APUSH Final Exam Review

Geronimo was one of the last war leaders of the

Apache.

Jay N. "Ding" Darling, Des Moines Register, (29 March, 1928) The cartoon above refers to all of the following EXCEPT:

Herbert Hoover's response to the Great Depression.

United Negro Improvement Association Printing and Publishing House, New York City (1922) This photograph includes

Marcus Garvey.

By the end of Jefferson's presidency, all of the following held some claim to the Oregon Country EXCEPT:

Spain

Leslie Illingworth, The Daily Mail (29 October, 1962) This cartoon primarily refers to

the Cuban Missile Crisis.

It was shown that a corporation could act as its own person in a legal case during the case of

Dartmouth College v. Woodward.

The principle that contracts must be honoured was strengthened by

Dartmouth College v. Woodward.

I admit that public peace and security are seriously endangered by the non-restraint of the maniacal insane. I consider it in the highest degree improper that they should be allowed to range the towns and country without care or guidance; but this does not justify the public in any State or community, under any circumstances or conditions, in committing the insane to prisons; in a majority of cases the rich may be, or are sent to Hospitals; the poor under the pressure of this calamity, have the same just claim upon the public treasury, as the rich have upon the private purse of their family as they have the need, so have they the right to share the benefits of Hospital treatment. Memorial Soliciting a State Hospital for the Protection and Cure of the Insane, Submitted to the General Assembly of North Carolina (November, 1848) Which of the following was the author of the selection above:

Dorothea Dix

The Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812

Yes, at home or on the job, Dad was always the efficiency expert. He buttoned his vest from the bottom up, instead of from the top down, because the bottom-to-top process took him only three seconds, while the top-to-bottom took seven. He even used two shaving brushes to lather his face, because he found that by doing so he could cut seventeen seconds off his shaving time. For a while he tried shaving with two razors, but he finally gave that up. 'I can save forty-four seconds,' he grumbled, 'but I wasted two minutes this morning putting this bandage on my throat.' It wasn't the slashed throat that really bothered him. It was the two minutes. Frank Gilbreth, junior and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey, Cheaper by the Dozen (1948) Which of the following developments in the early 20th Century could be used as evidence to criticise the profession of Frank Gilbreth, senior:

Exhaustion of assembly line workers required the Ford Motor Company to hire 53,000 people a year to keep 14,000 jobs filled in the early 1910s.

Thomas Jefferson's Secretary of the Treasury was

Albert Gallatin.

Roosevelt had also urged Taft to try to find common ground with _________________ , and Taft took him at his word. Both the progressive and conservative camps therefore thought of Taft as their man. A person of unquestionable integrity, Taft detested radical change. If he could fulfill his predecessor's promises without unduly disturbing the body politic, he would do so.... This was the man Taft knew he had to lean on to lower tariffs. Yet _________________ was the man who first betrayed him. "Where did we ever make the statement that we would revise the tariff downward?" _________________ asked disingenuously. It was true that the Republican Party in its platform had spoken only of revising the tariff—not whether it would be up or down. But everyone, and especially the president, believed that meant downward. Yet when the... tariff revision bill finally came out of a conference between the House and Senate, the revisions downward were insignificant. James Change, 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft & Debs—the Election that Changed the Country (2004) What name should fill in every blank in this passage:

Aldrich

A. R. Fitzpatrick, St. Louis Dispatch (1924) The cartoonist probably believed that

American industrial and commercial leaders approved of the Coolidge administration's business policies.

Which of the following was the only U.S. Senator from a seceded state to remain loyal to the Union:

Andrew Johnson

This civil action was brought... to redress the alleged deprivation of federal constitutional rights... alleging that, by means of a 1901 statute of Tennessee apportioning the members of the General Assembly among the State's 95 counties, "these plaintiffs and others similarly situated, are denied the equal protection of the laws accorded them by the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States by virtue of the debasement of their votes".... Tennessee's standard for allocating legislative representation among her counties is the total number of qualified voters resident in the respective counties, subject only to minor qualifications.... In 1901, the General Assembly abandoned separate enumeration in favor of reliance upon the Federal Census, and passed the Apportionment Act here in controversy. In the more than 60 years since that action, all proposals in both Houses of the General Assembly for reapportionment have failed to pass. Between 1901 and 1961, Tennessee has experienced substantial growth and redistribution of her population. In 1901, the population was 2,020,616, of whom 487,380 were eligible to vote. The 1960 Federal Census reports the State's population at 3,567,089, of whom 2,092,891 are eligible to vote. The relative standings of the counties in terms of qualified voters have changed significantly. It is primarily the continued application of the 1901 Apportionment Act to this shifted and enlarged voting population which gives rise to the present controversy. Associate Justice William J. Brennan, junior, Supreme Court majority opinion (26 March, 1962) This selection is from the Supreme Court decision in

Baker v. Carr.

We... seek a government that attends to its inherent responsibilities of maintaining a stable monetary and fiscal climate, encouraging a free and a competitive economy and enforcing law and order. Thus do we seek inventiveness, diversity, and creativity within a stable order, for we... define government's role where needed at many, many levels, preferably through the one closest to the people involved. Our towns and our cities, then our counties, then our states, then our regional contacts—and only then, the national government. That, let me remind you, is the ladder of liberty, built by decentralized power.... I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue. Acceptance Speech for the Presidential Nomination (1964) This speech was made by

Barry Goldwater.

In ticking off the things that weren't done, it was easy to forget the big thing that was done. Against overwhelming odds, with the most meager resources, and often at fearful self-sacrifice, a few determined men reversed the course of the war in the Pacific. Japan would never again take the offensive. Yet the margin was thin—so narrow that almost any man there could say with pride that he personally helped turn the tide.... Walter Lord, Incredible Victory (1998) The selection above describes the

Battle of Midway.

Father and Mother, Have you been doing well recently? I am very well. At last in this critical autumn season when it is time to strike, I also will go to die in battle like a cherry as a member of the Kamikaze Special Attack Corps. Please smile without crying. We launched attacks on the 6th and 12th. During the attack on the 12th, I lost my Navy friend Kurata... who I liked best of all the two billion people in the world. Flight Petty Officer 1st Class Kurata was Hisahiro Kurata, the only son in his family from Kawara-machi, Muroto Town, Aki-gun in Kochi Prefecture. He was my Navy friend among friends who slept alongside me each night for three years. Please make contact with his hometown. For me now it is the night before my sortie. This is it since there is no time. I hope that you will live in good health, while I go ahead to the eternal road. ... Goodbye. Kosaku Seiichi, letter to his parents (15 April, 1945) The pilot quoted above was preparing to fight in the

Battle of Okinawa.

The Germans have made a violent and costly sortie which has been repulsed with heavy slaughter, and have expended in the endeavour forces which they cannot replace, against an enemy who has already more than replaced every loss he has slaughtered. Winston Churchill, speech to the House of Commons (18 January, 1945) In this speech, Churchill was describing the ongoing

Battle of the Bulge.

Of those brave men who followed Custer, all perished: no one lives to tell the story of the battle. Those deployed as skirmishers, lay as they fell, shot down from every side, with their officers behind them in their proper positions. General Custer, who was shot through the head and body, seemed to have been among the last to fall, and around and near him lay the bodies of Col. Tom and Boston, his brothers, Col. Calhoun, his brother-in-law, and his nephew young Reed, who insisted on accompaning the expedition for pleasure. Col. Cook and the members of the non-commissioned staff were all dead—all stripped of their clothing and many of them with bodies terrible mutilated. The squaws seem to have passed over the field and crushed the skulls of the wounded and dying with stones and clubs. The heads of some were severed from the body, and the privates of some were cut off, while others bore traces of torture, arrows having been shot into their private parts while yet living or other means of torture adopted. "First Account of the Custer Massacre," Bismarck Tribune (6 July, 1876) This passage describes the aftermath of the

Battle of the Little Bighorn.

The _______________ calls upon the American people in general and the black people in particular to take careful note of the racist California Legislature which is now considering legislation aimed at keeping the black people disarmed and powerless at the very same time that racist police agencies throughout the country are intensifying the terror, brutality, murder, and repression of black people. (2 May, 1967) Which organization's name best fills in this blank in this passage?

Black Panther Party

The first to be led forth was Pastor Farthing. His wife clung to him, but he gently put her aside, and going in front of the soldiers, himself knelt down without saying a word, and his head was truck off by one blow of th executioner's knife. He was quickly followed by Pastors Hoddle and Beynon, Drs. Lovitt and Wilson, all of whom were beheaded with one blow by the executioner. Then the Governor, Yü Hsien, grew impatient and told his bodyguards... to help kill the others.... When the men were finished the ladies were taken. Mrs. Farthing had hold of the hands of her children who clung to her, but the soldiers parted them, and with one blow beheaded their mother. The executioner beheaded all the children and did it skillfully, needing only one blow; but the soldiers were clumsy, and some of the ladies suffered several cuts before death. Mrs. Lovitt...held the hand of her little boy even when she was killed. She spoke to the people saying, as near as I can remember, "We all came... to bring you the good news of salvation by Jesus Christ; we have done you no harm, only good; why do you treat us so?" A soldier took off her spectacles before beheading her, which needed two blows. When the Protestants were killed, the Roman Catholics were led forward. The Bishop, and old man, with a long white beard... was beheaded. The priests and the nuns quickly followed him in death.... The orgy set off a frenzy of bloodletting.... In and around Tai Tuan alone, nearly fifty Chinese Christians of all persuasions were killed in the next twenty-four hours. Hundreds of other were slain in the days that followed.... Nat Brandt, Massacre in Shansi (1994) These events were part of the

Boxer Rebellion.

The British had economic and political reasons for confining their strictest blockades to areas south of New England. Many New Englanders traded with the British in the War of 1812, and some sold supplies to British ships hovering along the New England coast. New England supplies were also important to the British army in Canada, and ships licensed by the British were regularly seen in the West Indies and in European ports. Furthermore, the British were optimistic that New England opposition to the war would grow into resistance or even a secession movement. In February 1813, Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren, the British commander in chief in North American waters, proclaimed a strict blockade of the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays and in the spring was ordered to extend this blockade north to New York and along the southern coastline to the mouth of the Mississippi, but the New Englanders continued to trade. Reginald Horsman, "Nantucket's Peace Treaty with England in 1814" (1981) This passage could support all of the following statements EXCEPT:

British restrictions on American trade (and Jefferson and Madison's responding trade restrictions) were equally harmful to New England's Transatlantic commerce and to the export of staple crops from the South.

The first battle to involve the transportation of troops by railroad was fought at

Bull Run.

Alice [Roosevelt] had returned to Japan after visiting China and the Philippines and had been taken aback by the sudden coolness of the Japanese people toward her. Evidently, Komura's agreement with Witte was seen as a humiliating retreat after one and a half years of military triumph.... This did not meant that high officials in the Katsura government were not secretly satisfied with the treaty. It gave Japan peace at just the moment she would have had to stop fighting anyway, through sheer exhaustion of resources. Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (2001) Which of the following is NOT true of the treaty mentioned in this passage:

By ending a war in the Far East, this treaty significantly reduced tension between the countries with military, political, or economic interests in Asia and the Pacific.

The very last Confederates to surrender were the crew of

CSS Shenandoah.

After all, the chief business of the American people is business. They are profoundly concerned with producing, buying, selling, investing and prospering in the world. I am strongly of opinion that the great majority of people will always find these are moving impulses of our life. (17 January, 1925) This selection is from a speech by

Calvin Coolidge.

A "Revival of Religion" presupposes a declension. Almost all the religion in the world has been produced by revivals. God has found it necessary to take advantage of the excitability there is in mankind, to produce powerful excitements among them, before he can lead them to obey. Men are so spiritually sluggish, there are so many things to lead their minds off from religion, and to oppose the influence of the Gospel, that it is necessary to raise an excitement among them, till the tide rises so high as to sweep away the opposing obstacles. They must be so excited that they will break over these counteracting influences, before they will obey God. Not that excited feeling is religion, for it is not; but it is excited desire, appetite and feeling that prevents religion. The will is, in a sense, enslaved by the carnal and worldly desires. Hence it is necessary to awaken men to a sense of guilt and danger, and thus produce an excitement of counter feeling and desire which will break the power of carnal and worldly desire and leave the will free to obey God. Charles Grandison Finney, "What a Revival of Religion Is" (1835) In 1801, one of the first major religious revivals of the Nineteenth Century was held in

Cane Ridge, Kentucky.

I am not boasting when I say to you that I know the pulse of the people. I know it better than all your newspaper men. I know it better than do all your industrialists with your paid-for advice. I am not exaggerating when I tell you of their demand for social justice which, like a tidal wave, is sweeping over this nation. Nor am I happy to think that, through my broadcasts, I have placed myself today in a position to accept the challenge which these letters carry to me--a challenge for me to organize these men and women of all classes not for the protection of property rights as does the American Liberty League; not for the protection of political spoils as do the henchmen of the Republican or Democratic parties. Away with them too! But, happy or unhappy as I am in my position, I accept the challenge to organize for obtaining, for securing and for protecting the principles of social justice.... 1. I believe in liberty of conscience and liberty of education, not permitting the state to dictate either my worship to my God or my chosen avocation in life. 2. I believe that every citizen willing to work and capable of working shall receive a just, living, annual wage which will enable him both to maintain and educate his family according to the standards of American decency. 3. I believe in nationalizing those public resources which by their very nature are too important to be held in the control of private individuals. 4. I believe in private ownership of all other property. 5. I believe in upholding the right to private property but in controlling it for the public good.... Radio Broadcast ((Sunday, 11 November, 1934) This selection is from a radio broadcast by

Charles Coughlin.

The Battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge were fought just outside the city of

Chattanooga.

If today you can take a thing like evolution and make it a crime to teach it in the public school, tomorrow you can make it a crime to teach it in the private schools, and the next year you can make it a crime to teach it to the hustings or in the church. At the next session you may ban books and the newspapers. Soon you may set Catholic against Protestant and Protestant against Protestant, and try to foist your own religion up on the minds of men. If you can do one you can do the other. Ignorance and fanaticism is ever busy and needs feeding. Always it is feeding and gloating for more. Today it is the public school teachers, tomorrow the private. The next day the preachers and the lecturers, the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After a while, your honor, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until with flying banners and beating drums we are marching backward to the glorious ages of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted [torches] to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind. (11 July, 1925) This statement was made by

Clarence Darrow during the Scopes Trial.

