apush period 3

John Dickinson

"Letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania", protested Townshend acts, wrote Articles of Confederation

Battle of Quebec

(1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

Committees of Correspondence

(1772 and after) Local committees established by Samuel Adams across Massachusetts, and later in each of the thirteen colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets.

The Gaspee

British anti-smuggling ship that ran ashore off Rhode Island in 1772; was burned by colonists

Thomas Gage

British general who controlled Boston following the Boston Tea Party.

Quebec Act

- Signed in 1774, intended to reorganize the way these British territories were governed - The colonists saw this as a direct attack on the colonies because it took away lands that they claimed along the Ohio River

What roles did the states retain in the new constitutional system?

- State legislatures would elect members of the upper house. - The states would select the electors who would choose the president.

Turning Point of the Revolutionary War

- The Battle of Saratoga because it convinced France to officially join the American cause against Great Britain, leading to millions of dollars in supplies and eventual victory at Yorktown. - General John Burgoyne was leading the British troops south in an attempt to cut off NE from the rest of the colonies. Benedict Arnold and Horatio Gates met him at Saratoga and forced the Brits to surrender.

Yorktown

- The British had consolidated their troops in the south - The last battle of the war that was strongly supported by the French in 1781. Washington's army forced the surrender of a large British Army commanded by General Cornwallis.

Bunker Hill

(June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills (Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. The Americans considered it a victory, though, because of all the casualties.

French and Indian War

- 1754-1763 - A territorial dispute with France and Great Britain that became war - Britain was expanding west and the French south and they bumped into each other in the Ohio Valley River, which they bought wanted - Only four years of it were fought in America, which was the part known as the French and Indian war. All together, it was called the Seven Years War.

The Declaration of Independence

- 1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain. - It was based on a resolution written by Richard Henry Lee.

Structure of Government based on the Articles of Confederation

- A central government with just one body, a congress - Each state was given one vote, and 9 out of 13 required to pass important laws. To amend the Articles required all the states.

The Proclamation of 1763

- A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. - This angered the colonists because it threatened their liberties and long established practice of representative government - It was not effective- colonists didn't listen

Loyalists

- American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence - aka Tories

French and Indian war TIDE TURNS

- At first, the French were winning. The tide turned in 1757 when William Pitt took control of the war effort and provided A LOT of money.

The Albany Plan of Union

- Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonies under one government to defeat France. - The colonies did not like this idea and it never took effect

Treaty of Paris 1763

- Ended the French and Indian War and effectively kicked the French out of North America - Brits got French Canada AND Spanish Florida

Actions of the First Continental Congress

- Endorsed the Suffolk Resolves - Passed the Declaration and Resolves- told the king to restore colonial rights and recognized Parliament's authority to regulate commerce - Created Continental Association- enforce economic sanctions of the Resolves

Fort Duquesne

- In Pittsburgh - A fort the French built in the Ohio River Valley because they wanted to stop British westward expansion - George Washington fought the first battle here to take over the fort but was forced to surrender

Boston Massacre

- Incident in 1770 in which British troops fired on and killed American colonists - Crispus Attucks and 4 other colonists were killed - Paul Revere created a print and the Sons of Liberty uses it as propaganda - Soldiers were found NOT guilty by John Adams, but his cousin Sam Adams named it a massacre.

Impact of Common Sense

- It was a huge success, pushed most people in favor of full on independence. - Five months after this was published, the Second Continental Congress met and wrote the declaration of independence.

Tea Act of 1773

- Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party - Colonists still boycotted this tea, even though it was cheaper than smuggled tea

Sugar Act

- Law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies in 1764 - Raising money for the crown

Townshend Acts

- Laws passed in 1767 that taxed goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea - At first, these acts were accepted since they were indirect and paid by merchants

Reactions to the Stamp Act

- Patrick Henry stood up in the House of Burgesses to demand the right not to be taxed without representation -Stamp Act Congress: resolved only elected representatives could approve taxes -Sons and Daughters of Liberty intimidate tax agents -Boycott against British imports were the most effective

The First Continental Congress

- September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies ( Not Georgia) sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts - They weren't thinking of independence just yet, just wanted to restore a relationship between then and GB that existed before the 7 years war.

Who were the Federalists? Why did they support ratification of the new constitution?

