APUSH: Inquisitive: Chapter 2: Beginnings of English America, 1607-1660

What was the enclosure movement?

landlords displacing small farmers from their lands and fencing in their holdings to keep commoners away Explanation: In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, landlords sought profits by raising sheep for the expanding trade in wool and introduced more modern farming practices such as crop rotation. They evicted small farmers and fenced in "commons" previously open to all. While many landlords, farmers, and town merchants benefited from the enclosure movement, as this process was called, thousands of persons were uprooted from the land. Many flooded into England's cities, where wages fell dramatically.

Identify the statements that describe an indentured servant or the conditions in which indentured servants lived.

Correct Answers: Indentured servants were men and women from Europe who signed a labor contract in order to pay their way to the New World; Indentured servants could be bought and sold like slaves, and their obligations to labor were enforced by the court. Incorrect Answers: Indentured servants were natives that were employed by English colonists; Indentured servants were exclusively French and Spanish Catholics under labor contracts.

Identify the statements that describe the Great Migration and its impact on New England.

Does not describe the Great Migration: represented the largest flow of people out of England in the 1630s Describes the Great Migration: created the foundation for a stable and thriving society in Massachusetts; involved the emigration of Puritans from England to Massachusetts between 1629 and the 1640s

An important strategy in England's attempt to subdue the Irish in the seventeenth century was to integrate them into English society.

False: Explanation: Rather than seeking to absorb the Irish into English society, the English excluded the native population from a territory of settlement known as the Pale, where the colonists created their own social order. In subduing Ireland, whose Catholic population was deemed a threat to the stability of Protestant rule in England, the government employed a variety of approaches, including military conquest, the slaughter of civilians, the seizure of land and introduction of English economic practices, and the dispatch of large numbers of settlers.

Indian culture was transformed by acquiring new items from the English colonists through trading. Identify what Indians acquired and were exposed to by the colonists.

Indians' acquisitions from colonists: Indians acquired guns, which led to overhunting; Indians were exposed to disease, which devastated many tribes; Indians traded for alcohol, which caused social problems. Not examples of Indians' acquisitions from colonists: Some Indian tribes became wealthy due to fair trade with colonists.

The establishment of Virginia and Maryland shared many similarities and also some notable differences. Identify which of the following characteristics correspond to either Virginia, Maryland, or both settlements.

Maryland: Indentured servants were more likely to become landowners; People of Catholic faith could find refuge and were encouraged to settle here. Virginia: This settlement was established by a company of investors. Both Virginia and Maryland: Indentured servants were relied upon for the majority of labor in the early years; Tobacco was the leading cash crop; The headright system was in place; Conditions were unhealthy, leading to a high death rate for adults and children.

Identify the statements that describe the Jamestown Uprising of 1622.

Powhatan Indians allied with neighboring tribes and killed one-quarter of the Jamestown population because of the continued encroachment of English colonies onto native lands. Explanation: The unsuccessful Uprising of 1622 fundamentally shifted the balance of power in the colony. The surviving 900 colonists organized themselves into military bands, which then massacred scores of Indians and devastated their villages.

What does the image The Savage Family (1779) reveal about the typical Puritan family?

Puritans had large families, as a substantial part of women's lives was devoted to giving birth and raising children. Explanation: The typical New England woman gave birth seven times. Because New England was a far healthier environment than the Chesapeake, more children survived infancy.

"Moral Liberty" was critical to the personal and governed lives of Puritans in Massachusetts. Identify the statement that describes the limits to personal freedom that accompanied "moral liberty."

Puritans had to subject themselves to authority, which included their personal freedoms being regulated by the church and God. Explanation: According to John Winthrop, the colony's governor, there were two kinds of liberty: "natural" liberty, or "a liberty to do evil, and "moral" liberty, or "a liberty to that only which is good." If one didn't follow authority, Winthrop warned that anarchy was sure to follow.

Identify the rights and responsibilities of people living in Massachusetts as outlined in the Body of Liberties.

Rights and Responsibilities Outlined in the Body of Liberties: A separate list of rights and restrictions existed for those who were "dependent" on others, including women, children, and servants; Slavery was allowed in the Body of Liberties; Liberties were viewed as privileges connected to one's place in the social order. Not Rights and Responsibilities Outlined in the Body of Liberties: Towns could exist without a church if they paid heavier taxes.

England had many internal problems that caused both a civil war and persecution throughout the 1500s. Identify the primary conflict during this time.

The struggle to unify the country under one church Explanation: Henry severed the nation from the Catholic Church. In its place he established the Church of England, or Anglican Church, with himself at the head. Decades of religious strife followed.

What does this engraving reveal about how promotional images were used in the 1600s?

This engraving suggests that the New World is rich with natural resources, demonstrating how promotional materials were used to encourage people to emigrate. Explanation: The abundance in this engraving seems to promise emigrants the chance to live a better, more prosperous, life. In reality, life in the New World had its own challenges.

Much like slaves, indentured servants were subjected to forced labor and brutal treatment. But unlike slaves, after completing their contracted work obligations, indentured servants received "freedom dues" and became members of society.

