads a rebellion against Berkeley and burns Jamestown to the ground. Bacon soon dies of dysentery and collaborators are executed. The rebellion leads to greater dependence on slavery, since slaves, unlike indentured servants, do not require land upon manumission (freedom).

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania. Banned slavery. Religious toleration.

Jamestown

Founded by English colonists in 1607 on a swampy patch along James River in Virginia. Colonists initially more interested in searching for gold than doing hard work necessary for survival, as a result most didn't survive. John Smith eventually takes control and demands stronger work ethic. Colony flounders for several years due to disease and Native American attacks until introduction of tobacco by John Rolfe several years later.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Founded by Puritans in 1630, ten years after Plymouth.

Pennsylvania

Founded by William Penn (makes sense) the colony was known as a religious experiment, known for trade and toleration as well as small farms. Slavery is forbid.

Plymouth

Founded by religious separatists in 1620 in Massachusetts. The colony suffers heavy casualties in first year due to starvation, disease and harsh climate. Pilgrims (Separatists) are helped by sympathetic Native Americans who are interested in trading and believe colonists pose no threat since they came with women and children. Colony eventually thrives due to work ethic and community cooperation as well as Native assistance.

Puritans

Founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. Believed in purifying church from within, unlike Separatists.

John Rolfe

Introduced tobacco to Jamestown stabilizing the colony economically after years of struggle.

Zenger Case

John Peter Zenger was charged with libel for criticizing the Governor of New York (Andrew [not Alexander] Hamilton). He was found innocent because what he printed was true, establishing truth as a defense in cases of libel and slander. This leads to more freedom of the press, something unique in America as compared to the rest of the world.

Cahokia

Large, mound-building Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans

Established Church

Most colonies had taxes which supported an established church.

Sectarian Colleges

Most institutions of higher learning were religiously affiliated (Harvard, Yale, William and Mary).

Moors

Muslims in Spain driven out by the Catholic forces of Ferdinand and Isabella. This allowed the royal couple to invest in Columbus' western voyage.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Nathaniel Bacon leads a rebellion of poor farmers and indentured servants against wealthy landowners in Jamestown. Town is burned but rebellions dies off after Bacon's fatal bout with dysentery. Ultimately leads to greater reliance on slavery to end clashes between poor and rich whites.

Spain

Nation-state strengthened by the unification of two kingdoms with the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella.

Pueblo

Native American tribe who carved homes into the cliffs of valleys in the Southwestern desert regions.

Land Bridge

Native Americans crossed the Bering Straight thousands of years ago during an Ice Age and began to populate North and South America.

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware. Known for religious toleration and economically reliant on trade.

Pawnee

North American native tribe living in the Great Plains regions of modern day Kansas and Nebraska.

Sioux

North American native tribe who lived along the northern valley of the Mississippi River

Sugar Act

One of the first methods of trying raise revenue in colonies for payment of French and Indian War debts.

Nonsectarian College

Only one college was not religiously affiliated and that was The College of Philadelphia (Later the University of Pennsylvania).

Henry the Navigator

Prince of Portugal who funded explorations to India and China around the coast of Africa.

Rhode Island

Roger Williams founds Rhode Island after being banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony (founded 1630) for his tolerant attitudes toward Native Americans. He believes Native Americans should be fairly paid for their land and grants religious toleration to Catholics, Quakers and Jews.

Inca

Ruled a vast empire with a widespread trading network in Peru and throughout the Andes Mountains.

Aztecs

Ruled central Mexico when Spanish arrived in the 1500s. City of Tenochtitlan equaled Europe's largest cities in terms of size and population.

Professions

Several jobs began to emerge and gain respectability; Ministers, Doctors and Lawyers. Doctors and Lawyers did not receive the same quality of training they do today.

African Slavery

Slaves brought to New World by European countries for labor. First slaves brought to American Colonies in Virginia in 1619.

Middle Passage

Slaves from Africa to the Americas.

Puritans

Strong religious convictions but unlike Separatists they believed church could be reformed from within. Known to have a strong work ethic they were also famously intolerant of other beliefs.

George Whitfield

Traveled throughout the colonies and encouraged people to read the Bible and not rely on ministers to interpret the Gospels for them.

Peace of Paris (1763)

Treaty ending the French and Indian War.

Patrick Henry

Virginia lawyer who demanded no taxation from Britain without representation in Parliament.

Headright System

Virginia offered 50 acres of land to anyone willing to pay their way to the New World. Deal also given to land owners who paid for someone else to come to Virginia.

Cotton Mather

Wrote religious pamphlets