Which of the following court cases determined that labor unions were not inherently criminal conspiracies:

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the passage of this act, no British or French armed vessel shall be permitted to enter the harbors or waters under the jurisdiction of the United States; but every British and French armed vessel is hereby interdicted, except when they shall be forced in by distress, by the dangers of the sea, or... for the conveyance of letters.... And be it further enacted, That in case either Great Britain or France shall, before the third day of March next, so revoke or modify her edicts as that they shall cease to violate the neutral commerce of the United States... the restrictions imposed by this act shall, from the date of such proclamation, cease and be discontinued in relation to the nation revoking or modifying her decrees in the manner aforesaid. An Act concerning the commercial intercourse between the United States and Great Britain and France, and their dependencies, and for other purposes (1 May, 1810) This act of Congress is more commonly known as

Macon's Bill Number 2.

Chapultepec had fallen. All in all, Santa Anna had lost 1,800 men that morning. Scott lost one-quarter as many.... During the night Santa Anna decided to evacuate the city and allow his army to rest. Sporadic fighting would go on the next morning, but by midday, September 14, 1847, General Scott himself rode triumphantly through the City Square amid the deafening cheers of what was left of his army. John S. D. Eisenhower, So Far From God: The U.S. War with Mexico 1846-1848 (1989) This passage describes the conquest of

Mexico City.

The person in custody must, prior to interrogation, be clearly informed that he has the right to remain silent, and that anything he says will be used against him in court; he must be clearly informed that he has the right to consult with a lawyer and to have the lawyer with him during interrogation, and that, if he is indigent, a lawyer will be appointed to represent him. Chief Justice Earl Warren, Supreme Court majority opinion (1966) This selection is from the Supreme Court decision in

Miranda v. Arizona.

Which of the following slave-owning states did NOT secede from the Union:

Missouri

Adapted from General Cadmus Wilcox, History of the Mexican War (1892) This map depicts the movements leading up to the brutal street fighting that allowed Zachary Taylor to capture

Monterrey.

The Democratic Party is not satisfied merely with arresting the present decline. Of course we will do that to the best of our ability; but we are equally interested in seeking to build up and improve, and to put these industries in a position where their wheels will turn once more.... It is not enough merely to stabilize, to lend money! It is essential to increase purchasing power in order that goods may be sold.... As to 'immediate relief,' the first principle is that this nation, this national government, if you like, owes a positive duty that no citizen shall be permitted to starve. That means that while the immediate responsibility for relief rests, of course, with local, public and private charity, in so far as these are inadequate ...the Federal Government owes the positive duty of stepping into the breach. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 'Address on Long-Range Planning' (1932) Conservative critics of the ideas expressed in the passage argued that

New Deal programs unreasonably expanded the authority of the national government and of the President.

Joseph Greene, "Step by Step," New York Evening Telegram (1 November, 1919) One of the most famous victims of the fears that inspired this cartoon was

Nicola Sacco.

On 23 January, 1968 USS Pueblo was captured by naval forces from

North Korea.

Because soonerism was loaded with contested meaning, thousands of prospective settlers felt justified in scoring the countryside in search of choice town lots and homesteads and claiming them after the stroke of noon on the day of the Run. Predictably, people who held a strict interpretation of the what it meant to be a sooner (that is, a person who jumped the gun and/or stake a claim to a homestead or town lot before noon on April 22, 1889) were not inclined to relinquish their properties without a fight. As Burford noted in his letter to Noble, "The unfortunate law under which the lands of this Territory were opened to settlement has created a state of affairs which is simply appalling, deplorable, and makes an honorable man shrink from its consequences." Michael J. Hightower, 1889: The Boomer Movement.... (2018) This passage describes an important part of the settlement of

Oklahoma.

To which of the following areas did the largest number of American settlers move in the 1830s and early 1840s:

Oregon

Matthew Brady (circa 1864) This photograph was probably made outside the city of

Petersburg.

The economic ills we suffer have come upon us over several decades. They will not go away in days, weeks, or months, but they will go away. They will go away because we as Americans have the capacity now, as we've had in the past, to do whatever needs to be done to preserve this last and greatest bastion of freedom. In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem.... It is my intention to curb the size and influence of the Federal establishment and to demand recognition of the distinction between the powers granted to the Federal Government and those reserved to the States or to the people. All of us need to be reminded that the Federal Government did not create the States; the States created the Federal Government. Ronald Reagan, first inaugural address (21 January, 1981) The conservative political revival that led to President Ronald Reagan's election in 1980 was most directly a reaction to

President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society.

If President Andrew Johnson had been removed from office through impeachment, he would have been replaced by

President pro tempore of the Senate, Ben Wade.

In spite of his program's incompleteness, he arguably had done more in two years than any president in history, certainly enough to place him in league with Theodore Roosevelt and Lyndon Johnson, the only other chief executives with similar claims. From endangered species to population control, the White House had acted. The first president to present Congress a comprehensive program for environmental protection, he had in just one year signed NEPA, the Water Quality Improvement Act... the Resource Recovery Act... and the Clean Air Act Amendments.... He had created the EPA and staffed his administration with strong environmental advocates. Jay Brooks Flippen (2012) This selection describes a significant part of the environmental record of

Richard Nixon.

The defense of freedom is everybody's business—not just America's business. And it is particularly the responsibility of the people whose freedom is threatened. In the previous administration, we Americanized the war in Vietnam. In this administration, we are Vietnamizing the search for peace. The policy of the previous administration not only resulted in our assuming the primary responsibility for fighting the war, but even more significantly did not adequately stress the goal of strengthening the South Vietnamese so that they could defend themselves when we left.... The South Vietnamese have continued to gain in strength. As a result, they have been able to take over combat responsibilities from our American troops. Televised Address (3 November, 1969) This selection was from a speech by

Richard Nixon.

Any person who... sells a security... by the use of any means or instruments of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or of the mail... which includes an untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements...shall be liable to the person purchasing such security from him, who may sue either at law or in equity in any court of competent jurisdiction, to recover the consideration paid for such security.... Act of Congress (27 May, 1933) This selection is from an act that was enforced by the

SEC

Lincoln's first Secretary of the Treasury, whom he later named Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, was

Salmon P. Chase.

Which of the following helped create the first textile mill in the United States:

Samuel Slater

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That if any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States, ...he or they shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and on conviction, before any court of the United States having jurisdiction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, and by imprisonment during a term not less than six months nor exceeding five years.... SEC. 2. And be it farther enacted, That if any person shall write, print, utter or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published, ...any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States... with intent to... encourage or abet any hostile designs of any foreign nation against United States, their people or government, then such person, being thereof convicted before any court of the United States having jurisdiction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years. 'An Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes against the United States,' (1798) This selection comes from the law better known as the

Sedition Act.

Which of the following is NOT true of Clara Bow:

She first became famous as a jazz singer on the radio.

We are, all, North and South, engaged in the White Slave Trade, and he who succeeds best, is esteemed most respectable. It is far more cruel than the Black Slave Trade, because it exacts more of its slaves, and neither protects nor governs them. ...the White Slave Trade is more exacting and fraudulent (in fact, though not in intention,) than Black Slavery; ...it is more cruel, in leaving the laborer to take care of himself and family out of the pittance which skill or capital have allowed him to retain. When the day's labor is ended, he is free, but is overburdened with the cares of family and household, which make his freedom an empty and delusive mockery. But his employer is really free, and may enjoy the profits made by others' labor, without a care, or a trouble, as to their well-being. The negro slave is free, too, when the labors of the day are over, and free in mind as well as body; for the master provides food, raiment, house, fuel, and everything else necessary to the physical well-being of himself and family.... No wonder men should prefer white slavery to capital, to negro slavery, since it is more profitable, and is free from all the cares and labors of black slave-holding. ... Public opinion unites with self-interest, domestic affection and municipal law to protect the slave. The man who maltreats the weak and dependent, who abuses his authority over wife, children or slaves, is universally detested. That same public opinion which shields and protects the slave encourages the oppression of free laborers — for it is considered more honorable and praiseworthy to obtain large fees than small ones... (and all fees and profits come ultimately from common laborers) — to live without work by the exactions of accumulated capital, than to labor at the plough or the spade, for one's living. George Fitzhugh, Cannibals All! Or Slaves Without Masters (1857) This passage presents all of the following arguments EXCEPT:

Slavery was an unfortunate legacy of the South's history and economy that many Southerners would end if they could afford to do so and do so safely.

Who led the "Old Three Hundred" into Texas?

Stephen Austin

Which presidential candidate in 1860 came second in the popular vote but last in the Electoral College because his support was distributed relatively evenly around the country rather than concentrated in a particular region?

Stephen Douglas

Which of the following was NOT assassinated during the 1960s:

Stokely Carmichael.

The object of this publication is to set forth those facts and arguments which show the danger of race prejudice, particularly as manifested today toward colored people. It takes its name from the fact that the editors believe that this is a critical time in the history of the advancement of men.... Finally, its editorial page will stand for the rights of men, irrespective of color or race, for the highest ideals of American democracy, and for reasonable but earnest and persistent attempts to gain these rights and realize these ideals. W.E.B. DuBois, magazine editorial (November, 1910) This editorial was published in the first issue of

The Crisis

New Deal policy-makers were beginning to address the needs of blacks. The Public Works Administration, for example, mandated the proviso: 'There shall be no discrimination on account of race, creed or color.' Blacks praised the WPA for prohibiting racial discrimination and for giving them a chance to participate in the program.... The Democratic Party's strategy... paid off. The massive migration of blacks to northern cities had led to a national political realignment. Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror (1993) What would be the political impact of the realignment that Takaki describes?

The Democratic Party's liberalization and willingness to push ever more extensive reforms

He could see no great obstacle in the way of controlling the nominating convention so far as securing the naming of two Railroad Commissioners was concerned. Two was all they needed. Probably it WOULD cost money. You didn't get something for nothing. It would cost them all a good deal more if they sat like lumps on a log and played tiddledy-winks while Shelgrim sold out from under them. Then there was this, too: the P. and S. W. [Pacific and Southwestern] were hard up just then. The shortage on the State's wheat crop for the last two years had affected them, too. They were retrenching in expenditures all along the line. Hadn't they just cut wages in all departments? The Octopus: A Story of California (1901) Attempts to regulate the industry criticized in this novel included all of the following EXCEPT:

The Newlands Act

The first major movie described as a "talkie" was

The Sheik.

In Nebraska and in California, the government was able to sell the alternating sections it held [along the Transcontinental Railroad] for big sums.... These were lands that grew wonderful crops or fed fat cattle, but they would have been worth nearly nothing, or in some cases absolutely nothing, if not for the railroads. Another surprise: the government bonds, so denounced, were in fact loans, not gifts. The railroads paid back the loans—by 1899, the government had collected $63 million in principal plus $105 million in interest on the bonds, making the total repayment of $168 million for an initial loan of $65 million. That is not a bad investment. I have come to respect the Big Four of the C[entral] P[acific] and some of the directors of the U[nion] P[acific], but those I admire are Abraham Lincoln, without whose prodding and urging and persuasive powers there would have been no railroad; Theodore Judah, the engineer who got the CP organized and did the surveying and provided the imagination on how to get through the Sierra Nevada... and Grenville Dodge, a Civil War hero who became the driving force behind the UP. But even more, I admire the Chinese who built the CP and the Irish, and others, who built the UP. I admire them for how hard and in what danger they worked, how they stuck to it, how proud they were of what they had done. They wanted to be part of something, and they were. They had that American quality of seeking change, of living in new places, of conquering territory, of belonging to this new nation and contributing to it. They also wanted to be paid.... Stephen E. Ambrose, To America: Personal Reflections of an Historian (2002) This passage could be used to refute all of the following statements EXCEPT:

The Transcontinental Railroad contributed to the displacement of the American Indians from their traditional lands.

July 26, 1956. A crowd, tens of thousands strong, gathered in Manshiyya Square in Alexandria, to hear a speech by Egypt's president, Gamal Abd-al-Nasser. The atmosphere was tense—only days before Nasser had received a humiliating rebuff from the US Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, to his request for a loan to build the High Dam on the Nile. Egypt had received arms from the Czech Republic in 1955, and Dulles hoped to achieve two aims: to humble Nasser, whose anti-colonial rhetoric was winning support across the Middle East, and to remind other aspiring Third World leaders that there was no neutral ground in the Cold War.... Nasser finished his speech with a simple statement: "Everything which was stolen from us by that imperialist company, that state within a state, when we were dying of hunger, we are going to take back... The government has decided on the following law: a presidential decree nationalising the International Suez Canal Company. In the name of the nation, the president of the republic declares the International Suez Canal Company an Egyptian limited company." Anne Alexander, "Suez and the High Tide of Arab Nationalism," International Socialism (Autumn 2006) Which of the following is NOT true of the events that led to this speech and those that immediately resulted from it

The United States' response to France's role in this crisis was similar to America's response to France's position in Indochina in the early 1950s.

The challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use that wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization. Your imagination, your initiative, and your indignation will determine whether we build a society where progress is the servant of our needs, or a society where old values and new visions are buried under unbridled growth. For in your time we have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society. The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time. But that is just the beginning. The Great Society is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents. It is a place where leisure is a welcome chance to build and reflect, not a feared cause of boredom and restlessness. It is a place where the city of man serves not only the needs of the body and the demands of commerce but the desire for beauty and the hunger for community. Remarks by Lyndon Johnson at the University of Michigan (22 May, 1964) While Lyndon Johnson was president, all of the following took place EXCEPT:

The draft was ended.

The Democratic Party is not satisfied merely with arresting the present decline. Of course we will do that to the best of our ability; but we are equally interested in seeking to build up and improve, and to put these industries in a position where their wheels will turn once more.... It is not enough merely to stabilize, to lend money! It is essential to increase purchasing power in order that goods may be sold.... As to 'immediate relief,' the first principle is that this nation, this national government, if you like, owes a positive duty that no citizen shall be permitted to starve. That means that while the immediate responsibility for relief rests, of course, with local, public and private charity, in so far as these are inadequate ...the Federal Government owes the positive duty of stepping into the breach. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 'Address on Long-Range Planning' (1932) Which of the following actions best exemplifies Roosevelt's sentiments as to the 'positive duty' of the federal government:

The establishment of public works programs

The Democratic Party is not satisfied merely with arresting the present decline. Of course we will do that to the best of our ability; but we are equally interested in seeking to build up and improve, and to put these industries in a position where their wheels will turn once more.... It is not enough merely to stabilize, to lend money! It is essential to increase purchasing power in order that goods may be sold.... As to 'immediate relief,' the first principle is that this nation, this national government, if you like, owes a positive duty that no citizen shall be permitted to starve. That means that while the immediate responsibility for relief rests, of course, with local, public and private charity, in so far as these are inadequate ...the Federal Government owes the positive duty of stepping into the breach. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 'Address on Long-Range Planning' (1932) Which of the following best characterizes the long-term impact of the program outlined in this speech:

The national government's role in regulating the economy and providing for the needs of its citizens increased significantly.