True Explanation: For most of the seventeenth century, however, indentured servitude was not a guaranteed route to economic autonomy. Given the high death rate, many servants did not live to the end of their terms. Freedom dues were sometimes so meager that they did not enable recipients to acquire land. As a result, many servants found the reality of life in the New World less appealing than they had anticipated.

As a result of the Pequot War, which was caused by the massacre of the tribe for their actions against a fur trader, all remaining members of the tribe were killed or sold into slavery. The final treaty that ended the conflict stated that as punishment the tribe's name would be wiped from historical record.

True Explanation: The destruction of one of the region's most powerful Indian groups not only opened the Connecticut River valley to rapid white settlement, but it also persuaded other Indians that the newcomers possessed a power that could not be resisted. The colonists' ferocity shocked their Indian allies, who considered European military practices barbaric.

As a result of the struggle over English liberties, the definition of freedom was greatly expanded both in England and English North America.

True Explanation: By 1600, the traditional definition of "liberties" as a set of privileges confined to one or another social group still persisted, but alongside it had arisen the idea that certain "rights of Englishmen" applied to all within the kingdom.

Place the following events in chronological order to describe early English colonization.

1. Hakluyt wrote A Discourse Concerning Western Planting, arguing that Queen Elizabeth I should support colonies in the New World. 2. Roanoke Island was settled but ultimately failed due to lack of planning. 3. Jamestown, Virginia, was established in hopes of turning a quick profit but ultimately faced numerous challenges. Note: Other 2 choices are invalid as the question asked for Early English colonization

The Magna Carta was written in 1215, but by 1600 it was being interpreted very differently than its original intention. Identify the important issue at the heart of the new interpretation of this document.

All Englishmen had freedom and rights. Explanation: The struggle over English liberty in the first half of the seventeenth century expanded the definition of freedom at home and spilled over into early English North America. This tradition rested on the Magna Carta, which had been established to bring peace to conflicts by promising a series of "liberties" to "all the free men of our realm."

The settlement at Roanoke represented an early failure for the English to colonize. Identify why it most likely failed.

Although it is not known for sure, the English colonists at Roanoke most likely moved and blended in with native tribes. Explanation: The fate of the colonists remains a mystery. When a ship bearing supplies arrived in 1590, the sailors found the Roanoke colony abandoned, with the inhabitants evidently having moved to live among the Indians.

The idea of freedom suddenly took on new and expanded meanings between 1640 and 1660. Identify the statements that describe the Levellers and their contributions to the expanded idea of freedom during this time.

Correct Answers: Offered a glimpse of the modern definition of freedom as a universal entitlement based on equal rights, not a function of social class; Was the first democratic political movement that proposed a written constitution, which proposed to abolish the monarchy and expand the right to vote Incorrect Answers: Instigated the downfall of the monarch and the rise of democracy in England and its colonies; Wanted to give freedom an economic underpinning through the common ownership of land

When compared to early and rapid success for the Spanish, the English were slow to get their colonies into a profitable state. Identify the reasons why Jamestown was unsuccessful in the first five years.

Correct Answers: Early English settlers included numerous sons of English gentry and high-status craftsmen who did not want to grow crops or perform labor; Diseases and illnesses such as malaria, dysentery, and typhoid took a heavy toll on the settlers. Incorrect Answers: The King's military got distracted by the potential for quick profits in farming tobacco, rather than protect colonists from Indian attacks; The English in Jamestown were more focused on converting natives than establishing a successful economic base; English colonists were too focused on finding large veins of gold as it was rumored the Spanish had done so easily.

It took convincing to get Queen Elizabeth I to support colonization. Identify all of the following ideas that were reflected in Richard Hakluyt's A Discourse Concerning Western Planting, which listed 23 reasons why Queen Elizabeth I should support the establishment of colonies.

Correct Answers: Hakluyt argued that the English could compete against the Spanish Catholics for converted Indian souls in the New World; Hakluyt argued that the New World needed to be rescued from the Spanish empire; Hakluyt argued that colonies would be a solution for unemployment. Incorrect Answers: Hakluyt argued that it would provide England with an opportunity to unite with Spain and work toward a shared goal.

Anne Hutchinson and John Cotton were denounced for Antinomianism, or putting their own judgment or faith above the teachings of the church. Identify the statements that describe the significance of Anne Hutchinson to the region's religious culture.

Correct Answers: Hutchinson demonstrated how Puritan belief in each individual's ability to interpret the Bible could lead to criticism of the establishment; Although religious tolerance as a concept would not take root in the colonies for many years, Hutchinson showed other interpretations of the Bible and critiqued preachers. Incorrect Answers: Hutchinson provided a pathway for women into church leadership roles; Hutchinson demonstrated the weaknesses of the Half-Way Covenant, which resulted in the church blocking full membership to third-generation settlers.

What does this image reveal about the subtle changes that took place in Indian life as Indians became integrated into the Atlantic economy?

Correct Answers: Indians adopted English-made attire and products, including those made of metal; Although settlers tried to impose their way of life on the Indians, the Indians did maintain their cultural identities and practices. Incorrect Answers: Natives were resistant to adopting English-made goods; Natives gave up every material representation of their own culture.