- The Federalists were what the nationalists named themselves and they supported a federal union- a loose decentralized system, hiding their support for a strong national government. - The Federalists supported the ratification of the constitution because they believe it would diminish the power of the large states.

Native American allies in the French and Indian war

- The French had many allies, their greatest being with the Hurons - Brits had the Iroquois

What compromises were created over the issue of slavery?

- They wrote a clause that allowed masters to reclaim enslaved blacks who fled to other states. - They never mention the words slave or slavery in the constitution - Counted slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purposes of representations and taxation. - This compromise helped southern planters dominate the national government until 1860.

French alliance in the RW

- Widened the war and forced the Brits to divert their military resources away from America - Helped the colonies win their independence

Why did the French and Indian War lead to the American Revolution?

- led to unrest in the colonies over who pays for the war - End of salutory neglect, more taxes

Common Sense

-A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation and it was against common sense to be ruled by a tiny island across the sea. - Paine was a recent immigrant to the colonies

The Coercive Acts

-In response to the Boston Tea Party, in 1774, harsh laws were passed by the British that the Colonists called the Intolerable Acts. - Included the Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act and and expansion on the Quartering Act

Problems with the Articles of Confederation

1. Financial problems- most war debts were unpaid and congress had no taxing power to get the money 2. Foreign problems- Countries had no respect for the new countries 3. Domestic Problems- Shay's rebellion

Four sections of Common Sense

1. Origin and Design of Government- elections are the right thing for all governments because they represent the people 2. Of Monarchy and Succession- hereditary kings are not good for governments 3. Thoughts on the Present State of American Affairs- independence is the key to Americas future 4. On the Present Ability of America- the colonies are capable on their own

Accomplishments of the Articles of Confederation

1. Won the war 2. Land Ordinance of 1785- Set forth how the government of the United States would measure, divide and distribute the land it had acquired from Great Britain north and west of the Ohio River at the end of the American Revolution. 3. Northwest Ordinance of 1787- Set rules for creating new states, granted limited self government to the developing territory and prohibited slavery in the region

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Quartering Act

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc. - This tax was used in Britain too - The purpose was to raise money to support the British military -First direct tax

Massachussetts Circular Letter

1768- Statement written by Sam Adams and James Otis in response to the Townshend acts. It's function was to spread the spirit of resistance by exchanging letters and keep alive the opposition to British policy

Repeal of the Townshend Acts

1770 - Prime Minister Lord North repealed the Townshend Acts, except for the tax on tea because they damaged trade and generated a disappointingly small amount of revenue.

The Revolutionary War

1775-1783 American War of Independence. Began as 13 colonies versus Great Britain but soon turned into G.B versus colonies, France, Netherlands, and Spain = American Victory.

The length of the Federalist Papers

2000 words long and appeared four times a week. There were 85 total essays. Hamilton- 51, Jay- 5, Madison- 29

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists (Sons of Liberty) disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Edward Braddock

A British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.

Federalist Paper 11

A closer union among the states would stimulate the American economy

mixed government

A government in which different sized groups of people control different types of issues, integrating different forms of government.

Writ of Assistance

A search warrant enabling customs officers to enter any location to look for evidence of smuggling

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

The Administration of Justice Act

Act which allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of the colonies

1770-1772

After the repeal of the Townshend Acts, there was a relatively quiet period.

Shay's Rebellion

After the war, the American economy was suffering terribly and they had a lot of war debt. Many people had invested in bonds during the war and now demanded they be paid back, which would require tax increases and a decrease in the amount of paper money, but most of the legislatures refused. Instead, they raised taxes to pay off war debt. IN revolt against their unresponsive government who had just imposed taxes on them, Shay's army gathered. This revolt failed.

How did many in Parliament view the residents of the 13 colonies by 1763?

After the war, the British paid a lot more attention to their colonies because they could no longer let the colonists run things themselves. The British were also worried about the colonies because apparently, the colonies had more freedom than the people back in England.

Who wrote the Federalist Papers?

Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. Hamilton wrote most of them. They went under the name Publius, while the people writing against the papers went under the name of Brutus.

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won. Most were from NE and VA.

Federalist Paper 6

Americans must not fight among themselves and they must be strong enough to repel the attacks of others. People have to stop being foolish and the recent events an the depth to which the country had sunk should serve as warning.

What groups made up the nationalist faction that called for a stronger central government than that under the Articles of Confederation? How did the nationalists come to set the agenda at the Philadelphia convention of May, 1787?

