APUSH Questions Ch 11-15
Reform movements emerged in America in the mid-nineteenth century in part because of a A. pessimistic assumption in the natural weakness of individuals. B. desire for social stability and discipline in the face of change. C. belief that society needed to break free from its old traditions. D. fear that civil war was going to engulf the nation. E. declining importance placed on religious piety.
B
Slave spirituals reiterated one basic Christian theme: A) do unto others as you would have them do unto you. B) a chosen people were held captive but would be delivered. C) servants, obey your masters. D) love one another. E) if someone slaps you, turn the other cheek.
B
Sociologist George Fitzhugh argued that southern black slaves: A) should be gradually amalgamated with the white race. B) received better treatment than northern factory workers. C) deserved gradual emancipation and limited economic opportunities. D) did not need the paternal guidance of white masters. E) worked harder than white factory workers in the North.
B
Southerners migrated southwestward in huge numbers between 1830 and 1860, seeking new lands for the: A) diversification of agriculture. B) production of cotton. C) development of industry. D) cultivation of tobacco. E) herding of livestock.
B
The Alabama claims A. saw the United States refuse to pay Alabama for losses incurred during the Civil War. B. involved complaints by the United States against England. C. ended an experiment in black landownership. D. marked a renewed effort in asserting the rights of states over federal authority. E. were found by the Supreme Court to invalidate Radical Reconstruction.
B
The American Colonization Society helped to transport blacks from the United States to A. the Caribbean. B. Liberia. C. Angola. D. England. E. Canada.
B
The Tenure of Office Act A. gave the Senate the power to appoint members of the president's cabinet. B. was designed to limit President Andrew Johnson's authority. C. was roundly condemned by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. D. was both designed to limit President Andrew Johnson's authority and roundly condemned by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. E. None of these answers is correct.
B
The first state to secede from the Union in 1860 was A. Alabama. B. South Carolina. C. Georgia. D. Mississippi. E. Virginia.
B
The invention of the cotton gin in 1793: A) slowed expansion into the Southwest. B) tied the southern economy to cotton production. C) caused plantation owners to plant tobacco. D) undermined the plantation system. E) revived the subject of abolitionism.
B
The yeoman farmers of the South: A) formed a small portion of the population. B) were fiercely proud of their independence. C) showed little interest in political issues. D) lived in the Appalachian Mountains. E) owned very few slaves.
B
Transcendentalists A. rejected European intellectuals. B. regarded reason to be the most important human faculty. C. argued that emotional responses inhibited the internal development of individuals. D. believed all individuals should develop their intellectualism. E. argued for the liberating potential of "understanding."
B
1848 Seneca Falls, New York convention on women's rights A. issued a manifesto patterned after the Declaration of Independence. B. asserted that women should have a place in society distinctly different from men. C. refused to allow men to attend. D. called on the government to treat both genders and all races with equality. E. shied away from demanding female suffrage as too radical.
A
All of the following painters were associated with the Hudson River School EXCEPT A. James Whistler. B. Thomas Cole. C. Frederic Church. D. Albert Bierstadt. E. Asher Durand.
A
Congressional passage of the Enforcement Acts in 1870-1871 A. was aimed at reducing white repression of blacks in the South. B. was designed to support the Black Codes. C. was vetoed by President Ulysses Grant. D. gave legal protection to the Ku Klux Klan. E. allowed white southerners to maintain a police state.
A
During Reconstruction, the Southern school system A. eventually reached forty percent of all black children. B. did not allow blacks to be teachers. C. initially were not segregated. D. only offered primary instruction. E. barely reached any children of former slaves.
A
During Reconstruction, the term "Scalawags" referred to A. Southern white Republicans. B. free black Southerners. C. Southerners who moved north. D. white Southerners who still embraced their former affiliation with the Confederacy. E. Northerners who moved south.
A
From 1815 to 1860, southern production of cotton: A) represented more than half of all American exports. B) harmed the interests of northern merchants and western farmers. C) shrank by 50 percent. D) surpassed the corn crop in terms of total acreage. E) contributed to a steady decline in the region's per capita income.
