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Colombian Exchange

Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of plants, animals, and germs between the New World and Europe following the discovery of America in 1492. New World crops such as maize (corn), tomatoes, and potatoes had a dramatic effect on the European diet, life span, and population growth. At the same time, Old World domesticated animals such as horses, cows, and pigs had a dramatic impact on the environment in the New World. European diseases, such as smallpox, decimated the Native America population. The demographic collapse enabled the Spanish to more easily gain control over Native American lands.

What were some of the similarities between European and native Americans.

1. Both lived in village communities 2. Both shared a strong sense of spirituality 3. Both divided labor by gender

Causes of the Pueblo Revolt

1. During the seventeenth century the Spanish gradually gained control over the Pueblo people living in what is today New Mexico. 2. The Spanish disrupted the Pueblos' traditional culture by forcing them to labor on encomiendas and worship in Catholic missions.

What were some major differences between Europeans and native Americans

1. Native Americans did not share the European concept of private property 2. Native Americans were much more cognizant of respecting the land and animals 3. Europeans thought of plants and animals as commodities (capitalism) 4. Europeans were used to living in urban centers

Colombian exchange impact on native Americans

1. Old World diseases decimated the Native American population. Demographers estimate that the Native American population plummeted by 90 percent or more in the first century of contact with Europe. 2. This demographic collapse enabled the Spanish to more easily gain control over Native American lands.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Who was Bartolome de Las Casas?

A priest who protested against the cruel treatment of natives.

What did they all have in common?

Advanced metal weapons, horses, ruthless tactics, and diseases such as smallpox, influenza, and measles enabled the Spanish conquistadores to topple the Aztec and Inca empires.

What is the encomienda system?

An encomienda was a license granted by the Spanish crown to royal officials to extract labor and tribute from native peoples living in specified areas. For example, Cortés appropriated tribute from 23,000 families in the fertile Oaxaca Valley. 2. The encomienda system began in the Caribbean and then spread to Mexico. It enabled Spanish colonial administrators to marshal native labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals. In exchange, the encomenderos were responsible for Christianizing the native peoples under their protection. 3. Although the native peoples were legally not slaves, ruthless encomenderos nevertheless created an often brutal system of forced labor that led to many abuses. 4. The inhumanity of the system appalled Dominican priest Bartolome de las Casas. He renounced his encomienda and became an eloquent critic of how the Spanish mistreated the native peoples.

What was the new society

As disease and warfare reduced their numbers, the native population could not meet the Spaniards' growing demand for a large body of captive laborers. By the early 1500s, the Spanish began to import enslaved Africans to labor on sugar plantations and in the silver mines. 2. About 300,000 enslaved Africans arrived in New Spain between 1500 and 1650. At the same time, at least 350,000 Spaniards migrated to the Caribbean, Mexico, and the Andes. 3. Males comprised the majority of Spanish migrants. As a result, intermarriage produced a diverse mixture of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans. Those who ruled in New Spain often followed the advice of Machiavelli, who insisted that successful rulers must be ruthless and pragmatic, always remembering that the end justifies the means. 4. The Spanish attempted to enforce an elaborate racial hierarchy with themselves at the top and natives on the bottom. Mestizos (Spaniard-Indian) and Mulattos (Spaniard-African) fell in between. The Spanish justified this stratified society as proof of the higher level of civilization among Europeans. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, a Spanish nobleman, used this same justification when he engaged in a famous debate with Bartolomé de las Casas in the 1550s over the proper treatment of Native Americans.

Key concept 1.1

As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.

What was the joint stock economy

Businesses owned by shareholders that invested in exploration and colonization

Key concept 1.2

Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

What was a result of the treaty of Tordesillas

Divided up territory between Spain and Portugal. Led to Spain exploring and conquering much of South America and parts of what became the southwestern United States

What were the three main reasons Spanish came to the New world What three main crops helped the major North American Native civilizations thrive?

Gold, Glory, and god Maize, beens, and sqaush

What was the importance of the James Town carter

Granted the same rights as English colonists and set a precedent for future generations

Christopher Columbus

He wanted to discover a new trade route to Asia He saw no reason to respect or learn about the customs of the Native Americans he encountered. Instead, Columbus proposed to Christianize the indigenous peoples, seize their mineral wealth, and exploit their labor.

Herman Cortes

He was a Spanish explorer who conquered the Native American civilization of the Aztecs in 1519 in what is now Mexico.

What was the name of the first English Settlement

Jamestown

Colombian Exchange impact on Europe

New World foods transformed European society by increasing agricultural yields and improving diets, thus stimulating population growth. The Columbian Exchange generated a profitable trans-Atlantic trade that helped spark European economic development by facilitating the shift from feudalism to capitalism.