Americans who had served the Confederation as military officers, officials, and diplomats were the ones who advocated for a stronger central government. They insisted that Congress should be the one to control foreign and interstate commerce and tariff policy. States with strong commercial traditions disagreed with this, such as lawmakers in Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania. Because of Shay's Rebellion, Congress decided to call a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. Many influential Patriots missed the convention because Sam Adams was rejected as being a delegate and John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were serving as American ministers in Foreign countries. This allowed younger nationalists to set the agenda.

Why was there a trade deficit between Great Britain and her American colonies?

Britain only paid for 80 percent of its imports, leaving the other 20%- the American trade deficit- paid for by credit and Pitt's military expenditures. Also, during this consumer revolution, many consumers were left in debt.

African Americans in the Revolutionary War

At first, GW rejected the idea of AA serving the Patriot Army. However, once the British started letting them serve, Washington and Congress quickly made the same offer.

Immediate effect of the French and Indian War

Brits had unchallenged supremacy in North America and were the most dominant naval power in the world

What changed and what stayed the same after the Revolutionary War

Changed: - Abolition of Aristocratic Titles - Separation of Church and State - Abolished importation of enslaved people Same: - Women had second-class status

Federalist Paper 51

Complexity is another guarantee of liberty and the different parts of the government would balance each other out. The government suggested in the Constitution had three parts.

Powers of the Articles of Confederation

Could: wage war, make treaties, send diplomatic representative and borrow money Could NOT: regulate commerce, collect taxes, couldn't enforce laws

Parliament's Prohibitory Act

Declared the colonies in rebellion

Why did the Paxton Boys rise up in 1763? Who saved Philadelphia?

During the war with France, Delaware and Shawnee warriors had exacted revenge for Thomas Penn's land swindle and they destroyed frontier farms in Pennsylvania, as well as killing people. The Scots-Irish wanted all the Indians expelled from the land, but this request was denied. So, a group called the Paxton Boys massacred 20 Conestoga Indians. Then, John Penn tried to bring these murderers to justice, and 250 armed Scots-Irishmen advanced on Philadelphia, stopped by none other than Benjamin Franklin, who arranged a truce before any other damage could be done.

James Wolfe

English general, led troops up steep cliff to capture Quebec which marked the beginning of the end of the French/Indian War

Federalist Paper 70

It is important to have a president

What were some of the factors that lead to land conflicts in the western parts of the colonies in the years 1750 through 1775?

Kent, Connecticut was at its colony's western border and to provide for the next generation, many families joined the Susquehanna Company, which speculated in lands in the Wyoming Valley. However, Charles II had granted that same land (the Wyoming Valley) to William Penn and Pennsylvanian residents lived in the valley. This led to a conflict, with Delaware caught in the middle because they had their own claim to the land. There was another land dispute in the Hudson River Valley, where again, multiple colonies asserted ownership rights. This case was brought to court and the Massachusetts squatters were evicted. Even more land disputes occurred in New Jersey, where landlords revived legal claims based on long-dormant seventeenth-century charters.

Expansion of the Quartering Act

Now allowed British troops to be sheltered in private homes

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

George Grenville

Prime minister in GB who pushed through Parliament 3 measures that made the colonies suspicious that GB was trying to subvert their liberties

What reforms did British Prime Minister George Grenville attempt?

Sugar Act and Stamp Act

What were the backgrounds of Anti-Federalists? Why did they oppose ratification?

The Anti-Federalists had diverse backgrounds and motives. Some feared the state government would lose power, while others protested that the document that was being proposed lacked a declaration of right of individuals and feared the central government would be run by rich men. They thought that the large electoral districts prescribed by the Constitution would have mostly wealthy men in the office, where as smaller states would have respectable men on the job. They wanted to keep small sovereign republics and tie them together only for trade and defense.

What were the reasons that the British government sent a peacetime force of 7,500 troops to the colonies in 1763 and after? What did this force cost per year?

The British government sent a peacetime force of troops in fear of a rebellion by the French residents in Canada, their newly conquered colony. Also, the Native Americans were a concern because Pontiac's Rebellion overwhelmed British frontier forts. This also helped prevent colonists from defying the Proclamation of 1763. The cost is estimated at 225,000 euros per year and Britain expected the colonies to help with this price.

