physiology test 2

potassium, sodium

. 21. The membrane of resting nerve cells is more permeable to ____________ ions than ____________ ions. A. sodium, potassium B. calcium, potassium C. potassium, sodium D. chloride, potassium

anterior pituitary gland

. Cortisol secretion would cease if the _________ no longer secreted ACTH. A. posterior pituitary gland B. hypothalamus C. anterior pituitary gland D. adrenal cortex

true

. Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system.

False

. Most brain tumors in adults are found within neurons.

is not usually under conscious control

47. The autonomic nervous system A. innervates skeletal muscle. B. is not usually under conscious control. C. is always excitatory. D. has a single nerve extending from the spinal cord.

false

48. Neurotransmitter release in the autonomic nervous system is always inhibitory. True False

false

49. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. True False

sympathetic

50. The paravertebral and collateral ganglia are associated with the _____________ division of the autonomic nervous system. A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sensory

true

51. The sympathetic chain ganglia are found laterally on both sides of the spinal cord. True False

False

52. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are relatively long. True False

parasympathetic

53. Damage to the midbrain would probably have a greater effect on the _____________ division of the autonomic nervous system. A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sensory

has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors

54. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system A. has long postganglionic neurons. B. has a single neuron arising from the spinal cord. C. has relatively short preganglionic neurons. D. has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors.

the iris

55. The vagus nerve would innervate all of the following except A. the heart. B. the stomach. C. the liver. D. the iris

True

56. Stimulation of the iris by parasympathetic nerves stimulates pupillary constriction. True False

parasympathetic

57. Which autonomic division is dominant in normal body functions such as digestion? A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic

all apply

58. Which organ receives only sympathetic innervation? A. the adrenal medulla B. arrector pili muscles in the skin C. most blood vessels D. All apply.

Norepinephrine

59. _____________ is released by most postganglionic sympathetic nerves. A. Acetylcholine B. Epinephrine C. Norepinephrine D. Dopamine

true

60. Fibers that secrete acetylcholine are called cholinergic fibers. True False

true

61. Fibers that secrete norepinephrine are called adrenergic fibers. True False

urinary bladder

62. Which of the following organs is dually innervated? A. adrenal medulla B. arrector pili muscles in the skin C. urinary bladder D. most blood vessels

paracrine regulators

97. Molecules that are produced within one tissue but regulate a different tissue of the same organ are called A. autocrine regulators. B. endocrine regulators. C. paracrine regulators. D. exocrine regulators.

circadian rhythms

98. Cycles of physiological activity that follow a 24-hour pattern are called A. circadian rhythms. B. biomemetic rhythms. C. psychological rhythms. D. cerebral rhythms

All apply

99. Which of the following is true of parathyroid hormone function? A. It causes the kidneys to reabsorb calcium. B. It causes the dissolution of calcium phophate from bones. C. It increases blood calcium levels. D. All apply.

A. Central Nervous System.

The brain and spinal cord comprise the A. central nervous system. B. peripheral nervous system. C. peripheral ganglia. D. spinal nerves.

oligodendrocytes

The myelin sheaths of PNS neurons are produced by A. Schwann cells. B. oligodendrocytes. C. ependymal cells. D. leukocytes.

False

The nerve is the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal

. Neurotransmitter release would be inhibited by A. stimulating repolarization of the axon terminal. B. blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal. C. blocking repolarization of the axon terminal. D. stimulating protein kinase activity.

True

. Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes have similar functions.

true

. Serotonin is derived from the amino acid tryptophan and is an important neurotransmitter. True False

Microglia

10. Which type of cell of the CNS is phagocytotic? A. microglia B. satellite cells C. ependymal cells D. oligodendrocytes

true

100. Calcitonin and PTH are antagonistic hormones. True False

Ependymal cells

11. Which type of cell lines the ventricles of the brain and help produce cerebrospinal fluid?

True

13. Myelinated axons transmit action potentials more rapidly than unmyelinated axons. True False

Node of Ranvier

14. The gap of exposed axon in the myelin sheath is the A. neurilemma. B. node of Ranvier. C. sheath of Schwann. D. white matter.

myelinated axons in the CNS

15. White matter is A. myelinated axons in the CNS. B. myelinated axons in the PNS. C. nonmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites in the CNS. D. nonmyelinated axons in the CNS.

