physiology test 2
potassium, sodium
. 21. The membrane of resting nerve cells is more permeable to ____________ ions than ____________ ions. A. sodium, potassium B. calcium, potassium C. potassium, sodium D. chloride, potassium
anterior pituitary gland
. Cortisol secretion would cease if the _________ no longer secreted ACTH. A. posterior pituitary gland B. hypothalamus C. anterior pituitary gland D. adrenal cortex
true
. Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system.
False
. Most brain tumors in adults are found within neurons.
is not usually under conscious control
47. The autonomic nervous system A. innervates skeletal muscle. B. is not usually under conscious control. C. is always excitatory. D. has a single nerve extending from the spinal cord.
false
48. Neurotransmitter release in the autonomic nervous system is always inhibitory. True False
false
49. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. True False
sympathetic
50. The paravertebral and collateral ganglia are associated with the _____________ division of the autonomic nervous system. A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sensory
true
51. The sympathetic chain ganglia are found laterally on both sides of the spinal cord. True False
False
52. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are relatively long. True False
parasympathetic
53. Damage to the midbrain would probably have a greater effect on the _____________ division of the autonomic nervous system. A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sensory
has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors
54. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system A. has long postganglionic neurons. B. has a single neuron arising from the spinal cord. C. has relatively short preganglionic neurons. D. has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors.
the iris
55. The vagus nerve would innervate all of the following except A. the heart. B. the stomach. C. the liver. D. the iris
True
56. Stimulation of the iris by parasympathetic nerves stimulates pupillary constriction. True False
parasympathetic
57. Which autonomic division is dominant in normal body functions such as digestion? A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic
all apply
58. Which organ receives only sympathetic innervation? A. the adrenal medulla B. arrector pili muscles in the skin C. most blood vessels D. All apply.
Norepinephrine
59. _____________ is released by most postganglionic sympathetic nerves. A. Acetylcholine B. Epinephrine C. Norepinephrine D. Dopamine
true
60. Fibers that secrete acetylcholine are called cholinergic fibers. True False
true
61. Fibers that secrete norepinephrine are called adrenergic fibers. True False
urinary bladder
62. Which of the following organs is dually innervated? A. adrenal medulla B. arrector pili muscles in the skin C. urinary bladder D. most blood vessels
paracrine regulators
97. Molecules that are produced within one tissue but regulate a different tissue of the same organ are called A. autocrine regulators. B. endocrine regulators. C. paracrine regulators. D. exocrine regulators.
circadian rhythms
98. Cycles of physiological activity that follow a 24-hour pattern are called A. circadian rhythms. B. biomemetic rhythms. C. psychological rhythms. D. cerebral rhythms
All apply
99. Which of the following is true of parathyroid hormone function? A. It causes the kidneys to reabsorb calcium. B. It causes the dissolution of calcium phophate from bones. C. It increases blood calcium levels. D. All apply.
A. Central Nervous System.
The brain and spinal cord comprise the A. central nervous system. B. peripheral nervous system. C. peripheral ganglia. D. spinal nerves.
oligodendrocytes
The myelin sheaths of PNS neurons are produced by A. Schwann cells. B. oligodendrocytes. C. ependymal cells. D. leukocytes.
False
The nerve is the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal
. Neurotransmitter release would be inhibited by A. stimulating repolarization of the axon terminal. B. blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal. C. blocking repolarization of the axon terminal. D. stimulating protein kinase activity.
True
. Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes have similar functions.
true
. Serotonin is derived from the amino acid tryptophan and is an important neurotransmitter. True False
Microglia
10. Which type of cell of the CNS is phagocytotic? A. microglia B. satellite cells C. ependymal cells D. oligodendrocytes
true
100. Calcitonin and PTH are antagonistic hormones. True False
Ependymal cells
11. Which type of cell lines the ventricles of the brain and help produce cerebrospinal fluid?
True
13. Myelinated axons transmit action potentials more rapidly than unmyelinated axons. True False
Node of Ranvier
14. The gap of exposed axon in the myelin sheath is the A. neurilemma. B. node of Ranvier. C. sheath of Schwann. D. white matter.
myelinated axons in the CNS
15. White matter is A. myelinated axons in the CNS. B. myelinated axons in the PNS. C. nonmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites in the CNS. D. nonmyelinated axons in the CNS.