Which of the following is NOT true of Black soldiers in the Union Army:

They played a large symbolic role in the Northern war effort, but did not actually account for a large percentage of Northern troops.

Whereas, Almighty God hath created the mind free; That all attempts to influence it by temporal punishments or burthens, or by civil incapacitations tend only to beget habits of hypocrisy and meanness, and therefore are a departure from the plan of the holy author of our religion, who being Lord, both of body and mind yet chose not to propagate it by coercions on either, as was in his Almighty power to do, That the impious presumption of legislators and rulers, civil as well as ecclesiastical, who, being themselves but fallible and uninspired men have assumed dominion over the faith of others, setting up their own opinions and modes of thinking as the only true and infallible, and as such endeavouring to impose them on others, hath established and maintained false religions over the greatest part of the world and through all time; That to compel a man to furnish contributions of money for the propagation of opinions, which he disbelieves is sinful and tyrannical... That it tends only to corrupt the principles of that very Religion it is meant to encourage, by bribing with a monopoly of worldly honours and emoluments those who will externally profess and conform to it... Be it enacted by General Assembly that no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief, but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters of Religion, and that the same shall in no wise diminish, enlarge or affect their civil capacities. Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (adopted 16 January 1786) This law was primarily written by

Thomas Jefferson

We, the people of the Territory of Kansas, by our delegates in convention assembled... in order to secure to ourselves and our posterity the enjoyment of all the rights of life, liberty, and property, and the free pursuits of happiness, do mutually agree with each other to form ourselves into a free and independent State, by the name and style of the State of Kansas.... Article I Bill of Rights Section 1. All men are by nature free and independent, and have certain inalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and seeking and obtaining happiness and safety. Sec. 2. All political power is inherent in the people.... Sec. 6. There shall be no slavery in this State, nor involuntary servitude, unless for the punishment of crime. Constitution of Kansas (23 October, 1855) This document was created by a convention meeting in the town of

Topeka.

After the first cannon shots erupted... the remainder of the Confederate artillery opened fire, joining in a brief and largely ineffectual bombardment of the fort.... McLaws's division then burst forward in the gloom, racing forward in two columns, bayonets fixed. They withheld their fire as they advanced, while sharpshooters in the newly captured rifle pits kept up a murderous fire concentrated on the parapet.... Their volleys were so effective that the fort's complement of twenty-pound Parrott Guns and twelve-pound Napoleons were practically silenced, and the muskets nearly so.... The attackers slowed briefly as they struggled through the abatis and wire entanglements, but in two or three minutes they had reached the ditch in front of the northwest corner with minimal losses, and a number even planted battle flags on the outer wall of the fort. What followed was courageous but pathetic. The Rebel infantrymen had brought no scaling ladders, no cutting tools, and no plan whatsoever for surmounting what amounted to a two-story-high barrier. When they arrived as the ditch they simply piled into it, and then the ditch became a grave. Robert Tracy McKenzie, Lincolnites and Rebels: A Divided Town in the American Civil War (2006) This selection describes the defence of

Vicksburg

The North gained complete control of the Mississippi River after capturing

Vicksburg.

Wendell Jones, "Farmer Family," Johnson City, Tennessee Post Office (1940) The mural pictured here was created by the

WPA

America's present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not revolution, but restoration; not agitation, but adjustment; not surgery, but serenity; not the dramatic, but the dispassionate; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality. (1920) This selection is from a presidential campaign speech by

Warren G. Harding.

The problem lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women. It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning that women suffered.... Each suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, matched slipcover material, ate peanut butter sandwiches with her children, chauffeured Cub Scouts and Brownies, lay beside her husband at night—she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question—"Is this all?" ...In the fifteen years after World War II, this mystique of feminine fulfillment [had become] the cherished and self-perpetuating core of contemporary American culture. Millions of women lived their lives in the image of those pretty pictures of the American suburban housewife.... They had no thought for the unfeminine problems of the world outside the home; they wanted the men to make the major decisions. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963) Which of the following most strongly contradicts the ideas expressed in the passage:

Women had long supported public policies to better the lives of their families.

I hereby solemnly promise, God helping me, to abstain from all distilled, fermented, and malt liquors, including wine, beer, and hard cider, and to employ all proper means to discourage the use of and traffic in the same. This pledge is taken by members of the

Women's Christian Temperance Union.

Clifford Berryman, "Stop Now! I've Waited Long Enough!" Washington Evening Star (2 June 2, 1915)This cartoon is most closely related to

Woodrow Wilson taking sides in the Mexican Revolution.

The question upon which the whole future peace and policy of the world depends is this: Is the present war a struggle for a just and secure peace, or only for a new balance of power? If it be only a struggle for a new balance of power, who will guarantee, who can guarantee, the stable equilibrium of the new arrangement? Only a tranquil Europe can be a stable Europe. There must be, not a balance of power, but a community of power; not organized rivalries, but an organized, common peace.... They imply, first of all, that it must be a peace without victory.... Victory would mean peace forced upon the loser, a victor's terms imposed upon the vanquished. It would be accepted in humiliation, under duress, at an intolerable sacrifice, and would leave a sting, a resentment, a bitter memory upon which terms of peace would rest, not permanently, but only as upon quicksand. Only a peace between equals can last. (22 January, 1917) This selection describes

Woodrow Wilson's plans for the world after the First World War ended.

George Washington's two-term tradition was enshrined in the Constitution by the

XXII Amendment.

Section 1 In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. Section 2 Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.... (Ratified 10 February, 1967) This selection comes from the

XXV Amendment.

No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. (Ratified 5 May, 1992) This text is from the

XXVII Amendment.

After his platoon had suffered heavy casualties and 3 other noncommissioned officers had become casualties, Cpl. _____________ assumed command. Fearlessly leading 7 men, he charged with great daring a machinegun nest which was pouring deadly and incessant fire upon his platoon. In this heroic feat the machinegun nest was taken, together with 4 officers and 128 men and several guns. Medal of Honor Citation for action Near Chatel-Chehery, France, 8 October, 1918 (awarded 31 December, 1919) What name best fills in the blank above:

York

Which of the following could not have been characterized as a "Doughface" in the terminology of the 1850s:

Zachary Taylor

The Battle of Gettysburg was

a Confederate defeat due to slow and un-coördinated movement by Confederate corps commanders.

Our manifest destiny [is] to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.... Texas has been absorbed into the Union as the inevitable fulfillment of the general law which is rolling our population westward.... It was disintegrated from Mexico in the natural course of events, by a process perfectly legitimate on its own part, blameless on ours.... California [will] probably next fall away from... Mexico.... The Anglo-Saxon foot is already on its borders.... Already the advance guard of the irresistible army of Anglo-Saxon emigration has begun to pour down upon it, armed with the plough and the rifle, and marking its trail with schools and colleges, courts and representative halls, mills and meetinghouses. A population will soon be in actual occupation of California.... Their right to independence will be the natural right of self-government belonging to any community strong enough to maintain it. John L. O'Sullivan (1845) One of the strongest arguments in favor of American westward expansion, according to the author of this passage, was

a belief in American cultural and white racial superiority.

As a result of certain acts or omissions occurring before his resignation from the Office of President, Richard Nixon has become liable to possible indictment and trial for offenses against the United States.... Should an indictment ensue, the accused shall then be entitled to a fair trial by an impartial jury, as guaranteed to every individual by the Constitution. It is believed that a trial of Richard Nixon, if it became necessary, could not fairly begin until a year or more has elapsed. In the meantime, the tranquility to which this nation has been restored by the events of recent weeks could be irreparably lost by the prospects of bringing to trial a former President of the United States. The prospects of such trial will cause prolonged and divisive debate over the propriety of exposing to further punishment and degradation a man who has already paid the unprecedented penalty of relinquishing the highest elective office of the United States. Gerald Ford (8 September, 1974) This selection comes from

a document granting a full pardon for Richard Nixon.

But in addition to these acts by which it was expected to introduce American colonists into Nicaragua a decree was also published authorizing the general-in-chief to increase the American element of the army under the contract of Castellon dated in the July previous Walker was empowered to raise three hundred men for the military service of the State and early in December Jerez drew up the decree fixing the pay and emoluments of those enlisted by the general Before this the question has probably suggested itself as to the means by which Americans had been already brought to Granada.... William Walker, the War in Nicaragua (1860) This selection is primarily a description of

a filibustering expedition.

If there's a fire... any hour of the day or night, I'm usually there with some of my election district captains as soon as the fire-engines. If a family is burned out I don't ask whether they are Republicans or Democrats... I just get quarters for them, buy clothes for them if their clothes were burned up, and fix them up till they get things runnin' again. It's philanthropy, but it's politics, too—mighty good politics.... The poor are the most grateful people in the world, and let me tell you, they have more friends in their neighborhoods than the rich have in theirs... and [they] don't forget [me] on election day.... Yes, the Irishman is grateful. ...He has this thought even before he lands in New York, for his friends here often have a good place in one of the city departments picked out for him while he is still in the old country. Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics, recorded by William Riordon (1905) Which of the following best explains the growing influence of organizations such as the one described in this selection in Nineteenth Century:

a lack of access to political power among the urban poor

Yet, after all our years of toil and privation, dangers and hardships upon the... frontier, monopoly is taking our homes from us by an infamous system of mortgage foreclosure, the most infamous that has ever disgraced the statutes of a civilized nation.... How did it happen? The government, at the bid of Wall Street, repudiated its contracts with the people; the circulating medium was contracted.... As Senator Plumb [of Kansas] tells us, "Our debts were increased, while the means to pay them was decreased." [A]s grand Senator... Stewart [of Nevada] puts it, "For twenty years the market value of the dollar has gone up and the market value of labor has gone down, till today the American laborer, in bitterness and wrath, asks which is the worst: the black slavery that has gone or the white slavery that has come?" Mary Elizabeth Lease, speech to the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (1890) Which of the following was NOT often proposed as a solution to the problems of farmers in the late Nineteenth Century:

a national bank that could offer lower interest rates

Tiananmen Square (5 June, 1989) This photograph depicts

a pro-democracy protest in China.

After trial on the merits and careful consideration of the evidence therein adduced and after oral arguments and submission of briefs by all parties, the Court, being fully advised in the promises, found in an opinion handed down on June 5, 1956, that the enforced segregation of Negro and white passengers on motor buses operating in the City of Montgomery [Alabama]... violates the Constitution and laws of the United States. U.S. District Court decision in Browder v. Gayle (5 June, 1956) upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court (13 November, 1956) This court case was primarily inspired by

a protest begun by Rosa Parks.

Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C. (28 July, 1932) The photograph above depicts the use of tear gas to end

a protest requesting financial assistance for unemployed and under-employed American veterans.

On May 15, 1801, the cabinet voted unanimously to send four warships to the Mediterranean.... [T]he president selected Revolutionary War hero Richard Dale, ordering him to be on the alert for a possible war.... Jefferson ordered Dale to use retaliatory force if attacked, but not to engage in offensive operations, since that would require Congress to declare war.... Jefferson also directed Dale to protect American commerce, but told him his primary mission was to impress Tripoli, Algeria, Tunis, and Morocco with the sea power of the United States. Four warships, however, were not enough to make an impression.... George C. Daughan, If By Sea: The Forging of the American Navy (2008) This passage illustrates all of the following EXCEPT:

a show of force that would convince France to sell Louisiana to the United States rather than fight over the territory

Hurtling unseen, hundreds of miles from the earth, a polished metal sphere the size of a beach ball passed over the world's continents and oceans one day last week. As it circled the globe for the first time, traveling at 18.000 m.p.h., the U.S. was blissfully unaware that a new era in history had begun, opening a bright new chapter in mankind's conquest of the natural environment and a grim new chapter in the cold war.... Biggest surprise was the sputnik's weight: 184.3 lbs. The U.S. Project Vanguard has hoped to send 21½ lbs. into space, less than one-eight of the sputnik. Time Magazine (14 October, 1957) The event described in these selections led almost immediately to all of the following EXCEPT:

a significant expansion of all branches of the United States military

American Oleograph Co., Milwaukee (1875) Which of the following was eventually seen as the most desirable course of governmental action by those who had created posters such as this one:

active regulation of the nation's economic system

Tonight, sitting at my desk in the White House, I make my first radio report to the people in my second term of office. I am reminded of that evening in March, four years ago, when I made my first radio report to you. We were then in the midst of the great banking crisis. Soon after, with the authority of the Congress, we asked the nation to turn over all of its privately held gold, dollar for dollar, to the government of the United States. Today's recovery proves how right that policy was. But when, almost two years later, it came before the Supreme Court its constitutionality was upheld only by a five-to-four vote. The change of one vote would have thrown all the affairs of this great nation back into hopeless chaos.... We also became convinced that the only way to avoid a repetition of those dark days was to have a government with power to prevent and to cure the abuses and the inequalities which had thrown that system out of joint.... Today we are only part-way through that program- and recovery is speeding up to a point where the dangers of 1929 are again becoming possible, not this week or month perhaps, but within a year or two.... The American people have learned from the depression. For in the last three national elections an overwhelming majority of them voted a mandate that the Congress and the president begin the task of providing that protection - not after long years of debate, but now. The courts, however, have cast doubts on the ability of the elected Congress to protect us against catastrophe by meeting squarely our modern social and economic conditions. We are at a crisis, a crisis in our ability to proceed with that protection. Franklin D. Roosevelt, radio address (9 March, 1937) In his second term, Franklin Roosevelt planned to deal with the crisis he described by

adding more justices to the Supreme Court.

Herbert Block, "It's the Same Thing Without Mechanical Problems," Washington Post (26 January, 1949) This cartoon was probably meant primarily to

advocate economic aid to Europe.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled... SEC. 4. That all persons who were citizens of the Republic of Hawaii on August twelfth, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States and citizens of the Territory of Hawaii. And all citizens of the United States resident in the Hawaiian Islands who were resident there on or since August twelfth, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, and all the citizens of the United States who shall hereafter reside in the Territory of Hawaii for one year shall be citizens of the Territory of Hawaii.... SEC. 60. That in order to be qualified to vote for representatives a person shall- First. Be a male citizen of the United States. Second. Have resided in the Territory not less than one year preceding and in the representative district in which he offers to register not less than three months immediately preceding the time at which he offers to register. Third. Have attained the age of twenty-one years. Fourth. Prior to each regular election, during the time prescribed by law for registration, have caused his name to be entered on the register of voters, for representatives for his district. Fifth. Be able to speak, read, and write the English or Hawaiian language. Act of Congress (30 April, 1900) One of the most controversial aspects of this act in the United States was that it

allowed native Hawaiians to vote alongside white men.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Congress approves and supports the determination of the President, as Commander in Chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. Section 2. The United States regards as vital to its national interest and to world peace the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia. Consonant with the Constitution of the United States and the Charter of the United Nations and in accordance with its obligations under the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, the United States is, therefore, prepared, as the President determines, to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty requesting assistance in defense of its freedom. Section 3. This resolution shall expire when the President shall determine that the peace and security of the area is reasonably assured by international conditions created by action of the United Nations or otherwise, except that it may be terminated earlier by concurrent resolution of the Congress. Joint Resolution of Congress (10 August, 1964) This Congressional resolution

allowed the President to begin combat operations in Vietnam.

