APUSH semester 1 final (haven't added 23-25 yet)
Arminianism
(Jacobus Arminius) preached that individual free will, not divine decree determined a persons fate. and that all humans could be saved if they accepted gods grace
18th Century Populations
1- VA(59,000) 2-Massachusetts 3-Maryland (30,000)
union's six component military plan
1. blockade coasts 2. liberate slaves and undermine economic foundations of the old South 3. cut confederacy in half by seizing control of Mississippi River 4. send troops through GA and the Carolinas 6. try to engage in the enemy's strength and grind it to submission
Fourteenth Amendment (4 parts)
1. conferred civil rights including citizenship 2. reduced representatives of a state in congress if it denied Blacks to vote-abolished 3/5 compromise 3. disqualified from federal and state office former confederates who used to hold office before the civil war 4. guaranteed federal debt while union assumed all confederate debts
pregnancy expectation of women New England
10 pregnancies, 8 surviving kids
vote needed for amending AOC
13/13 (almost impossible)
Maryland founding year
1634
act of toleration year
1649
Tuscarora war year
1711
When did North and South Carolina split
1712
New York Slave Revolt
1712- 9 whites died and 21 blacks were executed
Stamp act repealed (year)
1766
Iroquois split sides in the war
2/6 to colonists, 4/6 to British
number of people in US at time of first consensus (1790)
4mil people
south harbored ___% of colonial slaves
90%
John Jay
@ treaty of Paris- thought France couldn't hold up debts with US and Spain and were going to betray the US so he secretly made overtures with London- British wanted to screw over someone so they sided with him and came to terms with US
"watchdog of the treasury"
Albert Gallatin
"father of national debt"
Alexander Hamilton
Robert Gray
America named the Columbia river after his ship
Empress of China
American ship that carried ginseng (cure for impotence) to east asian markets and got US involved in that market
___resented the irish, while the irish resented the _____.
Americans, Blacks
___________ advised the southern states to reject fourteenth amendment
Andrew Johnson
Moctezuma
Aztec Cheiftan who was taken down by Cortés
Battle of Fallen Timbers
Battle between Miami indians and US where British refused to shelter the indians which forced them to make a treaty.
Bank War
Battle between President Andrew Jackson and congressional supporters over the Bank of United States' renewal- vetoed by Jackson because it favored moneyed interests at the expense of Western Farmers
Ben Franklin v.s illegitimate son William
Ben= patriot, william= loyalist
Britain's response to pontiac's uprising
Biological warfare- ordered smallpox blankets to be given to indians- crushed the uprising
Intolerable Acts (1774)
Boston Port act, restrictions on town meetings, British soldiers accused of killing colonists were sent to Britain for trial, new quartering act- allowed local authorities to lodge soldiers anywhere even in private homes
Robert Jenkins
Br captain who got his ear cut off by spanish revenue authorities
battle of Québec
Br. under james Wolfe scaled wall into city at night and fought to the death. Br won and that marked the beginning of the end for the French
Seven Years War in europe fought between
Britain and Prussia v.s France, Spain, Austria, and Russia
French and indian war realization for colonists
Britain can be defeated
US soldiers pissed at Britain because
Britain refused to recognize them above the rank of Captain and were made fun of by BR army
how the twin victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg tipped the diplomatic scales in favor of the north
Britain stopped the delivery of Laird Rams, French killed a deal for the sale of 6 naval vessels to the confederacy
General Edward Braddock
British 60 y/o officer who was sent to americas to capture fort duquesne, expedition= slow because had to carve path, first forced the French to retreat, in following battle Braddock was mortally wounded and Franklin was shot 4 times- forced to retreat
George Canning
British Minister who proposed to US to renounce interests in Latin America territory and to tell EU despots to not attack those countries
Alabama
British built and manned confederate warship, legal in Britain because it left Britain without weapons or men-picked them up along the way, raided the union's shipping during the civil war, one of many built by the British for the confederacy
Spanish and British land trade
British gets Spanish Florida in return for cuba
oddity about election of 1800 (votes)
Burr (vp) and Jefferson tied with votes, so the house deliberated and ultimately voted Jefferson as president
"Pathfinder of the West"
Captain John C Frémont
"armed nullity"
Catherine the Greats name for the armed neutrality
Cohens v. VA summary
Cohens brothers caught selling fake lottery tickets and brought to supreme court- VA won
Seventh of March Speech
Daniel Webster's best and final speech, urged North to support compromise of 1850, argued that topography and climate would keep slavery from becoming powerful in Mexican Cecession territory and urged Northerners to make all concessions to prevent disunion.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward summary
Dartmouth College's charter (granted by GeorgeIII) state of New Hampshire wanted to change it- supreme court upheld charter because it was a contract
famous criminals who fled to texas
Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, Sam Houston
Evacuation Day
Day when British were forced to leave boston (still celebrated)
Franklin Pierce
Democratic dark horse candidate in 1852, prosouthern Northerner- acceptable to slavery wing of democratic party
San Jacinto
Houston attacked Mexicans during siesta, wiped them out and captured Santa Anna- forced him to sign treaties
John Rolfe
Husband of Pocahontas- father of tobacco industry (1612) which was an economic savior for Virginia Colony
North's greatest strength (which was South's greatest weakness)
Economy
Revolution of 1800
Electoral victory of democratic republicans over Federalists- Jefferson's election and was a revolution because it was the last time that a Federalist would be president
William Shakespeare
English poet, actor, and playwright at the head of England's golden age of literature
Reform Bill of 1867
English reform bill that resulted in Britain becoming a political democracy. Used America's democracy surviving through the civil war as main argument for British to gain the same rights
Slave trading fed off of
European appetite for sugar, tobacco, cotton etc
"aliens"
European immigrants lacking wealth and scorned by federalists- welcomed by jeffersonians
Uncle Toms Cabin saved the north because
Europeans read it and sensed that the war would end slavery if the North won- fueled working classes opposition to entering the war on the side of the confederacy
Biggest casualty of war of 1812
Federalist party
Andrew Johnson repeatedly tried to kill
Freedmens Bureau
Anglican Church (colonies, served as)
GA, NC, SC, VA, MD, + part of NY. Served as a prop of kingly authority
"fighting quaker"
General Nathaniel Greene
"old fox"
George Washington
Farewell Address
George Washington's address at the end of his presidency warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations- did not oppose alliances but believed they should be temporary in times of extraordinary circumstance
Fletcher v. Peck summary
Georgia state legislature cancelled shady grant of 35mil acres to private speculators which previous legislature granted. Supreme court reversed decision because constitution forbids impairing contracts
Martin Luther
German Friar who nailed protests against catholic doctrines to the door of Wittenberg cathedral- split Christianity into that and Protestantism
Baron Von Steuben
German who trained the colonial army after defeat at Pittsburgh to Howe
Sir Walter Raleigh
Gilbert's half-brother who landed at Roanoke Island (1585) but colony vanished
1677
Gorges heirs sell Maine to Massachusetts Bay Colony
1635
Hartford founded
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Harvard, one of most popular poets in America, adopted less cultured masses, first american to be enshrined in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey
Spot Resolutions
Abraham Lincoln's measures questioning James K Polk's justification for war with Mexico. Requested that Polk clarify precisely where Mexican troops attacked American troops
"173 despots would surely be as oppressive as one"
Thomas Jefferson
1603-1625
Time period where King James I was head of church and state
Sugar v.s. Tobacco
Tobacco= poor mans crop, sugar= rich mans crop9 foundation of W. Indian Econ.
Treaty of Wanghia
Treaty between US and China, secured "most favored nation" status- gave US any and all trading terms given to other countries by China, "extraterritoriality"- provided for the trying of Americans accused of crimes in China in American courts before American judges
1st state supported university
UNC
Compromise on Maine Issue
US kept 7000 of the 12000 square miles of disputed land, British got 5000 and their road, Caroline dispute was resolved, and a bonus to the US was 6,500 square miles further west in Minnesota containing priceless iron ore deposits
Charles Francis Adams
US minister to Britain, made it clear that if British Union raiders continued to be built, it would create a precedent that one day would be used against them, and would start a war
"Virginia Dynasty"
US president had been a Virginian for all but 4 years in the US during the first 1/4 of the country
Caroline
US ship carrying supplies to Canada to aid them in their uprising, Canadian loyalists set fire to the ship, started diplomatic row between US and Canada
Examples of US nationalism in the arts
US written textbooks, US inspired paintings, North American Review magazine
Peninsula Campaign (+what would have happened if result was opposite)
Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, even if he had won, the Confederacy would have set up somewhere else and slavery wouldn't have been effected
John C Calhoun
VP candidate for both Adams and Jackson in election of 1824
John Tyler of Virginia
VP runningmate with William Henry Harrison (when he won)
14th state
Vermont
Nat Turners Rebellion
Virginia slave revolt, killed 60 whites (mostly women and children) but was ultimately suppressed. raised fear among Southerners of future uprisings
after the war began, ____________ who originally voted down secession, seceded (4)
Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina
Lincoln pocket vetoed _______ by refusing to sign it
Wade-Davis Bill
Massasoit
Wampanoag cheiftan who signed treaty with pilgrims (1621) and helped celebrate first thanksgiving
Liberia
West African settlement intended as a heaven for emancipated slaves
Zachary Taylor
Whig Candidate in 1848, never held civil office,
John Tyler
William Henry Harrison's Vice President who took over after he died
1620
Year that pilgrims landed at Plymouth Bay
John Tyler was a part of
a minority wing of whigs that supported Jacksonian states righters, put on bill to attract those voters
how to amend Constitution
a new constitutional convention requested by 2/3 of states or a vote of 2/3 in both houses of congress
caravel
a ship that could sail more closely into the wind developed by the Portuguese
Mayflower Compact
a simple agreement signed aboard the mayflower forming a majoritarian government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon
Regulator Movement
a small violent uprising against the eastern domination of North Carolina's affairs
Canadian Shield
a zone undergirded by ancient rock, probably the first part of north America to have emerged above sea level
Revolutions in South America forced Spain to
abandon Florida and send troops to help, Indians and Slaves took over
Grounds for divorce in New England
abandonment and adultery
Iroquois biggest strength in French and Indian war
ability to play the EU powers against eachother
American Anti-Slavery Society
abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, advocated immediate emancipation
moderate republicans' thoughts on confederate states and readmission into the union
agreed with Lincoln, seceded states should be restored to the union as quickly as possible
Convention of 1800
agreement to formally dissolve US treaty with France originally signed during the Revolutionary War
three-sister farming
agricultural system employed by North Americans (maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize the yield)
three major fields of work
agriculture, fishing, trading and shipping
Andrew Jackson's comisson allowed him/didnt allow him to do what
allowed him to get rid of indians, didn't allow him to seize land and set up shop
conservatives were eager to
amend Articles of Confederation
Wilmot Provisio
amendment that said slavery should never exist in any territory taken from Mexico, never made it to the Senate, eventually endorsed by all but one of the free state legislatures
Louisiana Purchase/ who negoitated it
america's purchase of Louisiana and lots of western land to avoid war with France ($.03/acre)(15 mil in total) negotiated by Monroe
Hudson River School
american artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes
economic drawbacks from the revolution
american ships were banned from Britain and British West Indies harbors, fisheries were disrupted, bounties for ships stores ended
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
an agreement that divided the land of the new world between Spain and Portugal- more went to Spain but Portugal received territory in Africa and Asia as well
House of Burgesses
an assembly formed by settlers authorized by the Virginia Company
Principle of strategic patience is based on
an assessment of American strengths and weaknesses
capitalism
an economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade and open and accessible markets. The discovery of bullion deposits in the Americas helped Europe transition to capitalism
John Tyler as one of his last acts as president did what
annexed Texas
George Whitefield
another starter of Glorious Revolution, preached about human helplessness and divine omnipotence- known for eloquent voice
democratic platform 1856
anti- popular sovereignty
republican platform 1856
anti-slavery
Free Soil Party
anti-slavery party in 1848 and 1852 elections, aroused by silence from democrats and whigs on issue of slavery, advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers
The Impending crisis of the South
antislavery book by Hinton R. Helper
The Liberator
antislavery newspaper in Boston, called for immediate emancipation of slaves
political tactic to gain irish support
assailed britain
Jeffersonian assailments during 1796 election (Jefferson v.s John Adams)
assailed too forceful crushing of whiskey rebellion and Jay's Treaty
Antinomianism
assertion that holy life was not sure sign of salvation- the elect need not to obey the laws of god or man
where Stonewall Jackson gained his name and why
at the Battle of Bull Run because his troops stood like a stone wall and when reinforcements came, the Union army retreated
Yamasee Indians
attacked South Carolina, defeated and dispersed by South Carolinans
Michael Wigglesworth
author of poem "day of doom"
Land Act 1820
authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres for $1.25/acre
National Banking System
authorized by congress, financial landmark of the war, launched to stimulate sale of government bonds to establish currency
"Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass"
autobiography of escaped slave and abolitionist
Southern hunger issue caused by
bad southern transportation system and Northerners
Why was New England less ethnically diverse?
bad weather, no broad fertile expanses, crops didn't do well, and there was no need for slaves
Southerners were mad at north pertaing to cotton industry
because the south grew it, and the north reaped the huge profits from it (trading transport etc)
Ralph Waldo Emerson
best known of transcendentalist movement, poet and philosopher, outspoken critic of slavery
Almshouses
charitable house for poor people
Wests demands in government
cheap acreage, cheap transportation, cheap money(issued by wildcat banks)
Blurring of elect v.s non-elect
church opened its doors to all which made identifying the elect very difficult
bedrock of republican government=
civic virtue
Second Battle of Bull Run
civil war battle that ended in decisive victory for Robert E. Lee, motivated him to push North into Maryland
Bleeding Kansas
civil war in Kansas over the issue of slavery, fought until 1861 when it merged with the nationwide civil war
John Browns actions in Kansas caused
civil war to erupt in Kansas only to merge with the large-scale united states civil war in 1861
Hessians
colonial name for german soldiers hired by George III to aid the British in fighting US
Royal Colonies
colonies where governors were appointed directly by the king
"bloody backs"
colonists taunted by red coats
Loyalists "tories"
colonists who opposed the revolution and maintained loyalty to king- 16% of population
Patriots "whigs"
colonists who supported the american revolution- fought loyalists
Under AOC Congress could not
command/coerce/control, act directly upon individual citizens of a sovereign state, or protect itself from indignities
General Winfield Scott
commanded main expedition to Mexico City, succeeded in one of most brilliant military campaigns in US history
General William Howe
commander at bunker hill, deceived thoughts of his traveling up Hudson r. to meet Burgoyne's troops, instead attacked Pittsburgh and took over and waited for Burgoyne
Colonel W.B. Travis
commander of Texans
Thomas Macdonaugh
commander of weak US fleet on Lake Champlain, fought BR supply boats- was going to lose but turned his boat around with cables and fought with new broadside- saved upper NY, NE and the Union
Lucy Stone
contributor to feminist movement, kept maiden name after marriage
Agriculture in South post war
crippled, no cotton in the fields, slave labor collapsed, seed and livestock were scarce
mountain whites played significant role in
crippling the confederacy
Value of the Ohio Country
critical area for westward pushing British, the ket to North America for the french to link French canada with French mississipps
because of Zenger trial, newspapers were then allowed to print
criticisms of public officials
cult of domesticity
cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the women in charge of the house. Gave them more power inside the home but less outside of it
James K Polk was America's first
dark horse candidate
Quebec Act (1774)
dealt with conquered French in Canada- guaranteed Catholicism, retention of customs and institutions and extended their boundaries to the Ohio River- pissed off colonists because of religion and land
Fredericksburg
decisive victory for Robert E. Lee, successfully repelled union attack in Virginia
Lincoln's actions in Maryland because he was afraid they were going to secede
declared martial law and sent in troops
"cajuns"
descendants of French Acadians in Louisiana
Samuel Swartmout
despite warnings of untrustworthiness, was awarded post of collector of customs for port of NY, 9 years later left for london with accounts $1 million short
plantation culture= wasteful because
despoiled the earth
Francis Scott Key
detained American on British ship watching US resist British at Fort Henry- inspired him to write "The Star Spangled Banner"
"submission men"
determined minority of the unionists who blocked the nullies from nullifying the exposition
Southern advantage at the beginning of the war (kind of throughout the war)
did not have to attack, and did not have to win the war- just had to end in a draw to win their independence
effect of Commonwealth v Hunt
did not legalize strike or unions, step in the right direction
George Washington's thoughts on French American Treaty during reign of terror
did not want to enter into conflict, thought the US was too weak to fight
14th amendment intentions with black suffrage
didn't intend on giving them the right to vote, intended to give blacks the same status as women
Zachary Taylor on slavery issue
didn't publicly take a stance on the issue although he owned a sugar plantation with many slaves
Virginia trade off pertaining to funding at par
didn't want government to pay off states debts, but also wanted D.C. located in their land
XYZ Affair
diplomatic conflict because of french mad at jays treaty between France and United States when US envoys were asked to pay $250,000 just to talk to French Foreign Minister- sent wave of war hysteria through the US
Andrew Johnson's reconstruction proclamation
disfranchised leading confederates, called for special state conventions, if complied with all of the restrictions, then the state would be let back in the union
Reconstruction Act
divided South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a union general, disfranchised former confederates, required ratification of the 14th amendment and granting former slaves full suffrage to re-enter the union
Old Northwest land division tactics
divided into townships 6 square miles each to be split into 36 single square mile sections with #16 sold to benefit public schools
"Appeal to the colored Citizens of the World"
document that advocated a bloody end to the white supremacy
sharp rise of US manufacturing in the early 1800's
embargo during the war of 1812
Valley Forge
encampment where colonial soldiers went without necessary supplies especially clothes and shoes- hundreds died
4 huge events in 1763
end of french and indian war, end of salutary neglect, pontiacs rebellion, proclimation line of 1763
embargo of Britain=
end of neutrality and final step towards war
Effect of Merrimack and Monitor
end of wooden warships
Sir Humphrey Gilbert
englishman who first attempted colonization @ Newfoundland but died at sea
a restored south stronger in national politics could un-do
everything that the north built during the war
Alexander Stephens
ex vice President of confederacy, worst of all confederates at post war congress, still under indictment for teason
"land butchery"
excessive cultivation
Only substantial prop of Hamiltonian system that Jefferson got rid of
excise tax
President Taylor encouraged California to draft a constitution that
excluded slavery and apply to congress for admission
Roger B Taney ruled that the "rights of the community" outweighed
exclusive corporate rights- opened entrepreneurial channels and encouraged competition
Society of the Cincinnati
exclusive hereditary organization of former officers in the continental army- outsiders resented its pretentiousness
Battle of Bull Run
first major battle of civil war, victory for the South, changed Northerners minds about a swift and easy victory
after the Revo war, British manufacturers did what? what did this turn into for american industries?
flooded market with cut-rate goods,created ruthless competition for American Industries
Chesapeake Crops
flooded with tobacco at first(not food)- ruined soil
George Rogers Clark
frontiersman who traveled down the Ohio River and attacked British forts along the way- captured 3
1639
fundamental orders
Breaking point in Kansas controversy
gang of proslavery raiders shot up and burned the free-soil town of lawrence
Freedom dues
given to indentured servants- ax, hoe, corn, clothes, small parcel of land (sometimes)
1688-89
glorious revolution
Cuba (why and info about attempts to seize)
good piece of land, several pirate expeditions came up empty and last one ended with 50 americans dying
presidential powers with war
had the power to wage war but not the power to declare it
uncle toms cabin(anti slavery) written by
harriet beecher stowe
Lincoln was a minority and sectional president because
he only got 40% of all votes, he was not even on the ballot in 10 states
James Buchanan elected as Democrat candidate in 1856 becasue
he served as a minister to London during the Kansas issue so his was not on either side of the battle
most impressive by-product of war of 1812
heightened sense of nationalism
Secretary of State position in 1800's
held with high regard, almost certain pathway to presidency
Pacific Railroad Act
helped fund construction of Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with land grants and government bonds
"Hessian flies"
hessians seduced by colonial opportunity deserted to become citizens of US
"fit of absentmindedness"
how britains empire was secured
Battle of New Orleans
huge victory for US forces- killed/wounded 2,000 because British stupidly launched frontal assault, restored confidence and fueled nationalism (final battle of war of 1812)
Runaway inflation post revolutionary war (average citizen was...)
huge, average citizen was better off before the war than after
"virtual representation"
idea enforced by Grenville, every member of parliament represented all British subjects, even Americans who had never voted
"judicial review"
idea that Supreme Court alone had the last word on the question of constitutionality
compact theory (+used where)
idea that federal government had a compact with the states and since the states created the federal govenment, the individual states were the final judges whether their creation had broken the compact by overstepping the authority originally granted- used in Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's resultions
effect of 7 Years war(idea)
idea that the colonists were powerful and didn't need to be restrained by the British
Jeffersonian's future fears after Sedition act
if Federalists could take away free speech, they could take away much more
Russia's reasons to give up Alaska
if another war with Britain, it would most-likely be lost, and it was a growing economic liability
rich rationale promoting public schools
if they did not educate the "brats" then they might grow up to be ignorant and dangerous armed with voting power
Buckskins
ill-disciplines colonial militiamen
committees of correspondence
in Boston, organizations with chief purpose to spread spirit of resistance and keep opposition to British policy alive
Frederick the Great
in Germany, he repelled French, Spanish and Russian forces during EU 7 years war. London couldn't give him troops so they compensated him with gold.