A
In 1861, President Abraham Lincoln realized that volunteer state militias A. would have to do the bulk of fighting for the Union. B. could not wage an effective military campaign. C. would provide all the military manpower the Union would require. D. could not be counted on to serve longer than three months. E. would operate as a drag on the more efficient and experienced United States army.
A
In the South, the crop-lien system A. encouraged the planting of cash crops B. nearly disappeared during Reconstruction. C. led to crop diversification. D. was generally imposed on blacks, but not white farmers. E. saw interest rates rise as high as 20 or 30 percent.
A
In the final days of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln A. insisted that the Confederacy had no legal right to exist. B. argued it best to readmit the Confederate states to the Union without condition. C. called on the Confederacy to negotiate a peace treaty with the United States. D. met with Jefferson Davis in Richmond, Virginia. E. declared that the Confederate government must repudiate its constitution.
A
Mormonism A. believed in human perfectibility. B. emphasized individual liberty. C. was founded by Brigham Young. D. began in the Midwest. E. always rejected polygamy.
A
On April 14, 1861, Fort Sumter surrendered after A. Confederate forces bombarded it. B. President Lincoln chose to not resupply the fort. C. Southern soldiers occupied the fort. D. the fort's commander decided to join the Confederacy. E. the Union commanding officer, Robert Anderson, was killed.
A
One of the most enduring of the pre-Civil War utopian colonies was A. Oneida. B. New Harmony. C. Brook Farm. D. Walden. E. Nauvoo.
A
Riots in Philadelphia in August 1834 stemmed primarily from: A) racial tensions. B) religious antagonisms. C) nativist sentiments. D) economic depression. E) police brutality.
A
The Confederate States of America was formed A. before Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated president. B. after eleven Southern states had seceded. C. after Fort Sumter fell to forces from seceding states. D. in a meeting hall in Washington, D.C. E. despite the passage of the Crittenden Compromise.
A
The Freedmen's Bureau A. distributed food to millions of Southern blacks. B. pushed for voting rights for former male slaves. C. gave forty acres of land and a mule to millions of Southern blacks. D. was created to operate for only five years. E. created millions of federal public works jobs for former slaves.
A
The Northwest became tied to antebellum eastern markets with the increasing production of: A) wheat. B) corn. C) sheep. D) cattle. E) hogs.
A
The free black population of the United States increased from 1820 to 1860 because of all of the following reasons EXCEPT the: A) continuing immigration of blacks from Africa. B) passing as white. C) natural increase of the free black population. D) results of personal purchases and manumissions. E) successful escapes of slaves from the South.
A
The story of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln A. involved a larger conspiracy to kill other members of the administration. B. saw John Wilkes Booth convicted of the murder of the president. C. brought a Radical Republican to the presidency. D. was intended to bring Andrew Johnson into the presidency. E. had been planned at the highest levels of the Confederate government.
A
The writings of Edgar Allan Poe were A. primarily sad and macabre. B. mostly ignored during his lifetime. C. largely focused on Southern society. D. acclaimed by many American writers in his time. E. completely ignored in Europe after his death.
A
A dramatic rise in the concentration of wealth in the United States from 1820 to 1860: A) calmed labor protests. B) eased social tensions. C) hardened class lines. D) resulted in mass suffering. E) led to social equality.
C
Advocates of the "New South" A. opposed using Northern capital. B. discouraged white women from working outside of the home. C. promoted Southern industry and railroad development. D. challenged the assumptions of white supremacy. E. in fact advocated a return to the plantation system of the antebellum South.
C
Although the American economy developed rapidly between 1820 and 1860: A) the labor force became an organized and disruptive factor. B) Americans lost the sense of pride and optimism that had prevailed in preindustrial America. C) expansion was cyclic in nature and interrupted by periods of depression. D) it was dependent on trade with Mexico and Latin America. E) industrial profits remained low due to continual demands for capital.
C
During the Civil War, "greenbacks" issued by the federal government A. steadily gained in value as the war progressed. B. were backed by silver. C. fluctuated in value depending on the fortunes of the Northern armies. D. were backed by gold. E. were backed by gold and silver.
C
For outworkers, the invention of the sewing machine in the mid-1840s: A) ensured easier and more pleasant tasks. B) allowed workers to labor at home for the first time. C) led bosses to expect a greater volume of work. D) reduced the pool of potential workers. E) put many out of work because of the cost of the machine.