By the 1660s and 1670s, ministers were regularly castigating the people for selfishness, manifestations of pride, violations of the Sabbath, and a "great backsliding" from the colony's original purposes. Identify the statements that describe "jeremiads" and how ministers used them to influence the actions of settlers.

Correct Answers: Interpretations of social and environmental issues—like failed crops and disease—as God's disapproval; Warnings issued by ministers for violations of the church's teaching Incorrect Answers: Public praise from ministers to congregants who strictly adhered to the church's teachings; Interpretations of social and environmental issues—like good weather and good health—as God's approval

Identify the reasons why land ownership was so important to English settlers.

Correct Answers: It gave men control over their own labor; It gave men the right to vote in most colonies. Incorrect Answers: It guaranteed a position in the government; It gave men the ability to control any Indians living on the land.

Identify the statements that describe Lord Calvert and his vision for Maryland.

Correct Answers: Lord Calvert was Catholic and wanted Maryland to be a refuge for those Catholics persecuted in England; Lord Calvert was the son of one of King Charles I's favorites and wanted to create a feudal system in Maryland. Incorrect Answers: Lord Calvert was a generous and pious man, who donated land in Maryland to English colonists who wanted to create a better life for themselves in America; Lord Calvert wanted Maryland to be a kingdom exclusively for Catholics.

In the mid-seventeenth century, some Puritan leaders began to worry about their society's growing commercialization and declining piety, or "declension." Identify the statements that describe the Half-Way Covenant and its impact on the church.

Correct Answers: The Half-Way Covenant made ancestry, not religious conversion, the pathway into the church and inclusion among the elect; Massachusetts churches were forced to deal with a growing problem—the religious status of the third generation. This led to the creation of the Half-Way Covenant. Incorrect Answers: The Half-Way Covenant made all of the emigrants during the Great Migration full members of the church, regardless of their ancestry; Church membership was drastically reduced by the Half-Way Covenant, resulting in the church losing its influence over the settlers.

Identify the statements that describe the significance of the headright system and the House of Burgesses to the development of Virginia.

Correct Answers: The House of Burgesses was the first elected assembly in colonial America, and it was established in place of the governor's militaristic regime; In order to attract more settlers, the Virginia Company introduced the headright system that awarded land to individuals who paid for their passage to the New World. Incorrect Answers: The headright system made it legal for colonists who did not own land to seize land from Indians to cultivate for tobacco; The House of Burgesses was an ideal model of democracy, allowing both landowners and individuals who did not own land to vote.

Traders, religious missionaries, and colonial authorities all sought to reshape Indian society and culture. Identify the statements below that describe the recurrent warfare between colonists and Indians.

Correct Answers: The conflicts resulted in feelings of superiority from the colonists and further encouraged their creation of boundaries between the two cultures; Colonists frequently forced out Indians, and then settled on the land that they had cleared. Incorrect Answers: Indians frequently adopted English technology in order to cultivate their land better; Although explorers in the sixteenth century clashed with Indians, by the seventeenth century relations between the English and Indians were peaceful.

Maryland in the 1640s verged on total anarchy. Identify the statements that describe the Act Concerning Religion (or Maryland Toleration Act) and its impact on society at that time.

Correct Answers: The law was a milestone in the history of religious freedom in colonial America; The act did not establish religious toleration and liberty in the sense we know it today, as people who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ were punished. Incorrect Answers: It guaranteed all Christians the "free exercise" of religion, institutionalizing the principle of religious toleration that had been applied since the colony's beginning; The law established freedom of religion as the law of the land, and it was the foundation on which modern understandings of religious liberty were created.

Identify the statements that describe the English Civil War in 1642.

Correct Answers: There were religious disputes about how fully the Church of England should distance its doctrines from Catholicism; There was conflict over the concept of "English Liberty."; There was conflict over restrictions to liberties, including the king issuing taxes without parliamentary consent. Incorrect Answers: There was conflict over further settlement of the New World.

Identify the statements that describe Oliver Cromwell and his policy of colonial expansion.

Does not describe Oliver Cromwell: Peacefully negotiated the expansion of English power over Ireland and Jamaica; Strong proponent of religious liberty, establishing laws regarding religious tolerations that serve as the foundation for our modern understanding of freedom of religion Describes Oliver Cromwell: English ruler who assumed power after the execution of Charles I; Led an aggressive policy of colonial expansion, extending English control over Ireland and Jamaica

Analyze the passage below from John Winthrop, "Speech to the Massachusetts General Court" (July 3, 1645).

Natural liberty doesn't obey authority; instead it acts on its own will, and as such, has the potential to lead men to evil. Explanation: John Winthrop said that "natural" liberty suggested "a liberty to do evil." This was the false idea of freedom supposedly adopted by the Irish, Indians, and bad Christians generally.

Native and English colonial groups traded many goods and ideas. Identify the goods and ideas Indians shared with the colonists.

Not goods and ideas shared by the Indians: metal tools to improve hunting and farming Goods and ideas shared by the Indian: free, uncultivated land; native farming techniques; furs and animal skins