Tecumseh and the prophet (urged what)
indian brothers who started to unify a confederation made up of all tribes East of the Mississippi river- urged supporters never to cede lands unless all indians agreed
intertribal unity
indians only hope for resisting english- a pan-indian alliance against the spreading english settlements
Tobacco Labor Chesapeake
indians= unavailable, slaves= expensive and risky, answer=indentured servants
California Gold Rush
inflow of thousands of miners to Northern California after news reports of discovery of gold at sutter's mill
Cambridge
intellectual center of England's protestantism
Lincoln and Johnson's intentions with black suffrage
intended to implement it gradually, only to those capable of knowing what they were doing
Minister Charles Francis Adams said that if the Laird rams were released, then
it would be war with the Union
President Buchanan was blamed for not ________ but he couldn't find anything in___________.
keeping the secessionists in the union, the constitution to stop them
Battle of Buena Vista
key american victory against Mexican forces- elevated Z Taylor to national prominence and helped secure his election success
Fort Henry and Donelson
key victory for Union General Ulysses S. Grant, secured North's hold on Kentucky and allowed for attacks in Tennessee and Georgia
Thomas Cole and Asher Durand
leading lights at Hudson River School
Cherokees of Georgia made efforts to
learn the ways of the whites: adopted system of settled agriculture and notion of private property, schools opened, alphabet devised, Cherokee National Council created, and wrote own legal code
William Tecumseh Sherman
led Georgia conquest, captured and burned Atlanta, led sherman's march, pioneer in total war
Andrew Jackson
led force at Battle of New Orleans
George G. Meade
led union at Battle of Gettysburg
limited liability
legal principal that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors who, in cases of legal claims of bankruptcy cannot be held responsible for more than the value of their individual shares
new constitution provided for (what in exec. branch)
legally restrained executive in presidency
Southern scheme to get blacks to abandon the polls
literacy test unfairly administered by whites to the advantage of the illiterate whites
clipper ships
long and fast sail powered US ships, took over trade because of record speed- made obselete by iron steamers
consequences of erie canal
long established market structures were swamped
Anti-Masonic party appealed to
long-standing suspicions of secret societies, anti-jacksonians, attracted support from protestant groups
Lordly planters after Bacon's Rebellion
looked to Africa for less troublesome workers
Industrialists attracted to free soil party because
mad at Polk's reduction of protective tariffs
Charles II (colonial defiance)
mad at mass. bay- gave connecticut sea-to-sea charter(legalized squatter settlements), gave Rhode Island new charter that allowed for most religiously tolerant government, and revoked the mass. bay's royal charter
east's specialized type of economic activity
made machines and textiles for south and west
why losing at Bull Run was good for the North
made them aware that they would have to work to win, motivation
Godey's Lady's Book
magazine devoured by women
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
measure enacted by Virginia Legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of religion. Model for religious clause of the first amendment
pillars of New England town
meetinghouse, houses, central green and schoolhouse
spoils system scandal
men who openly bought posts with campaign contributions were appointed to high office
South's attempt at peace
met with Lincoln aboard a union ship, North would accept nothing less than Union and emancipation and South accepted nothing less than independence- no agreement reached
"witch hunting"
metaphor for the urge to scapegoat for social resentments
key compromise in constitution
methods of electing president indirectly by electoral college
new lights
ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition during the Great Awakening
shaky american hold on Oregon territory was strengthened by US
missionaries and settlers
battle where 1/3 of hessians turned to "flies"
monmouth, NJ
Amount of slaves in North America 3 centures after Columbus
more than 7 million- majority went to Spanish and Portuguese South America- only 400,000 went to North America
Federalist no. 10 + major claim
most famous essay in The Federalist by James Madison, claimed it was impossible to extend republican government over such a large territory
Copperheads
named after poisonous snake that strikes without warning, openly obstructed the war through attacks against: the draft, Lincoln and especially against emancipation
Incas
native tribe to Peru
James Monroe and Robert Livingston
negotiators in Paris for Louisiana, given 10 mil for LA
Squatters
newcomers without legal right to land- raised tobacco on small farms without need for slaves
popular entertainment in West
no holds barred wresstling
Roanoke Island
off coast of Virginia- colony that settled there never succeeded and vanished
"dead dogs"
old preachers who gave long and uninteresting sermons
best feature of Colonial social ladder
openness- the ability to climb the ranks without restriction
Whig party created by (general group) because...
opponents of jackson, because of the bank removal
Mercantilism benefits in the colonies
paid liberal bounties to colonial producers over competition, tobacco=monopolized in BR market, protection from BR navy and army
John J Audobon
painted wildfoul in natural habitat, Audobon Society for protection of Birds named after him
George Caitlin
painter and student of native American life, watched a tribe slaughter a buffalo for the tongue to trade for whiskey- feared preservation and proposed the creation of a national park
Greenbacks
paper currency issued by union treasury during civil war, supported by gold value, determined by nations credit-fluctuated
all confederate leaders were _______ in 1868
pardoned
molasses act
parliment tax on mollasses- an attempt to end trade between North America and French West Indies
Andrew Jackson
part of the regulator movement, eventually joined the american revolutionists
William H. Seward
part of young guard, Northerner spokesman who argued against concession, appealed to an "even higher law" than the constitution
Judiciary act 1801
passed at end of J. Adams's reign and federalist congress' time- created 16 new judgeships that ensured the federalist's hold on Judicial Branch
personal liberty laws
passed by Northern States which denied local jails to federal officials and hampered enforcement
embargo act embodied TJ's idea of
peaceful coercion
why was the molasses act ineffective
people bribed and smuggled around it
Middlemen
people who operate in between the producer and the seller, collecting a tax on every item (muslims- forced countries to find water routes)
Anglo- American Convention
permitted americans to share Newfoundland fisheries with Canada- fixed Northern Limits of Louisiana along 49th parallel, provided for 10 year joint operation in Oregon Country
Methodists and baptists stressed
personal conversion, and relatively democratic control of church affairs and emotionalism
Writ of Habeas Corpus
petition requiring law enforcement officers to prevent detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of their arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. suspended by Lincoln during civil war
new industry discovered in North during civil war
petroleum oil industry in Pennsylvania
areas where loyalism was strongest
places with established anglican church
Henry Clay at congressional forum
played crucial role, proposed and defended series of compromises urging that North and South both make concessions and North partially yield by enacting a new and better Fugitive Slave law
Benjamin Franklin
played major role in est. U Penn, famous politician, diplomat, inventor and president
General Benedict Arnold becomes a traitor
plotted with BR to sell key stronghold of West Point(commanded H river) but the plot was detected and he fled with the British
Fort Duquesne
point where Monongahela and Allegheny rivers join to form ohio river
british hands off policies
policies in pennsylvania, british allowed citizens to create and run their own governments, run their own churches, and conduct intercolonial trade
Spoils System
policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at a federal level by Andrew Jackson, helped cement loyalty in the emerging 2 party system
Hamilton wanted a national bank as a (that would)
private institution with government as a main shareholder that would print desperately needed paper money
Southern education (rich)
private tutors because schools were not great
turnpike (+purpose)
privately funded, toll based public road, built to facilitat commerce
privateers
privately owned armed ships (legalized pirates) authorized by congress to attack British shipping
Andrew Jackson's response to nullification (privately and publicly)
privately threatened to invade South Carolina and have nullifiers hanged.. publicly he dispatched naval and military reinforcements while quietly preparing a sizable army, issued proclamation against nullification
Pet Banks
pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle Bank of United States
Burr arrested and tried for treason but Marshall said there had to be
proof of overt acts to commit treason so Burr was acquitted and fled to France to urge Britain and France to wage war against america
"American Slavery as it is"
propaganda pamphlet by Weld, one of the most effective abolitionist tracts
Burr incident taught US that land expanses needed to be
properly governed
The New Jersey Plan
provided equal representation in a unicameral congress by states, regardless of size and population
General A E Burnside
replaced McClellan as leader of Potomac, launched attack on Lee at Fredericksburg
second continental congress
representations from all 13 colonies met in PA in 1775, drafted declaration of independence and managed colonial war effort- selected George Washington to head the colonial army
Captain John C Frémont
republican candidate, explorer-soldier-surveyor, almost no political experience but chosen because he had no involvement in the Kansas Issue
Jefferson= victim of "whispering campaign" accused of
robbing widow and her trust fund and fathered mulatto children with one of his slaves
slave life in the south
severe climate, hard work (hell where slaves perished)
What advanced economic stability of Southern women?
since men died very young, women were allowed to inherit their husbands land
Specie circular effect
slammed brakes on speculation boom and contributed to financial panic and crash of 1837
US was down to annex texas but ____issue held US back
slavery
undesirable byproducts of over rapid urbanization
smelly slums, bad street lighting, inadequate policy making, impure water, foul sewage, rats and improper garbage disposal
famous Ben Franklin comic
snake in 13 pieces, "join or die"
five civilized tribes sided with the confederacy because (2)
some owned slaves and they had a loyalty agreement with the confederates
Bartolomé de Las Casas
spanish missionary who was appaled by the encomedia system
Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix
superintendent of nurses for union army, helped transform nursing to a respected profession
war democrats
supported Lincoln administration
Jeffersonian Foreign Policy
supported french and priorities- strengthen democracy at home
Walker Tariff
tariff for revenue bill that reduced Tariff of 1842 of 32% to 25%, very successful and boosted trade
Stephen A Douglas tried to repeal
the Missouri Compromise
abolitionists assailed the mexican conflict as one provoked by
the Southern Slavocracy
New England towns with 50+ families required
to provide elementary education
triangular trade
trade between North America, Africa, and the West Indies,, rum= america to africa, slaves= africa to west indies, molasses= west indies to america
American shippers during the 7 years war
traded with Spanish and French West indies (using fake papers) kept them from starving when Britain was trying to kill them. during the final year of warBritish authorities forbade exportation from NE and middle colonies
US Sanitary Comission (+helped do what)
trained nurses, collected medical supplies and equipped hospitals to assist the union armies in the field. helped professionalize nursing and propelled the women's movement after the war
Regulars
trained professional Soldiers
Assumption
transferring of debts from one party to another, Hamilton Pushed for federal government to assume state revolutionary war debts which would link states tightly to federal government and shift attachment of wealthy creditors from the states to the federal government therefore strengthening the federal government
"circuit riders"
traveling frontier preachers
sharp demise of US manufacturing in early 1800's
treaty of Ghent- British unloaded goods for cheap
American peace society
wanted to declare war on war
Political reason for George Washington's retirement
wanted to establish a two term tradition for US presidents
principal means of transportation in the south
waterways
Noche Triste definition
when the Spanish got too comfortable with the Aztecs hospitality and the Aztecs attacked, driving the Spanish away only for them to come back and force the Aztecs to surrender
camp followers
women who accompanied american armies n return for money and rations
"constitutions" drafted by colonists
written documents that defined the powers of government- drew authority from the people
Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky(Jefferson) resolutions
written in secret due to fear of oppressive government post-sedition acts. stressed compact theory, and passed by Kentucky and Virginia legislatures respectively
Louisa May Alcott
wrote Little Women
The inaugural Brawl
Inauguration of Andrew Jackson opened the White House to the public for the first time- people surged in wrecking shit and threatened Jackson with cracked ribs- rumors of spiked punch on the lawn got every one to leave
Powhatan
Indian chief, father of Pocahontas, wanted to execute John Smith
British desires at Ghent
Indian state in Great lakes region, control of great lakes, and a large portion of maine
Bacon's rebellion
Indians attacked frontier settlements and Berkeley did nothing about it, Bacon led group that fell upon indians and chased berkeley out of jamestown- described as a "rabble of the basest people"
Reasons why US entered war of 1812 that were not addressed in Ghent
Indians, Orders in Council, Impressment
Admiral de Grasse
Informed Washington about Cornwallis at Yorktown and helped in the victory there
Cyrus McCormick
Invented the McCormick Reaper
less irish lived in ___ than in ____ during the _____
Ireland, America, black forties
Marco Polo
Italian adventurer who made europeans want to find a cheaper route to the east through stories of china and its riches
Indian Removal Act
Jackson driven,passed by congress- ordered the removal of Indian tribes residing East of the Mississippi River to newly established Indian territory West of Arkansas and Missouri
"Old Buck"
James Buchanan
"father of the constitution"
James Madison
Southern Democrat candidate and platform 1860
John C Breckenridge, extension of slavery and annexation of Cuba
James Monroe
Last of Virginia Dynasty
New Amsterdam
Later NYC- company town, run by and for Dutch West India Company in interests of stockholders- no religious toleration, free speech or democratic practices
subject emphasis in schools
Latin, religion, Greek
What happened when Britain's cotton stores ran out (what Lincoln did)
Lincoln announced his emancipation proclamation which made British factory workers not want to defend slave owners of the south
Attack at Fort Sumter caused what actions to be taken in the north
Lincoln issued call for 75,000 militiamen and he proclaimed a blockade of Southern separatists
Thoreau inspired
Mahatma Gandhi to resist British rule, and Martin Luther King Junior's nonviolence thinking
William phips
Massachusetts governor, one of 27 kids
"spitting lion"
Matthew Lyon
Jamestown
May 24,1607 where Virginia Co.'s ships first landed-several died from shipwreck @ Bermuda or disease/hunger because too busy looking for gold
Pilgrims landing in america
Mayflower missed its destination and landed in Plymouth Bay in 1620-outside domain of Virginia Company so they became squatters without legal rights to land
Santa Anna
Mexican dictator, put Austin in jail when he went to Mexico to work out differences, later wiped out local right to Texans and raised army to suppress Texans
Maine was admitted to Union at the time of the ______, which balanced the_____ and the _______.
Missouri compromise, slave-states, non-slave-states
Joseph Brant
Mohawk cheif that urged tribes to side with British in hope of land protection upon British victory
William Pitt's first and second targets
Montreal then Quebec
King Georges War
NA theater of Europes war of Austrian succession. Br v.s Fr and Sp. BR won and captured Louisberg but negotiators in the old world gave it back= growing resentment
states that did not ratify new constitution
NY, RI, VA and NC
Jeremiad
Named after doomsayer in 1st testament, new form of puritan sermon scolding parishioners for their waning piety(lack of religious commitment)
"little corporal"
Napoleon Bonaparte- dictator of France at time of convention of 1800- wanted to make peace with US so he could focus on EU domination
two republican political parties/ which presidents ideals represented each
National republicans (adams), and Democratic Republicans (Jackson)
Aztecs
Native tribe to Mexico
Stephen A. Douglas attempted to split
Nebraska into Kansas and Nebraska and offer popular sovereignty to the states
least ethnic diversity
New England
Embargo Act effect on US
New England Harbors died, Southern and Western planters had no commerce, TJ seemed to be waging a war on the US not other nations
areas where loyalism was weakest
New England because of self government was strong and mercantilism was weak
"Blue light federalists"
New Englanders who flashed lanterns on shore so blockading British ships could be alerted to attempted escape of US ships during war of 1812
___________shocked moderates and drove them to become abolitionists
New Fugitive Slave Law
tea revolts
New York and Pennsylvana, forced tea ships to return to England with a full load
after BR was kicked out of boston focused on____. Sent
New York, sent 35,000 men and 500+ ships
Aaron Burr
New Yorker (Thomas Jefferson's VP) who helped Jefferson win in NY which ultimately won him the election
most dangerous group to the union
Northern Democrats
Harper's Ferry raised southern fears of
Northern Extremism
Panic of 1857 hit _____ hardest, _______ was fine because__________.
Northern Grain growers, Southern cotton, of favorable prices abroad
Popular sovereignty opposed by (because)
Northern abolitionists who feared it would spread slavery
Issues with Democrat nomination election of 1860
Northern and Southern democrats could not agree on a candidate, southern walked out of first one, and barely any showed up to second one.. Southerners held their own convention later
Fugitive Slave law bad for Southerners because
Northerners would not execute the law
Pontiac
Ottawa cheif, led several tribes and French traders to take Ohio country
Germans settled in _____ in US. What fraction of pop?