To try to stabilize the economy in a manner consistent with the principles of his political party during the Panic of 1837, Martin Van Buren's "Divorce Bill" proposed creating

an Independent Treasury.

When the citizens of a state propose a law, that is known as

an initiative.

American Oleograph Co., Milwaukee (1875) The development of farmers' organizations and related campaigns like this poster reflect

attempts by farmers to adapt to changing economic power structures in late Nineteenth-Century America.

The performers pictured here most likely

benefited from the changes bought by urbanization and wartime migrations.

Which of the following made the greatest contribution to the trend in the United States' economy shown on the chart above:

buying goods on the installment plan

The Adams-Onis Treaty

ceded Spanish Florida to the United States and settled the boundary between the United States and New Spain.

An immoral law makes it a man's duty to break it, at every hazard. For virtue is the very self of every man. It is therefore a principle of law that an immoral contract is void, and that an immoral statute is void.... Here is a statute which enacts the crime of kidnapping,—a crime on one footing with arson and murder. A man's right to liberty is as inalienable as his right to life.... By the law of Congress March 2, 1807, it is piracy and murder, punishable with death, to enslave a man on the coast of Africa. By law of Congress September, 1850, it is a high crime and misdemeanor, punishable with fine and imprisonment, to resist the reenslaving a man on the coast of America.... What kind of legislation is this? What kind of Constitution which covers it? Address by Ralph Waldo Emerson (3 May, 1851) The ideas expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in this selection would best be described as

civil disobedience.

With this brief insight into the surrounding areas, I now turn to the Korean conflict. While I was not consulted prior to the President's decision to intervene in support of the Republic of Korea, that decision from a military standpoint, proved a sound one, as we... hurled back the invader and decimated his forces. Our victory was complete, and our objectives within reach, when Red China intervened with numerically superior ground forces. This created a new war and an entirely new situation, a situation not contemplated when our forces were committed against the North Korean invaders; a situation which called for new decisions in the diplomatic sphere to permit the realistic adjustment of military strategy.... But once war is forced upon us, there is no other alternative than to apply every available means to bring it to a swift end. War's very object is victory, not prolonged indecision. In war there is no substitute for victory. Douglas MacArthur, Address to Congress, (11 April, 1951) In this speech, Douglas MacArthur hoped to

convince Americans to support the use of atomic bombs in the Korean War.

United States Army Ordinance Department (1943) This poster was intended to

convince women that they had an essential role in the war effort.

"And now," said Legree, "come here, you Tom... I mean to promote ye, and make a driver of ye; and tonight ye may jest as well begin to get your hand in. Now, ye jest take this... gal and flog her; ye've seen enough... to know how." "I beg Mas'r's pardon," said Tom; "hopes Mas'r won't set me at that. It's what I an't used to,—never did,—and can't do, no way possible." "Ye'll larn a pretty smart chance of things ye never did know, before I've done with ye!" said Legree, taking up a cowhide [whip], and striking Tom a heavy blow across the cheek, and following up the infliction by a shower of blows. "There!" he said, as he stopped to rest; "now, will ye tell me ye can't do it?" "Yes, Mas'r," said Tom, putting up his hand, to wipe the blood, that trickled down his face. "I'm willin' to work, night and day, and work while there's life and breath in me; but this... thing... I never shall do it,—never!" .... Legree looked stupefied and confounded; but at last he burst forth,—"What! Ye blasted black beast! ...What have any of you cussed cattle to do with thinking what's right? I'll put a stop to it! ...An't yer mine, now, body and soul?" he said, giving Tom a violent kick with his heavy boot.... "I'll break every bone in his body, but he shall give up!" Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) This selection comes from a novel that did all of the following EXCEPT:

create public pressure that soon led to the passage of Federal laws offering some protection to slaves

The Emancipation Proclamation

declared to be free all slaves in areas rebelling against the United States when it went into effect.

Yalta (February, 1945) The conference pictured here

divided post-war Europe into zones of occupation.

In the village of Hampton there were a large number of Negroes, composed in a great measure of women and children who had fled thither within my lines for protection, who had escaped from marauding Rebels who had been gathering up able-bodied blacks to aid them in constructing their batteries on the James and York rivers.... First, what shall be done with them? Second, what is their state and condition? Upon these questions I desire the instruction of the department. ...Are these men, women, and children slaves? Are they free? Is their condition that of men, women, and children, or of property, or is it a mixed relation? What has been the effect of rebellion and a state of war on their status? When I adopted the theory of treating the able-bodied Negro fit to work in the trenches as property liable to be used in aid of rebellion, and so contraband of war, that condition of things was insofar met, as I then and still believe, on a legal and constitutional basis. Major-General Benjamin F. Butler, report to the Secretary of War (30 July, 1861) This report illustrates

early questions about whether the Fugitive Slave Law and other Federal laws and services still applied in seceded states.

Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend from 1843 to 1857 shown in this graph:

economic hardships and political instability in Europe

A great river of humanity flowed down Tehran's main street today.... Although Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi left the country three days ago, probably forever, the demonstrators again sounded their familiar battle cry "Marg bar Shah"—"Death to the Shah!" New York Times correspondent R.W. Apple (19 January, 1979) This selection illustrates all of the following EXCEPT

events leading up to a Soviet invasion ostensibly to support a local Communist uprising

When the day of election approaches, visit your constituents far and wide. Treat liberally, and drink freely, in order to rise in their estimation, though you fall in your own. True, you may be called a drunken dog by some of the clean-shirt and silk-stocking gentry, but the real roughnecks will style you a jovial fellow. Their votes are certain, and frequently count double. Do all you can to appear to advantage in the eyes of the women. That's easily done. You have but to kiss and slabber their children, wipe their noses, and pat them on the head. This cannot fail to please their mothers, and you may rely on your business being done in that quarter. Promise all that is asked, said I, and more if you can think of anything. Offer to build a bridge or a church, to divide a county, create a batch of new offices, make a turnpike, or anything they like. Promises cost nothing; therefore, deny nobody who has a vote or sufficient influence to obtain one. Get up on all occasions, and sometimes on no occasion at all, and make long-winded speeches, though composed of nothing else than wind. Talk of your devotion to country, your modesty and disinterestedness, or any such fanciful subject. Rail against taxes of all kinds, officeholders, and bad harvest weather; and wind up with a flourish about the heroes who fought and bled for our liberties in the times that tried men's souls. David Crockett, Colonel Crockett's Exploits and Adventures in Texas (1837) This passage could be considered all of the following EXCEPT:

evidence of the Democratic Party's support for internal improvements

If it be conceded, as it must be by every one who is the least conversant with our institutions, that the sovereign powers delegated are divided between the General and State Governments, and that the latter hold their portion by the same tenure as the former, it would seem impossible to deny to the States the right of deciding on the infractions of their powers, and the proper remedy to be applied for their correction. The right of judging, in such cases, is an essential attribute of sovereignty, of which the States cannot be divested without losing their sovereignty itself, and being reduced to a subordinate corporate condition. In fact, to divide power, and to give to one of the parties the exclusive right of judging of the portion allotted to each, is, in reality, not to divide it at all; and to reserve such exclusive right to the General Government (it matters not by what department) to be exercised, is to convert it, in fact, into a great consolidated government, with unlimited powers, and to divest the States, in reality, of all their rights. John C. Calhoun, 'South Carolina Exposition and Protest,' (1828)

explain the right of states to nullify laws passed by Congress.

How the Other Half Lives (1890) The main purpose of this photograph was probably to

expose tenement life in the cities in the late Nineteenth Century.

WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT Samuel Morse (1844) This statement was made to mark the

first long-distance telegraph transmission.

Joseph Greene, 'Step by Step,' New York Evening Telegram (1 November, 1919) The concerns expressed in the image contributed most directly to

government repression of radicals.

Such great changes in Alfred's prospects having been wrought in so short a while, together with such a fearful looking-for of a fate in the far South more horrid than death, suddenly, as by a miracle, he turns his face in the direction of the North. But the North star, as it were, hid its face from him. For a week he was trying to reach free soil, the rain scarcely ceasing for an hour. The entire journey was extremely discouraging, and many steps had to be taken in vain, hungry and weary. But having the faith of those spoken of in the Scriptures, who wandered about in dens and caves of the earth, being destitute, afflicted and tormented, he endured to the end and arrived safely to the Committee. He left his father and mother, both slaves, living near Middleburg, in Virginia, not far from where he said his master lived, who went by the name of C.E. Shinn, and followed farming. His master and mistress were said to be members of the "South Baptist Church," and both had borne good characters until within a year or so previous to Alfred's departure. Since then a very serious disagreement had taken place between them, resulting in their separation, a heavy lawsuit, and consequently large outlays. It was this domestic trouble, in Alfred's opinion, that rendered his sale indispensable. William Still (a former slave who had escaped to the North), The Underground Railroad (1871) The runaway slave described in this selection was particularly motivated to escape due to

his fear that he would soon be sold into the Deep South.

To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, "Cast down your bucket where you are." Cast it down among the eight millions of Negroes whose habits you know, whose fidelity and love you have tested in days when to have proved treacherous meant the ruin of your firesides. Cast down your bucket among these people who have, without strikes and labor wars, tilled your fields, cleared your forests, builded your railroads and cities, and brought forth treasures from the bowels of the earth, and helped make possible this magnificent representation of the progress of the South. Casting down your bucket among my people, helping and encouraging them as you are doing on these grounds, and to education of head, hand, and heart, you will find that they will buy your surplus land, make blossom the waste places in your fields, and run your factories. While doing this, you can be sure in the future, as in the past, that you and your families will be surrounded by the most patient, faithful, law-abiding, and unresentful people that the world has seen. ... In all things that are purely social, we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. Speech at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia (18 September, 1895) This speech was primarily meant to promote

improved economic opportunities for African-Americans.

Fred B. Watson, "The Creeping Shadow," The Afro-American (Baltimore) (3 October, 1925) This cartoon primarily suggests that

in the 1920s the Ku Klux Klan was spreading tactics of racial intimidation outside the Old South.

Fred B. Watson, 'The Creeping Shadow,' The Afro-American (Baltimore) (3 October, 1925) This cartoon primarily suggests that

in the 1920s the Ku Klux Klan was spreading the influence of the Democratic Party outside the Old South.

Jacob Riis, "The Bend," How the Other Half Lives (1890) Which of the following issues from the mid-Nineteenth Century most closely resembled the situation in the late Nineteenth Century depicted in this photograph:

increased nativism connected to growing immigration

Helen Hunt Jackson's "A Century of Dishonor" promoted public awareness of the

injustice suffered by American Indians.

We make this wide encircling movement in the Mediterranean, having for its primary object the recovery of the command of that vital sea, but also having for its object the exposure of the underbelly of the Axis... to heavy attack. Winston Churchill, speech in the House of Commons (11 November 1942) Winston Churchill was promoting a strategy of

invading Italy.

In the decades immediately following the Civil War, which of the following was the LEAST COMMON way that Southerners dealt with their lack of cash to pay workers wages equivalent to those of Northern workers and the lack of cash to purchase or rent land:

issuing bonds, mostly purchased by Northern or British investors, to raise capital to pay workers

As with ragtime, jazz, and rock before it, hip-hop music had seized the attention of America's moral guardians at the very moment its more salacious-minded practitioners found an eager audience among middle-class white teenagers. Miami's 2 Live Crew had previously released two albums full of sexually explicit rhymes on its independent Luke Skyywalker Records label, but politicians paid the group little mind until "Me So Horny," a single from its 1989 album As Nasty As They Wanna Be, fell into heavy rotation on a Miami Top 40 station and began to ascend the Billboard Hot 100.... FBI Assistant Director Milt Ahlerich had condemned the... song "F[---] Tha Police," asserting that "recordings such as the one from N.W.A... [encourage] violence against and disrespect for the law enforcement officer." According to a report in the New York Times, local police departments had taken to faxing a version of the song's lyrics from city to city, "and since off-duty police officers often double as concert security personnel, promoters found it increasingly difficult to put on N.W.A concerts." Shows were canceled or disrupted in Chattanooga, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, and Tyler, Texas, and police officers at a Michigan concert stormed the stage and ended the show when the group attempted to sing the offending song. "We just wanted to show the kids that you can't say 'f[---] the police' in Detroit," an officer later told the Hollywood Reporter. Rolf Potts (25 May, 2016) The author of this passage probably believed that the main reason that rap music faced significant mainstream criticism in the early 1990s was because

it sometimes glorified violence against the police.

Which of the following was NOT a major policy supported by the Knights of Labor:

laws to break up railroad cartels

Walter Gadsden being attacked by police dogs on 3 May, 1963, photograph by Bill Hudson published in The New York Times, (4 May, 1963) This photograph depicts the local government's response to

marches in Birmingham demanding integration of public place and workplace.

Herbert Block, "We Got to Burn the Devils Out of Her," Washington Post (15 May, 1948) Thomas, Mundt, and Nixon were all

members of the House Un-American Activities Committee.

[A]ll plow makers respect and honor him for his skill and success, and conceded the service he has rendered Western agriculture by his efforts. From a Chicago newspaper report (1868) The invention of the man praised in this newspaper article led to all of the following EXCEPT:

more land in the Deep South being ploughed for cotton production

An hour before midnight on Saturday, May 24 [1856], travelers knocked on the door of the Doyle cabin. Originally from Tennessee, the Doyles had lived in Kansas since November, 1855, settling along Pottawatomie Creek. When the men outside asked directions to another cabin, James P. Doyle opened the door, intending to show them the path. Several men, armed with guns and "large knives," forced their way into the cabin. More waited outside. Their leader as an angular old man. They announced that they were taking James and his two oldest sons, William, twenty-two, and Drury, twenty, as their "prisoners." They would have taken sixteen-year-old John, but his mother "asked them in tears to spare him." Cowering in the cabin with her four younger children, Martha Doyle heard two gunshots, moaning, and a "wild whoop." In the morning, John found the bodies of his father and eldest brother on the road near the house. James Doyle had been shot in the forehead and stabbed in the chest. William's head was cut open, and his face and side bore knife wounds. Drury lay apart from the others in the grass near a ravine. His fingers and arms were severed, his head and chest slashed open. All the Pottawatomie victims would bear the mark of death by sword.... Neighbors found Allen Wilkinson's body 150 yards from the house in some brush. His throat had been cut twice, and there were gashes in his head and side. Perhaps because of her precarious health and the body's mutilation, Louisa Wilkinson's friends would not let her see her husband's corpse. The murderers, calling themselves the Northern Army, next visited the cabin of James Harris... looking for "Dutch" Henry Sherman, a German immigrant.... Although Henry was not among them, his brother William was.... In the morning, Harris found William Sherman. His skull was split open in two places, there was a large hole in his chest, and his left hand was almost entirely severed from the arm. Nicole Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era (2004) This passage describes

murders committed by John Brown and fellow anti-slavery activists.