What were the 4 North American cultural reasons

Pacific Northwest, Desert South west, the Great Plains, and the Eastern woodland

Who was Pope in the Pueblo revolt

Popé was a determined and dynamic Pueblo leader who deeply resented the Spanish. His message was simple expel the Spanish and return to the old ways of life that had given the Pueblo peace, prosperity, and independence. 2. Led by Popé, the Pueblo rose in revolt in 1680. They soon killed hundreds of Spaniards while destroying their buildings and burning their fields.

Who was Juan de Sepulveda?

Spaniard who supported the Spanish Empire's right of conquest and colonization in the New World. He also argued in favor of converting Native Americans to Christianity.

Pedro de Alvarado

Spanish conquistador, governor of Guatemala, accompanied Cortez to Mexico, left in command of forces at Tenochtitlan when Hernan Cortez had to move against Narvaez

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Who were the conquistadors?

Spanish explorers and conquerors

Colombian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of plants, animals, and germs between the New World and Europe following the discovery of America in 1492. 2. New World crops included maize (corn), tomatoes, and potatoes. In addition, New World mines provided a steady supply of gold and silver. For example, the fabulously rich Potosi mines (in modern-day Bolivia) produced 200 tons of silver a year for two centuries. 3. Old World crops included wheat, sugar, rice, and coffee. In addition, Europeans introduced horses, cows, chickens, and pigs into the New World.

The Great Plains

The Great Plains are flat open grasslands extending from the Rockies to the Mississippi River. Hot, dry summers followed cold, snowy winters. Huge buffalo herds roamed across the vast grasslands. b. The Pawnee planted corn, squash, and beans. Once the plants were strong enough to survive, the entire tribe packed up for the spring buffalo hunt. While on the hunt, the Pawnee lived in portable houses made of buffalo skin called tepees.

The first Americans

The earliest North American residents crossed the lang bridge between Siberia and Alaska between 15,000 and 30,000 years ago Following large animals these Asian immigrants gradually spread through north and South America reaching the top of South America by 9000 BCE.

Common Characteristics

The early people of north America lived in families that were part of larger clans. They lived in village communities, divided labor by gender, and shared a strong sense of spirituality. b. The early peoples did not develop wheeled vehicles, waterwheels, or a tradition of private property rights. Native Americans viewed land and water as communal possessions that could not be owned or traded.

What were the consequences of the Pueblo revolt

The uprising did not bring peace and prosperity to the Pueblo. Following Popé's death in 1688, the Spanish launched a successtul reconquest of the Pueblo. 2. When the Spanish returned, they adopted a policy of greater cultural accommodation. They no longer tried to eradicate the Pueblo culture. Over the next century, New Mexico became a blend of Spanish and Pueblo cultures.

Eastern Woodlands

a. Hardwood forests dominated the land stretching from the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River in the north to the Gulf of Mexico in the south. It was said that a squirrel could travel from Tennessee to New York without ever touching the ground. b. Tribes such as the Creek, Choctaw, and Powhatan cleared the forest and built villages. They blended hunting and gathering with agriculture based upon the cultivation of maize, squash, and beans. c. John White created a detailed engraving of Secotan, an Algonquian village on the Pamlico River in present-day North Carolina. White depicted a complex society living in a permanent agricultural settlement. The villagers devoted two fields to tobacco but saw no need to construct a defensive fence.

Desert South West

a. The Southwest challenged Native Americans with a much drier climate than that of the Pacific Northwest. b. The Pueblo built settlements near the Rio Grande and its tributaries. The Hopi lived near cliffs that could be easily defended. They collected rainwater in rock cisterns and carefully parceled it out to their fields and to families living in clusters of houses called pueblos. C. People throughout the region lived in multi-story houses made of adobe. They coaxed crops of maize (corn), beans, melons, and squash from sun-parched, but fertile, soil.

Pacific North West

a. The abundant natural resources of the Pacific Northwest supported a relatively dense population. Rivers teemed with salmon and other fish providing an easily available source of nutritious food. The thick forests provided wood for housing and boats. b. Tribes such as the Haida collected shellfish from the beaches and hunted the ocean for whales, sea otters, and seals. c. The Kwakiutl celebrated their abundance by carving magnificent totems that included symbols of ancestral spirits.

What was the Pueblo Revolt?

an uprising of many pueblos of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization of the Americas in the New Spain province of New Mexico.

The Encomienda system

encomienda was a license granted by the Spanish crown to royal officials to extract labor and tribute from native peoples in specified areas. The encomienda system began in the Caribbean and spread to Mexico.