Pennsylvania, 1/3
zenger trial
Peter Zenger's newspaper printed about a corrupt royal governor and was sued for seditious libel. Although the judge told the jury to vote guilty, they found the paper innocent thus starting the movement of freedom of the press
1691
Plymouth merges with Massachusetts Bay Colony/ new england arbitrarily made a royal colony after glorious revolution
Robert J Walker
Polk's secretary of Treasury-devised Tariff for revenue bill
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese seaman who reached India and brought back jewels and spices
Oliver Cromwell
Puritan who beheaded Charles I after he diminished parliment for 11 years- ruled for almost a decade after
Moses Brown
Quaker Capitalist from Rhode Island, backed Slater in building the thread spinner
"self reliance"
RWE's essay, reflected the spirit of individualism pervasive in American culture
"The American Scholar"
Ralph Waldo Emerson's thrilling address, an intellectual Declaration of Independence that urged american writers to throw off European traditions and look at america to make new ones
Trenton
Response to Battle of Long Island, G.W and troops crossed Delaware river morning after xmas and captured 1,000 Hessians, one week later defeated small british detachment at Princeton
state absent at Constitutional Convention
Rhode Island
1644
Rhode Island receives charter from parliment
Thomas J (Stonewall) Jackson
Robert E Lee's chief lieutenant
Clermont
Robert Fulton's steamship
Roger Williams
Salem minister, extreme separatist, wanted to break off from the church of England, challenged Bay Colony's charter because they did not compensate the natives for the land, denied authority of government to regulate religious behavior, banished and fled to Rhode Island with help from indians and formed Baptist Church
Majority in Chesapeake (people)
Single landless men- outnumbered women 6 to 1 then later 3 to 2
1623
Sir Fernando Gorges attempts to colonize Maine
1863
Slavery abolished in Americas
Gibbons v. Odgen effect
Supreme Court ruled that congress had the sole power to regulate state commerce
Goliad
Texas outpost where Americans surrendered and were massacred as "pirates" by mexican forces- fueled US support for Texas Independence
Macon's Bill #2 admitted US need for one of the two countries as
a commmercail ally- bad position
"Long tom"
Thomas Jefferson
Russo-American Treaty
Tsar of Russia decided to retreat US from attacking California before Monroe Doctrine released, fixed Russia boarder at southern tip of Alaska
General Nathaniel Greene
US gen, used strategy of delay in Carolina conflict- stood and retreated several times to exhaust his opponents. Won at Kings Mtn and Cowpens, and succeeded in clearing most of British from Georgia and South Carolina
Monitor
Union ship built to counteract the Merrimack, fought to a standstill
2 united nations that emerged from the civil war
United United States and United Canada
Millard Fillmore
Vice President to Taylor, took reigns when Taylor suddenly died, signed series of compromise measures that passed congress after 7 months of debate
1st US writers of importance to use US scenes and themes
Washington Irving and James Fennimore Cooper
Winfield Scott
Whig candidate in 1852, picked following trend of Whig military candidates, ablest general of his generation, repelled the masses-ppl hated him
Burr and followers floated down Mississippi to meet Wilkinson at Natchez but
Wilkinson found out TJ knew of plot and fled, which ended with Burr being arrested for treason
election of 1840, whigs learned from their last election and picked one candidate_____ because______(2)
William Henry Harrison, he was enemyless, and a great vote getter
"organizer of victory"
William Pitt
"Great Commoner"
William Pitt nickname
"America was conquered in Germany"
William Pitt quote
secretary of state ___________ purchased Alaska for _______
William Seward, 7.2 million
"sherminizing" the war (+proof of success)
William Tecumseh Sherman's total war tactics of destroying everything in sight to lower opponents morale- successful because number of confederate distensions rose after that
Cahokia
a Mississippian settlement near St. Louis. Home to the Anasazi tribe
The Federalist
a book containing John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madisons essays originally published in New York Newspapers that were the most penetrating commentary ever written on the constitution
British anti-expansionists realized that the Columbia River was not that valuable and that they would lose the fight so they proposed
a compromise line on the 49th parallel which they had originally rejected
The south threatening secession and announcing a meeting in 1850 brought about
a congressional forum with the most distinguished of statesmen since the congressional constitution
First Continental Congress(1774)
a convention in Philadelphia of delegates from 12 of 13 states- crafted a response to the intolerable acts, and established the association
Chinese signed the Treaty of Wanghia with America because they wanted
a counterweight for British traders
Southerners proclaimed that the election of a sectional "black republican" (Frémont) would be
a declaration of war on them forcing them to secede
Second Great Awakening brought about
a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations competed for members, churches reorganized and new ones were created
Clay pushed which two bills through and tried to force Tyler to sign them (+result)
a law ending the independent treasury system=passed, a bill for a "fiscal bank" to establish a new bank of the US=vetoed
reformers tackling criminal codes got rid of
a number of capital offenses and brutal punishments
Bartholomeu Dias
a portuguese seaman who rounded the tip of africa (1488)
white northerners liked blacks as___ but despised ____
a race, individuals
Stephen A Douglas did not care which way the Kansas-Nebraska issue went, he just wanted
a railroad- pissed Northerners off
Revolution of 1800 represented (+ showed)
a return to the "original spirit of the revolution" and showed that a change of regime was not disastrous for the defeated group
Lincoln thought he was going to lose the election until
a series of Northern victories occurred, so he furloughed soldiers to go home and vote
Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts
abolitionist, one of most disliked men in the senate, delivered speech condemning proslaveryites and South Carolina
passage of 13th, 14th and 15th amendments delighted ________ but disappointed _________
abolitionists, supporters of women's rights
Number of Presidents of S-I descent
about 12
New Hampshire
absorbed in 1641 by Massachusetts Bay Colony under strained interpretation of Massachusetts Charter- king was annoyed with this greed and separated New Hampshire and made it a royal colony
valuable precedent for expansion established in Louisiana Purchase
acquisition of foreign lands into the union with equal membership instead of state control
Alien Laws
acts passed by Federalist Congress raising residency requirement for citizenship to 14 years and granted president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace
US motive to attack canada
add 14th colony, and take away a major strike base from the British- (it would put them on the offensive)
Compromise of 1850
admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade in Washington D.C., introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law- opposed in both North and South- did little to settle dispute over slavery
Declaration of the Rights of Man
adopted during French Revolution, modeled after US Declaration of Independence
Noah Webster
advanced education by improving textbooks, his reading lessons used by millions promoted patriotism, devoted 20 years to famous dictionary which helped standardize American language
why Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico
afraid that Britain was going to try to buy California which could not happen because it violated the Monroe Doctrine
Prince Whipple
african american in washington crossing the delaware
second era of good feelings
after 1850 southern states meeting about secession, and people wanted to make compromises permanent- didnt last long
Doña Maria
aka malinche- a female indian slave who knew mayan and the language of aztec rulers who was picked up by Cortés and helped him
If Thomas Jeffersons plan for Louisiana failed, the US would
align with Britain
Town Elections (Massachusetts Bay Colony)
all male property owners
"declaration of sentiments" declared that
all women and men are created equal
God to Calvinists
all-powerful and all good, he is all knowing and knows who is going to heaven and who is going to hell
"nativist"
americans who disliked the foreigners
effect of Jackson vetoing the recharter bill (for the role of the president)
amplified the power of the presidency- president= senior parter if powers in government were partners
white southerners liked blacks as___ but despised ____
an individual, the race
conversion
an intense, identifiable personal experience in which god revealed to the elect their heavenly destiny- ones who experience conversion known as "visible saints"
encomienda
an technique used on the advanced Indian civilizations of Mexico and Peru. it allowed the government to "give" indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them (slavery)
"established" or tax supported churches
anglican and congregational- most people did not worship at church and only minority of people in state with tax-supported ones practiced at them
Liberty Party
antislavery party that took winning votes away from Henry Clay in 1844 election against annexation of slave states, ironic because the votes they took ensured James K Polk as president and annexation of Texas
Conscience Whigs
antislavery whigs, sought to prevent annexation of texas as a slave state
Georgia governments decision that declared the Cherokee Tribal Council Illegal and to assert own jurisdiction over indian affairs was
appealed by the supreme court
Battle of Yorktown
Cornwallis waited at yorktown for sea borne supplies (at time when Br. were not powerful in the seas), washington received word and attacked by land while Admiral de Grasse attacked from the sea, forced Cornwallis to surrender entire force (7,000)
reason why Britain did not need to enter the war on the South's side (because of need for cotton)
Cotton exports in prewar years were so high that Britain had a surplus and didn't need any from the south
"Divorce Bill"
Martin Van Buren's remedy to panic, thought the cause of it was federal money in private banks so he tried to "divorce" government from the bank altogether by establishing independent treasury thus locking surplus government money in vaults
1630
Massachusetts Bay Colony reaches america and Great English Migration
Brook Farm
Massachusetts brotherly and sisterly cooperation of about 20 people committed to philosophy of transcendentalism- lost new building to a fire and they collapsed in debt
Gadsen Purchase
Mexico- US treaty that ceded US a small patch of land for $10 mil which was used for the railroad to West Coast
Treaty of Greenville
Miami Confederacy agreed to cede lands in the old Northwest in exchange for money, hunting rights in the ceded lands, and sovereign status
John Wesley
Missionary in Georgia who returned to england and started the Methodist Church
first two black senators were from which state
Mississippi
Oneida Community
New York, lasted for over 30 years because of steel traps and silver products produced there, lived all together in single mansion
bread colonies
New york, pennsylvania, and new jersey
Henry Clay
Opposed A. Jackson, did not want to see him win battle in South Carolina so he threw influence behind compromise tariff
French sided with US and US embargoed Britain in anticipation of British lifting_____, but they ____.
Orders of Council, did not
New England Emigrant Aid Company
Organization created to facilitate the migration of abolitionists to Kansas to prevent the establishment of slavery in Kansas
Most Famous Separatists
Pilgrims- fled to holland, but there became sick of "dutchification" so they secured rights to settle in the americas with the Virginia Company (102 on ship)
Talleyrand (Fr. minister) realization about war v. america (post XYZ affair)+ US response
France would lose so they offered US ability to send minister- US accepted because of neutrality
Texas needed protection so they made treaties with
France, Belgium and Holland
Britain's enemies
France, Ireland, Colonies and British people because they didn't want to fund another war
most famous Lincoln-Douglas Debate
Freeport, Illinois
Jesuits
French Catholic missionaries who tried to convert indians and save them from the fur trade
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
French Foreign Minister who was the intended target for US-French diplomatic meeting following Jay's treaty, but diplomats were approached by XY&Z first
Edmond Ganêt
French Representative set out to take advantage of French- US alliance, believed the Neutrality proclamation did not reflect the true wishes of Americans so he embarked on un-neutral activity not authorized by the FR-US alliance and recruited armies to attack Spanish Florida and British Canada- threatened to go over George Washington's head was forced to withdraw from his position.
Acadians
French Residents of Acadia (Nova Scotia) whom the british feared would revolt so they relocated 4000 of them. (reason for french speaking cajuns in L.A)
Edict of Nantes
French crown granted toleration to protestants -ceased religious wars and made france the mightiest nation in Europe
"sword of the revolution"
George Washington
Chairman of constitutional convention
George Washington
only colony not bought by trading companies, land speculators or religious groups
Georgia- founded by BR
Two areas in Phila where GW was defeated by Howe
Germantown and Brandywine
William Henry Harrison
Governor of Indiana who gathered army and destroyed the prophet's attacking force of shawnees
Robert Y Hayne
Governor of South Carolina and former senator, responded to Andrew Jackson's nullification proclamation with a counterproclamation
William Berkeley
Governor of Virginia, pissed about "footloose", monopolized Indian fur trade
Shiloh
Grant= attacked while on his way to capture major Southern railroad junction, attacked on Tennessee-Mississippi border, ended in marginal union victory
Jeffersonian/ Federalist thoughts on neutrality proclimation
Jeffersonians were enraged, Federalists were happy
Marbury v. Madison
Marbury (midnight judge)sued for payment withheld by madison, but Marshall did not agree with madison
Pontiac's Uprising
Pontiac led men and laid siege to Detroit and all but three British outposts West of the Appalachians
Benjamin Franklin achievements
Poor Richards almanac, lightning rod, franklin stove, bifocals, established first privately funded circulating library in PA
Rebellion within chruches (support v.s repel)
Presbyterians and Congregational church supported rebellion but Anglican did not because their money came from king
Scots-irish v.s Germans house building
S-I= floorless shacks hastily built to be used for little time. Ger= sturdy homes and carefully prepared land for farming
"french gamecock"
Marquis de Lafayette
Roger B Taney
Marshall's successor
Whiskey Rebellion
SW Pennsylvania- Whiskey distillers opposed to excise taxes tarred and feathered revenue officers in protest of these laws- George Washington called upon state militias to crush the uprising but pardoned the two culprits
Who brought whiskey distillation to the Appalachians?
Scots-Irish
Why Embargo collapsed
TJ underestimated determination of British and overestimated British and French reliance on US goods- Latin american countries opened their ports for commerce and US ships were often raided
"The Black Tariff"
Tariff of abominations nickname
Canada was an important battleground in war of 1812 because
The British were weakest there
During his inaugural speech, Abraham Lincoln said that there would be no conflict with the south unless
The south provoked
George Washington during 7 years war
appointed by VA governor to go to Ohio country in command of 150 men and secure VA's claim. 1st shots fired 40 miles away from Fort Duquesne and killed Fr leader and they retreated only to come back and force Washington to surrender
process for choosing representatives to represent each state at Constitutional Convention
appointed by state legislatures which were elected by the citizens
George Washington
appointed head of army at second continental congress, lost more battles than won, trusted by the people, served without pay
New England after Glorious revolution
arbitrarily made a royal colony (blow to puritans) voting was now open to all property owners
William Penn at end of life
arrested for treason 3 times, placed in debtors jail and died of stroke
William Henry Harrison
attacked Redcoats retrieving after lost to Perry and beat them at Battle of Thames
pirates of North Africa post Revo War (+what some did for protection)
attacked and enslaved US shippers because they did not have protection from Britain anymore- some forged British papers for protection
methods how planters kept their slaves (2)(illegal)
attacked and killed them as they fled, hung the bodies as a warning to other freedom hopefuls, protested that slavery was lawful until state legislatures and supreme court declared it otherwise
Virginia Co.'s three ships
attacked by Indians at Chesapeake Bay and forced to move to banks of James River (after James I)
Thomas Paine
author of Common Sense
government of new france
autocratic (no elected assemblies or trial by jury)
first generation puritan life expectancy
average= 70 years
why New England was attractive for manufacturing
bad for farming, large popuation=labor and markets, seaports=easy import of raw materials and export of finished product, rivers= water power to turn the cogs of the machines
Northern _____ and ______ stood to lose millions if the south seceded
bankers and Merchants
economic life in South post civil war
banks and businesses closed(runaway inflation) and transportation systems were shit
effects of Specie circular (actually specific things that occurred not just the panic)
banks collapsed, commodity prices went down, sale of public land stopped, customs revenues stopped, and factories closed=unemployment
"wildcat banks"
banks in the West- fought US bank
The Impending Crisis of The South was ____ and _____ in the south
banned, burned
Protestant Reformation (+why did it start)
battle between Catholics and Protestants after King Henry VII broke with church of england
Battle of Long Island
battle for control of New York, British troops forced colonists to retreat across state lines and finally Delaware river where they took all boats so British couldn't cross
peace treaty of Ghent signed 2 weeks before
battle of New Orleans
why did a trade imbalance occur between the colonies and Br? What resulted?
because the colonies produced more goods than Br. could buy, the colonies started to sell to other markets (tobacco to Fr west indies)
loyalists before and after DOI
before- persecution= mild, after-they were regarded as opponents- imprisoned and a few were hanged/ 80,000 loyalists were driven out or fled
South Carolina 4 days after Lincoln was elected president
called a special convention, voted unanimously to leave the Union
over 800,000 immigrants
came to the US and joined union forces during the war
Declaratory Act (1766)
came with repeal of stamp act, reaffirmed parliaments unqualified sovereignty over the colonies
The Impending Crisis of the South was distributed in the North as________ by _________.
campaign literature, republicans
McCormick reaper turned plowmen into ______
capitalists
General Richard Montgomery
captured Montreal and met with Benedict Arnold to take Quebec but failed. he was killed and arnold was injured
Ethan allen and Benedict arnolds force
captured Ticonderoga and Crown point, secured priceless store of gunpowder and artillery for siege of boston
pony express
carried main 2,000 miles between missouri and sacramento, relied on lightweight horseback riders and stations 10 miles apart
new light centers
centers of higher learning (Princeton, Brown, Dartmouth, Rutgers)
Burr's response to Alexander Hamilton's whistle blowing
challenged Hamilton to a duel and killed the brightest Federalist and ultimately the Federalist's party of regaining power
Nicholas P Trist
chief clerk of state department, sent with Winfield Scott to negotiate, recalled by Polk but refused to leave in a 65 page letter, negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Little Turtle
chief of Miami indians- defeated American armies in battle over the Ohio River
disease preventatives in New England
clean water and cool temperatures
Jackson beating Adams for presidency marked
clear shift in political center of gravity from Eastern seaboard toward emerging states over the Appalachians
Boston Port Act
closed Boston Harbor until damages were paid and oder could be ensured- other colonies shipped goods to Boston to help
Spain v.s US post-revolutionary war
closed Mississippi River to US commerce, held important fort-Natchez
New Harmony
communal society established in New Harmony, Indiana By Robert Owen, attracted rat pack of people but fell apart within 2 years due to internal fighting
Shakers
communistic experiment brought to US from BR by Mother Ann Lee, went extinct because of monastic customs that prohibited marriage and sexual relations
German and Irish immigration to the south was discouraged because
competition of slave labor, high cost of fertile land, and European ignorance of cotton growing
With all threats in North America gone, US had ability to
completely disengage with Old world rivalries which supported George Washington's isolationism ideals
romanticism
conceived as reaction to hyper-rational enlightenment, originated in Europe and Britain
strategy that simplified blockading
concentrating on principal ports and dock facilities that could load bales of cotton
nation-states
concentrations of population (Aztecs)
german contributions to american culture
condestoga wagon, kentucky rifle, christmas tree
The Seven Days' Battles
confederate counterattack to the peninsula campaign led by Robert E. Lee, slowly drove union forces back to the sea
Merrimack
confederate ship, restored and covered in iron railroad tracks, renamed THE VIRGINIA, destroyed wooden Union ships, later destroyed by confederacy so that union wouldn't be able to seize and use it
French and Indian War
conflict began in North America with George Washington's Ohio Valley defeat, lasted 2 years but merged with the 7 years war
federal funding attempts for roads
congress gave 1.5 million to states but President Madison vetoed because it was unconstitutional
Tariff of 1832
congress pared away the worst "abominations" of 1828- still protective and fell short of meeting South Carolina's demands
Francisco Pizarro
conqueror who destroyed the Inca empire
pros and cons of Privateers
cons- diverted manpower, pros- brought in gold, harassed BR, raised morale, and pressured parli to end war on honorable terms
the cabinet was not included in the
constitution
Southerners based their argument for a new fugitive slave law on the
constitution, claimed it protected slavery and on the laws of congress which provided for slave chatching
George Washington announced neutrality proclamation without
consulting congress
Olive Branch Petition
continental congress adopted conciliatory measure professing american loyalty and seeking end to hostilities- rejected by George III because of bunker hill
Redcoat presence in US post-revolutionary war
continued to hold chain of trading posts on US soil and maintained fur trade with indians
Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell
contributor to feminist movement, 1st female graduate from medical college
Amelia Bloomer
contributor to feminist movement, revolted against female fashion norms
Daniel Webster and Henry Clay tried to
control William Henry Harrison during presidency but his a snag when he died four weeks in
James Madison (TJ's successor) unable to
control congress or factions within his party
democratic power during Lincoln's presidency
controlled Senate, House, and Supreme court
Constitutional Convention
convention in Philadelphia, called upon by congress to bolster AOC in secret
Congress of Vienna
convention of major EU powers to redraw boundaries of EU after defeat of Napoleonic France- factor that forced Britain to drop demands at Treaty of Ghent
efforts to fix the southern transportation systems were slowed by
corkscrewed railroad ties (sherman)
union effects of The Seven Days' Battles
costly failure, Lincoln temporarily abandoned McClellan as leader of Potomac
britains most important manufacture
cotton cloth
New England on abusive marriages
could and did intervene to restrain abusive spouses
effect of steam boat
could defy wind, wave, tide and downstream current, turned streams into 2 way arteries- doubled carrying capacity
misbehaving servants
could receive extended punishments
why VA yielded and ratified constitution
couldn't continue comfortably as an independent state
why NY yielded and ratified constitution
couldn't prosper apart from the union
three-fifths compromise
counted slaves as 3/5 of a person for election purposes
Samuel Adams
cousin of john, ultra-sensitive to colonial rights, created committees of Correspondence
laws of free corporation first passed in NY meant that businessmen could
create corporations without applying for individual charters from legislature
Henry Richard Lee
created a resolution that when passed became the formal "declaration" of independence to cut ties with Britain
armed nutrality
created by Russias Catherine the Great, alliance between most other European countries against Britain- protected trading rights during the american revolution
Freedmen's Bureau
created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education and legal support
Stephen Douglas's actual response in the Freeport Doctrine
declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it. Territorial legislatures , not the supreme court would have the final say
Proclimation of 1763
decree issued by London gov't, prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians. purpose = not to anger Indians by taking their land again
Specie Circular
decree of Treasury ordered by Andrew Jackson that required all public lands to be purchased with "hard" metallic money due to small state banks flooding market with unreliable paper money
"10 percent" reconstruction plan
decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10% of its total voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. Then the state government would have to be reconstructed
Primogeniture Laws
decreed that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates (gilbert, raliegh, drake)
separatists
dedicated puritans who were appalled that they had to share church with the "damned"- vowed to break away from the Church of England
John Brown (Kansas)
dedicated to abolitionist cause, moved to Kansas from Ohio, in response to the attack on free-soil Lawrence he and his followers hacked 5 surprised men presumed to be proslaverites to pieces
constitutions drafted by colonists deliberately created weak executive and judicial branches because of
deep distrust of despotic governors and arbitrary judges
conditions aiding colonists in revo war
defensively fighting in defensively favored war, self sustaining agriculturally, morally believed in a just cause
"declaration of sentiments" (demanded&permitted)
demanded female suffrage, permitted wives to own property after marriage
France v.s US post revolutionary war
demanded repayment of money loaned in the war and restricted trade with French West Indies colonies
Thomas Jefferson's term for members at the Constitutional Convention
demigods
Civic Virtue
democracy depended on unselfish commitment of each citizen to the public good
factory workers part of_____party/why?