The United States government often achieved its goals in negotiations with American Indians by

negotiating with one faction within an Indian nation and then treating its agreement as representing the will of the entire nation.

At midnight September 4 tourist season officially ended.... I took a stroll down Haight Street Tuesday afternoon. The sight that met my eyes would have shocked... any... veteran Haight resident (veteran pre-Human Be-In). For the first time since late March I was able to walk on the sidewalk... without being forced to stop for large crowds that knew no more where they were going than why they came in the first place. For the first time in six months I perused the half-mile hip strip without being asked for "Spare Change?".... A lot of good things went down over the summer. The Diggers, while remaining anonymous, did they best to keep people from total starvation. Unfortunately, there wasn't much they could do to alleviate the housing shortage.... Headliners groups like the Dead, the Airplane, Quicksilver, Big Brother, and the Fish kept the musical notes flowing and paved the way for the second generation of San Francisco bands.... The Haight Switchboard, which began functioning in June, bridged the generation and communication gaps so well that their "recovery" rate for runaways far surpassed that of the police department. The Hip Clinic, which came into existence about the same time, was instrumental in treating thousands of patients for everything from a stubbed toe to hepatitis. Capable attendants were also credited with the saving of several lives in emergency situations.... Summer also saw the phones at LSD Rescue tripping overtime.... In one way or another almost all these people were turned on, and while they may never see again San Francisco, it's a virtual sure bet that somewhere in the world they'll someday be wearing flowers in their hair. Jeff Jassen, "Summer's End—Haightians Thrill to Spacious Street," Berkeley Barb (15 September, 1967) Which of the following aspects of the counter-culture is NOT mentioned in this passage:

opposition to war

In our view the necessary effect of this act is, by means of a prohibition against the movement in interstate commerce of ordinary commercial commodities, to regulate the hours of labor of children in factories and mines within the states, a purely state authority. Thus the act in a two-fold sense is repugnant to the Constitution. It not only transcends the authority delegated to Congress over commerce but also exerts a power as to a purely local matter to which the federal authority does not extend. Majority decision in the Supreme Court case of Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) The primary effect of this Supreme Court decision was to

overturn Federal laws restricting child labor.

He faced a worsening trade deficit and the politically damaging phenomenon of factories moving overseas. The pressure to cut the federal deficit finally forced him, in July 1990, to accept a budget compromise in which he broke his no-new-taxes pledge. Just days later came Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The ensuing Gulf War proved to be great for his approval ratings. But the crisis also threw the economy into the recession we'd worried about, as oil prices rose and uncertainty hurt consumer confidence. Worse still, the recovery, which began in 1991, was unusually slow and anemic. Most of these events were beyond anyone's control, but they still made "the economy, stupid" an effective way for Bill Clinton to beat Bush in the 1992 election, despite the fact that the economy during that year had grown by 4.1 percent. Alan Greenspan, The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World (2008) The recession described in this passage was caused, in part, by all of the following EXCEPT

personal computers reducing the productivity of office workers

Which of the following refers to allowing the people of a territory or state to vote for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders:

popular sovereignty

Understandably, in its attempts to understand Third World radicalism, elites in the West underlined the "subversive" role of the Soviet Union rather than the subversive effects of some of their own policies. Particularly popular... was so-called "modernization theory" which attempted to explain Third World political behavior.... According to some social scientists... there is a relatively brief gap in the... development of most countries into which Communist influence may spread, before the benefits of political pluralism and the market become apparent to the majority of its inhabitants. The West needed to assist the regimes of such countries through this transitory phase and thereby prevent Communism and Soviet influence from spreading. In spite of Vietnam, "modernization theory" had a substantial impact on US strategy until it was overtaken by the even more radical approach of the Reagan administration. Jussi M. Hanhimäki and Odd Arne Westad, The Cold War (2003) During Ronald Reagan's presidency, American foreign policy in the Third World was largely based on

preventing the further expansion of Communism via support for anti-Communist regimes without regard for their commitment to democracy.

The G.I. Bill was originally meant to do all of the following EXCEPT:

promote math and science education to compete with the Soviet Union during the Cold War

While he was a candidate for the presidency, Andrew Jackson was accused of all of the following EXCEPT:

providing a young American woman to the emperor of Russia.

[R]ight after the end of World War II, when a revitalized labor-left liberal coalition might have emerged, the major studios were making films about social problems.... Antisemitism, alcoholism, lynching, mental illness, even miscegenation, appeared on screen, though often in an oblique manner that perpetrated traditional racial and ethnic stereotypes. Still, real issues were raised. The Academy Award-winning The Best Years of Our Lives, for example, not only dealt with unemployment, insensitive bankers, and physical disabilities, but also showed a few black faces in crowd scenes. Communists and their allies were disproportionately involved in making these movies, but the impetus for them came, as it always did within the film industry, from the top. The 1947 HUAC hearings brought this to a halt; "social problem" films decreased from 20.9 percent of the studio's output in 1947 to 9 percent in 1950 and 1951. Part of the retrenchment was economic. These serious films did not make money. And, during the early Cold War years, the anticommunist crusade was only one of Hollywood's many problems. Not only was it losing its audience to television and suburban life, but it also had to restructure its distribution system after losing a major lawsuit. The film world responded by instituting the blacklist and dumbing down.... Equally conservative, though less obviously political, were the messages that the ordinary genre films of the period purveyed: the good guy/bad guy polarization of the Westerns, the unthinking patriotism of the war movies, the global triumphalism of the Bible epics, and the constricted sexuality of the romantic comedies. Hollywood was selling an escapist oeuvre that indirectly sanctioned the ostensibly homogenized society of Cold War America.... Timid as Hollywood was, the infant television industry was even more so. Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (1998) This selection illustrates all of the following EXCEPT:

reasons why McCarthyism was rarely criticized in public until very late in the Cold War period

John F. Kennedy attempted to contain Communism in Southeast Asia by

sending financial aid and a limited number of military advisors to South Vietnam.

Several years after leaving the presidency, William Howard Taft became the only former president to

serve as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.

A group of students in Greensboro, North Carolina (later imitated by others across the South) attempted to integrate lunch counters in 1960 through

sit-ins

We affirm the philosophical or religious ideal of nonviolence as the foundation of our purpose, the presupposition of our faith, and the manner of our action. Nonviolence as it grows from Judaic-Christian traditions seeks a social order of justice permeated by love. Integration of human endeavor represents the crucial first step towards such a society. Through nonviolence, courage displaces fear; love transforms hate. Acceptance dissipates prejudice; hope ends despair. Peace dominates war; faith reconciles doubt. Mutual regard cancels enmity. Justice for all overthrows injustice. The redemptive community supersedes systems of gross social immorality. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Statement of Purpose (April, 1960) This group was originally formed to help organize

sit-ins at lunch counters across the South.

Manipulating perceptions of a company's stock to make it seem more valuable than it actually is in order to profit from that deception is known as

stock watering.

[Haywood] Hansell boldly declared, 'There is at present time, we believe, no structure which cannot be destroyed by bombs,' but he went on to add, 'Bombs will accomplish the desired result only if they are detonated in the proper places. No amount of skill or proficiency in other ways can compensate for failure to deliver the bombs with sufficient accuracy.' In order to strike the targets, those targets must first be identified. Hansell identified the desired targets: 'Civil structures such as power plants, factories, water works, and other structures are quite vulnerable to small bombs.' In Hansell's opinion, these targets were 'almost impossible to disperse and cannot be concealed.' Charles R. Griffith, The Quest (1999) The military methods described above would be best characterised as

strategic bombing.

As the barges drew nearer to Homestead, the noise on the shore grew louder and louder and soon the sharp crack of rifles rang out, giving a foretaste of what was in store for the unwelcome visitors. Whether these shots, which were fired before the Pinkertons attempted to land, were intended as signals or were aimed, in a random way, at the barges has never been determined.... This landing was on the beach within the mill enclosure, Mr. Frick having had the wire-topped fence carried down to low-water mark, so as to shut off all access by land.... No sooner did the waiting multitude on the river bank perceive that the occupants of the barges meant to put in at the Carnegie Company's landing-place than, with a roar of anger, strong men tore down the fence that barred their path, and ran to the spot where, had they delayed five minutes longer, the Pinkerton men would have disembarked in safety. Prior to this time the workmen had religiously refrained from trespassing upon the company's property. It had been their set purpose to avoid the odium which would attach to any act suggesting vandalism or arbitrary assaults upon property rights.... [T]he Homestead men, most of whom were armed, shouted a fierce warning. "Go back," they cried, "go back, or we'll not answer for your lives." ... For a moment the Pinkerton men stood at bay. The scene before them was one to appal the bravest.... Retreat, however, would have been ruinous to the prestige of the Pinkerton agency besides resulting probably in throwing upon the agency the entire cost of the fruitless expedition, for Mr. Frick would hardly be willing to pay for services not even fairly begun. So the warning of the workmen was disregarded, and, with a word of command to his men, Captain Heinde pressed forward. Suddenly a shot was fired—whether from the barges or from the shore has always been a mystery.... A score of Winchester rifles were discharged into the crowd on the bank with deadly effect. Several of the workmen were seen to fall.... The volley fired from the barges was repaid with interest, and when the smoke from the answering discharge cleared away it was seen that havoc had been wrought on the barges. Captain Heinde had been shot through the leg; J. W. Kline and another detective were mortally wounded and perhaps a dozen others on the Pinkerton side were wounded more or less severely.... Both sides now withdrew.... It would have been suicidal to attempt another sally. Arthur Gordon Burgoyne, Homestead (1893) Which of the following was a major cause of the labor unrest mentioned in this selection:

sympathy strikes supporting the lockout of Homestead steel workers who tried to negotiate higher wages

David Horsey, Seattle Post-Intelligencer (1999) This cartoon may have been meant to suggest

that Americans in the 1990s were reluctant to become involved in foreign conflicts.

I am an earnest advocate of manual training and trade teaching for black boys, and for white boys, too. I believe that next to the founding of Negro colleges the most valuable addition to Negro education since the war, has been industrial training for black boys. Nevertheless, I insist that the object of all true education is not to make men carpenters, it is to make carpenters men; there are two means of making the carpenter a man, each equally important: the first is to give the group and community in which he works, liberally trained teachers and leaders to teach him and his family what life means; the second is to give him sufficient intelligence and technical skill to make him an efficient workman; the first object demands the Negro college and college-bred men—not a quantity of such colleges, but a few of excellent quality; not too many college-bred men, but enough to leaven the lump, to inspire the masses, to raise the Talented Tenth to leadership; the second object demands a good system of common schools, well-taught, conventionally located and properly equipped. "The Talented Tenth," from The Negro Problem: A Series of Articles by Representative Negroes of To-day (1903) This selection primarily promotes the idea

that education's primary value is in developing character.

Herbert Johnson, "The Eight-Hour Glass," Saturday Evening Post, (21 October, 1916) This cartoon was primarily a commentary on

the Adamson Act.

There was rampant fear of the enemy within. French emigrés in America... by now numbered 25,000 or more. Many were aristocrats who had fled the terror, but the majority were refugees from the slave uprisings on the Caribbean island of San Domingo. In Philadelphia a number of French newspapers had been established. There were French booksellers, French schools, French boardinghouses, and French restaurants. The French, it seemed, were everywhere, and who was to measure the threat they posed in the event of war with France? In addition to the French there were the "wild Irish," refugees from the Irish Rebellion of 1798 who were thought to include dangerous radicals and in any case, because of their anti-British sentiment, gladly joined ranks with the Republicans. David McCullough, John Adams (2001) This passage best explains some of the reasons that

the Alien Acts were passed.

In the Nineteenth Century, which of the following primarily worked to unite and improve the conditions of skilled workers but did not include unskilled workers:

the American Federation of Labor.

From the Halls of Montezuma To the shores of Tripoli; We fight our country's battles On the land as on the sea; First to fight for right and freedom And to keep our honor clean; We are proud to claim the title Of United States Marine. "Marines' Hymn" (officially adopted 1929) The official song of the United States Marine Corps specifically commemorates the Marines' role in

the Barbary Wars

The rights of the United States as a joint occupying power in Berlin derive from the total defeat and unconditional surrender of Germany. The international agreements undertaken in connection therewith by the Governments of the United States, United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union defined the zones in Germany and sectors in Berlin which are occupied by these powers. They established the quadripartite control of Berlin on a basis of friendly cooperation which the Government of the United States earnestly desires to continue to pursue.... It clearly results from these undertakings that Berlin is not a part of the Soviet zone, but is an international zone of occupation. Commitments entered into in good faith by zone commanders, and subsequently confirmed by the Allied Control Authority, as well as practices sanctioned by usage, guarantee the United States together with other powers, free access to Berlin for the purpose of fulfilling its responsibilities as an occupying power. The facts are plain. Their meaning is clear. Any other interpretation would offend all the rules of comity and reason. In order that there should be no misunderstanding whatsoever on this point, the United States Government categorically asserts that it is in occupation of its sector in Berlin with free access thereto as a matter of established right deriving from the defeat and surrender of Germany and confirmed by formal agreements among the principal Allies. It further declares it will not be induced by threats, pressures or other actions to abandon these rights. It is hoped that the Soviet Government entertains no doubts whatsoever on this point. Note from the Government of the United States to the Government of the Soviet Union (6 July, 1948) This selection is from a message sent by the United States to the Soviet Union in response to

the Berlin Blockade.

That afternoon [30 November, 1841], [the American consul in the Bahamas, John] Bacon was called to the session of the council, which was then in meeting with the governor. The consul was handed in writing the official British position, which remained unchanged and which culminated in the freeing of most of the slaves. The colonial office maintained that all courts of law in Nassau had no jurisdiction over the alleged offense. Secondly, the authorities had decided that all parties accused of committing murder would be taken and all parties implicated would "be detained here until reference should be made to the Secretary of State to ascertain whether the parties detained should be delivered over to the American government or not, and if not, how otherwise to be disposed of." Finally, as soon as such examination had taken place, all persons on board not implicated in the alleged offences "must be released from further restraints." Edward D. Jervey and C. Harold Huber, The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 65, No. 3 (Summer, 1980) This passage describes the growing tensions between Britain and the United States that were known as

the Creole Affair.