True
16. All axons in the PNS are surrounded by Schwann cells. True False
multiple sclerosis
17. The disease ______________ is characterized by destruction of CNS myelin sheaths and the formation of hardened scars. A. Parkinson's B. Alzheimer's C. multiple sclerosis. D. myasthenia gravis
astrocytes
18. The most numerous of all cells of CNS nervous tissue are the A. astrocytes. B. neurons. C. Schwann cells. D. microglia
true
19. The blood-brain barrier may prevent medications from reaching brain tissue. True False
-70mV
22. The average resting membrane potential of an axon is A. -70mV. B. -85mV. C. 0 mV D. +30mV.
voltage-gated channels
23. Ion channels that open in response to depolarization are called A. ion-gated channels. B. voltage-gated channels. C. stimulation-gated channels. D. potential-gated channels.
false
24. Nerve cells depolarize due to the influx of K+. True False
Na+ influx causes depolarization
25. During an action potential A. Na+ efflux causes depolarization. B. K+ influx causes repolarization. C. Na+ influx causes depolarization. D. K+ influx causes after-hyperpolarization.
binding to sodium channels
26. Local anesthetics block conduction of action potentials in sensory neurons by A. inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. B. binding to potassium channels. C. binding to sodium channels. D. binding to calcium channels.
Threshold
27. The minimum depolarization needed to open Na+ gates is called the A. repolarization. B. threshold. C. refractory period. D. All-or-none law.
True
28. Action potentials frequency encodes stimulus intensity. True False
outward diffusion of K+
29. Which ion's movements is responsible for repolarization? A. influx of K+ B. influx of Na+ C. outward diffusion of K+ D. outward diffusion of Na+
Na+/K+ pump
30. What process is needed to return a membrane to its resting membrane potential with all ions in the correct locations? A. after-hyperpolarization B. all-or-none-law C. Na+/K+ pump D. refractory period
increased frequency of stimuli
31. What coding system do neurons use to get a greater response? A. greater amplitude of stimuli B. greater Na+ concentration gradient C. increased frequency of stimuli D. more active Na+/K+ pump
true
32. Both depolarization and repolarization are produced by the diffusion of ions down their concentation gradient. True False
salutatory conduction
33. Conduction of an action potential in a myelinated axon is called A. point to point conduction. B. saltatory conduction. C. refractory conduction. D. cable conduction.
neurotransmitters
34. Chemicals that stimulate action potentials in postsynaptic cells are called A. hormones. B. enzymes. C. neurotransmitters. D. neurotrophins
flaccid paralysis
35. Botulism toxin prevents release of ACh, causing A. flaccid paralysis. B. hemiplegia. C. spastic paralysis. D. None apply.
True
37. The nicotinic ACh receptor is a ligand-gated channel. True False
acetylcholine
38. Cholinergic fibers use ____ as the neurotransmitter. A. norepinephrine B. acetylcholine C. dopamine D. serotonin
parasympathetic
39. What type of autonomic fibers release ACh at effectors? A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic C. somatic D. sensory
tryptophan
41. Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid A. alanine. B. glycine. C. tryptophan. D. serine.
GABA
42. The most common neurotransmitter in the brain is A. glycine. B. acetylcholine. C. serotonin. D. GABA.
divergent
44. What type of neural pathway involves one neuron forming synapses with several postsynaptic neurons? A. convergent B. oscillating C. divergent D. plastic
Skeletal muscle
45. Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate A. smooth muscle. B. skeletal muscle. C. cardiac muscle. D. glands.
Contraction of skeletal muscle
46. Somatic motor reflexes involve A. the autonomic nervous system. B. contraction of smooth muscle. C. contraction of skeletal muscle. D. the autonomic ganglia.