democratic, because Jackson's attack on bank and his opposition to privilege
spolis system defended by Jackson on ____ grounds, because...
democratic, because office was simple enough for any upstanding american to learn, argued each generation deserved its turn at the "public trough"
The South Carolina Exposition
denounced the Tariff of Abominations as unjust and unconstitutional, proposed the states should nullify the tariff
Samuel Colt
developed revolver with Whitneys modular principles, and became basis of modern assembly line principles
Eastern Industrialists opposed the push to give away government land because they..... Southerners...
did not want their underpaid workers to move west, slavery couldn't flourish on 160 acres of land and it would attract free soilers, which would further tip the balance of power to the abolitionists
Annexation of Mexico completely severed
diplomatic relations with Mexico
Trent Affair
diplomatic row that threatened to bring Britain into the civil war after a Union ship stopped a British steamer and arrested 2 confederate diplomats aboard
american rebel issues
disorganization, unity, intercolonial jealousy, trust issues, and economic issues
Jeffersonians couldn't build loyal political following because they couldn't
dispense patronage
Pasha of Tripoli
dissatisfied with amount of protection money from US (to protect merchants overseas) informally declared war on US by cutting down flagstaff at US consulate
revolt due to glorious revolution
dominion collapsed, sir andros attempted to flee in woman's clothing but was caught and sent back to england
why Frémont and the republicans lost the election
doubts to his honesty, capacity, and judgement, and the Southerners sent violent threats to the people if he were to be elected
most western produce traveled_______________ to feed_________
down the mississippi, the cotton kingdom
Massachusetts constitution
drafted by special convention, final draft sent directly to the people for ratification, could only be amended at another constitutional convention, remains as the longest lived constitution in the world
Articles of Confederation
drafted in 1776- a written constitution for the new nation, translated into French after battle at Saratoga to convince the French that US had a government in the making
James Madison feared a constitutional convention. Therefore, he
drafted the Bill of Rights himself and guided them through congress
broadcloth mob
dragged Garrison through the streets of boston by rope until he escaped
Gag Resolution
driven through the HOR by pro-slavery Southerners, prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals
Aaron Burr (after first term)
dropped from cabinet before Thomas Jefferson's second term, and joined group of Federalist extremists to plot succession of NY and NE
Johnathan Edwards
during the great awakening,he believed that people were fools for thinking that good deeds alone would save you
Jeffersonian Democratic Republican thoughts on French American treaty during reign of terror
eager to enter and help the French gain independence as they just had
Federal Style
early architecture style that borrowed from classic Greek and Roman examples, emphasized symmetry, balance and restraint
Benjamin West
early painter who went to England to train and gain patrons for his work
WHH election moved political epicenter from ______ to ______
east, west
Panic of 1837
economic crisis triggered by over-speculation with shaky western $, bank failures, rising grain prices and Specie Circular- started with Jackson
Whiskey rebellion was a buredon on
economic necessity and medium of exchange
reason there were not lots of conflicts between immigrants and nativists
economy- its growth attracted immigrants an ensured that they could claim their own share of american wealth without jeapordizing the wealth of others
Orders in Council
edicts passed by london government that closed European ports under french control to foreign shipping (included US unless they stopped in Britain first)
Freedmens bureau greatest success
educating hundreds of thousands of freed blacks
Lords Proprietors
eight of Charles II's court favorites- founders of Carolina, detested indian slave trading at first
Civil Law
elaborate specific legal codes- often very long
James Monroe
elected president 1816 (republicans) not needed for heroics- good at providing for the publics desires
Henry Clay pushed for renewal of bank charter four years early so that he could make it an
election issue so he would win over Jackson
"republican motherhood"
elevated women to role as special keepers of nations conscious- expanded educational opportunities for women- expected that they could cultivate republican virtues in their children and husbands.
Cotton Gin
eli whitney, sped up cotton harvesting process, made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalized southern economy and the importance of slavery in the south
romanticism core values
emotion, expression and experimentation
Head-right system
employed by VA and Maryland to promote importation of servant workers- whoever paid passage for a laborer received 50 acres of land
Neal S. Dow
employer of labor, witnessed debouching effect of alcohol, sponsored Maine Law of 1851
common factor of all of Hamilton's successes (funding, assumption, bank, excise tax)
encroached sharply on states rights
revolutionary ideas on intercolonial affairs
end to colonialism and mercantilism, supported free trade and freedom of the seas
Treaty of Ghent(failed to...)
ended war of 1812 in a virtual draw, restored prewar boundaries, failed to address reasons for why US entered war (indians, orders in council, impressment)
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
ended war with Mexico, US got territory reaching from Texas to oregon in exchange for $18.25mil in cash and assumed debts
Winfield Scott's whig platform
endorsed compromise of 1850 but not as enthusiastically as democrats
Massachusetts made it a penal offense for any state official to
enforce the fugitive slave law
Sir Francis Drake
english buccaneer who robbed Spanish Ships due to protestant-catholic clash. made tons of $ for investors and knighted upon arrival in england
henry hudson
english explorer employed by dutch east india company who traveled looking for new water routes within the new world
puritans
english religious reformers who undertook a total purification of english christianity- purest of puritans thought only visible saints should be admitted to church membership
Haitian Revolution
enslaved Santo Domingo Africans inspired by Fr revo revolted against the French- their revolt didn't work but mosquitos carrying yellow fever killed the French and won the slaves the war
Olaudah Equiano
enslaved boy who watched murders during middle passage and lived to tell about it
Battle of Trafalgar
ensured Britains Naval supremacy
Battle of Austerlitz (three emperors)
ensured Frances land attack supremacy
King Louis XIV
enthroned at age 5, ruled for 72 years, took deep interest in the Americas
Harvard University
established 1636 by Puritans
George Bankroft
established Naval academy at Annapolis
Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War
established by congress during the civil war to oversee military affairs, under control of radical republicans, agitated for more vigorous war effort and pressed Lincoln on emancipation issue
Fletcher v. Peck effect
established firmer prosecution for private property and asserted the right for the supreme court to invalidate state laws in conflict with federal constitution
effects of attempted impeachment of Samuel Chase
established precedent of not impeaching supreme court members,
Dartmouth v. Woodward effect
established protection for corporations from dominion and state governments
"radical" legislatures(with blacks) accomplishments (4)
established public schools, tax systems, public works, and guaranteed property rights to women
Cherokee written constitution provided for
executive, legislative, and and judicial branches of government
Napoleon (war of 1812 absence)
exiled, left US alone to fight British soldiers from EU post French revo who started coming to Canada to help their cause in NA
people who immigrated to Rhode Island
exiles, malcontents, those wanting religious freedom
whig solution to first major depression
expand and stimulate economy
Long-term effects of Louisiana purchase
expanded fortunes of US and the power of the federal government
Sedition Act intentionally written to
expire in 1801 so it couldn't be used against the federalists
Father Junipero Serra
explorer who founded the california missions
Captain John C Frémont (california)
explorer who just happened to be in California with armed men, collaborated with the Navy and locals to secure California
"not worth a continental"
expression used when continental paper money was inflated to the point of devaluation
Dred Scott v. Stanford effect
extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory, also declared that slaves were not citizens of the United States
discord in Articles of Confederation (argument)
extra land- 7 states had it and 6 did not, the 6 argued that the 7 would not have that land without the other 6 and they could also sell it to pay off debts rather than place taxes
Tallmadge Amendment
failed attempt to stop importation of slavery and emancipate children of slaves- fought and overturned in the senate
Why Napoleon didn't want Louisiana
failed to reconquer sugar islands of Santo Domingo and he feared that he would be forced to cede it over to the British at the end of their conflict and didn't want that either so he pocketed the money
radicals______to impeach Johnson by a factor of _______ vote(s)
failed, 1
London Government suspended NY legislature because of
failure to comply with the quartering act
Center of New England life
family (huge- often several mothers- pumped out kids)
John Paul Jones
famous US Naval capitan who destroyed British merchant ships and carried war to British isles
"what hath god wrought"
famous first words Morse said in a telegram from Washington to Baltimore
Matthew Lyon
famous for spitting in the face of a federalist- sentenced to 4 months in jail for criticizing John Adams
John Trumbull, Charles Wilson, Benjamin West, and Singleton Copely
famous painters who had to go to England for education
Walt Whitman
famous poet, "Leaves of Grass", Poet Laureate of Democracy,
types of people(/why) that fled Germany for the US
farmers because of crop failures, and liberal political refugees
plantation system
farming system based on large-scale commercial agriculture and the wholesale exploration of slave labor.
Sir Walter Scott
favorite author of the elite southerners, helped them idealize a feudal society even when their economic activities were capitalistic
Britain knew the value of the ohio country to the french and (feared/responded?)
feared for their economic security and way of life in North America and responded by fighting for it
factors that shaped the failed impeachment (3)
fears of creating a disestablishing precedent, opposition to abusing checks & balances, successor was disliked
Harper's Ferry
federal arsenal in Virginia seized by John Brown, killed several in order to seize it, once he did the slaves did not rise up with him
Patent office
federal government bureau that reviews patent applications,and grants exclusive rights to inventor for a period of years
"Funding at Par" was used in
federal government would pay off debts at face value including accumulated interest- used in Hamilton's economic plan
Midnight Judges
federal judges appointed by J. Adams during last days of his reign
Homestead act
federal law that sold settlers 160 acres of land for $30 if they lived on it for 5 years and improved it by for example building a house on it. Helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward moving settlers- partly a gamble because land could be shit
Embargo act revived the
federalist party
Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls
feminist convention where Declaration of Sentiments was read, launched modern women's rights movement
key feature of second great awakening
feminization of religion in terms of church membership and theology
Salutary neglect- meaning
fertile soil for the roots of independence
Powhatan's Confederacy
few dozen small tribes all under the rule of Powhatan
panic of 1857
financial crash brought about by: gold fueled inflation, over-speculation of land and railroads and excess grain production
Bill of Rights
first 10 amendments to the constitution (1791) protected most precious american principles (freedoms, trial by jury, no Cruel and Unusual punishment etc.)
intercolonial committees of correspondence evolved into
first american congress
Washington Irving
first american to win international recognition as a literary figure, "The Sketch" brought him to fame, used English and American themes and included tales such as "Rip Van Winkle" and "Legend of Sleepy Hollow"
Battles of Lexington and Concord
first battles of Revolutionary war, Britain raided colonial gunpowder stores in attempt to kill Sam Adams and John Hancock, killed 8 in Lexington but were forced to retreat at Concord
FFV
first families of Virginia- 70% of the leaders in VA legislature just before revolutionary war> not very extravagant people and incredibly hard workers
Sugar act(1764)
first law raisins tax revenue for benefit of the crown- increased duty on sugar imported from West Indies
Quebec was France's
first outpost in North America
Crispus Atticus
first person to die in Boston Massacre- mulatto freed slave
Panic of 1819
first severe financial crisis since Washington- started because Bank of US gambled with over speculation in the West- hit the poorer classes hardest
Tariff of 1816
first tariff in US history instituted primarily for protection
Thomas Jefferson= first president to/ previous job
first to be inaugurated in Washington, previously was US minister to France
Treaty of Fort Stanwix
first treaty between US and indian nation (iroquois- loyal to British) under terms Iroquois ceded most of their land
University of Pennsylvania imp.
first university free of denominational control
Emperor Napoleon's sending an army to Mexico and enthroning Archduke Maximilian as emperor was a
flagrant violation of the Monroe Doctrine
Henry Clay's plan with rechartering the bank
force recharter bill through congress to be decided by Jackson, if he signed it he would alienate his Western followers, if he didn't sign it he would lose the upcoming election by alienating the influential and wealthy groups in the East
Trail of Tears
forced march of 15,000 Cherokees from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian territory- 4,000 died on journey
tribes that resisted the indian removal act
forcibly removed by US forces
what happened to tribes that resisted indian removal act (+ irony of the act)
forcibly removed by US forces, ironic because it hit the 5 civilized tribes the hardest
South counted on ____ to win, but never fully got it
foreign intervention
The South Carolina Exposition was not
formally endorsed by state of South Carolina
Constitutional Union Party
formed by moderate whigs and know-nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis
Alamo
fortress in Texas where 200 American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna- "remember the Alamo"
Senator Stephen A. Douglas (in response to Pres. Buchanan promoting Lecompton Constitution)
fought against Buchanan until he reached a compromise
General Charles Cornwallis
fought against Greene in Carolina campaign and lost to his delay tactic
Antione Cadillac
founded detriot to prevent english from pushing into the Ohio Valley
Georgia (founding, order, religious status)
founded in 1733- last of the 13 colonies. Named after King George II, religiously tolerant
American Temperance Society
founded in Boston and spread out, effort of 19th century reformers to limit alcohol consumption
Lord Baltimore
founded second plantation colony at St. Marys on Chesapeake bay- Maryland in 1634 for profit and refuge for Catholics
John Humphrey Noyes
founder of Oneida Community
James Oglethorpe
founder/army man of Georgia- interested in prison reform and helped fend off the Spanish
Denmark Vesey
free black, led rebellion in Charleston, foiled by informers, hung at the gallows with 30 of his followers
Oneida Community practiced
free love, birth control, eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring
John R. Hale
free soil candidate in 1852, took Northern Whig votes that would have gone to Scott
Free soil parties Desired freedoms (4)
free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men
Sojourner Truth
freed black woman who fought for black emancipation and women's rights
William Johnson
freed mulatto in NOLA, barber who owned slaves
"footloose"
freed servants who did not receive land, accused of "having little interest in the colony"
a restored south would be stronger in national politics because (+which gave the south what advantage)
freedmen were now 5/5 of a person which gave the south 12 more votes in congress and the electorate than before
problem that prompted formation of Freedmens bureau
freedmen were unskilled, unlettered, and had no property or money or knowledge for how to survive as free people
things that attracted immigrants to the US
freedom from aristocratic caste and state church abundant opportunity to secure land
3-pronged invasion of 1812
from Detroit, Lake Champlain, and Niagara- all forced back after crossing the boarder
Madison's veto of road funding left individual states to
fund their own projects
Massachusetts Important industries
fur trading, fishing, shipbuilding
William Pitt
gained strength from common people, planned colonists attacks on their land. Focused on canada, first took down louisberg and next was Québec
Emperor Napoleon III of France
gambled that union would collapse, dispatched French army to occupy Mexico city, installed puppet government with Austrian Archduke Maximilian as the emperor of Mexico
why winning at Bull run was bad for the south (3)
gave them confidence, caused a drop in enlistment, made them think that the war was ending
Ulysses S Grant
general found by Lincoln- willing to do anything to win
Carl Schurz
german liberal who fled to US, relentless foe of slavery and public corruption, contributed to elevation of american political life
mountain whites
special category among white southerners, lived in valleys of Appalachian mountains and civilization passed them by, spoke and practiced customs from elizabethian era, hated the slaves and large plantations of the south
Northern Democrats after Stephen Douglas died
split into two factions- the war democrats and the peace democrats
effect of James Buchanan's support of Lecompton Constitution
split the democratic party-the only remaining national party, one of the last things keeping the Union together
slavery's greatest psychological horror
splitting apart of families as a "division of Property" among heirs
Pontiacs uprising convinced the British to
stabilize relations with Indians and keep troops in the frontier
War preparations against france (that were not needed bc war didn't happen) swelled national debt and required a
stamp tax
evolution in clothing industry because of war
standardized clothing sizes
Industrial Revolution
started in Europe, shift toward mass production and mechanization that included the creation of the modern factory system
Gibbons v. Odgen summary
state of NY tried to grant company a monopoly of waterborne trade between NJ and NY.
"easy states"
states that deliberately lowered tariffs in order to attract unfair share of trade
border States
states that did not secede during the civil war (only slave states left in the union) Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia- would make the south powerful.
After the impeachment trial, Johnson said that he would
stop obstructing the Republican policies in exchange for remaining in office
goal of strengthening Articles of Confederation
strengthen central government but keep the maximum amount of states rights
MuCulloch v. Maryland effect
strengthened federal authority and upheld constitutionality of US bank by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have the power to tax the bank's notes
Andrew Jackson's popularity in the west came from
strong personal appeal, and campaign v.s forces of corruption and privilege in government
Kansas compromise brought about by Senator Stephen A Douglas (+result)
submitted entire Lecompton Constitution to be submitted for a vote- destroyed in vote
Britain eventually repented in Alabama business by
submitting to an arbitration and was forced to pay $15.5 million dollars for damages
John Winthrop
successful attorney and manor lord- governor of massachusetts bay colony, thought it was a calling from god
Alexander hamilton exposed Burr's plot for the
succession of NE and NY
15th amendment created to protect
suffrage provisions in the reconstruction act
French landholdings in the Americas after defeat in 7 years war
sugar islands in west indies
GW's response to Whiskey Rebellion
summoned army of 13k from state militias to crush uprising- 2 culprits were pardoned
Commonwealth v Hunt
supreme court of Massachusetts ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies provided that their methods were honorable and peaceful
Ex-Parte Milligan
supreme court ruled that military tribunals could not be used to try civilians if civil courts were open
Polks objectives (in order)
tariff for revenue bill, restore the independent treasury, acquire California, Settle Oregon dispute
issues that arose during Monroe's presidency
tariffs, bank, internal improvements, sale of public land, sectionalism and slavery
Stamp tax(1765)
tax on any paper good with a stamp on it (newspaper, marriage license, legal docs, pamphlets etc.)