C
Frederick Douglass A. was born free but was sold into slavery as a youth. B. wrote for William Lloyd Garrison's abolitionist newspaper. C. spent years lecturing in England against slavery. D. was an ordained minister. E. argued that blacks wanted only an end to slavery, and not full social equality.
C
From 1820 to 1860, more eastern farmers: A) bartered products as payment for goods. B) abandoned their crops and went into manufacturing. C) used "scientific" methods to increase profits. D) raised crops and animals for home use. E) became isolated from urban markets.
C
In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant A. was nominated by both the Republican and Democratic Parties. B. won a huge victory. C. entered the White House with no political experience. D. relied on many of his former military advisors to join his administration. E. ran against Republican Reconstruction policies.
C
In the election of 1864, President Abraham Lincoln A. emphasized the success of the Republican Party in fighting the Civil War. B. won by a narrow margin in the electoral vote. C. faced a Democratic opponent who was a former Union general. D. proposed a truce in the Civil War. E. was greatly aided by Robert E. Lee's surrender just before election day.
C
Most whites in the antebellum South: A) avoided the social stigma of slaveholding. B) resented the political influence of white slaveholders. C) regarded slaveholding as a path to upward economic mobility. D) wanted the abolition of slavery. E) owned between five and ten slaves prior to 1860.
C
Prior to the Civil War, the Liberty Party A. supported the rights of slaveowners. B. opposed the admission of California into the union in 1850. C. promoted "free soil." D. focused on strengthening the fugitive slave laws. E. campaigned for outright abolition.
C
The elections of 1876 saw A. the Supreme Court decide the presidential election. B. a Democrat become president for the first time since the Civil War. C. the candidate with the most popular votes fail to get elected. D. Ulysses Grant make an unsuccessful bid for an unprecedented third term. E. the governor of New York become president.
C
The slave conspiracies of Gabriel Prosser in 1800 and Denmark Vesey in 1822 were both thwarted by: A) spies planted among the slaves. B) mass executions of the leaders. C) internal betrayal by fellow slaves. D) random killing of innocent blacks. E) white discovery of the plots.
C
The typical slaveholder owned: A) more than 50 slaves. B) only one or two slaves. C) fewer than 10 slaves. D) between 10 and 15 slaves. E) more than 20 slaves.
C
Walt Whitman A. intensely disagreed with the American transcendentalists. B. rejected much of romanticism. C. celebrated the liberation of the individual. D. was a strong critic of American democracy. E. became a strong defender of Southern institutions, especially slavery.
C
Wealthy southern planters justified slavery in terms of white superiority because such a defense: A) reflected their blind racism. B) coincided with the main ideological directions of the time. C) deflected potential class antagonisms among whites. D) fit in with the democratic ideals of the time. E) emphasized the profitability of the institution.
C
White artisans in the South viewed black workers as: A) potential colleagues. B) fellow workers. C) threats to their livelihoods. D) no real competition. E) valuable assets.
C
Black sharecropping A. represented a continuation of the pre-Civil War gang-labor system. B. differed sharply from the tenant system. C. usually led to economic independence. D. was a very common occupation of former slaves. E. involved close white supervision which recalled the days of slavery.
D
Free African Americans were likely to: A) be women and children. B) live near dense plantation centers. C) be younger and more aggressive. D) reside in cities and towns. E) have fewer skills than slaves.
D
In 1867, Congressional plans for Reconstruction A. were rejected by every former Confederate state. B. replaced federal military commanders in the South with civilian leaders. C. granted forty acres of land to every adult male former slave. D. required new state governments in the South to give voting rights to black males. E. required that state legislatures ratify the Thirteenth Amendment.
D
In the 1830s and 1840s, cholera epidemics in the United States A. were transmitted to humans by fleas living on rats. B. led many cities to build water treatment facilities. C. were diminished as physicians gained a basic understanding of bacteria. D. typically killed more than half of those who contracted the disease. E. None of these answers is correct.