New Deal policy-makers were beginning to address the needs of blacks. The Public Works Administration, for example, mandated the proviso: "There shall be no discrimination on account of race, creed or color." Blacks praised the WPA for prohibiting racial discrimination and for giving them a chance to participate in the program.... The Democratic Party's strategy... paid off. The massive migration of blacks to northern cities had led to a national political realignment. Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror (1993) The most immediate political impact of the realignment described in this passage was

the Democratic Party becoming more liberal and willing to promote extensive programs of reform.

They would close to the newcomer the bridge that carried them and their fathers over. Joseph Keppler, "Looking Backward," Puck (1893) Which major political party was most likely to be welcoming to immigrants to urban areas in the late Nineteenth Century?

the Democrats

Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. This selection comes from

the Equal Rights Amendment.

The Literary Digest (May 7, 1921) The cartoon above refers to

the Immigration Quota Act

Every morning certain riders are detached to... guard the day herd, which is most monotonous work, the men being on from 4 in the morning till 8 in the evening, the only rest coming at dinner-tine, when they change horses. When the herd has reached the camping-ground there is nothing to do but to loll listlessly over the saddle-bow in the blazing sun watching the cattle feed and sleep, and seeing that they do not spread out too much. Plodding slowly along the trail through the columns of dust stirred up by the hoofs is not much better. Cattle travel best and fastest strung out in long lines.... Two men travel along with the leaders, one on each side, to point them in the right direction; one or two others keep by the flanks, and the rest are in the rear to... hurry up the phalanx of reluctant weaklings. Theodore Roosevelt, Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail (1888) This selection best describes

the Long Drive.

Which of the following groups did NOT form as a result of the Second Great Awakening:

the Methodist Church

Herbert Block, "Nah, You Ain't Got Enough Edjiccashun to Vote,' Washington Post (10 December, 1958) The practice depicted here was actively opposed by

the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.

Photograph of Virginia Arnold, a Silent Sentinel (August, 1917) This photograph of Virginia Arnold was a taken while she was participating in an activity organized by

the National Woman's Party.

Clifford Berryman, The Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), April 26, 1934 The cartoonist who drew this probably meant to suggest that

the New Deal was a development of the ideas of academics and intellectuals.

Clifford Berryman, "The President's Dream of a Successful Hunt," Washington Evening Star (11 October, 1907) Which of the following did Theodore Roosevelt "bust" as an example of a "Bad Trust":

the Northern Securities Company

And what is it that put America in the forefront of the nuclear nations? And what is it that will make it possible to spend twenty billion dollars of your money to put some clown on the moon? Well, it was good old American know how, that's what, as provided by good old Americans like Dr. Wernher von Braun! Gather 'round while I sing you of Wernher von Braun A man whose allegiance Is ruled by expedience Call him a Nazi, he won't even frown "Ha, Nazi, Schmazi" says Wernher von Braun Don't say that he's hypocritical Say rather that he's apolitical "Once the rockets are up, who cares where they come down? That's not my department" say Wernher von Braun Some have harsh words for this man of renown But some think our attitude Should be one of gratitude Like the widows and cripples in old London town Who owe their large pension to Wernher von Braun Tom Lehrer, "Wernher von Braun" (1965) This song and its spoken-word introduction were critical of all of the following EXCEPT:

the Nuremberg Trials.

John Baer, "Recovery Package," Labor (1931) The cartoonist who drew this probably meant to suggest that

the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was helping big businesses, but not average Americans.

Rea Irvin, The New Yorker, June 6, 1925 This cartoon was intended primarily as a satirical comment on

the Scopes trial.

The American Beauty Rose can be produced in the splendor and fragrance which bring cheer to its beholder only by sacrificing the early buds which grow up around it. This is not an evil tendency in business. It is merely the working-out of a law of nature and a law of God. John D. Rockefeller, junior, "Christianity in Business" speech at Brown University (February, 1904) This speech illustrates all of the following EXCEPT:

the Social Gospel

Leslie Gilbert Illingworth, Daily Mail (16 June, 1947) This cartoon suggests all of the following as causes of the Cold War EXCEPT:

the Soviet Union's desire to subvert France in order to gain influence over its African and Asian colonies in the name of liberating them

The bloody experience of Vietnam is to end in a stalemate. To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe in the face of the evidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the past. To say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic if unsatisfactory conclusion. On the off chance that military and political analysts are right, in the next few months we must test the enemy's intentions, in case this is indeed his last big gasp before negotiations. Walter Cronkite, CBS News broadcast (27 February, 1968) This statement was made in response to

the Tet Offensive.

McKinley and Mark Hanna, already innovators in corporate campaign contributions, were the first Republicans to actively woo white (male) Southern Democrats.... Another milestone in the history of how the part of Lincoln became the part of, say, late South Carolina senator Strom Thurmond, was a Spanish-American War victory speech McKinley delivered to the citizens of Atlanta, praising the Cuban campaign's "magic healing, which has closed ancient wounds and effaced their scars." Later on, McKinley then boiled down the story of the Civil War—on both sides—to merely the story of "American valor" (i.e., doesn't matter which side you were on or what you thought you were fighting for, the point is, you put up a fight). Sarah Vowell, Assassination Vacation (2005) This passage suggests that the Spanish-American War played a role in America shifting away from

the Third Two-Party System.

1. The territory thus acquired is acquired by the people of the United States for their common and equal benefit through their agent and trustee, the Federal Government. Congress can exercise no power over the rights of persons or property of a citizen in the Territory which is prohibited by the Constitution. The Government and the citizen, whenever the Territory is open to settlement, both enter it with their respective rights defined and limited by the Constitution. 2. Congress have no right to prohibit the citizens of any particular State or States from taking up their home there while it permits citizens of other States to do so. Nor has it a right to give privileges to one class of citizens which it refuses to another. The territory is acquired for their equal and common benefit, and if open to any, it must be open to all upon equal and the same terms. 3. Every citizen has a right to take with him into the Territory any article of property which the Constitution of the United States recognises as property. 4. The Constitution of the United States recognises slaves as property, and pledges the Federal Government to protect it. And Congress cannot exercise any more authority over property of that description than it may constitutionally exercise over property of any other kind. 5. The act of Congress, therefore, prohibiting a citizen of the United States from taking with him his slaves when he removes to the Territory in question to reside is an exercise of authority over private property which is not warranted by the Constitution, and the removal of the plaintiff by his owner to that Territory gave him no title to freedom. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, majority opinion of the U.S. Supreme Court in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) This passage (and similar elements of this court ruling) effectively invalidated part or all of each of the following EXCEPT:

the Three-Fifths Compromise.

Some Cherokee leaders (although not their Principal Chief) agreed to exchange their homeland for land in Indian Territory in

the Treaty of New Echota.

J.B. Ellicott, "Scott's Great Snake" (1861) Fulfilling the U.S. Navy's role in this strategy led directly to a diplomatic crisis in

the Trent affair.

The news that Powers might be down in Russia was flashed immediately to Washington. Only the topmost officials knew what Powers was doing over Russia.... The State Department... wanted to fabricate the story that Powers had reported an oxygen failure on a weather flight over Lake Van, Turkey. The Defense Department argued that it was senseless to deny what Khrushchev probably would be able to prove. The decision was referred to the White House which approved the State Department plan.... Not until Khrushchev revealed Russia had captures powers complete with his survival kit and espionage equipment did Secretary of State Herter decide it would be better to confess the truth before matters got any worse. Jack Anderson, The Washington Post (12 May, 1960) This article mainly described

the U-2 Incident.

Finally, you have broader considerations that might follow what you would call the "falling domino" principle. You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly. So you could have a beginning of a disintegration that would have the most profound influences. President Dwight Eisenhower, press conference (7 April, 1954) This statement might be considered the basis for all of the following EXCEPT:

the United States' decision to join NATO

John F. Kennedy used Federal marshals to help James Meredith attend

the University of Mississippi.

That acts of Congress in violation of the Constitution are absolutely void, is an undeniable position.... [I]n cases of deliberate, dangerous, and palpable infractions of the Constitution, affecting the sovereignty of a State, and liberties of the people; it is not only the right but the duty of such a State to interpose its authority for their protection, in the manner best calculated to secure that end.... Resolved, That the following amendments of the Constitution of the United States, be recommended.... First. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers of free persons, including those bound to serve for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, and all other persons. Second. No new State shall be admitted into the union by Congress in virtue of the power granted by the Constitution, without the concurrence of two thirds of both Houses. Third. Congress shall not have power to lay any embargo on the ships or vessels of the citizens of the United States, in the ports or harbours thereof, for more than sixty days. Fourth. Congress shall not have power, without the concurrence of two thirds of both Houses, to interdict the commercial intercourse between the United States and any foreign nation or the dependencies thereof. Fifth. Congress shall not make or declare war, or authorize acts of hostility against any foreign nation, without the concurrence of two thirds of both Houses, except such acts of hostility be in defence of the territories of the United States when actually invaded. Sixth. No person who shall hereafter be naturalized, shall be eligible as a member of the Senate or House of Representatives of the United States, nor capable of holding any civil office under the authority of the United States. Seventh. The same person shall not be elected President of the United States a second time; nor shall the President be elected from the same State two terms in succession. Resolved, That if the application of these States to the government of the United States, recommended in a foregoing Resolution, should be unsuccessful, and peace should not be concluded, and the defence of these States should be neglected, as it has been since the commencement of the war, it will in the opinion of this Convention be expedient for the Legislatures of the several States to appoint Delegates to another Convention, to meet at Boston, in the State of Massachusetts, on the third Thursday of June next, with such powers and instructions as the exigency of a crisis so momentous may require. Delegates from the Legislatures of the States of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode-Island meeting in Hartford, Connecticut (4 January, 1815) The first paragraph in this selection proposes a concept that is most similar to that put forward in

the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

In time, I learned that not everything in America was what it seemed to be. I discovered, for instance, that a spare tire could be filled with substances other than air, that one must not look too deeply into certain binoculars, and that the Teddy Bears that suddenly acquired tremendous popularity among the ladies very often had hollow metal stomachs. "But," it might be asked, "where do all these people get the liquor?" Very simple. [It] has created a new, a universally respected, a well-beloved, and a very profitable occupation, that of the bootlegger who takes care of the importation of the forbidden liquor. Everyone knows this, even the powers of government. But this profession is beloved because it is essential, and it is respected because its pursuit is clothed with an element of danger and with a sporting risk. Count Felix von Luckner, describing his 1927 visit to the United States in Sea-devil conquers America (1928) The social circumstances described in this passage were the result of

the Volstead Act.

Provided that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Proposal in the House of Representatives (8 August, 1846) This proposal was known as

the Wilmot Proviso.

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. (1865) This text comes from

the XIII Amendment.

The General's letter was delivered on the 29th August [1813], and the next day, Fort Mimms was attacked and... a bloody contest now ensued. The Indians struggled to maintain possession of the gate; the Americans... strove to drive them from it.... The weapons used by the combatants were knives, tomahawks, swords, and bayonets. The besieged, and the assailant... resorted to the rifle and musket. The scene to the eye of sensibility was the most melancholy that was ever yet exhibited on the theater of America. The whole number of the garrison was two hundred and seventy-five—of this number one hundred and sixty were of the military; the others were old men, women and children.... All the American officers, and most of their soldiers, being... killed, the savages... finally entered the fort. The women and children now took possession of the block houses, and seizing on the guns therein, for some time defended themselves with undaunted bravery; but the houses were finally fired by the enemy, and all those unfortunate females and their children who had escaped the rifle perished in the flames. Of the whole number in the fort... only seventeen escaped, and of them two thirds were badly wounded. Nathaniel Herbert Claiborne, Notes on the War in the South (1819) This selection describes

the beginning of the Creek War.

Yesterday, December 7th, 1941--a date which will live in infamy--the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. Franklin D. Roosevelt, speech before Congress (8 December, 1941) This speech refers to

the bombing of Pearl Harbor.

Dr. Bisch, the Be-Glad-You're-Neurotic man, has a remarkable chapter which deals, in part, with man, sex, and the machine. He examines the case of three hypothetical men who start across a street on a red light and get in the way of an oncoming automobile. "A" dodges successfully; "B" stands still, "accepting the situation with calm and resignation," thus becoming one of my favorite heroes in modern belles-lettres; and "C" hesitates, wavers, jumps backward and forward, and finally runs head-on into the car. To lead you through Dr. Bisch's complete analysis of what was wrong with "B" and "C" would occupy your whole day.... Dr. Bisch himself... says in this same chapter, "An automobile bearing down upon you may be a sex symbol at that, you know, especially if you dream it." It is my contention, of course, that even if you dream it, it is probably not a sex symbol, but merely an automobile bearing down upon you. And if it bears down upon you in real life, I am sure it is an automobile. I have seen the same behavior that characterized Mr. C displayed by a squirrel (Mr. S) that lives in the grounds of my house in the country. He is a fairly tame squirrel, happily mated... if I am any judge, but nevertheless he frequently runs out toward my automobile when I start down the driveway, and then hesitates, wavers, jumps forward and backward, and occasionally would run right into the car except that he is awfully fast on his feet and that I always hurriedly put on the brakes of the 1935 V-8 Sex Symbol that I drive. James Thurber, 'Sex ex Machina,' The New Yorker (13 March, 1937) This passage indicates the impact on the 1920s and 1930s of all of the following EXCEPT

the boom-and-bust economic cycle of the 1920s and 1930s

It was known that mines of the precious metals existed to a considerable extent in California at the time of its acquisition. Recent discoveries render it probable that these mines are more extensive and valuable than was anticipated. The accounts of the abundance of gold in that territory are of such an extraordinary character as would scarcely command belief were they not corroborated by the authentic reports of officers in the public service who have visited the mineral district and derived the facts which they detail from personal observation. ...in July [1848]... there were about 4,000 persons engaged in collecting gold. There is every reason to believe that the number of persons so employed has since been augmented. James K. Polk, Message to Congress (5 December, 1848) This message describes

the cause of a massive migration to California in the late 1840s and early 1850s.

Bill Crawford, "Onward and Upward" (1967) The central point of this cartoon was that

the cost of the Vietnam War limited the president's ability to carry out his domestic programs.

Harold Talburt, "It IS a New Deal," Pittsburgh Press (11 March, 1933) This cartoon could refer to plans for all of the following EXCEPT:

the creation of the Social Security Administration

Which of the following trends in the United States was most closely related to the population shifts shown in this graph:

the development of an industrialized economy

The system of quotas... was the first major pillar of the Immigration Act of 1924. The second provided for the exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship.... Ineligibility to citizenship and exclusion applied to the peoples of all the nations of East and South Asia. Nearly all Asians had already been excluded from immigration.... The exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship in 1924... completed Asiatic exclusion.... Moreover, it codified the principle of racial exclusion into the main body of American immigration and naturalization law. Mae M. Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (2004) The Immigration Act of 1924 most directly reflected

the emergence of a mass culture in the 1920s shaped by art, movies, and radio.