George III's tyrannical misdeeds
taxes without consent, dispensing of trial by jury, establishing a military dictatorship, cutting off trade, burning towns, inciting hostility among nations
"a badge of slavery"
tea
Corps of Discovery
team of adventurers led by Merriwether Lewis and William Clark sent by TJ to explore Louisiana Territory and find water routes
two major lines of attack v.s alcohol
temperance, and removal by legisation
financial instability of plantation system
temptation to over-speculate in land and slaves caused many planters to plunge beyond their depth
british viewed the colonists as___. (expected to)
tennants, expected them to export certain goods to BR, not export BR industry goods, buy imports from BR, and not think about economic self-sufficiency or representative self government
"biddies"
term for Irish women, took jobs as kitchen maids
"paddies"
term for irish men, took jobs with pick and shovel work on canals and railroads- many died
Franklin Pierce's democratic platform
territorial expansion, endorsed compromise of 1850 and fugitive slave law
Old Northwest
territories acquired by the federal government from states. Northwest of Ohio River, East of Mississippi River, and South of the great lakes
Kansas-Nebraska Act wrecked 2 compromises (what were they)
the Missouri Compromise (intended to) and the Fugitivae Slave Law- repealed by northern opinion
republican response to the 10% reconstruction plan/ why they responded
the Wade-Davis Bill, responded because they feared a restoration of the planter aristocracy and re-enslavement
Gadsen purchase opposed by Northerners because
the area of land purchased was very very small and not worth the money paid for it
Jackson's inauguration symbolized
the ascending of the masses- he was someone who rose out from the common people to this position
Popular sovereignty
the authority and state of government is created and sustained by consent of its people
proslavery whites claimed that slavery was supported by
the bible and aristotle
dia de la raza
the birthday of a wholly new race of people(columbus day)
reopening the mississippi river trade calmed agitation in (+what they were mad about)
the butternut region, they were pissed about the emancipation proclamation but knew that the union was going to win the war so they couldn't switch now
George Washington established
the cabinet
______- became the focus of black community life in the years following emancipation
the church
Loyalty agreement between 5 civilized tribes and confederacy
the confederate government took over federal payments to the tribes and invited them to join in the confederate congress in exchange for troops for the confederate army
Black Legend
the false notion that the spanish conquerors did little but butcher the indians, steal their gold, and spread disesases in the name of christ
Thomas Jefferson's Kentucky resolutions concluded that
the federal government had exceeded constitutional powers and the remedy was nulification
Impressment
the forcible enlistment of sailors, Britain employed it with US against France- continual cause of French and British conflict
Joint-Stock Company
the forerunner of modern corporation- a company whose stock is jointly owned by shareholders
mormons were a crisis in washington government because the government couldn't control
the hierarchy of Brigham Young
Jeffersonian failed attempt to impeach Samuel Chase was a victory for
the independence of the judiciary and for separation of powers
Europe's ruling classes hated the American Democracy and felt sympathetic to the south but did not enter on the side of the confederacy because
the masses of working people in Britain and France were pulling and praying for the north to win
in Alexander Hamilton's plan, the more people owed by the federal government meant
the more people with a personal stake in his plan
"new federal roof"
the new constitution
The Impending Crisis of The South fueled the elite planters fears that
the non-slaveholding majority might abandon them
planter aristocrats who enjoyed majority of southern wealth educated their children in
the north or abroad
Southerners demanded a new fugitive slave law because
the old one was inadequate to deal with runaways
Federalist argument against TJ and J. Madisons treatys
the people made the original compact, not the states so therefore the Supreme court had the authority to nullify
Emancipation Proclamation closed the door on
the possibility of compromise with the South
Gadsen Purchase enabled Southerners to claim (+why)
the railroad, because it was easier to build because the mountains were not as high
political victory for the working man
the right to vote
Uncle Tom's Cabin helped start and win the civil war because
the south got mad that american's were reading and believing her writing
The "middle passage"
the transatlantic sea voyage that brought slaves to the new world (start- march to african coast, middle- transatlantic sea voyage, end- trek into U.S inland)
Colombian Exchange
the transfer of goods, crops and diseases between the new and old worlds, after 1492
election of 1852 marked the end of
the whig party
Sherman's destruction in North Carolina (+why)
the worst of all, burned the cap, because Northerners believed that North Carolina provoked the war
fatal confederate weakness in government
their constitution, it could not deny future secession and states clashed with President Davis over issue of states rights
Mercantilism
theory embraced by British Authorities- believed that a nations military and political power is linked to bullion reserves. To get more bullion, a country must export more than it imports
Madison Asked congress to declare war on Britain
they agreed
European powers were happy about a disunited states because
they could play the North and South against each other, they could easily seize more land (defy Monroe doctrine)
slaveowners cared for slaves because
they did not want their investment ruined- jobs that were dangerous were given to the wage earning irish
Northerners attracted to free soil party because
they did not want to share land with African Americans
whites without slaves were some of stoutest defenders of slavery because
they hoped to buy a slave or two and turn their land to riches, they also took comfort in the knowledge that they outranked someone in status
New England women gave up property rights when
they married because government worried recognizing separate property rights would undercut unity of marriage
US response to British desires at Ghent
they said no and London agreed because they were preoccupied at Congress of Vienna
Southern Spokesmen furious about the abolitionist movement in Kansas because
they supported the Kansas/Nebraska scheme with the understanding that Kansas would be admitted as a slave state and Nebraska as a free state
why was Lincoln so freaked out about Maryland possibly seceding
they threatened to cut off Washington from the North
Northerners voted for Buchanan because
they wanted to save their businesses and economic relations
why Russia wanted to sell Alaska to the US
they wanted to strengthen the American Republic as a barrier against Britain
British enforced Monroe Doctrine because
they wanted trade with Latin America
British crown had the right to nullify any legislation passed by colonial assemblies if
they worked against the mercantilist system (only used a fraction of the time)
Southern Secessionists claimed that if Lincoln was elected
they would secede from the Union
antifederalists
those not in favor of a strong centralized government
federalists
those who supported a strong centralized government
Types of northerners that came to Kansas
those who wanted land, and a small group were abolitionists
people's thoughts on funding at par
thought it was impossible, and it dropped bonds to $.10-.15 on the dollar
Thomas Jefferson on Louisiana Purchase
thought it was unconstitutional because there was no clause in the constitution for it, so he wanted to amend the constitution before that, but that was shot down because it could have scared the French Away
US threat to foreign occupation in Mexico
threatened to send 1 million troops, foreigners evacuated and Maximilian was killed
American System
three part system- 1. strong banking system system for easy and abundant credit, 2. protective tariff for Eastern Manufacturing 3. tax from tariff funds used to fund network of roads and canals to connect US for trade
Br plan to take Hudson River Valley and win the war
three pronged attack, from the north south and west (burgoyne, Howe, and Leger)
"Kentucky bluegrass"
thrived in burnt cane fields, ideal pasture for livestock, lured 1000's of homesteaders to Kentucky
Nullifiers "nullies"
through Jackson's first term, tried to muster necessary 2/3 vote for nullification of South Carolina Exposition in South Carolina legislature
during the 1864 elections, the factions that formed wanted to do what
tie lincoln's hands together to get what they want, or remove him from office
republicans saw Judiciary act of 1801 as an attempt
to control a branch of government by federalists forever (lifetime posts)
Penn pressured by London
to deny catholics and jews the privilege of voting or holding office
service in war offered free slaves ...(2)
to fight for a cause they believed in, gave them a chance to prove manhood and strengthen claim to citizenship at the end of the war
Why Howe attacked Philadelphia
to force general engagement with George Washingtons Army, destory it, and leave the path open for Burgoyne
British excuse for maintaining a relationship with their fur trading indian friends
to keep them on Britain's side in case of a US attack on Canada
Disestablish
to separate official state church from connection with government- all states disestablished the Anglican church but the Congregational Church remained in the NE colonies for a while
John C. Calhoun at congressional forum
to sick to deliver speech-had colleague do it, approved of Clay's concessions but rejected them because they didn't adequate safeguards for Southern rights
one of alterior major purposes of the Tenure of Office Act
to solidify Edward M. Stanton's spot in the cabinet (spy)
slave life in chesapeake
tobacco wasn't as hard of work, larger and closer together plantations which allowed for contact with friends and family
Homestead act (+result)
took congress years to pass, sold land at $.25/acre, vetoed by Buchanan
Brigham Young
took hold of Mormons after Smith died, leader, preacher, administrator, led Mormons to Utah
Non-intercours act
took place of embargo act- formally reopened trade with all nations except for Britain and France
"teetotalism"
total elimination of intoxicants
Where in the colonies was a form of a republic already in place
town meetings and committees of correspondence
Free soilers and abolitionists, after congressional forum labeled John Webster as a
traitor
French had to give Spain which landmasses after defeat in 7 years war
trans-mississippi, Louisiana, and New Orleans
verdict on lands disputed over during writing of Articles of Confederation
transferred to the central government- Westward moving pioneers purchased land tracts from the federal government
market revolution
transformed subsistence economy of scattered farms and tiny workshops into national network of industry and commerce
Dorothea Dix
traveled 60k miles in 8 years assembling damning reports on insanity and asylums from firsthand observations. Did not speak up but message=loud and clear
Algonquin Tribe
tribe in great lakes area that was so large and powerful that if Euros wanted to do business they would have to reach middle ground with indians
last blow that took out the whig party
tried and filed to destroy the fugitive slave law
William Walker
tried repeatedly to seize control of Nicaragua, once he did, he established himself as president and legalized slavery- US formally separated country from him and his actions
Allen Brothers of Vermont
tried to annex vermont to the British
Republicanism (def and opposed to what)
political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue- opposed to hierarchical and authoritarian institutions: monarchy and aristocracy
George Washingtons selection as head of military was very___. Why?
political, because he could not be seen as a fortune seeker
reasons secessionists seceded
politics were in favor of abolitionists, triumph of sectional republican party, weary free-soil abolitionists were nagging and because of Northern Interference (John Brown and the Underground Railroad)
Seward's Folly
popular term for secretary of state William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia, reflected anti-expansionist sentiment of most americans after the civil war
after war of 1812, painters shifted from painting _____ to _____
portraits to landscapes
Tammany Hall
powerful NY political machine that primarily grew support from immigrants
Popular sovereignty
pre-civil war notion that stated the sovereign people of a territory should determine the status of slavery, seemed to be a compromise between anti and pro,
alternative motives at Constitutional Congress
preserve the union, prevent anarchy, ensure security of life, protect against uprisings by the mobocracy and curb unrestrained democracy in various states
controversy around Wade-Davis Bill revealed deep differences between ______ and _______
president and congress
Lymann Beecher
president of Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati
roman catholics constructed the roman catholic education system to
prevent kids from protestant indoctrination
Rendezvous System
principal marketplace for Northwest fur trade, each summer traders set up camp in rocky mountains and waited for trappers and indians to arrive with pelts to swap for goods from the East
John Wilkes Booth
pro-southern actor, shot Lincoln in the head at Ford's theater 5 days after Lee's surrender
"crimes" Lincoln committed as president
proclaimed a blockade, increased size of federal army, directed secretary of treasury to advance $2 million to private citizens for military purposes, suspended writ of habeas corpus, arranged for supervised voting, suspended newspapers and arrested editors
Maine Law of 1851
prohibited manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor- promoted other states to do the same- proved ineffective because they was repealed within 10 years
Fifteenth Amendment
prohibited states from denying citizens voting rights on account of race, disappointed feminists
Wendell Phillips
prominent founder of American Anti-Slavery Society, wouldn't eat cane sugar or wear cotton clothing because they were produced by slaves
Tariff of Abominations
promoted by Jacksonians while Adams was president hoping it would fail, it was passed and inherited by Jackson, known for its high duties on imports
Nathaniel Bowditch and Matthew F. Maury
promoted safety, speed and economy within navigation of oceans
equality rise post new Constitution
property requirements reduced, ordinary people were addressed as Mr. and Miss- released shipload of indentured servants because it was against their democratic ideals
Lecompton Constitution
proposed Kansas constitution by proslavery forces, ratification was unfairly rigged to guarantee slavery in the territory (even if it became a free state, existing slaves would remain), initially won but then overturned by congress by putting the whole constitution to a vote
Jackson's plan to bury the bank for good (+what he had to do to ensure it would happen)
proposed depositing no more federal funds with Biddle and gradually shrinking existing deposits by using them for the day-to-day expenses of the government- had to reshuffle cabinet twice to find a secretary of state that would do it
Kansas-Nebraska Act
proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories,
Crittenden Amendments (to constitution)
proposed within days of South Carolina Secession vote, designed to appease the south, guaranteed slavery full rights in Southern territories below 36 30' line regardless of the wishes of popular sovereignty, made slavery above that line illegal and gave states created in the future the choice of becoming slave or nonslave on either side of the line
crisis with election of Kansas legislature
proslaveryites came in from Missouri and voted early and often, proslavery won because of fraud
Tariff of 1842
protective tariff passed by Tyler and the Whigs, raised rates to pre-compromise of 1833 rates, reluctantly signed because of the need for revenue
northern economic boom during war was because of
protective tariffs
Sedition Act "lockjaw"
provided that anyone who impeded the policies of government or falsely defamed its officials (inc. president) was subject to heavy fine and imprisonment (violated 1st amendment) many jeffersonian editors were indicated and 10 were tried and convicted- made a lot of people convert to jeffersonian ideals
Lyceum
public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy
John Randolph of Virginia
publicly assailed alliance between Adams and Clay, challenged by Clay to duel but both of them were bad shots and no one was injured
William Lloyd Garrison
published militantly antislavery newspaper in Boston- The Liberator, and founded American Anti Slavery Society
"birched"
punishment where children would be whipped with a piece of a birch tree
protestant ethic
puritan commitment to work
Nathaniel Hawthorne
puritan writer, "The Scarlet Letter"
Underground Railroad forced southern planters and congressmen to
push for stronger fugitive slave law
Whig platform 1848
pussyfooted, dodged all troublesome issues and promoted appearance of Taylor
most significant contribution to the continental economy
railroad
with erie canal in mind, New York banned
railroads from carrying freight
south's specialized type of economic activity
raised cotton for export
Freeport Question
raised during freeport debate by Abraham Lincoln, asked whether the court or the people should decide the future of slavery in territories
Sally Tompkins
ran Richmond infirmary for confederate soldiers, awarded rank of captain by President Jefferson Davis
Abraham Lincoln
ran against S. Douglas in Illinois senatorial election, self-educated, trial lawyer, became one of Northwest's foremost politicians and orators when Kansas and Nebraska act passed
Cumberland Road
ran from Western Maryland to Illinois
Thomas Jefferson Realized that foreign nations relied heavily on US for _____ and ____ and used this instead of war
raw materials, food
Manifest Destiny swayed expansionist democrats platforms to create goals such as
re-annexing texas and reoccupy Oregon
Embargo caused New Englanders to
re-open factories and build new ones- foundation of industrial era
sewing machine became the foundation of the
ready-made clothing industry
greatest effect of Mexican war
rearoused slavery and issue didn't stop until the civil war ended it
"ruffians"
red coats sent to boston
democrat solution to first major depression
reduce expenses and end high-flying banks and corporations
Naturalization Law of 1802
reduced citizenship requirement from 14 years of residence to 5 years
Thomas Jefferson's first action as president + why
reduced military to 2,500 (police force) because he wanted to move past war alliances and set an example by winning friends through "peaceful coercion"
transportation revolution
referred to a series or nineteenth century transport innovations that linked local and regional markets creating a national economy
American Colonization Society
reflected focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to africa, established Liberia
British relations with US during confederation
refused to send a minster to "backwoods" and declined a commercial treaty
Black Belt
region of deep South with highest concentration of slaves, emerged as a cotton production became more profitable
Cohens v. VA effect
reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the supreme court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government
European despots back in power post Napoleon era wanted to intervene in Latin America so that they could
reinstate the Spanish King to Power
mechanical reapers positive effects for civil war (4)
released tens of thousands of boys to enlist, fed soldiers, produced surpluses of grain that eventually took over king cotton, provided profits to buy supplies,
rise of Andrew Jackson represented
relentless westward movement of American people
Deism
relied on reason rather than revelation, on science rather than the bible, rejected concept of original sin and denied Christ's divinity, believed in supreme being who created knowledgeable universe and gave humans capacity for moral behavior
Theodore Dwight Weld
religious abolitionist evangelized by Charles Grandison Finnney in NY burned over district, expelled from Lane Theological Seminary for having an 18 day debate on slavery
Second Great Awakening Characterized by
religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversions,
Great Awakening
religious revival when people started going back to church and becoming more religious again
special state conventions in Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plan required that each state (3)
repeal ordinances of secession, repudiate all confederate debts and ratify the 13th amendment
Actions taken at second Columbia convention meeting
repealed ordinance of nullification and nullified unnecessary force bill
Wade-Davis Bill
republican response to the 10 percent reconstruction plan, required 50% of a states voters to take an oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation
Quartering Act (1765)
required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops
Tenure of Office Act
required the president to secure consent from the senate before he could remove his appointees after they had been approved by the Senate
supreme coourt under marshall vigilantly protected contract rights by
requiring state governments to grant irrevocable charters
colonists feared slave revolts so they tried to_________, what was the Br authorities response?
restrict/halt importation of slaves, British vetoed this in interest of cheap goods
advances in manufacturing and transport widened gap between
rich and poor
Congresses' first conscription law
rich boys could hire a substitute to take their place in the draft, or pay $300 to be exempted
confederate draft injustices
rich could hire substitutes or exempt themselves, slaveowners who owned enough slaves could exempt themselves
John Hancock
rich man who made his fortune in smuggling around the navigation laws
special draft privileges angered the poor because it was a
rich mans war, but a poor man's fight
Stono River
river that slaves followed in the South Carolina Slave revolt
intercolonial transport
roads=shit, relied heavily on waterways- attractions on shores started popping up
jayle birds
robbers, rapists and murderers etc. that were dumped in the colonies by the English- some were good just victim to England's harsh 200 capital crimes
Rhode Island Nicknames
rogues island, little rhody, sewer, traditional home of the otherwise minded
Millerites/Adventists
rose from burned over district, interpreted bible to mean that christ would return to earth on 10/22/1844
irelands demise cause
rot attacked potatoes and killed off 1/4 from disease and hunger, 2 million died
"liberty and independence or death in pursuit of it"
said by colonists in Annapolis when they burned a vessel and all of its cargo
Jefferson about King in DOI
said he flouted human rights therefore justified cutting the connection and added his tyrannical misdeeds
Land ordinance of 1785
said that the acreage of the old northwest should be sold and proceeds should be used to pay off national debt
congress' thoughts on confederate states and readmission into the union
said that they forfeited their rights when they left the union, but they could be re-admitted as "conquered provinces" on congress' conditions
how Lincoln kept the border states in the Union
said war was about protecting the union, not abolishing slavery
voyageurs
same as Coureurs de bois
Model Treaty (reflected desires of)
sample treaty drafted by continental congress as a guide for american diplomats. Reflected desires of commercial relationships rather than political or military entanglements
Corps of discovery returned with
scientific discoveries, maps, native peoples
"John Adams's Jackasses"
seamen for new navy that wasn't used for Fr revo war
rule of pellmell
seating without regard to rank- Jefferson created
Caliber of British Army in US
second rate
Molly Maguires
secret Irish miner's union that campaigned against poor working conditions in Pennsylvania mines
Know nothing party
secret nativist political party created in opposition to the influx of immigrants, especially Roman Catholics
John Quincy Adams was one of the most successful _______ and one of the least successful_________.
secretaries of state, presidents
Horace Mann
secretary of Massachusetts Board of education, campaigned for more and better schoolhouses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers and extended curriculum
Ostend Manifesto
secretary of state ordered ministers in Spain, France and Britain to prepare confidential recommendations for the acquisition of Cuba, met in Ostend Belgium, top secret document urged the purchase of cuba for $120 million- secret quickly leaked out and Northern free soldiers rose up in anger against it- forced Pierce administration to drop schemes for Cuba
George Bancroft
secretary of the navy, founded the naval academy at annapolis, published volumes on american history
Edwin M. Stanton
secretary of war under Lincoln, carried over to be under Andrew Johnson too, served as a spy and informant for the radicals while under Johnson
General Lewis Cass
selected as democratic candidate in election of 1848, veteran of 1812, pompous, outspoken father of popular sovereignty
US was more concerned with ___ than Latin American Countries.
self defense
blacks started societies for _____ which raised funds to _________,________ and ________
self improvement, purchase land, build schoolhouses and hire teachers
Congregational Church
self-governing congregations without hierarchical establishment of Anglican church(democratic)- "The best school of political liberty the world ever saw"-Thomas Jefferson
Ralph Waldo Emerson stressed (5 things)
self-reliance, self-improvement, self- confidence, optimism and freedom
William Bradford
self-taught scholar who read Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French and Dutch. Chosen Governor of pilgrims 30 times and feared non-puritans would ruin his "wilderness experiment"
Northerners pushed for the federal government to abandon their policy of ________ and instead__________.