D
In the slave folktales, Brer Rabbit: A) falls victim because of his weak and careless nature. B) suffers because of his weakness. C) watches out for the other animals of the forest. D) knows how to use his cunning to outwit his enemies. E) demonstrates the foolishness of resistance to stronger foes.
D
Laws to control the domestic slave trade were: A) regulated by the British navy. B) strictly enforced by the president. C) passed to protect slave families. D) poorly enforced and usually short lived. E) enacted by Congress in 1808.
D
Nineteenth-century Protestant revivalists such as the New Light revivalists A. sought to revive the ideals of Calvinism. B. believed that no individual could control his or her personal salvation. C. took the lead in the cause to end slavery. D. formed a crusade against personal immorality. E. believed temperance was detracting from other, loftier reform movements.
D
The Confiscation Act of 1861 A. saw the Confederate government claim the right to seize free blacks in the South. B. gave Union troops the authority to seize Confederate property. C. empowered banks in the Union to freeze the financial assets of all slaveholders. D. declared that slaves used by Confederate states in the war effort were free. E. abolished slavery in the District of Columbia and the western territories.
D
The Tredegar Iron Company of Richmond decided in 1847 to shift from white to slave labor to: A) show their solidarity with other white slave owners. B) reduce the costs of labor and capital investments. C) expand the pool of slave laborers for industrial enterprises. D) destroy the potential power of organized white workers to strike. E) offer slaves useful skills for their later lives as free blacks.
D
The lesson Frederick Douglass learned on how to survive slavery was to: A) pretend that nothing bad was happening. B) act defiantly at every opportunity. C) obey every command of his master or mistress. D) understand and outwit his oppressors. E) endure all suffering in silent dignity.
D
The nineteenth-century practice of placing American Indians on reservations was partially designed to A. isolate and protect Indians from white society. B. help "regenerate" the Indian. C. allow Indians to develop to a point where they could assimilate into white society. D. All these answers are correct. E. None of these answers is correct.
D
The primary goal of the 1840s community experiment known as Brook Farm was A. to create a society where individuals did not have to work. B. to allow individuals to live without any social limits on their behavior. C. to eliminate social sexual discrimination through a practice of celibacy. D. to permit all members to realize their full potential as individual beings. E. to show that communal living was more efficient and productive than family life.
D
The role of the ideal woman in antebellum America was to: A) perform complementary tasks in the family's struggle to get ahead. B) provide lands and goods for her husband upon their marriage. C) pursue a rewarding and professional career. D) create a clean and wholesome home for family life. E) produce vital goods or earn money necessary for the family's subsistence.
D
The women who came to Lowell for mill jobs were: A) attempting to escape conditions of desperate poverty at home. B) looking for work after their homes had been destroyed by Indians. C) recruited only after owners failed to locate sufficient immigrant workers. D) the first women to labor outside their homes in large numbers. E) eager for permanent work and opportunities for advancement.
D
Women workers at the Lowell mills: A) faced challenging and varied routines. B) received wages equal to those of men. C) occupied operative as well as managerial positions. D) lived in closely supervised company boardinghouses. E) seldom formed close ties with one another.
D
A short-lived strike by Lowell's women workers in February 1834 occurred in protest of: A) poor sales. B) employment of African Americans. C) rising inventories. D) falling prices. E) wage cuts.
E
All of the following people helped create a distinct American literature EXCEPT A. Walt Whitman. B. Herman Melville. C. James Fenimore Cooper. D. Edgar Allan Poe. E. Sydney Smith.
E
At the start of the Civil War, A. the South had a massive reserve of cash. B. the South had more combat-age males. C. the South had more and better railroads. D. the North was unified by a commitment to end slavery. E. the North had a much more substantial economy.
E
Congressional Reconstruction might have been more effective if A. the federal government had not involved itself with redistributing income. B. the federal government had not passed the Enforcement Acts. C. Radical Republicans had not put Jefferson Davis on trial for treason. D. the Freedmen's Bureau had been ended sooner. E. the federal government had better enforced the laws designed to assist blacks.
E
During Reconstruction, Southern African-American officeholders A. filled as many as five seats in the United States Senate. B. were excluded from state constitutional conventions. C. did not serve in the federal Congress or Senate. D. rarely engaged in illegal political activities. E. underrepresented the total number of blacks living in the South.