Why were the British able to mass-produce goods at a much-reduced cost by the 1760s?

The British were able to design and build water mills and steam engines that efficiently powered a wide array of machines. Because of this, everything was produced much faster and at a much lower cost.

Federalist Paper 10`

The Constitution established a government capable of controlling violence and damage caused by factions. Factions: Groups of people who gather together to protect and promote their special economic interests and political opinions. Factions are inevitable. If you extend the sphere of a republic, you make it less probable that a majority will feel a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens.

Suffolk Resolves

The First Continental Congress endorsed Massachusetts's Suffolk Resolves, which declared that the colonies need not obey the 1773 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties.

Explain the nature of the Great Compromise (also known as the Connecticut Compromise.)

The Great Compromise came along because states were fighting about the problem of the representation of large and small states. The Connecticut delegates suggested we have a House of Representatives, the lower chamber, in which the number of delegates from each state was based on population, determined every ten years by a national census. In addition to the House, they suggested we have an upper chamber of national legislature, the Senate, in which every state automatically gets two delegates, regardless of size.

Who were the Regulators of South Carolina and what were their demands?

The Regulators were a group of landowning vigilantes who demanded that the eastern-controlled government provide western districts with more courts, fairer taxation, and greater representation in the assembly.

How was the Virginia Plan (of James Madison) different than the Articles of Confederation?

The Virginia Plan called for a powerful national government. The plan also based representation in the lower house on population, rather than each state automatically having only one representative, regardless of size. A Delaware delegate disagreed with this plan because he thought the populous states would crush the smaller ones and have too much power over them.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States, written by John Dickinson. It was adopted by Congress in 1777.

How did the "Great War for Empire of 1756-63" (also known as the Seven-Years War or the French and Indian war in North America) impact the finances of Great Britain?

The war was extremely costly and put Great Britain into extreme debt.

What was the significance of The Federalist Papers (essays)?

They influenced many political leaders throughout the country and later, won acclaim as an important treatise of practical republicanism.

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the Committee to draft the Declaration of Independence

How did the British government seek to fix the debt issue?

They put taxes on ordinary goods such as salt, beer, paper, bricks, and candles.

Port Act

This closed Boston Harbor, prohibiting trade in or out until the tea destroyed in the Boston Tea Party was paid for

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.

Massachusetts Government Act

This was another of the Coercive Acts, which said that members of the Massachusetts assembly would no longer be elected, but instead would be appointed by the king. In response, the colonists elected a their own legislature which met in the interior of the colony.

Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776

This was the State's first constitution, after the Declaration of Independence and has been described as the most democratic in America.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

Thomas Gage was sent to seize colonial military supplies in Concord (Paul Revere and William Dawes warned the Minutemen in Lexington). The Minutemen were forced to retreat to Concord, where they were met with more Minutemen and were able to destroy some supplies. They were overwhelmed, however, and retreated to Boston. On the way, they were shot at.

First three years of the RW

Went badly for Americans

paxton boys

a group of Scots-Irish frontiersman who massacred 20 Conestoga Indians in retaliation to when Delaware and Shawnee warriors took revenge on Pennsylvanian land.

regulators

a group of landowning vigilantes who demanded eastern-controlled government provided western districts with more fair treatment in representation.

Why did the North Carolina Regulators rise up and what happened at Alamance River?

economic recession which brought fall in tobaccos prices- many farmers were in debt. many of the debtors' property was seized and some ended up in jail for resisting court orders. They defied these orders and the Regulators proposed a series of reforms, that included lower legal fees and tax payments in produce, rather than cash. none of this worked and Governor William Tyron sent troops to the Alamance River and defeated a large Regulator force there.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

chartered a government for the Northwest Territory, provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory, and listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory.

What were the vice-admiralty courts and why did colonists resent them?

juryless courts located in British colonies that were granted jurisdiction over local legal matters related to maritime activities, such as disputes between merchants and seamen.

consumer revolution

the period from about 1600 to the 1750s in England where there was an increase in consumption and there was a variety of goods and products by people from different economic and social backgrounds.

How was the New Jersey Plan a rebuke of the Virginia Plan?

this plan basically went backwards in saying that each state, again, would only have one vote- no states would have any more votes than another. This was because the smaller states very much disagreed with the fact that more populous states would get more power in the government because they had more votes.

vice admirality

tribunals run by judges appointed by the British that governed the high seas