Hypothalamus
63. The major regulatory center of the autonomic system is, according to many scientists, the ______________ since this brain region has functions, such as control of body temperature, that require appropriate activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. A. hypothalamus B. thalamus C. midbrain D. cerebrum
limbic system
64. Visceral reactions which accompany emotional states are due to activation of the autonomic nervous system by the A. limbic system. B. cerebral cortex. C. cerebellum. D. pons.
false
65. Endocrine glands secrete their products into ducts. True False
true
66. Most lipid-soluble hormones are derived from cholesterol. True False
prehormones
67. Molecules secreted by endocrine glands that are inactive until changed by their target cells are A. prohormones. B. lipophilic hormones. C. prehormones. D. tissue hormones.
true
68. Responsiveness of cells to hormones is determined by the presence or absence of specific hormone receptor proteins. True False
permissive effects
69. Hormones which enhance the responsiveness of a target organ to a second hormone have A. complementary effects. B. synergistic effects. C. antagonistic effects. D. permissive effects
synergistic
70. When two or more hormones work together to produce a particular result, their effects are A. permissive. B. antagonistic. C. synergistic. D. inhibitory.
downregulated
71. Testosterone receptors would be ____________ in response to anabolic steroid abuse A. inhibited B. primed C. upregulated D. downregulated
true
72. Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors located within the plasma membrane. True False
true
73. Lipophilic hormones travel in the blood bonded to carrier proteins. True False
False
74. The anterior pituitary gland is also called the neurohypophysis. True False
false
75. Prolactin injections may be used to induce labor. True False
true
76. Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion would inhibit testosterone synthesis. True False
increasing somatostatin secretion
78. Growth would be inhibited by A. increasing prolactin secretion. B. increasing somatostatin secretion. C. increasing somatomedin secretion. D. increasing thyroid hormone secretion.
decreased secretion of luteinizing hormone
79. Increased circulating concentrations of testosterone would stimulate A. decreased secretion of growth hormone. B. decreased secretion of adrenocorticotropin. C. decreased secretion of luteinizing hormone. D. decreased secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone.
Autonomic nervous system
8. Which division of the nervous system innervates involuntary effectors? A. central nervous system B. somatic nervous system C. autonomic nervous system D. associative nervous system
stimulates milk production in the mammary glands
80. What is the function of prolactin in females? A. stimulates milk production in the mammary glands B. regulates the gonadotropins C. regulates water and electrolyte balance in the kidneys D. All apply.
stimulates retention of water by the kidneys
81. What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? A. stimulates loss of water by the kidneys B. causes large urine volume C. causes a darkening of the skin D. stimulates retention of water by the kidneys
gigantism
82. Over-secretion of growth hormone in children causes A. acromegaly. B. pituitary cachexia. C. gigantism. D. myxedema.
oxytocin
83. What hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk-ejection during lactation? A. prolactin B. ADH C. oxytocin D. luteinizing hormone
cholesterol
84. What is the precursor molecule for the three types of adrenal cortex hormones A. vitamin A B. vitamin K C. adenosine D. cholesterol
Addisons disease
85. The hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids results in A. Addison's disease. B. diabetes insipidus. C. Grave's disease. D. Cushing's disease.
True
86. Adrenal medulla hormones prolong the effects of sympathetic nerves. True False
increased immune response
87. Which of the following is NOT a response of the body to stress? A. increased secretion of ACTH B. increased secretion of glucocorticoids C. increased immune response D. increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
False
88. A tumor stimulating oversecretion of hormones by the thyroid gland would cause plasma Ca2+ to increase. True False
true
89. A deficiency of dietary iodine would result in excessive TSH secretion. True False
goiter
90. A(n) _____________ is an abnormal growth of the thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency. A. tumor B. goiter C. abscss D. keloid
myxedema
91. Hypothyroidism in adults causes A. Grave's disease. B. myxedema. C. cretinism. D. Cushing's disease
iodine
92. What element is necessary for production of thyroxine? A. sodium B. calcium C. iodine D. chlorine
False
93. Diabetes mellitus occurs due to lack of liver beta-cell function. True False
blood glucose
94. The pancreas secretes hormones involved in regulation of A. blood glucose. B. the stress response. C. metabolic rate. D. growth and reproduction.
true
95. Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic hormones. True False
false
96. Daylight causes stimulation of the pineal gland to release melatonin. True False
true
Cells become more negative during hyperpolarization.
True
Most motor neurons are multipolar
stimulates the dilation of the blood vessels
Nitric oxide A. is a chemical messenger activating adenylate cyclase. B. stimulates the dilation of blood vessels. C. is produced from L-asparagine. D. All apply.
False
Sensory nerves cause muscle contraction.
False
Somatic motor neurons innervate involuntary effectors.