selling land for revenue, give it outright to the pioneers as a reward for developing it
Ancient Order of Hibernians
semisecret society founded in Ireland to fight landloards, served in US as a benevolent society aiding the downtrodden
the Mexican attack on Taylor's troops aroused Polk into
sending a war message to congress emphasized by the shedding of American blood on American soil- congress voted for war
Thomas Jefferson's plan for Louisiana
sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to buy as much land as they could for 10 million
John Slidell
sent by Polk to Mexico city as a Minister, instructed to offer max $25 mil for Texas
Commodore Matthew C. Perry
sent by president Fillmore to reach trade agreements with Japan. Prepared by reading about Japan, studying tides, and preparing technology to show off, fought and threatened just to be able to come ashore, gave them documents requesting free trade and friendly relations and left promising to return a year later
Caleb Cushing
sent by president Taylor to Macao, China to reach a trading deal with China
Society for propagating the gospel among indians
sent missionaries to indian villages to christianize them
Union relief to British "cotton famine" (2)
sent over foodstuffs to the hungry and armies captured/bought cotton to send to Britain
King Philips War
series of assaults launched against 52 english villages throughout New England, indians lost and metacom's wife and son sold to slavery, he was killed and head displayed in plymouth- ultimately slowed westward movement of english settlement in NE
Wilderness Campaign (+why grant was assailed during and after)
series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee's troops leading up to Grant's capturing of Richmond, Grant used deadly tactics that raised the death toll and was assailed for using them
Aroostook war (+resolution)
series of clashed between American and Canadian lumberjacks over a proposed British road that would pass through disputed territory in Maine, resolved when permanent boundary was agreed upon
Black Hawk War
series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between US forces and Chief Black Hawk of Sauk and Fox tribes- unsuccessfully tried to regain territory lost under the Indian removal act
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
series of debated between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the US senate race in Illinois, Douglas won the election but lincoln gained natural prominence and emerged as the leading republican candidate for 1860
navigation laws
series of laws passed to regulate colonial shipping- only english ships could trade in english and colonial ports and all ships destined for colonies had to pass through england first
Andrew Johnson's "swing 'round the cirlce
series of speeches that Andrew Johnson gave which were so bad that it made people vote in favor of the republicans giving them control of both houses
Free soilers response to Pro-slavery fraudulent election
set up own extralegal regime in Topeka
_____ drove seamstresses out of the home and into the factory
sewing machine
new machinery that saved labor and enabled the north to expand economically
sewing machine
Alexander Hamilton's plan to correct economic issues with Articles of Confederation
shape fiscal policies to favor the wealthy, in turn they would lend monetary and political support
northern industry that suffered crippling setback because of war (+why)
shipping because of british raiders
California Bear Flag Republic
short lived California Republic, established by local settlers who revolted against Mexico, abandoned to join the US
Nullification Crisis
showdown between president Andrew Jackson and South Carolina Legislature, declared the tariff of 1832 null and void and threatened secession if federal government tried to collect duties
Treaty of Kanagawa
signed when Perry returned to Japan, provided for proper treatment of shipwrecked sailors, American coaling rights in Japan and establishment of consular rights- didn't emphasize commercialism
Why John Tyler was expelled from the whig party (+aftermath)
his resistance to establishing a national bank, aftermath=HOR tried to impeach him and his entire cabinet resigned
Robert E. Lee's motives for pushing into Maryland after second Battle of Bull Run
hoped to encourage foreign intervention and encourage Maryland and Border states to leave the union
British Agriculture during war years (caused them to do what, which stopped them from doing what)
horrible, caused them to buy Northern grain, which stopped them from penetrating the Union blockade on the south
Great Wagon Road
hugged the Eastern Appalachian foothills from Pennsylvania to Georgia- scattered with Socts-irish settlements
New England prospered during war of 1812 because of
illegal trade with enemy in canada and wishes to secede
Stephen A. Douglas
illinois senator who wanted North/ South deadlock over expansion to end and for Chicago to be the endpoint of the pacific railroad
romanticism emphasized (x4)
imagination over reason, nature over civilization, intuition over calculation and self over society
why the US was so slow into the industrial revolution
immigrants who fled for land did not want to work in factories, labor was scarce, and not a lot of money for investments/had difficulties producing goods at a high enough quality and low enough price to compete with European manufacturers
know nothing party pushed for restrictions on
immigration, naturalization, and laws authorizing deportation of aliens
Townshend Acts
import tax on glass, white lead, paint and tea paid to colonial officials which gave them incentive to enforce these acts- paid the royal governors and judges
what during Monroe's term sowed seed of Jacksonian Democracy
imprisonment of debtors
Dorothea Dix brought about
improved conditions for the insane in asylums and the concept of mentally ill rather than willfully perverse
what in the Americas make slavery investments less risky
improving mortality rates
"Biddle's Panic"
in attempt to show Bank of U.S's importance, Biddle created a minor financial crisis by calling in his bank's loans which pushed wobblier banks to the wall
New Netherland
in husdon river area, established by Dutch West India Company, secondary interest for investors looking for quick profit for fur trade- later bought manhattan island from indians
Impeachment of Samuel chase
in revenge for establishment of judicial review, jeffersonians tried to impeach sup. ct. member- denied in the senate
General Winfield Scott was severely handicapped by
inadequate numbers of troops, expiring enlistments, a more numerous enemy, mountainous terrain, disease, and political backbiting at home
Morrill Tariff Act (+2 parts for reasons for passing)
increased duties back to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the civil war- designed partly to raise revenue and partly to provide more protection for prosperous manufacturers
North's important revenue raisers (3)
increased excise tax on tobacco and alcohol, created the first ever income taxes, customs receipts
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
insisted on leaving "obey" out of marriage ceremony, advocated female suffrage
The Man Without A Country
inspired by Clement L. Vallandigham, story about American found guilty in court and condemned to live eternal life of exile on US warships
Robert Fulton
installed steam engine on ship that went up the Hudson to Albany on first sail
republicans, fearing that the democrats would take over the government and repeal the civil rights bill did what
integrated its principles into the fourteenth amendment
Albany Congress
intercolonial congress summoned by Br govt(only 7 colonies showed) with the purpose of keeping the Iroquois loyal to them and acheive colonial unity by bolstering against the French
Eli Whitney
invented cotton gin and modular musket
John Deere
invented steel plow to break through western thick soil, light enough to be pulled by horses
Elias Howe and Isaac Singer
invented the sewing machine
Samuel F.B. Morse
invented the telegraph
DOI appealed to universality by
invoking the "natural rights" of humankind
Gag resolution pissed off John Quincy Adams because/what he did
it attacked the right of petition- he fought it until it was repealed 8 years later
Sedition Act intentionally written to expire in 1801 bc
it couldn't be used against federalists if they didn't win the election that year
Southerners supported Stephen A Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska plan because
it created another slave state
women campaigned against the 15th amendment because
it did not give women the right to vote
Jay's Treaty pissed off Jeffersonians because
it favored the north, it gave more money to the north from trade, and forced southerners to pay a major share of the debt
Tariff of Abominations opposed by South because
it hurt Southern farmers who were not protected by tariffs but were forced to pay high taxes so other industries could be protected
Free soil party hated slavery because
it took jobs away from American workers
putting slaves in Kansas was a bad idea for the slaveowners because
it was a possible loss of investment, if the land were to be voted as free by popular sovereignty then the owner would lose all of their slaves
Antietam was most decisive battle in civil war because (3)
it was the closest the south ever got to victory, prevented foreign intervention, gave Lincoln victory to give his "Emancipation Proclamation"
Jefferson strongly opposed national bank because
it was unconstitutional (10th amendment), said states had the power to charter banks
Southerners Angry about abolition in district of Columbia because
it would be a free territory inbetween Slaveholding Virginia and Maryland
France, Belgium and Holland were interested in an independent Texas because
it would check the Southward movement of the US, could be used to fight US so that would distract the US so that European powers could move in and challenge the monroe doctrine
admission of California worried the south because
it would destroy the equilibrium of the non and pro slavery states in the Senate, and it would also set precedent for the rest of the land seized in the Mexican Secession
king gustavus adolphus
king of sweeden after 30-years war who carried torch for protestantism, began to settle on delaware river
1675-1676
king philips war
Anne Hutchinson
known for challenging the authority of the clergy and gender roles in the church- asserted antinomianism
tax supported education won because
laborers weilded increased influence and demanded instruction for their children
main weakness of american army
lack of supplies and men
what the reconstruction act left out for blacks (2)
land, and education at the governments expense
"america letters"
letters by immigrants in US sent home in EU, described a better life without compulsory military service, low taxes, and three meat meals a day
religious zeal of second great awakening led to planting of many
liberal arts colleges
Transcendentalism (+emphasized & predicated on)
literary and intellectual movement, emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated on belief that each person possesses an "inner light" that can point the way to the truth and direct contact with god
although the freedmens bureau authorized to settle former slaves on 40 acre tracts confiscated from confederates, little land was actually given to them because
local administrators worked together with planters in expelling blacks from towns and persuading them to sign labor contracts
issues americans and mexicans clashed over
local rights, immigration, slavery,
Harrison election symbols________,__________. irony=
log cabin, hard cider. Ironic because he was FFV
great exhibition
londons world's fair- large US presence
McClellan losing election affect on south
lost all hopes of a confederate victory, Lincoln removed was the last hope for victory
New England family stability
low premarital pregnancies, children raised in good environments, guided by parents and grandparents
10 hour day was opposed by factory owners because it would
lower productivity and raise prices,
Tariff of 1857
lowered duties on imports in response to high treasury surplus and pressure from southern farmers, Northern farmers blamed it for their misfortune
Roger Morris
loyalist whos confiscated land in NY was sliced into 250 parcels- accelerated the spread of economic democracy
most important manufacturing activity in colonies
lumbering
Democrats attracted to free soil party because
mad that Polk took all of Texas and only some of Oregon
Hamilton's unique contribution
made a debt an asset for vitalizing financial system and government
Sir Fernando Gorges
made several attempts to colonize Maine (1623) but was later absorbed by Massachusetts Bay Colony (1677)after formal purchase from Gorges heirs
Eli Whitney's modular musket
made the pieces uniform on a musket so if one breaks, you replace the piece rather than the entire gun
North American Review
magazine for intellectuals
James Monroe is the only president to be reelected when their first term included a
major financial crisis
loyalty was regarded as a
major virtue
Diseases in Chesapeake
malaria, dysentery, and typhoid- cut 10 years off of life expectancy
post-slavery naming
many freed slaves changed the names that their masters gave them, and demanded to be addressed as Mr. and Mrs.
Boston Massacre
march 5, 1770 boston citizens taunted redcoats and threw stuff at them, redcoats opened fire (w/o orders) and killed 11
Thomas Hutchinson
massachusetts governor not afraid of the rebels, ordered all ships to unload tea before leaving
McCormick Reaper
mechanized the harvest of grains, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots
Ulysses S. Grant
mediocre West point student, became an alcoholic when he was stationed in the middle of nowhere, resigned from army to avoid court marshaling, joined the volunteers and led victories at Fort Henry and Donelson... requested "unconditional and immediate surrender"
William Wilberforce
member of parliament, christian reformer whose family was touched by George Whitefield, unchained slaves in West Indies
US can't be seen as bad for annexing texas because (2)
mexico would have not been able to reconquer texas, and the existence of texas as an independent nation was a threat to the US
first and most enthusiastic group of people about religious reform
middle class women
General James Wilkinson
military governor of Louisiana who plotted with Burr to separate Western part of US and expand into Mexico and Florida
Captain Myles Standish
military man on mayflower who became indispensable in indian fighting and negotiation
richest merchants in New England started as
military suppliers- owned 2/3 of wealth in cityq
Thomas Jefferson set precedent of sending messages to congress to be read by a clerk because his speaking suggested
monarchy
John Brown realized that he was (+turned into)
more of a help to the abolitionist cause if he was executed, turned in to a Martyr
North's supply of soldiers (at beginning and trend after that/why)
more than the south at outset, grew throughout the war because of immigrants enlisting
Harriet Tubman
most famous "conductor" in underground railroad, runaway slave from Maryland who rescued over 300 slaves including her parents- called "moses"
New Orleans
most important French outpost for blocking spain on the Gulf of mexico, also for fur trade
family in Chesapeake
most men couldn't find mates, most marriages destoryed by death of partner
The Association
most significant action of the first continental congress, called for complete boycott of British goods: nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.. violators were tarred and feathered
attacks against Jackson
mother=prostitute, wife=adulteress, printed flyers shaped like coffins remembering his duels, brawls, and hanging of 6 mutinous militiamen
Burned-Over District
name for Western New York region particularly swept up in religious fervor of second great awakening
"Cold water army"
name for children's clubs created by american temperance society
Era of Good Feelings
name for period of 1 party republican rule during Monroe's presidency - contradicts because he had several issues during his term
"snobocracy"
name for small group of wealthy cotton growers by the Northerners
Civil war effect on constitution
national government emerged unbroken, states rights were crushed, and nullification and secession were laid to rest
cumberland road
national road, went from maryland to illinois- interrupted by war of 1812 and states righters's complaints
roads were a big
nationalistic movement post war of 1812
Britian's strategy defeats after French got involved
naval blockades didn't work anymore
law regulating mercantilism system
navigation laws
British abolitionists in Texas were a threat because if they freed slaves there, then
nearby Southern slaves would be motivated to gain freedom
one thing that moderates and radicals agrees on with reconstruction
necessity to enfranchise black voters
mexicans complained that US government had obligation under international law to enforce
neutrality statutes
Lord De La warr
new governor of Jamestown who turned fleeing settlers around and imposed harsh military regime on colony-had orders to start war with Indians and used "Irish tactics" (burned houses and crops, stole food)
republic
new kind of political society where power flowed from the people, not from a corrupt and despotic monarch- called upon in Common Sense
"Beechers Bibles"
new rifles carried around by members of the New England Emigrant Aid Company, named after Reverend Henry Ward Beecher who raised money for their purchase
Land transport to west coast was imperative to prevent (+issue with best possible route)
new states from breaking away from the union, issue with best possible route is that it went through Mexico- had to buy it
Anglican issue in the new world
no Bishop so to be ordained, they had to go to england
Congress under AOC flaws
no executive branch, each state had one vote no matter population size,
NINA
no irish need apply- common signs outside of factory gates
Calvinist "plague"
no one is certain of their status in the heavenly ledger- doubts about their fate "plagued" them
Pennsylvania features
no provision for military, no tax-supported church, death penalty= only for treason and murder, in immigration restrictions and disliked slavery
black presence in Union military before Emancipation Proclamation
none in army(not even free northern blacks) but presence in Navy
republican platform 1860
nonextension of slavery, protective tariff, no abridgement of rights, pacific railroad, internal improvements at federal expense, and free homestead for the public domain
Townshend acts sparked
nonimportation agreements again
The Impending crisis of the South argued
nonslaveholding whites suffered the most in a slave economy
presbyterians split_____, forshadowed_______
north/south, secession of the south
Panic of 1857 promoted
northern sentiment desiring higher tariffs and free homesteads on Western public lands
pickett's charge
northernmost point ever reached by confederate forces, last real chance for confederates to win the war, lost
slaves during the war in the south
not allowed to fight, forced to build fortifications, supply troops, and keep farms going while the white men fought
Scots-Irish immigration story
not irish at all, transported to ireland from Br. clashed with the irish catholics over religion, Br placed restrictions on their production there so they moved to NA
Jeffersonian failed attempt to impeach Samuel Chase established precedent of
not reshaping supreme court via impeachment
Uncle Tom's Cabin
novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, spurred by the fugitive slave law to expose the north to the wilderness and inhumanity of slavery especially the splitting of familiies
Britain's offer after Saratoga.. frances response
offered Home rule, this scared france so they offered an alliance deal lending military power to the US- made the revo war a world war
Macon's Bill #2
offered first country to repeal their commercial restrictions with US a full embargo against the other country
Quakers
officially known as "religious society of friends"- religious group known for tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic indian policies
Clement L. Vallandigham
ohio congressman, notorious copperhead, demanded an end to the war. Convicted by military tribunal for treasonable utterances and was sentenced to prison, Lincoln banished him to the south because he liked them so much
General Robert E. Lee
one of best southern commanders, Lincoln offered him command of Northern armies but when his home state of VA seceded he went with the confederates
Martin Delany
one of few black leaders to take notion of mass recolonization of Africa seriously
what remarkable happened to slave pop in Chesapeake
one of few slave societies that grew by its own (natural reproduction)- drop in salve importation
Fort Sumter
one of last union strongholds in Confederacy- had no supplies, Lincoln told South Carolina that he was sending an expedition there to provision the garrison not to reinforce it; SC took that as a threat and shot first shots of civil war until the Garrison surrendered
The Boston Associates (+ dominated)
one of the first investment capital companies, dominated railroad, insurance, banking and business of massachusetts
Peter Stuyvesant
one-legged dutch leader who attacked Swedish on delaware river and absorbed them into new Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to attacking english after Charles II granted that land to his brother, Duke of York
Why Jackson thought the bank was a monster
only issued coins, and it was a private institution
2 principles of republicanism
only legitimate government= based on consent of governed and the power of government should be limited by written constitution
Provincial Elections (Massachusetts Bay Colony)
only men in the church
N.P. Gordon
only slave trader to ever be executed for smuggling slaves after importation became illegal
Anti-Masonic Party
opposed influence and secrecy of masonic order, energized by disappearance of New Yorker who threatened to expose secret rituals of masons
peace democrats
opposed to Lincoln administration
Handicaps for Federalists
opposition to alien and sedition acts, no war with France, Hamilton attacked President Adams in privately printed pamphlet that was discovered and printed publicly
Prime Minister George Grenville
ordered British Navy to enforce the navigation acts, started sugar act, stamp tax and quartering act
napoleon's response to Orders in Council
ordered seizure of all merchant ships that entered into British ports (including US ships)
New England vs Chesapeake Society growth
orderly democratic fashion vs. random self-indulged
Americans surged to Williamette Valley because of __________. In the population race ______won and ______lost.
oregon fever, USA, Britain
California Gold rush promoted California to
organize a government and apply for statehood
Judiciary Act of 1789
organized a supreme court with chief justice and 5 associates, and federal district courts, and established office of the attorney general
Cyrus Field
organized anglo-american-canadian venture to stretch cable from newfoundland to ireland- permanently linked the continents together for communication
Union League
originally a pro-Union organization. Freedmen turned the Union League into a network of political clubs that educated members and campaigned for Republican candidates.
old lights
orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism and theatrical acts of the revivalists
Corps of Discovery demonstrated the viability of
overland travel
What dampened 1st generation's religious zeal?
overpopulation made them move further away from towns and practice less
coalition of central American nations formed an alliance to
overthrow William Walker, and then a Honduran firing squad killed him
only 1,733 southern families
owned more than 100 slaves
Arthur and Lewis Tappan
paid for Theodore Dwight Weld to attend Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati
american distinction between legislation and taxation
parliament has the right to legislate about matters that affected the whole empire (inc regulation of trade) denied the right of parliament to impose taxes only on Americans- only US legislators could impose taxes on the US
Union Party
party formed in 1864 election, comprised of Republicans and war-democrats, formed to defeat Northern Peace Democrats
revolution of 1800= win for Jeffersonian Democrats because it was the first_____, Federalists were scared about
party overturn in history, Federalists were scared TJ would excuse all federalists from office but didnt
Thirteenth Amendment (+contingency with confederate states)
passed 8 months after the civil war, constitutional amendment prohibiting all forms of slavery . Former confederate states were forced to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry back into the Union
Fugitive Slave Law
passed as a part of compromise of 1850, freed slaves could not testify on their behalf and denied a jury trial- compelled all law enforcement to participate in captuing runaways (bribes), strengthened Anti-slavery cause in the North
Force Acts
passed in response to Ku Klux Klan's terror, banned clan membership, prohibited use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, gave US military the authority to enforce the acts
Civil Rights Bill
passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, aimed to counteract Black Codes by giving African Americans citizenship and making it a crime to deprive them of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property
Force Bill
passed with Compromise tariff, authorized president to use the army and navy if necessary to collect federal tariff duties
Natives Shape New England Land
paths for seasonal migrations, burned forests to sustain deer populations, concept of individual ownership of land did not exist
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
patriotic groups that fought against stamp act and enforced nonimportation agreements- forces stamp agents to resign which made it so there was no one to enforce the acts
1621
peace treaty signed between wampanoag and pilgrims
John Adams's only contribution to the nation (without peace, what couldn't have happened)
peace with france in 1800, without it Louisiana Purchase would not have happened
John Quincy Adams declined to remove
people from office, only removed 12 during presidency, made his supporters who expected patronage angry
mestizos
people of mixed indian and european heritage
English livestock brought to americas
pigs, horses, sheep and cattle
"praying towns"
places in New England where Indians were gathered to be Christianized
King Williams war
war between French courers de bois and British colonists with indians on both sides, neither home country thought US was worth a commitment so they didn't send any troops forcing militias to use guerilla warfare tactics
"high federalists"
war faction of the federalist party, headed by Alexander Hamilton after he left the Secretary of the Treasury
English civil war
war in england that distracted it from the americas
US preparation, post XYZ affair
war preparations- Navy dept=created, US maring corps= reestablished, army of 10,000
War of Independence
war within a war between the loyalists and patriots
Mexico refused to acknowledge Texas' independence and threatened______ if_________
war, US annexed it
Louisiana in control of Napoleon would be very bad and would mean____, which would mean the necessity of ___ for america.
war, alliances
Marquis de Lafayette
wealthy and bored frenchman who was made a major general in the Colonial army
types of people who remained loyal
wealthy, educated, cultural and cautious (older generation- angliclan clergy, kings officers, and beneficiaries of the crown
"lane rebels"
weld and others expelled from Lane Theological Seminary fanned out across Old Northwest preaching antislavery gospel
Herman Melville
went to sea on whaler, lived with cannibals, wrote Moby Dick
most slaves in north America came from
west coast of africa (senegal to angola)
"the massacre of american liberty"
what the americans referred to the intolerable acts as
Captain John Smith
whipped settlers into shape "he who shall not work, shall not eat" kidnapped and almost executed by Indians but saved by Pocahontas
Stephen C. Foster
white Pennsylvanian who wrote most famous Southern Songs, made valuable contribution to American Folk Music by capturing sad spirit of slaves
class below small slave owners
whites who owned no slaves, made living off of thinner soils of backcountry and mountain valleys in substinence farming- riased cord, hogs etc.