True

16. All axons in the PNS are surrounded by Schwann cells. True False

multiple sclerosis

17. The disease ______________ is characterized by destruction of CNS myelin sheaths and the formation of hardened scars. A. Parkinson's B. Alzheimer's C. multiple sclerosis. D. myasthenia gravis

astrocytes

18. The most numerous of all cells of CNS nervous tissue are the A. astrocytes. B. neurons. C. Schwann cells. D. microglia

true

19. The blood-brain barrier may prevent medications from reaching brain tissue. True False

-70mV

22. The average resting membrane potential of an axon is A. -70mV. B. -85mV. C. 0 mV D. +30mV.

voltage-gated channels

23. Ion channels that open in response to depolarization are called A. ion-gated channels. B. voltage-gated channels. C. stimulation-gated channels. D. potential-gated channels.

false

24. Nerve cells depolarize due to the influx of K+. True False

Na+ influx causes depolarization

25. During an action potential A. Na+ efflux causes depolarization. B. K+ influx causes repolarization. C. Na+ influx causes depolarization. D. K+ influx causes after-hyperpolarization.

binding to sodium channels

26. Local anesthetics block conduction of action potentials in sensory neurons by A. inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. B. binding to potassium channels. C. binding to sodium channels. D. binding to calcium channels.

Threshold

27. The minimum depolarization needed to open Na+ gates is called the A. repolarization. B. threshold. C. refractory period. D. All-or-none law.

True

28. Action potentials frequency encodes stimulus intensity. True False

outward diffusion of K+

29. Which ion's movements is responsible for repolarization? A. influx of K+ B. influx of Na+ C. outward diffusion of K+ D. outward diffusion of Na+

Na+/K+ pump

30. What process is needed to return a membrane to its resting membrane potential with all ions in the correct locations? A. after-hyperpolarization B. all-or-none-law C. Na+/K+ pump D. refractory period

increased frequency of stimuli

31. What coding system do neurons use to get a greater response? A. greater amplitude of stimuli B. greater Na+ concentration gradient C. increased frequency of stimuli D. more active Na+/K+ pump

true

32. Both depolarization and repolarization are produced by the diffusion of ions down their concentation gradient. True False

salutatory conduction

33. Conduction of an action potential in a myelinated axon is called A. point to point conduction. B. saltatory conduction. C. refractory conduction. D. cable conduction.

neurotransmitters

34. Chemicals that stimulate action potentials in postsynaptic cells are called A. hormones. B. enzymes. C. neurotransmitters. D. neurotrophins

flaccid paralysis

35. Botulism toxin prevents release of ACh, causing A. flaccid paralysis. B. hemiplegia. C. spastic paralysis. D. None apply.

True

37. The nicotinic ACh receptor is a ligand-gated channel. True False

acetylcholine

38. Cholinergic fibers use ____ as the neurotransmitter. A. norepinephrine B. acetylcholine C. dopamine D. serotonin

parasympathetic

39. What type of autonomic fibers release ACh at effectors? A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic C. somatic D. sensory

tryptophan

41. Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid A. alanine. B. glycine. C. tryptophan. D. serine.

GABA

42. The most common neurotransmitter in the brain is A. glycine. B. acetylcholine. C. serotonin. D. GABA.

divergent

44. What type of neural pathway involves one neuron forming synapses with several postsynaptic neurons? A. convergent B. oscillating C. divergent D. plastic

Skeletal muscle

45. Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate A. smooth muscle. B. skeletal muscle. C. cardiac muscle. D. glands.

Contraction of skeletal muscle

46. Somatic motor reflexes involve A. the autonomic nervous system. B. contraction of smooth muscle. C. contraction of skeletal muscle. D. the autonomic ganglia.