Free should the scholar be,--free and brave.... We have listened too long to the courtly muses of Europe. ...We shall walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak with our own minds. Then shall man be no longer a name for pity, for doubt, and for sensual indulgence.... A nation of men will for the first time exist. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The American Scholar," (1837) Emerson's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the early nineteenth century:

the emergence of a national culture

With dramatic power of loathing and shame, [my husband] told that the day before he saw a poor negro woman in the last stages of pregnancy, sitting by the roadside in bitter wailing, her eyes smashed up, and frightfully punished in the face. He rode up and said: 'Poor soul what can I do for you? How have you hurt yourself so?' She answered: 'Ride on, Massa. You can do no good. My Missis has been beating me.' He asked the brute's name and was answered 'Mrs. Fergusson,' some woman we did not know, thank Heaven. Diary of Mary Boykin Chestnut (1861) This selection illustrates all of the following EXCEPT:

the importance of social pressure from other whites to prevent excessive punishment of slaves

John Magee, "Southern Chivalry—Argument versus Club's" (1856) This illustration depicts all of the following EXCEPT:

the killing of an abolitionist who came to be viewed as a martyr by Northerners

Herbert Block, "Well, It's About Time" (8 July, 1981) This cartoon is primarily a commentary on

the nomination of Sandra Day O'Connor to the Supreme Court.

Which of the following was NOT a response to the trend shown in this graph during the 1840s and 1850s:

the passage of laws significantly limiting immigration to the United States

Thomas Nast, Harper's Weekly (1865) The sentiments expressed in the cartoon above most directly contributed to which of the following:

the passage of the XIV and XV Amendments

We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence. What we demand in this war, therefore, is... that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world.... The program of the world's peace, therefore, is our program; and that program, the only possible program, as we see it, is this: .... II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. .... IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. .... VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations.... VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure.... XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected.... XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. Woodrow Wilson, speech before Congress (18 January, 1918) All of the following elements of the Treaty of Versailles are in accord with Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points EXCEPT:

the payment of reparations for damages caused by German aggression

Modified from Robert Wilkinson, "North America" (1804) This map depicts

the route of Zebulon Pike's mission of exploration.

Family relations are becoming strained; fathers feel they have lost their prestige in the home; there is much nagging, mothers nag at the fathers, parents nag at the children. Children of working age who earn meager salaries find it hard to turn over all their earnings and deny themselves even the greatest necessities and as a result leave home. Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (1990) This passage best describes

the social effects of male unemployment during the Great Depression.

James T. Lloyd, Lloyd's American Railroad Map (1861) Which of the following was the MOST direct effect of the developments illustrated by this map between 1820 and 1850:

the solidification of a system of regional economic specialization

People of the Philippines: I have returned. Douglas MacArthur, speech on Leyte Beachhead (20 October, 1944 The quote provided best demonstrates

the success of the Allied island-hopping strategy.

If this Funstonian boom continues, Funstonism will presently affect the army. In fact, this has already happened. There are weak-headed and weak-principled officers in all armies, and these are always ready to imitate successful notoriety-breeding methods, let them be good or bad. The fact that Funston has achieved notoriety by paralyzing the universe with a fresh and hideous idea, is sufficient for this kind—they will call that hand if they can, and go it one better when the chance offers. Funston's example has bred many imitators, and many ghastly additions to our history: the torturing of Filipinos by the awful "water-cure," for instance, to make them confess—what? Truth? Or lies? How can one know which it is they are telling? For under unendurable pain a man confesses anything that is required of him, true or false, and his evidence is worthless. Yet upon such evidence American officers have actually—but you know about those atrocities which the War Office has been hiding a year or two; and about General Smith's now world-celebrated order of massacre—thus summarized by the press from Major Waller's testimony: "Kill and burn—this is no time to take prisoners—the more you kill and burn, the better—Kill all above the age of ten—make Samar a howling wilderness!" You see what Funston's example has produced, just in this little while—even before he produced the example. It has advanced our Civilization ever so far—fully as far as Europe advanced it in China. Also, no doubt, it was Funston's example that made us (and England) copy Weyler's reconcentrado horror after the pair of us, with our Sunday-school smirk on, and our goody-goody noses upturned toward heaven, had been calling him a "fiend." Mark Twain, "A Defence of General Funston," North American Review (May 1902) This passage primarily criticizes

the suppression of the Philippine Insurrection.

An act for the suppression of drinking houses and tippling shops. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in Legislature assembled, as follows: SECT. 1. No person shall be allowed at any time, to manufacture or sell, by himself, his clerk, servant or agent, directly or indirectly, any spirituous or intoxicating liquors, or any mixed liquors a part of which is spirituous or intoxicating, except as hereafter provided.... Legislature of the State of Maine (2 June, 1851) This law was a victory for

the temperance movement.

The Democratic Party is not satisfied merely with arresting the present decline. Of course we will do that to the best of our ability; but we are equally interested in seeking to build up and improve, and to put these industries in a position where their wheels will turn once more.... It is not enough merely to stabilize, to lend money! It is essential to increase purchasing power in order that goods may be sold.... As to "immediate relief," the first principle is that this nation, this national government, if you like, owes a positive duty that no citizen shall be permitted to starve. That means that while the immediate responsibility for relief rests, of course, with local, public and private charity, in so far as these are inadequate... the Federal Government owes the positive duty of stepping into the breach. Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Address on Long-Range Planning" (1932) Franklin Roosevelt was most clearly responding to

the unprecedented growth in unemployment and business failures.

I was born one morning when the sun didn't shine I picked up my shovel and I walked to the mine I loaded sixteen tons of number 9 coal And the straw boss said, "Well-a bless my soul!" You load sixteen tons, what do you get? Another day older and deeper in debt Saint Peter don't you call me, 'cause I can't go I owe my soul to the company store Merle Travis, "Sixteen Tons" (1947) This system described in this song was closely related all of the following EXCEPT:

the use of private security forces to break strikes

United States Army Ordinance Department (1943) This poster most directly reflects

wartime mobilization of United States society.

I cannot recall either Johnson in 1964 or Humphrey in 1968 campaigning on any positive or exciting ideas that might excite the almost-poor workers, whose votes they took for granted.... In contrast, George Wallace has been sounding like William Jennings Bryan as he attacked concentrated wealth in his speeches.... From 1960 to 1968 liberal Democrats governed the country. But nothing basic got done to make life decisively better for the white workingman. When he [complained] about street crime, he was called a Goldwaterite by liberals who felt secure in the suburbs behind high fences and expensive locks. When he complained about his daughter being bused, he was called a racist by liberals who could afford to send their own children to private schools. Meanwhile, the liberal elite repeated their little Polish jokes at Yale and on the Vineyard; and they cheered when Eugene McCarthy reminded them that the educated people voted for him and the uneducated people voted for Robert Kennedy. Jack Newfield, "A Populist Manifesto: The Making of a New Majority". New York (19 July, 1971) This selection was primarily meant to explain

why many Americans in all parts of the country voted for George Wallace in 1968.

Raymond O. Evans, "The Americanese Wall," Puck (March 1916) Literacy tests were sometimes used to deny access to the vote to all of the following EXCEPT:

women

As the natural limit of a democracy is that distance from the central point which will just permit the most remote citizens to assemble as often as their public functions demand, and will include no greater number than can join in those functions; so the natural limit of a republic is that distance from the centre which will barely allow the representatives to meet as often as may be necessary for the administration of public affairs. Can it be said that the limits of the United States exceed this distance? It will not be said by those who recollect that the Atlantic coast is the longest side of the Union, that during the term of thirteen years, the representatives of the States have been almost continually assembled, and that the members from the most distant States are not chargeable with greater intermissions of attendance than those from the States in the neighborhood of Congress. ... In the first place it is to be remembered that the general government is not to be charged with the whole power of making and administering laws. Its jurisdiction is limited to certain enumerated objects, which concern all the members of the republic, but which are not to be attained by the separate provisions of any. The subordinate governments, which can extend their care to all those other subjects which can be separately provided for, will retain their due authority and activity.... A second observation to be made is that the immediate object of the federal Constitution is to secure the union of the thirteen primitive States, which we know to be practicable; and to add to them such other States as may arise in their own bosoms, or in their neighborhoods, which we cannot doubt to be equally practicable.... Federalist No. 14 (30 November, 1787) This selection argues that

Federalism would make it possible for the Constitution to govern a large country.

Articles exhibited by the House of Representatives of the United States, in the name of themselves and of all the people of the United States, against Samuel Chase, one of the associate justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, in maintenance and support of their impeachment against him for high crimes and misdemeanors. Art. 1. That unmindful of the solemn duties of his office, and contrary to the sacred obligation by which he stood bound to discharge them, "faithfully and impartially, and without respect to persons," the said Samuel Chase... did, in his judicial capacity, conduct himself in a manner highly arbitrary, oppressive, and unjust.... Art. 2. That, prompted by a similar spirit of persecution and injustice, at a circuit court of the United States, held at Richmond, in the month of May, 1800, for the district of Virginia, whereat the said Samuel Chase presided, and before which a certain James Thompson Callender was arraigned for a libel on John Adams, then President of the United States, the said Samuel Chase, with intent to oppress and procure the conviction of the said Callender, did overrule the objection of John Basset, one of the jury, who wished to be excused from serving on the trial, because he had made up his mind... and the said Basset was accordingly sworn, and did serve on the said jury, by whose verdict the prisoner was subsequently convicted. Articles of Impeachment against Samuel Chase (1804) Which of the following is true of the impeachment of Samuel Chase:

Fewer than two-thirds of the Senators voted to remove Chase from office, helping to establish the independence of the judicial branch.

We are, all, North and South, engaged in the White Slave Trade, and he who succeeds best, is esteemed most respectable. It is far more cruel than the Black Slave Trade, because it exacts more of its slaves, and neither protects nor governs them. ...the White Slave Trade is more exacting and fraudulent (in fact, though not in intention,) than Black Slavery; ...it is more cruel, in leaving the laborer to take care of himself and family out of the pittance which skill or capital have allowed him to retain. When the day's labor is ended, he is free, but is overburdened with the cares of family and household, which make his freedom an empty and delusive mockery. But his employer is really free, and may enjoy the profits made by others' labor, without a care, or a trouble, as to their well-being. The negro slave is free, too, when the labors of the day are over, and free in mind as well as body; for the master provides food, raiment, house, fuel, and everything else necessary to the physical well-being of himself and family.... No wonder men should prefer white slavery to capital, to negro slavery, since it is more profitable, and is free from all the cares and labors of black slave-holding. ... Public opinion unites with self-interest, domestic affection and municipal law to protect the slave. The man who maltreats the weak and dependent, who abuses his authority over wife, children or slaves, is universally detested. That same public opinion which shields and protects the slave encourages the oppression of free laborers — for it is considered more honorable and praiseworthy to obtain large fees than small ones... (and all fees and profits come ultimately from common laborers) — to live without work by the exactions of accumulated capital, than to labor at the plough or the spade, for one's living. George Fitzhugh, Cannibals All! Or Slaves Without Masters (1857) The point of view expressed in this passage would have been most likely shared by the group known as

Fire-eaters.

Dr. Bisch, the Be-Glad-You're-Neurotic man, has a remarkable chapter which deals, in part, with man, sex, and the machine. He examines the case of three hypothetical men who start across a street on a red light and get in the way of an oncoming automobile. "A" dodges successfully; "B" stands still, "accepting the situation with calm and resignation," thus becoming one of my favorite heroes in modern belles-lettres; and "C" hesitates, wavers, jumps backward and forward, and finally runs head-on into the car. To lead you through Dr. Bisch's complete analysis of what was wrong with "B" and "C" would occupy your whole day.... Dr. Bisch himself... says in this same chapter, "An automobile bearing down upon you may be a sex symbol at that, you know, especially if you dream it." It is my contention, of course, that even if you dream it, it is probably not a sex symbol, but merely an automobile bearing down upon you. And if it bears down upon you in real life, I am sure it is an automobile. I have seen the same behavior that characterized Mr. C displayed by a squirrel (Mr. S) that lives in the grounds of my house in the country. He is a fairly tame squirrel, happily mated... if I am any judge, but nevertheless he frequently runs out toward my automobile when I start down the driveway, and then hesitates, wavers, jumps forward and backward, and occasionally would run right into the car except that he is awfully fast on his feet and that I always hurriedly put on the brakes of the 1935 V-8 Sex Symbol that I drive. James Thurber, 'Sex ex Machina,' The New Yorker (13 March, 1937) Which of the following might have done most to prove Dr. Bisch's theories about the symbolism of the automobile:

Flappers

Read the account of the insurrection in Virginia, and say whether our prophecy be not fulfilled. What was poetry—imagination—in January, is now a bloody reality. "Wo to the innocent babe—to mother and daughter!" Is it not true? Turn again to the record of slaughter! Whole families have been cut off—not a mother, not a daughter, not a babe left. Dreadful retaliation! "The dead bodies of white and black lying just as they were slain, unburied"—the oppressor and the oppressed equal at last in death—what a spectacle! True, the rebellion is quelled. Those of the slaves who were not killed in combat, have been secured, and the prison is crowded with victims destined for the gallows! .... In all that we have written, is there aught to justify the excesses of the slaves? No. Nevertheless, they deserve no more censure than the Greeks in destroying the Turks, or the Poles in exterminating the Russians, or our fathers in slaughtering the British. Dreadful, indeed, is the standard erected by worldly patriotism! For ourselves, we are horror-struck at the late tidings. We have exerted our utmost efforts to avert the calamity. We have warned our countrymen of the danger of persisting in their unrighteous conduct.... Wo to this guilty land, unless she speedily repent of her evil doings! William Lloyd Garrison, "The Insurrection," The Liberator (3 September, 1831) Which of the following is NOT true of this selection:

Following the insurrection described in this article, several Southern states altered their slave codes to allow slaves a slightly greater measure of freedom in hopes of preventing future uprisings.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress Assembled... SEC. 6. That the capital of Porto Rico shall be at the city of San Juan and the seat of government shall be maintained there. SEC. 7. That all inhabitants' continuing to reside therein who were Spanish subjects on the eleventh day of April, eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, and then resided in Porto Rico, and their children born subsequent thereto, shall be deemed and held to be citizens of Porto Rico, and as such entitled to the protection of the United States, except such as shall have elected to preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain on or before the eleventh day of April, nineteen hundred, in accordance with the provisions of the treaty of peace between the United States and Spain... Sec. 17. That the official title of the chief executive officer shall be "The Governor of Porto Rico." He shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate; he shall hold his office for a term of four years and until his successor is chosen and qualified unless sooner removed by the President... and he shall annually, and at such other times as he may be required, make official report of the transactions of the government in Porto Rico, through the Secretary of State, to the President of the United States: Provided, That the President may, in his discretion, delegate and assign to him such executive duties and functions as may in pursuance with law be so delegated and assigned. Act of Congress (12 April, 1900) The is a selection from the

Foraker Act.