E
During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Southern agriculture A. saw a significant diversification of its crops. B. saw a decline in absentee ownership of farmland. C. regained the profitability it had prior to the Civil War. D. saw a deceleration of the processes begun in the postwar years. E. saw the great majority of farmers live under the tenant system.
E
In 1865, Southern blacks defined "freedom" as A. independence from white control. B. acquiring the legal rights to live as did whites. C. land reform. D. both independence from white control, and land reform. E. All these answers are correct.
E
In 1868, President Andrew Johnson was impeached because he A. violated the Tenure of Office Act. B. offered political opposition to Radical Republicans. C. dismissed Edwin Stanton from office. D. both violated the Tenure of Office Act and dismissed Edwin Stanton from office. E. All these answers are correct.
E
In his 1895 "Atlanta Compromise" speech, Booker T. Washington A. called for political and civil rights for black Americans. B. criticized the federal government for abandoning Southern blacks. C. argued that blacks should honor their African forebears. D. stated that blacks should give up in seeking equality with whites. E. called for tacit acceptance of the emerging system of racial segregation.
E
In most northern states, free blacks were: A) admitted to public as well as private schools. B) given equal economic opportunities. C) granted the right to vote. D) treated as social equals. E) segregated from whites in public facilities.
E
In the 1860s, Black Codes were A. holdovers from the antebellum era that were repealed by Southern state governments. B. passed by Congress to govern former Confederate states. C. enacted by the Freedmen's Bureau to give freed blacks voting rights. D. vetoed by President Andrew Johnson. E. designed to give whites control over freedmen.
E
In the 1890s, pressure in the South to restrict black voting rights came from A. poor white farmers. B. wealthy Southerners. C. advocates of Jim Crow. D. both poor white farmers and wealthy Southerners. E. All these answers are correct.
E
In the 1890s, voting percentages in the South A. increased for blacks only. B. increased for whites only. C. declined for blacks only. D. increased for whites and declined for blacks. E. decreased for whites and blacks.
E
One leading abolitionist who was murdered for his activism was A. William Lloyd Garrison. B. Frederick Douglass. C. Sojourner Truth. D. Benjamin Lundy. E. Elijah Lovejoy.
E
President Abraham Lincoln's "ten percent" plan for the South referred to A. the area of land in each state that should be reserved for former slaves. B. the ratio of federal to state money to be spent in rebuilding the Southern economy. C. the ratio of federal troops to freed slaves in each Southern state. D. the percentage of freed slaves who must be given the vote before setting up a state government. E. the number of white voters required to take loyalty oaths before setting up a state government.
E
Prior to the Civil War, free blacks in the North tended to be A. deeply antagonistic to William Lloyd Garrison. B. indifferent to slavery in the South. C. anxious to leave the United States. D. in favor of the "back to Africa" movements. E. strongly opposed to Southern slavery.
E
Slavery inhibited the economic growth of the South because of the slaveholders': A) high maintenance costs. B) unstable cotton prices. C) low profit yields. D) paternalistic attitudes. E) undiversified capital investments.
E
The Massachusetts reformer who built a national movement for new methods of treating the criminally ill was A. Susan B. Anthony. B. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. C. Lucretia Mott. D. Angelina Grimke. E. Dorothea Dix.
E
The Panic of 1873 A. began after the Southern crop-lien system collapsed. B. saw Republicans call on Grant to go off the gold standard. C. saw President Grant favor putting more paper currency into circulation. D. began after revelations of corruption in the Grant administration. E. was the nation's worst economic depression to that time.
E
The continuing urban growth of New York City from 1820 to 1860 resulted primarily from its: A) manufacturing of textiles. B) access to waterpower. C) being an intersection of natural transportation routes. D) access to the National Road. E) role in domestic and foreign trade.
E
The majority of slaves were engaged in: A) domestic service. B) industrial tasks. C) factory work. D) mining operations. E) agricultural labor.
E
The majority of white Southerners in antebellum America owned: A) more than 20 slaves. B) more than 50 slaves. C) between one and 10 slaves. D) more than 100 slaves. E) no slaves at all.