Hypothalamus

63. The major regulatory center of the autonomic system is, according to many scientists, the ______________ since this brain region has functions, such as control of body temperature, that require appropriate activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. A. hypothalamus B. thalamus C. midbrain D. cerebrum

limbic system

64. Visceral reactions which accompany emotional states are due to activation of the autonomic nervous system by the A. limbic system. B. cerebral cortex. C. cerebellum. D. pons.

false

65. Endocrine glands secrete their products into ducts. True False

true

66. Most lipid-soluble hormones are derived from cholesterol. True False

prehormones

67. Molecules secreted by endocrine glands that are inactive until changed by their target cells are A. prohormones. B. lipophilic hormones. C. prehormones. D. tissue hormones.

true

68. Responsiveness of cells to hormones is determined by the presence or absence of specific hormone receptor proteins. True False

permissive effects

69. Hormones which enhance the responsiveness of a target organ to a second hormone have A. complementary effects. B. synergistic effects. C. antagonistic effects. D. permissive effects

synergistic

70. When two or more hormones work together to produce a particular result, their effects are A. permissive. B. antagonistic. C. synergistic. D. inhibitory.

downregulated

71. Testosterone receptors would be ____________ in response to anabolic steroid abuse A. inhibited B. primed C. upregulated D. downregulated

true

72. Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors located within the plasma membrane. True False

true

73. Lipophilic hormones travel in the blood bonded to carrier proteins. True False

False

74. The anterior pituitary gland is also called the neurohypophysis. True False

false

75. Prolactin injections may be used to induce labor. True False

true

76. Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion would inhibit testosterone synthesis. True False

increasing somatostatin secretion

78. Growth would be inhibited by A. increasing prolactin secretion. B. increasing somatostatin secretion. C. increasing somatomedin secretion. D. increasing thyroid hormone secretion.

decreased secretion of luteinizing hormone

79. Increased circulating concentrations of testosterone would stimulate A. decreased secretion of growth hormone. B. decreased secretion of adrenocorticotropin. C. decreased secretion of luteinizing hormone. D. decreased secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone.

Autonomic nervous system

8. Which division of the nervous system innervates involuntary effectors? A. central nervous system B. somatic nervous system C. autonomic nervous system D. associative nervous system

stimulates milk production in the mammary glands

80. What is the function of prolactin in females? A. stimulates milk production in the mammary glands B. regulates the gonadotropins C. regulates water and electrolyte balance in the kidneys D. All apply.

stimulates retention of water by the kidneys

81. What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? A. stimulates loss of water by the kidneys B. causes large urine volume C. causes a darkening of the skin D. stimulates retention of water by the kidneys

gigantism

82. Over-secretion of growth hormone in children causes A. acromegaly. B. pituitary cachexia. C. gigantism. D. myxedema.

oxytocin

83. What hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk-ejection during lactation? A. prolactin B. ADH C. oxytocin D. luteinizing hormone

cholesterol

84. What is the precursor molecule for the three types of adrenal cortex hormones A. vitamin A B. vitamin K C. adenosine D. cholesterol

Addisons disease

85. The hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids results in A. Addison's disease. B. diabetes insipidus. C. Grave's disease. D. Cushing's disease.

True

86. Adrenal medulla hormones prolong the effects of sympathetic nerves. True False

increased immune response

87. Which of the following is NOT a response of the body to stress? A. increased secretion of ACTH B. increased secretion of glucocorticoids C. increased immune response D. increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

False

88. A tumor stimulating oversecretion of hormones by the thyroid gland would cause plasma Ca2+ to increase. True False

true

89. A deficiency of dietary iodine would result in excessive TSH secretion. True False

goiter

90. A(n) _____________ is an abnormal growth of the thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency. A. tumor B. goiter C. abscss D. keloid

myxedema

91. Hypothyroidism in adults causes A. Grave's disease. B. myxedema. C. cretinism. D. Cushing's disease

iodine

92. What element is necessary for production of thyroxine? A. sodium B. calcium C. iodine D. chlorine

False

93. Diabetes mellitus occurs due to lack of liver beta-cell function. True False

blood glucose

94. The pancreas secretes hormones involved in regulation of A. blood glucose. B. the stress response. C. metabolic rate. D. growth and reproduction.

true

95. Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic hormones. True False

false

96. Daylight causes stimulation of the pineal gland to release melatonin. True False

true

Cells become more negative during hyperpolarization.

True

Most motor neurons are multipolar

stimulates the dilation of the blood vessels

Nitric oxide A. is a chemical messenger activating adenylate cyclase. B. stimulates the dilation of blood vessels. C. is produced from L-asparagine. D. All apply.

False

Sensory nerves cause muscle contraction.

False

Somatic motor neurons innervate involuntary effectors.