The case of Fletcher v. Peck overturned a law that tried to overturn a massive corrupt land sale in the state of

Georgia

Ladies and Gentlemen: I have just received the information that there is a German spy among us—a German spy watching us. He is around, here somewhere, reporting upon you and me—sending reports about us to Berlin and telling the Germans just what we are doing with the Liberty Loan. From every section of the country these spies have been getting reports over to Potsdam—not general reports but details—where the loan is going well and where its success seems weak, and what people are saying in each community. For the German Government is worried about our great loan. Those Junkers [German aristocrats] fear its effect upon the German morale. They're raising a loan this month, too. If the American people lend their billions now, one and all with a hip-hip-hurrah, it means that America is united and strong. While, if we lend our money half-heartedly, America seems weak and autocracy remains strong. Money means everything now; it means quicker victory and therefore less bloodshed. We are in the war, and now Americans can have but one opinion, only one wish in the Liberty Loan. Well, I hope these spies are getting their messages straight, letting Potsdam know that America is hurling back to the autocrats these answers: For treachery here, attempted treachery in Mexico, treachery everywhere—one billion. For murder of American women and children—one billion more. For broken faith and promise to murder more Americans—billions and billions more. And then we will add: In the world fight for Liberty, our share—billions and billions and billions and endless billions. Do not let the German spy hear and report that you are a slacker. Committee on Public Information, Four Minute Man Bulletin No. 17 (October 8, 1917) This speech is DIRECTLY based on all of the following EXCEPT:

German atrocities in Belgium

It was in suburbs such as Garden Grove, Orange County [California]... that small groups of middle-class men and women met in their new tract homes, seeking to turn the tide of liberal dominance. Recruiting the like-minded, they organized study groups, opened 'Freedom Forum' bookstores, filled the rolls of the John Birch Society, entered school board races, and worked within the Republican Party, all in an urgent struggle to safeguard their particular vision of freedom and the American heritage. In doing so, they became the ground forces of a conservative revival—one that transformed conservatism from a marginal force preoccupied with communism in the early 1960s into a viable electoral contender by the decade's end. Lisa McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (2001) The groups described in the excerpt most likely opposed

Great Society programs.

[F]oregoing cases suggest that specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights have penumbras, formed by emanations from those guarantees that help give them life and substance.... Various guarantees create zones of privacy. The right of association contained in the penumbra of the First Amendment is one, as we have seen. The Third Amendment, in its prohibition against the quartering of soldiers... is another facet of that privacy. The Fourth Amendment explicitly affirms the "right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures." The Fifth Amendment, in its Self-Incrimination Clause, enables the citizen to create a zone of privacy which government may not force him to surrender to his detriment. The Ninth Amendment provides: "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people." ...We recently referred in Mapp v. Ohio... to the Fourth Amendment as creating a "right to privacy, no less important than any other right carefully and particularly reserved to the people." ...The present case, then, concerns a relationship lying within the zone of privacy created by several fundamental constitutional guarantees. And it concerns a law which, in forbidding the use of contraceptives, rather than regulating their manufacture or sale, seeks to achieve its goals by means having a maximum destructive impact upon that relationship.... Would we allow the police to search the sacred precincts of marital bedrooms for telltale signs of the use of contraceptives? The very idea is repulsive to the notions of privacy surrounding the marriage relationship. Associate Justice William O. Douglas, Supreme Court majority opinion (7 June, 1965)

Griswold v. Connecticut.

Refrigerated railroad cars were developed by

Gustavus Swift.

I've known rivers: I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset. I've known rivers: Ancient, dusky rivers. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," Published in The Crisis (1921) This poem could best be described as a product of the

Harlem Renaissance.

I've known rivers: I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset. I've known rivers: Ancient, dusky rivers. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. Published in The Crisis (1921) This poem could best be described as a product of the

Harlem Renaissance.

The Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Civil Works Administration and the Works Progress Administration were all led by

Harry Hopkins.

Why did Henry Clay choose to re-charter the Bank of the United States in 1832, four years before its charter was due to expire?

He hoped to use Andrew Jackson's opposition to the re-charter as an issue against him in the presidential election of 1832.

In 1850, a method of producing high quality steel in large quantities was developed by

Henry Bessemer

Why weep or slumber America Land of brave and true With castles and clothing and food for all All belongs to you Ev'ry man a king ev'ry man a king For you can be a millionaire But there's something belonging to others There's enough for all people to share When it's sunny June and December too Or in the winter time or spring There'll be peace without end Ev'ry neighbor a friend With ev'ry man a king 'Every Man a King,' co-written by Castro Carazo (1935) The other co-writer of this song was

Huey Long

We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence. What we demand in this war, therefore, is... that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world.... The program of the world's peace, therefore, is our program; and that program, the only possible program, as we see it, is this: .... II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. .... IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. .... VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations.... VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure.... XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected.... XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. Woodrow Wilson, speech before Congress (18 January, 1918) The Washington Naval Conference was an attempt to implement point number

IV

When Castro arrived for the conference he seemed somewhat nervous and tense. He apparently felt that he had not done as well on "Meet the Press" as he had hoped.... I reassured him at the beginning of the conversation that "Meet the Press" was one of the most difficult programs a public official could go on and that he had done extremely well—particularly having in mind the fact that he had the courage to go on in English rather than to speak through a translator.... [H]e was incredibly naive with regard to the Communist threat and appeared to have no fear whatever that the Communists might eventually come to power in Cuba. He said that during the course of the revolution there had been occasions when the Communists overplayed their hand and "my people put them in their place." He implied that this would be the situation in the future in the event that the Communists tried to come to power.... He said over and over that a man who worked in the sugar cane fields for three months a year and starved the rest of the year wanted a job, something to eat, a house and some clothing and didn't care a whit about whether he had freedom along with it. I, of course, tried to emphasize that here again as a leader of his people he should try to develop support for policies which could assure economic progress with freedom rather than without. He indicated that it was very foolish for the United States to furnish arms to Cuba or any other Caribbean country. He said "anybody knows that our countries are not going to be able to play any part in the defense of this hemisphere in the event a world war breaks out. The arms governments get in this hemisphere are only used to suppress people as Batista used his arms to fight the revolution. Vice-President Richard Nixon, Memorandum on his meeting with Fidel Castro on 19 April, 1959 (25 April, 1959) Which of the following was NOT true of the conversation described in this memorandum:

It followed a CIA-backed revolution against a dictatorial Cuban president who sought to seize land owned by the United Fruit Company.

Sir, I am sorry to inform you of the Capture of His Majesty's late Ship Guerriere by the American Frigate Constitution after a severe action on the 19th of August.... At 2 PM being by the Wind on the starboard Tack, we saw a Sail... bearing down on us. At 3 made her out to be a Man of War, beat to Quarters and prepar'd for Action. At 4, She closing fast wore to prevent her raking us. At 4.10 hoisted our Colours and fir'd several shot at her. At 4.20 She hoisted her Colours and return'd our fire. Wore several times, to avoid being raked, Exchanging broadsides. At 5 She clos'd on our Starboard Beam, both keeping up a heavy fire and steering free, his intention being evidently to cross our bow. At 5.20, our Mizen Mast went over the starboard quarter and brought the Ship up in the Wind. The Enemy then plac'd himself on our larboard Bow, raking us, a few only of our bow Guns bearing and his Grape and Riflemen sweeping our Deck. At 5.40 the Ship [was] not answering her helm.... [A]t 6.20 our Fore and Main Masts went over the side, leaving the Ship a perfect unmanageable Wreck.... [W]hen calling my few remaining officers together, they were all of opinion that any further resistance would be a needless waste of lives, I order'd, though reluctantly, the Colours to be struck.... I am sorry to say we suffered severely in killed and wounded... in all 15 kill'd and 63 wounded, many of them severely.... The Frigate prov'd to be the United States Ship Constitution, of thirty 24 Pounders on her Main Deck and twenty four 32 Pounders and two 18 Pounders on her Upper Deck and 476 Men-her loss in comparison with ours was triffling, about twenty.... The Guerriere was so cut up, that... [a]s soon as the wounded were got out of her, they set her on fire.... British Captain James R. Dacres, letter from captivity in Boston to British Vice Admiral Herbert Sawyer (7 September, 1812) Which of the following is NOT true of the battle described in this letter:

It proved the value of Thomas Jefferson's naval strategy of focusing on gunboats devoted to coastal defense.

As a specifically constitutional problem, the ambition of making a representative assembly into a sympathizing "mirror," "miniature," or "transcript" of society raised a number of other questions. One concerned the matter of apportionment, the problem that so perplexed the Convention. What were the appropriate constituencies to be represented: corporate entities (towns, counties, states) or aggregates of population (or population and wealth), and how equal (or proportional) a scale of apportionment should be followed? A second set of issues concerned suffrage. Who was eligible to vote in a republican polity: only the landed male property holders who possessed the full attributes of personal independence, or a wider community of adult males who could otherwise demonstrate their permanent attachment to the Republic—perhaps by risking their lives as its soldiers? And how, literally, were citizens to give their votes: by voicing the preference to the sheriff, who would then record their vote in a poll book, or by secret ballot; at a raucous public fete, with people gathered for miles around for the closes approximation to carnival a Protestant society could produce, or in widely separated polling places, with decorum more suited to republican manners? Jack Rakove, Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution (1996) How was the Senate, as originally defined in the Constitution, designed to answer the questions raised in the passage above?

It represented the states as corporate entities.

Which of the following was NOT one of the Central Powers during the First World War:

Japan

The American Government continues confident that the work of the... League of Nations will facilitate an ultimate solution of the difficulties now existing between China and Japan. But in view of the present situation and of its own rights and obligations therein, the American Government deems it to be its duty to notify both the Imperial Japanese Government and the Government of the Chinese Republic that it cannot admit the legality of any situation de facto nor does it intend to recognize any treaty or agreement entered into between those Governments, or agents thereof, which may impair the treaty rights of the United States or its citizens in China, including those which relate to the sovereignty, the independence, or the territorial and administrative integrity of the Republic of China, or to the international policy relative to China, commonly known as the open door policy.... Secretary of State Henry Stimson, letter to William Forbes, US Ambassador to Japan (7 January, 1932) This letter was a response to

Japanese expansion into Manchuria.

Joseph Keppler, "Next!" Punch Magazine (7 September, 1904) This illustration depicts the primary business interests of

John D. Rockefeller

We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win.... It is for these reasons that I regard the decision last year to shift our efforts in space from low to high gear as among the most important decisions that will be made during my incumbency in the office of the Presidency. Speech at Rice University (12 September, 1962) This selection is from a speech given by

John F. Kennedy.

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835 was

John Marshall

And be it further enacted. That in all that territory ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included within the limits of the state, contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be, and is hereby, forever prohibited. Missouri Compromise (1820) This Compromise was formed because the further expansion of slavery was challenged at this time by

John Quincy Adams.

WHEREAS it was never the intention of the people of the United States in the incipiency of the war with Spain to make it a war of conquest or for territorial aggrandisement; and WHEREAS it is, as it has always been, the purpose of the people of the United States to withdraw their sovereignty over the Philippine Islands and to recognise their independence as soon as a stable government can be established therein; and WHEREAS for the speedy accomplishment of such purpose it is desirable to place in the hands of the people of the Philippines as large a control of their domestic affairs as can be given them... in order that, by the use and exercise of popular franchise and governmental powers, they may be the better prepared to fully assume the responsibilities and enjoy all the privileges of complete independence: Therefore Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled... Section 12. That general legislative powers in the Philippines, except as herein otherwise provided, shall be vested in a legislature which shall consist of two Houses, one the Senate and the other the House of Representatives.... Section 13. That the members of the Senate of the Philippines, except as herein provided, shall be elected for terms of six and three years, as hereinafter provided, by the qualified electors of the Philippines. Each of the Senatorial Districts defined as hereinafter provided shall have the right to elect two Senators.... Section 14. That the members of the House of Representatives shall, except as herein provided, be elected triennially by the qualified electors of the Philippines. Each of the Representative Districts hereinafter provided for shall have the right to elect one Representative.... Section 21. That the supreme executive power shall be vested in an executive officer, whose official title shall be "The Governor-General of the Philippine Islands." He shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, and hold his office at the pleasure of the President and until his successor is chosen and qualified.... Act of Congress, (August 29, 1916) The is a selection from the

Jones Act.

Why We Oppose Votes for Women BECAUSE suffrage is not a privilege to be enjoyed, but if imposed upon women it becomes a duty to be performed. BECAUSE we believe the men of the State capable of conducting the government for the benefit of both men and women; their interests, generally speaking, being the same.... BECAUSE political equality will eventually deprive women of many special privileges hitherto accorded to her by man-made law. BECAUSE the ballot in the hands of men has not proved a cure-all for existing evils, and there is no reason to believe it would be more effectual in the hands of women. It has not been in the States where it exists. In Colorado after a test of twenty-two years the results show no gain in public and political morals over male suffrage States. BECAUSE equality in character does not imply similarity in function, and the duties and live of men and women should be different in the State, as in the home. Man's service to the State through government is counterbalanced by women's service in the home. BECAUSE women now stand outside of politics, and therefore are free to appeal to any party in matters of education, charity and reform. We believe it would be to the disadvantage of the State and of woman to put this non-partisan half of society into politics.... National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, "Why We Oppose Votes for Women" This statement was written by

Josephine Pearson.

I've known rivers: I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset. I've known rivers: Ancient, dusky rivers. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. Published in The Crisis (1921) This poem was written by

Langston Hughes.

We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Chief Justice Earl Warren, unanimous opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) Dwight Eisenhower sent the 101st Airborne to protect Black students at

Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas.

Which of the following celebrities was mainly a star in comic silent movies:

Louis Armstrong

The challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use that wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization. Your imagination, your initiative, and your indignation will determine whether we build a society where progress is the servant of our needs, or a society where old values and new visions are buried under unbridled growth. For in your time we have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society. The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time. But that is just the beginning. The Great Society is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents. It is a place where leisure is a welcome chance to build and reflect, not a feared cause of boredom and restlessness. It is a place where the city of man serves not only the needs of the body and the demands of commerce but the desire for beauty and the hunger for community. Remarks at the University of Michigan (22 May, 1964) This selection is from a speech given by

Lyndon B. Johnson.