Poor Richards Almanack
widely read annual pamphlet, edited by Ben Franklin. Known for aphoriums and proverbs emphasizing thrift, industry, morality and common sense
Peculiar Institution
widely used term for institution of slavery in the South- use reflected divide between anti Slavery types and pro-slavery types
Hartford Convention sent 3 envoys to Washington to voice complaints but they arrived at the time of _______ and thus, were_________.
win in New Orleans, attacked by media and sank away
Short- term effects of Louisiana Purchase
with lots of land and little government to control it, fears of succession and foreign intrigue rose
black presence in Union military after Emancipation Proclamation (+who tried to get them to join)
with low enlistment numbers, they were allowed to join, Abe Lincoln tried to get freed blacks to join
Spanish at New Orleans after secret pact with French
withdrew rights of deposit guaranteed by Pickney's treaty
Plymouth Merge
without a charter, plymouth colony merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony (1691)
Oberlin College jolted traditionalists when it opened its doors to
women and men
domestic feminism (+signified)
women's decision to have fewer kids, signified growing independence of women
Woman's Loyal League
women's organization formed to bring about an end to the civil war and encourage congress to prohibit slavery
free blacks in the south not allowed to
work certain jobs, or testify against whites in court
issued with declaring the war as an antislavery war
would have driven border states into the confederacy, unpopular in Ohio, Illinois and Indiana (butternut region)
Alexander Hamilton saved failed VA commerce convention by
writing a report that called upon Congress to summon a convention in Phila. to bolster the entire AOC
Hinton R. Helper
wrote The Impending Crisis of the South, non-aristocratic white from North Carolina, hated slavery and blacks
Edward Everett Hale
wrote The Man Without a Country
Francis Parkman
wrote about struggle between France and Britain over North America in Colonial times
Edgar Allen Poe
wrote in tone not normal at the time, hard upbringing, 'The Raven"
Whig Tariff (+result)
tried to bring extra revenue to the treasury by distributing among the states the revenue from the sale of public Western lands, vetoed because he saw no point in squandering federal funds when treasury wasn't overflowing
Andrew Johnson's actions that led to the attempt to impeach him
tried to dismiss Edward M. Stanton
election of 1840 demonstrated 2 major changes in US politics
triumph of populist democratic style, formation of 2 party system
Emancipation Proclamation effect on Northern Cause
turned into preserving the union and committing itself to freeing slaves
Laird Rams (+would have done what)
two confederate warships constructed at John Laird and sons shipyard in Britain, designed to destroy union ships with iron rams and large caliber guns- would have sunk blockading ships and caused a US-Britain war
Kansas citizens had to decide between (after legislature election)
two governments- the fraudulent one, or the illegal one
Articles of Confederation required (which)
unanimous approval which wasn't achieved until NY and VA surrendered W. claims
formidable barrier for constitution ratification + how they got around it
unanimous vote from all 13 states- got around this by allowing individual states to adopt it until all 13 did.. promised the south a bill of rights
George Washington (election)
unanimously voted in 1789- only president to be unanimously chosen, did not campaign with politics rather he did it with character
Proprietary Colonies
under control of proprietors who appointed governors
Jefferson's goal at beginning of presidency
undo federalist abuses and started by French hysteria (alien and sedition acts)
Phillis Wheatley
uneducated african slave turned poet
Dominion of Canada
unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks from the US
Sherman's March
union General William Tecumseh Sherman's march through Georgia. Purposefully targeted infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut confederate war effort. TOTAL WAR
Gettysburg
union victory, turned the war into the favor of the North and was the last Southern invasion in the North, site of Pickett's Charge
Minstrel Shows
uniquely American shows featuring white actors with blackened faces playing roles of plantation workers, adopted by confederates as a battle hymn
Ferdinand of Aragon
united spain when he married Isabella of Castille and pushed the moors out
Salutary neglect
unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and weakly enforced navigation laws
Southerners supported secession because they thought it would be
unopposed and the North wouldn't fight, thought Northern bankers and merchants wouldn't dare mess with the cotton industry that they relied on
reconstruction was worse than the war itself because it
upended Southern social and racial systems
gov't in every colony made up of 2 house legislative body
upper house (governor etc.) and lower house (elected by the people)
New York Draft riots (+angry b/c)
uprising, mostly of working-class irish Americans in protest of the draft, particularly angry because of conscription law
Catherine Beecher
urged women to enter the teaching profession and succeeded, forced men out of teaching and transformed it into a female-dominant industry
Admiralty courts
used to try defendants for violating various navigation acts- no jury, guilty until proven innocent
patroonships
vast feudal estates along hudson river granted to promoters who agreed to settle 50 people on them
African Diaspora
vast scattering of African Peoples in the Americas
very alarming to decline of puritanism
very apparent decline in number of conversions
French response to Jay's Treaty
very mad, said it violated a french- american treaty-- started attacking US merchant ships and refused to accept US envoy
Captain Daniel Shays
veteran of revolutionary war who led Shays's rebellion- condemned to death because of if but later pardoned
clash between Andrew Johnson and Congress exploded when he
vetoed a bill extending the life of Freedmens bureau
Andrew Jacksons response to recharter bill
vetoed it because he found it to be harmful to the nation
_______ and ________ were won within a day of each other
vicksburg and gettysburg
______ and ______ reinvigorated spirit of manifest destiny
victory in Mexico and discovery of gold in California
Underground Railroad
virtual freedom train, consisted of "stations"(antislavery homes) where "passengers"(runaway slaves)were harbored by "conductors" (abolitionists) from slave states as they made their way up to free-soil Canada
dutch east india company
virtually its own state- at one time supported by 10,000 men and 190 ships
Joseph Smith
visionary who reported he received golden plates from an angel and when he deciphered them, they became the book of Mormon and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
more than 90% of union troops were _______ because ________
volunteers, social and patriotic pressures were strong
changes for servants in US at the end of the 1600's
wages went up in England so less gambled on indentured servantry
radical republicans' thoughts on confederate states and readmission into the union
wanted social structures to change and planters to be punished and emancipated blacks to be protected before readmission
Robert de la Salle
wanted to control spanish penetration of the Gulf of Mexico- floated down the Mississippi to where it connects with the gulf (named it Louisiana after Louis XIV), later returned with men and ships to colonize but couldn't find Mississippi Delta- killed by mutinous men
British government on monopoly of textile machines
wanted to keep them a secret, passed legislation forbidding the export of machines or the emigration of mechanics
Opium war
war between Britain and China over trading rights- Britain's desire to continue selling opium to Chinese traders, resulted in giving Britain control of 5 ports in china including Hong Kong- promoted US to reach agreement with China
Henry Richard Lee's quote
"these united colonies are, and ought to be, free and independent states"
John Jay federalist quote
"those who own the country ought to govern it"
nickname for government with three branches
"three headed monster"
Oliver Hazard Perry's victory slogan
"we have captured the enemy and they are ours"
Salem witch trials
(1692) crazy witch hunt that occurred after teen girls claimed to be bewitched. Fueled by unsettled wars and unsettled social and religious conditions- 20 killed before put to end by Massachusetts governor because his wife was accused
Fisher Ames quote about Jefferionians
"fire-eating salamanders, poison sucking toads"
term describing the loose confederation
"firm league of friendship"
Gen. John Burgoyne
"gentleman johnny"- actor/playwright soldier who led main force in Hudson R. plan from North(canada)
Patrick Henry quote
"give me liberty or give me death"
House of Representatives tried to impeach Andrew Johnson for
"high crimes and misdemeanors"
New Englanders claimed Boston was
"hub of the universe"
colonists shape New England land
"improved land" by pasteurizing and not "wasting" land
Ku Klux Klan
"invisible empire of the south", extremist society founded in Tennessee, white southerners against free blacks. terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites in the south post-civil war
nicknames for small gunboats loved by TJ
"jeffs" "mosquito fleet"
what people who were a part of the Whiskey Rebellion chanted
"liberty and no excise"
slogan of US thoughts of XYZ affair
"millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute"
stamp tax created idea of
"no taxation without representation"
disputed land that was in question during the Articles of Confederation became known as the
"republican states"
John Adams was regarded with
"respectful irritation"
Coureurs de bois
"runners of the woods"- french for trappers (beaver). Established trading posts- recruited indians into slave trade, but they were killed by disease and their religious beliefs were violated by slaughtering beaver
Johnathan Edwards famous sermon
"sinners in the hands of an angry god"
"Blue Laws" (+synonym)
"stumptary laws" designed to restrict behavior- prohibited stage plays, playing cards, dice, games and hilarity (quakers in pennsylvania)
"old iron sides"
"the constitution" -ship on lake erie where 1 in 6 was black
another name for virginia plan
"the large state plan"
another name for articles of confederation
"Articles of confusion"
Samuel de Champlain
"Father of New France"- led the French to settle in Québec, friendly with Huron tribe- helped them battle Iroquois
popular toasts about strengthening Articles of Confederation (2)
"cement to the union" "A hoop to the barrel"
England-Spanish Peace Treaty (year)
1604
1st Anglo-Powhatan war year
1614
dutch ship with slaves year
1619
Representative Self Govt started?
1619 in Virginia along with Slavery
powhatans strike back year
1622
Indians strike back after First Anglo-Powhatan war
1622 left 347 settlers dead including john Rolfe
james i's actions in new world year
1624
James I actions in new land
1624- detested tobacco and distrusted House of Burgesses so he revoked the charter of the Virginia Company and made Virginia a Royal Colony
Carolina (established, export, slave status)
1670, rice= principal export, african slaves brought over to cultivate rice because they had been doing it in africa before
William and Mary College
1693 by Virginians
North South Carolina split year
1712
Common Sense
1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine urging colonists to declare independence and establish republican gov't- helped convince to support revolution
Shays's Rebellion
1786, armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors and backcountry farmers seeking lower taxes and and end to property foreclosures. Quickly put down but the uprising inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading revolutionaries
Bank of the United States
1791- chartered by congress as a part of Alexander Hamilton's economic plan, located in Philadelphia, printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. Opposed by Jeffersonians who thought it was unconstitutional.
Neutrality Proclamation
1793- soon after French and British began fighting (fr revo) GW (without consulting congress) proclaimed governments neutrality in conflict and warned citizens to be impartial towards both armed camps.
two crucial amendments in Bill of Rights
9(peoples rights) 10(states rights)
vote for bills dealing with important subjects under the AOC
9/13
Squanto
A Wampanoag Indian who knew english from a prior kidnapping- facilitated agreements between english and Wampanoag
Second Anglo-Powhatan war
(1644) Indians made one last effort at resistance and lost-peace treaty 1646 banished Chesapeake indians from ancestral lands
Act of Toleration
(1649) religious statute passed by local parliment in Maryland which granted toleration to all religions that belived in the divinity of Jesus (death penalty to Jews and athiests)
Barbados Slave Code
(1661) denied most fundamental rights to Enslaved Peoples and gave masters complete control over them
Half-Way Covenant
(1662) troubled ministers announced a new formula for church membership, allowed children of baptized but not converted members to get baptized- weakened distinction between elect and others
Slave Codes(+began where)
(1662)set of laws defining racial slavery and established the hereditary nature of slavery and limited rights and education of slaves-- made blacks and their children property for life of their white masters, Began in Virginia
New Jersey
(1664)- two proprietors received land from Duke of York
Royal African Company
(1672)- first chartered, monopolized slave trade and importation in the colonies, charter revoked (1698)
Top families in Southern Society
Fitzhughs, Lees, Washingtons
Popés rebellion (+year)
(1680) An indian uprising provoked by missionaries trying to push religion on to natives. the Pueblo rebels destroyed every catholic church in New Mexico and killing hundreds of priests and Spainards
Dominion of New England
(1686)imposed from london, aimed at bolstering colonial defense in event of war with indians-promoted efficiency in administration of navigation laws
Glorious Revolution
(1688-89) English dethroned James II and put Dutch William III and wife (james's daghter) Mary II in the throne (protestant)
Leisler's rebellion
(1689-91) New York- fueled by animosity between lordly landholders and aspiring merchants- led by Jacob Leisler (wealthy tried to recreate social platforms from Europe)
Tuscarora war
(1711) Tuscarora indians attacked at New Bern lost to North Carolina who was helped by South Carolina. The left over were sold into slavery or joined the Iroquois Confederation
Treaty of Paris
(1783) Britain formally recognized independence of US- granted land boundaries: Spanish Florida, Great lakes, and Mississippi. Also gave them share in fishing in Newfoundland
Bunker Hill
(aka Breeds Hill) Britain launched frontal attack of 3,000 and were mowed down by US until they ran out of gunpowder and forced to retreat. Br death toll=victory for us
Metacom
(aka King Philip) massasoits son formed intertribal unity
Predestination
(calvinism) idea that god has already determined your fate and nothing you can do will change it
Huguenots
(more than 10,000 slaughtered st. Bartholomews day)French Protestant dissenters- granted limited toleration under Edict of Nantes
Treaties Santa Anna was forced to sign
1. withdraw Mexican troops from Texas 2. recognize rio grande as SW boarder of Texas
Tobacco export Chesapeake
1.5 mil lbs. (1630's)- almost 40mil lbs. by 1700
Reign of Terror (+Jeffersonian and Federalist view)
10 month period where 40,000 people were executed as enemies of the French Revolution- Jeffersonians maintained faith in French Republic while Federalists withdrew already weak support
Britain's debt after French and Indian war
140 million pounds
Spanish Armada year
1588
another name for the New Jersey plan
"the small state plan"
Thomas Jefferson declared that only the lawful states were those that derive
"their just powers from the consent of the governend"
Spanish Aarmada
(1588) Spanish Naval attack vs. Britain @ English Channel- english damaged ships and "Protestant wind" swept them away- established England as world Naval Power
Queen elizabeth I upon taking the throne
(1588) ended prot. reformation - repercussions= irish uprising
Battle of Acoma (+year)
(1599) battle between spainards and the pueblo indians, the spanish destroyed them and eventually formed New Mexico there in 1609
First Anglo-Powhatan War
(1614) war between Lord de la warr and Powhatan- ended with peace treaty sealed with marriage between Rolfe and Pocahontas
Transaction that planted seeds of North American Slave System
(1619) Dutch ship appeared off Jamestown and sold 20 enslaved Africans
Massachusetts Bay Colony
(1629)non-separatist puritans who fled England after Charles I sanctioned anti-puritan persecutions of Archbishop William Laud. Secured royal charter for Massachusetts Bay Colony- didn't want to separate from church but from its impurities
Great English Migration
(1630's) about 70,000 refugees left england- not all were puritans and only about 20,000 went to massachusetts
Pequot War
(1637) english with help from Narragansett tribe virtually annihilated Pequot tribe- began period of unrest between puritans and indians
New Haven(BUT)
(1638) Connecticut puritan settlement founded with goal of setting up closer church-government alliance than in masaachusetts- but fell into disfavor with Charles II because they sheltered judges who condemed his father to death so he granted them a royal charter that merged them with more democratically run settlements in the area
Fundamental Orders
(1639) drafted by Connecticut River Colony, a "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government controlled by "substantial citizens"
New England Confederation
(1643) when massachusetts bay colony, plymouth, new haven, and scattered connecticut river valley settlements banded together during english civil war primarily for defense against foes and dealt with intercolonial problems
Jackson's uniqueness
1st president from the West, 1st president nominated at a formal party convention, 2nd without a college education
Vicksburg
2 and a half month siege of a confederate fort on the Mississippi River in Tennessee, fell to Ulysses S. Grant giving the union control of the Mississippi and severing the south in 2
total amount of slaves that died during the middle passage
2 million
death rates on ships in the middle passage
20%
Stamp Act Congress (1765)
27 delegated from 9 colonies met in New York and drew up a petition to repeal the stamp act- promoted intercolonial unity
Nathaniel Bacon
29 year old planter who sided with people who hated Berkeley because they were forced into backcountry and because of his friendly relations with natives
deciding factor in election of 1800 (that brought Jefferson to victory)
3/5 compromise
England's population 1550-1600
3mil-4mil
Tripolitan War
4 year conflict between US navy and Tripoli over piracy in mediterranean- Ended by TJ securing $60,000 peace treaty
South Carolina Slave Revolt
50 resentful blacks marched the stono river to florida but were stopped by a local militia
Dred Scott v. Stanford ruling
5th amendment forbade congress to deprive people of their property, Missouri Compromise had been repealed and ruled the compromise of 1820 unconstitutional
Andrew Jackson's force at New Orleans consisted of
7,000 sailors, regulars, pirates, french and militiamen
Catawba Nation
A group of the remains of several different Indian tribes that joined together in the late 1700's due to forced migration. It was located in the Southern Piedmont region of the Carolinas.
Emancipation Proclamation
Abraham Lincoln's speech declaring all slaves in rebelling states to be free, did not affect slavery in the nonrebelling border states.