E
The most important innovation of Francis Cabot Lowell's Waltham operation was to: A) accumulate the capital of a wide-ranging group of associates. B) use New England's swift-flowing streams to power his mills. C) employ women and children as workers. D) divide the tasks of spinning and weaving into separate operations. E) combine the steps of cotton production under one roof.
E
The most recent historical interpretations of slavery have viewed the institution: A) as uniformly cruel and oppressive. B) as relatively humane and paternalistic. C) through the interactions of masters and slaves. D) from the perspective of northerners. E) through eyes of the slaves themselves.
E
The participants in the Philadelphia riots of August 1834: A) were apprehended and charged with reckless behavior. B) did not live in the immediate neighborhood. C) were against Mormons and Shakers. D) had moved to the city from the South. E) came from the bottom of the occupational and economic ladder.
E
The transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau A. was more conventional in his thinking than Ralph Waldo Emerson. B. felt every individual should balance society's expectations with one's own instincts. C. argued that being part of society helped individuals to transcend their egotism. D. established a college for transcendentalism at Walden Pond. E. argued Americans had a moral right to disobey the laws of the United States.
E
Which of the following federally chartered corporations did the Union create to build the transcontinental railroad? A. the Union Pacific B. the Western Pacific C. the Central Pacific D. the Western Pacific and Central Pacific E. the Union Pacific and Central Pacific
E
Which of the following nineteenth-century leaders is primarily known for her pioneering work in the American feminist movement? A. "Mother" Ann Lee B. Harriet Tubman C. Sojourner Truth D. Rachel Eaton E. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
E
Which of the following was arguably the most distinctive feature of Shakerism? A. the admittance of women only B. communal raising of children C. polygamy D. free love E. complete celibacy
E
Prior to 1860, public education in the United States A. did not exist. B. gave the nation one of the highest literacy rates in the world. C. was legally denied for all non-whites. D. was funded by the federal government. E. emphasized independence and creativity.
B
During Reconstruction, the black labor force worked A. approximately the same number of hours as during slavery. B. significantly fewer hours than had been the case during slavery. C. more hours than had been the case during slavery. D. significantly more hours than the white labor force. E. significantly less hours than the white labor force.
B
During the nineteenth century, the largest obstacle to improved medical care in America was A. the absence of regulations in the medical profession. B. the absence of basic knowledge about disease. C. the low social status of medical professionals. D. the difficulty in medical experimentation. E. the apathy of the general population towards preventative health.
B
Following the convergence of Nat Turner's revolt and William Lloyd Garrison's publication of the abolitionist Liberator in 1831: A) masters had less fear of slave revolts. B) state laws prohibiting manumission were passed in the South. C) laws protecting slaves from overly severe treatment were repealed. D) the material conditions for slaves worsened. E) the slaves' expectations of freedom were heightened.
B
For southern white women, Mary Boykin Chesnut regarded "the sorest spot" of slavery as the: A) breaking up of slave families. B) double standard of plantation sexuality. C) obligation to feed, clothe, and nurse additional children. D) excessive cruelty of the overseers. E) social isolation and loneliness.
B
In his capacity of commander in chief, President Abraham Lincoln A. argued it was essential that that laws of the Constitution be upheld during the war. B. increased the size of the army without the approval of Congress. C. quickly called on Congress to enact a naval blockade of the South. D. moved cautiously in asserting his war powers. E. waited for Congress to declare war before dispatching troops to the South.
B
In the 1840s, William Lloyd Garrison spoke against A. equality for women. B. defensive wars. C. ending the asylum system. D. Northern disunion from the South. E. extreme pacifism.
B
In the mid-nineteenth century, the general European attitude toward American art and literature A. was one of growing respect and admiration. B. was that American artists had little to offer Europe. C. included praise for American artists for defining a new set of national virtues. D. included criticism of American artists for ignoring romanticism. E. was that it had been hopelessly corrupted by the ideology of unfettered capitalism.
B
Many slaveholders urged their slaves to attend church because it: A) improved the intelligence and morals of the slaves. B) offered the slaveholder a form of social control. C) allowed slaves an opportunity for singing and dancing. D) gave the slaves something to do on their one day off. E) enhanced the slaveholder's reputation and social standing.
B