Gettysburg Address
Abraham Lincoln's speech to dedicate Gettysburg Cemetery at site of Gettysburg battlefield, framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty, attracted no attention then but later gained popularity
Largest single non-english group in colnies (include percent of pop)
Africans- 20%
Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell
America's first female physician, helped organize US Sanitary Commission
Creole (+raised fears about)
American ship captured by group of rebelling Virginia slaves, got asylum in British Bahamas because of Britain's abolitionist policies, raised fears among Southern planters that British West indies would become a safe haven for slaves
Stephen Austin
American who was granted huge land tract in Texas from Mexico with understanding that he would bring in 300 American families to Texas of Roman Catholic Faith and that would be properly Mexicanized upon settlement- not followed
spirit of nationalism fed growing belief in uniqueness of
American wilderness
War Heroes of 1812
Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison
Martin Van Buren
Andrew Jackson's successor who gained presidency because Jackson carefully rigged convention so that he would be the candidate
Lincoln's VP in 1864 and why he was placed on the bid
Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, placed on bill to attract war democrats
root of Andrew Johnson-congress controversy (+what congress tried to do)
Andrew Johnson's 10% governments that passed black codes, congress tried to fight this by extending life of freedmen's bureau and the civil rights bill- both were vetoed
When did the Aztecs surrender to the Spanish following Noche Triste
August 13, 1521
US political leaders post Revo war
Ben Franklin, George Washington, James Madison, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton
US peace negotiators at paris
Ben Franklin, John Adams, John Jay- instructed to make no separate peace and to consult with France through every step
plan to capture Hudson River Valley failed because
Benedict arnold bought time by sending BR on wild goose chase until the winter- if this didn't happen BR would have captured ticonderoga
the first civilized american
Benjamin Franklin
After Bacon dies during rebellion
Berkeley crushes uprising- hung over 20, scared Charles II and scared Plantation owners to look for alternate methods to get workers
largest growing churches post war
Black Baptist Church and African Methodist Episcopal Church
Lord Scheffield
Britain who argued in a pamphlet that British would win back trade with the US at some point and commerce would flow through old channels so why should the British immediately go back asking to do so
McLeod
British man arrested for having part in Caroline raid for murder, had airtight alibi and was set free, British said it would have been war if he was executed
Samuel Slater
British mechanic, attracted by offers for textile machine plans, memorized plans and fled to US in disguise, with aid from investors, carpenters, and blacksmiths- built the first american thread spinning machine
Lord Ashburton
British nonprofessional diplomat sent to United States, became friends with secretary Webster and reached agreement on maine issue
Radical Whigs
British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Writings shaped american political thought and made colonists alert to encroachments on their rights
West Africa Squadron
British royal navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade. Intercepted hundreds of ships and freed thousands of slaves
Southerners thought that britain would have to enter in the war on their side because
British textile mills needed cotton from the Southern fields
war of words with Britain started because of
British travelers writing attacks on American life
North got a better deal in the compromise of 1850 because(+what it forced the southern states to do)
California as a free state tipped the balance in the senate, and anti-slavery became popular thought- forced southern states to gain more slave territory but they didnt know where to look for land
1629
Charles I dismissed parliment, sanctioned anti-puritan persecutions
1684
Charles II revoked Massachusetts bay colonies royal charter
_______ led the radical republicans in the senate
Charles Sumner
in attempt to curb feverish land speculation in West, John Quincy Adams tried to deal fairly with
Cherokee indians in Georgia
"Five civilized tribes"
Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles
John Marshall
Chief Justice of Supreme Court at end of Adams' term, served for 34 years, saw a need for a strong central government while at Valley Forge which made him lifelong federalist
HOR elected Adams, thanks to Clay and a few days later
Clay was appointed to position of Secretary of State- protested by Jacksonians for years
Saratoga
Colonial victory where Horatio Gates trapped Burgoyne's entire army and forced him to surrender- ranks high among battles in the war because took out 7,000 troops and revived the colonial cause
Compromise Tariff of 1833
Compromise bill that would greatly reduce tariff of 1832 by 10% over a period of 8 years. By 1842 rates would be at those of 1816
1808
Congress bans international slave trade- causes rise in internal slave commerce
John Bell of Tennessee was candidate for
Constitutional Union Party(candidate)
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Created system of governing the Old Northwest, until a territory had a population of 60,000 they were subordinate to the Federal govt. once at 60k- might be admitted by congress as a state. Also forbade slavery
Boston Tea Party
Dec 16, 1773- colonists disguised as indians dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor- perfect revolution piece because people of all social classes could rally behind it
War Hawks
Democratic Republican congressmen who wanted Madison to declare war on Britain- resented constraints on trade and thought British were aiding resistant indians in the Frontier
"the city of straits"
Detroit
Henry Clay
Developed the American System
Three D's
Disease, Disorganization, and disposability-powhatans were disorganized, killed by smallpox and measles, and served to economic gains
1686
Dominion of New England
Foreign aid to British "cotton famine"
Egypt and India boosted cotton production and gained a foothold in the global market
Henry David Thoreau (+known for)
Emerson's close associate, poet, mystic, transcendentalist, condemned government that supported slavery and refused to pay poll taxes so he was jailed for a night, known for "Walden: Or Life in the Woods"
Indentured Servants
Englishman voluntarily mortgaging their work for 4-7 years to Chesapeake masters in exchange for transatlantic passage and freedom dues
Effect of Marbury v. Madison
Established Judicial Review and gave the supreme court power to establish precedent
British attacked US ships in French West Indies, but US didn't strike back because
Hamilton economic system depended on trade with British
First Tariff Law
Hamilton's imposed low tax of 8%on dutiable imports, main goal= revenue/ opposed by agriculture
Excise Tax
Hamilton's second revenue tax on few domestic domestic items most notably Whiskey
Ecological Imperialism
Historians term for spoilation of Western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing
Why US was more useful to french by not entering the war
If the US entered into the war, the British would have set up a naval blockade, which would have halted the trade to the French West Indies
Jay's Treaty
In effort to avoid war with Britain during French Revolution, John Jay in London agreed to pay back British merchants with revolutionary war debts in exchange for evacuation of British outposts in North America and damages paid for seizures of US ships
Democratic winner of 1844 election
James K. Polk
Secretary of State under Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
The South Carolina Exposition written in secret by
John C. Calhoun
1st chief justice of the United States Supreme Court
John Jay
Member of congress who said US should take offensive with Florida situation and demand concessions from Spain
John Quincy Adams
US leader at treaty of Ghent
John Quincy Adams
four presidential candidates in 1824
John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and William H Crawford
Andrew Johnson's attorneys argued that
Johnson, convinced that the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional, he fired Stanton to put a test case before the supreme court
Declaration of Independence
July 4,1776- Thomas Jefferson wrote the formal pronouncement of independence approved by congress
noche triste date
June 30, 1520
"the royal brute of Great Britain"
King George III
Lord North
King Georges prime minister- persuaded parliament to repeal townshend acts but kept a tax on tea as a reminder of their ability to tax
Millard Fillmore candidate for _____party during 1856 election
Know-nothing
wholesale disfranchisement of blacks started in 1890's because of___________, acheived by_______,__________, and ________
Ku Klux Klan, intimidation, fraud and trickery
Daniel Webster
Lawyer for Dartmouth, often spoke to supreme court to EXPOUND federalistic and nationalistic policy- loved by Marshall
Andrew Johnson
Lincoln's Vice President, took over after his death but was impeached because congress demanded harshness towards the south
the Virginia Company
London-based joint-stock company who received a charter from King James I for a settlement in the new world-intended to last a few years until investors could liquidate for profit
Merriwether Lewis and William Clark
ML= TJ's personal secretary and WC= young military general, sent by TJ to explore Northern part of Louisiana purchase
Nicholas Biddle
President of Bank of U.S., held immense and unconstitutional amount of power over America's financial affairs
Jefferson Davis
President of Confederate States of America
James Buchanan
President with strong Southern connections, threw weight of campaign behind the Lecompton Constitution
HOR couldn't get enough votes to expel ______, so he retired only to be_________.
Preston S Brooks, re-elected
who was denied refuge in New France
Protestant Huguenots
John Cotton
Puritan citadel who fled england to massachusetts because of his criticism of the english church- defended governments authority to enforce religious rules
William Penn
Quaker persecuted because of his faith, secured immense land grant from king because of monetary debt owed to his late father- Pennsylvania or "penns woodland"
Lauretia Mott
Quaker who's anger was aroused when she and her fellow female delegates to London antislavery convention of 1840 were not recognized
all presidential candidates in 1824 professed to be
Republicans - well defined parties had not yet emerged
which two groups taught americans to be aware if their rights were threatened
Republicans and Radical Whigs
McClellan (back in control of the Potomac) and his men found _______ and used them to _______ at ______________
Robert E. Lee's battle strategies, halt Lee, at Antietam
Chesapeake Affair
Royal ship met Chesapeake (US ship) off coast of Virginia and demanded four deserters but the US captain refused and was destroyed by British before they took four deserters
why congress sanctioned Alaska purchase
Russia was friendly to the north during the war and US wanted to stay on good terms, also rumored to have vast deposits of gold, fish and furs
Tsar Alexander I
Russian king who didnt want their ally Britain to lose strength in US- proposed peace for anglo-american battle in 1812- brought 5 US peacemakers to Ghent, Belgium in 1814
Responsorial
call and response style of preaching that melded Christian and African traditions. Practiced by African slaves in the south
Thomas Jefferson (role in GW cabinet)
Secretary of State
hostile anti-lincoln factions during 1864 election supported
Secretary of Treasury Salmon Chase
Henry Knox (role in GW cabinet)
Secretary of War
Alexander Hamilton (role in GW cabinet)
Secretary of the Treasury
Albert Gallatin (agreed with Tj on what and what he did about it)
Secretary of the treasury under Jefferson, agreed with TJ that national debt was bad- reduced it by implementing a strict economy and balancing the budget
Preston S. Brooks
South Carolina congressman who beat Charles Sumner unconscious with a cane at his senate desk
James Gadsen
South Carolina railroad man appointed as Minister to Mexico- negotiated Gadsen purchase with Santa Anna
states that formed Confederate States of America
South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas
Columbia convention met a second time because
South carolina faced internal civil war and invasion by federal government
Effects of Harper's Ferry (N/S)
South- asked how they could stay in the union after the attack North- abolitionists were outraged that the Virginians hanged a reformer who was working for so righteous a cause
Mason-Dixon line
Southern boundary of PA, symbolized North South divide over slavery
Redeemers
Southern democratic politicians who sought to take control from republican regimes in the South after reconstruction
Florida Purchase Treaty
Spain ceded Florida to US and they agreed on Southwest boundary of Louisiana, gave US Oregon for Texas
Secret pact between Spain and France before Louisiana Purchase
Spain ceded France and gave France Louisiana and New Orleans
Pickney's treaty
Spanish afraid of Anglo-American Alliance granted US free navigation of the Mississippi, right of deposit at New Orleans, and large territory of Western Florida
McCulloch v. maryland Summary
State of Maryland tried to get rid of US bank branch by taxing its bank notes- taken to supreme court
Monroe Doctrine
Statement by president Monroe (noncolonization and nonintervention) warning to Eu powers to not colonize in North America and not to intervene in Latin America
Northern Democrat candidate and platform 1860
Stephen A Douglas, popular sovereignty and against the obstruction of the fugitive slave law
Freeport Doctrine
Stephen Douglas's response to the Freeport Question
Margaret Fuller
befriended Emerson and joined Boston Transcendentalists, edited their journal, launched paid seminars for women designed to promote scholarly dialogue, published book criticizing gender roles and about the feminist movement, went to italy to help establish democracy
Manifest Destiny
belief that the US was destined by god to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America, served as a justification for mid-19th century expansion
Peter Cartwright
best knows methodist circuit rider, called upon sinners to repent and converted thousands of souls to the lord, known to fight people who tried to break up his meetings
Clayton-Bulwar Treaty
between Britain and United States, both nations would protect neutrality of central America and neither power would seek to control any isthmian waterway- revoked by Hay-Penceforte treaty which gave the US control over panama canal
Queen Annes War
between English and French in the north and English and Spanish in the south- ended with a peace treaty where France gave Acadia, Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay to the British
War of 1812
between US and BR over issues of trade and impressment-ended in draw but showed the EU powers willingness to protect its military=respect
Rush Bagot Agreement
between US and BR- limited naval armament on Great Lakes- 1st step in full demilitarization of US and Canadian boarder
Battle of Tippecanoe + indian actions after
between the prophet and William Henry Harrison's army, Americans prevailed and after, Tecumseh forged alliance with British
David Walker
black abolitionist, wrote "Appeal to the colored Citizens of the World"
emancipation strengthened the _________
black family
______ formed the backbone of the black political community
black men elected as delegates to the state constitutional conventions
Nat Turner
black preacher, led slave uprising- Nat Turners Rebellion
California bypassed the territorial stage which stopped Southern Congressmen who wanted to
block non-slave states from entering the union
North's controlling of the sea and superior navy allowed for the North to (2)
blockade the Southern ports, exchanged grain for military supplies with european powers and other supplies
Southern financial issues (3)
blockade= no customs duties, taxes didn't work (states rights), printed way too much money- runaway inflation
first objective of Alexander Hamilton's plan (how did he go about it)
bolster national credit- he urged congress to "fund at par"
Justice John Marshall's most famous group of decisions common factor
bolstered power of federal government at expense of the states
"Walden: Or Life in the Woods" (+emphaiszed)
book by Henry David Thoreau, record of his 2 years of simple existence in a hut he built in Walden Lake, emphasized quest for isolation from societies corruption
"Awful Disclosures" (+reflected)
book by Maria Monk, about alleged horrors in catholic covenants, reflected nativist fears of catholic influence
"The Age of Reason"
book by Thomas Paine- declared that all churches were "set up to terrify and enslave mankindand monopolize power and profit"
Northern agriculture during war years
boomed- good weather and high yields
what did the loyalists do for BR
bore arms, spies, incited indians, kept patriots in the house
Andrew Johnson life story
born to poverty, learned to read and write late in life, became active in Tennessee politics, fought for the poor whites and attracted favorable attention in North when he refused to secede with his own state
The Virginia Plan
both houses in a bicameral (2 houses) congress should be based on population- gave larger states the advantage
Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams relationship
both nationalists and advocates of American System, met before final balloting and Clay professed his support for Adams
Iroquois Confederacy
bound together five Indian nations (Mohawk, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas) sided with England during revolutionary war and lost all land when they lost
nonimportation agreements
boycotts against British goods in response to Stamp Act- most effective form of protest
iron steamers
british ships that made clipper ships obselete, slow but had lots of room, were reliable, and profitable
West Virginia
broke away from own state after Virginia seceded from the Union- most residents were farmers and miners who did not own slaves
slavery fostered (bad effects)
brutality of the whip, the bloodhound, and the branding iron
Federalist Foreign Policy
build strong national state that would assert and expand US commercial interests- foreign trade
Oliver Hazard Perry
built fleet on shores of Lake Erie and captured British fleet on the lake and revived the american's cause
erie canal- clintons big ditch
built in NY linking great lakes with Hudson River- dug it themseelves
British force at Chesapeake Bay
burned Washington but couldn't capture fort McHenry because of US defense
events that convinced the colonists to separate from Britain
burning of Falmouth and Norfolk and the hiring of hessians
whig desires
less expansion, more internal improvement
General George McClellan
given command of major Union force near Washington (the Potomac), great at drilling, hated sacrificing his troops- over cautious and didnt realize no one was 100% ready for war, never moved toward Richmond until Lincoln gave him strict orders to do so
issue that shifted attention away from slavery during Taylor's presidency
gold rush
Scots-Irish land opportunity in North America
good land already claimed so they had to move out west into frontier
Confederate States of America
government established by 7 states that seceded from the union, later joined by four more
new opportunities for women because of war
government jobs, 400+ posed as men and joined the army, spies and nurses
Lord Dunmore
governor of VA, issued proclimation promisins freedom to enslaved blacks in VA who joined British army- "lord dunmores ethopian regiment"
New England "invented"
grandparents
factory jobs promised (for women)
greater economic independence, the means to buy manufactured products of the new market economy
Frederick Douglass
greatest of black abolitionists, looked to politics to end slavery
Charles Grandison Finney (+ devised...encouraged...denounced...)
greatest of revivalist preachers, held crowds spellbound because of oration power and importance of message, led massive revivals in rochester and NYC, devised anxious bench, encouraged women to pray aloud in church and dencounced alcohol and slavery
west's specialized type of economic activity
grew grain and livestock to feed factory workers in the East and Europe
Congregational Church (derived from, where, supporting taxes)
grew out of Puritan church, established in all New England colonies except RI, all in NE were taxed to support it but members of other denominations where later exempted
"exodusters"
group of freed blacks that fled to kansas
Treaty between US and New Granada (Columbia) (+what it led to)
guaranteed American right of transit across the Isthmus in return for perfect neutrality- led to construction of the first transcontinental railroad
Bay Colony Authorities found Roger Williams
guilty of disseminating "newe and dangerous opinions" and banished him
French gave the Americans in the Revo war
guns, money, equipment, half of the american army, and all naval power
British East India Company
had a surplus of tea and was falling into bankruptcy so ministry awarded it a monopoly on american tea business- americans saw this as an attempt to trick them
legally restrained executive in presidency's authority
had broad authority to make appointments to domestic offices and had veto power over legislature
planter aristocrats humbled by the war
had tons of land with nothing to do to it, lost most of their investments with the emancipation proclamation
US saw that George canning was trying to
hamper US expansion in longrun and denied his treaty offer.
John Brown (Harpers Ferry)
hatched scheme to invade the south secretly with followers and call upon the slaves to rise up and and give them guns and establish a black free-state as a sanctuary- executed for murder and treason
Hamilton's feelings toward J Adams
hated him, plotted against him with cabinet members
whig strategy in the election
have several candidates each with regional appeal so no candidate would win a majority and leave the House of Representatives to decide
Mark Twain accused Walter Scott of
having had a hand in starting the civil war
how did Tyler annex Texas differently
he arranged for annexation by a joint resolution requiring a simple majority in both houses of congress
attacks against Adams
he bought billiards table with his own money, criticized the money his federal salary paid him, accused of being a pimp
John Quincy Adams was not the average politician because
he commanded respect rather than courting popularity
McClellan was removed from his position forever after Antietam because
he did not follow Robert E. Lee's retreating troops
Lincoln Rejected Crittenden Amendments because
he was elected on a platform that opposed slavery
Southerners celebrated Lincoln's death until they realized
he would have been the best candidate to reconstruct the US, with lenient terms
(exiled) Santa Anna let it be known that if the US permitted him to get back into Mexico then... (+result)
he would sell out his country, Polk agreed and once Santa Anna returned to Mexico he double crossed the US and rallied the Mexicans to defend their land
Charles Townshend
head of British ministry, persuaded parliament to pass Townshend acts
Sir Edmond Andros
head of New Dominion, openly affiliated with Church of England, curbed town meetings, restricted:courts, schools, and press, strove to enforce navigation laws
King James I (position and stance on defiance)
head of church and state (1603-1625) thought if subjects could defy him spiritually then they would defy him politically so he harassed separatists out of England
Dey of Algiers
highlighted the need for centralized authority in foreign policymaking
decisive factor that won Stephen A Douglas the senate seat
his loyalty to popular sovereignty
Antietam (+what were the victories for the north that came about because of this)
landmark battle in civil war that essentially ended in a draw, but demonstrated union army's skill- prevented foreign intervention and gave Lincoln the victory he needed to issue the emancipation proclamation
Gullah
language developed by african americans (goober, voodoo, gumbo)
Calvinism
large branch of puritanism, dominant theological credo for New England Puritans and other American Settlers- provided spiritual comfort to the economically disadvantaged
McCormick reaper started movement of
largesale specialized cash-crop agriculture
Corrupt Bargain of 1824
last of old style elections- alleged deal between candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams's favor- never proven. Turned into rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson
Phillip II of Spain
launched Spanish Armada because of religious battles
Embargo Act
law that forbade export of all goods from US in US and foreign ships
Slavery shapes entire racial relations
laws and customs became increasingly oppressive against enslaved and free blacks in North and South
Black Codes
laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, imposed penalties on blacks who jumped labor contracts, sought to restore pre-emancipation system of race relations, barred blacks from voting or serving on a jury
Common Law
laws that were broader based rules of procedure rather than a fixed set of detailed laws
James Wolfe
leader of British forces in canada
Black Hawk
leader of Indian eviction resistance and leader in Black Hawk War
Osceola
leader of Seminoles fight for land in the Everglades
General John Pope
leader of union troops attacked by Robert E. Lee at second battle of bull run
John C. Calhoun in speech at congressional forum asked to
leave slavery alone, return runaway slaves, give the South rights as a minority and restore the political balance of slave and nonslave states
Susan B Anthony
lecturer for women's rights, most famous advocate for female rights
General Zachary Taylor (texas dispute) (+what happened at destination)
led 4,000 men on march from neuces river to the Rio Grande, Mexicans crossed the rio grande and attacked his troops
Isaac Brock
led Britain's brilliant defense operations in war of 1812
Toussaint L'Ouverture
led Haitian Revolution
Horatio Gates
led US forces that were victorious at Saratoga
Paxton Boys
led a march in Philadelphia protesting the Quaker policy and lenient policy toward indians
General Stephen W. Kearny
led detachment of 1700 men over the Santa Fe trail, captured Santa Fe, and set out for California but it was captured before he made it there
Reverend Thomas Hooker
led group of Boston Puritans into Hartford and began the Connecticut River Colony
Senator John Jordan Crittenden of Kentucky
led most promising effort to compromise between north and south, wrote Crittenden Amendments
Thaddeus Stevens
led radicals in the House of Representatives, hated aristocratic white southerners and worked for black freedom and equality
Hernán Cortés
left cuba with men and ships, picked up doña maria (malinche) on the way to steal gold from the aztecs. eventually destroyed their empire
Charter
legal document granted by a gov't to settlers giving them rights-Charter of Virginia Co. granted settlers the rights that Englishmen had back home
democratic party strategy for slavery during 1818 election
sit on the lid of the issue and ignore it
Appomattox Courthouse
site where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant after almost a year of the wilderness campaign
conquistadores
sixteenth century spainards who fanned out across the americas eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan Empires
Christopher Columbus
skilled italian seaman who persuaded the spanish to outfit him with ships and a crew to look or a faster way to the indies, instead he found the americas (bahamas)
Breakers
slave drivers who employed the lash to "brutally break" the souls of the strong willed slaves
Northern States were mad about the 1800 election because ______ won it for Jefferson
slave power
Dred Scott v. Stanford
slave sued that he should be free because he was moved from a slave state into a free state for an extended period of time
Thomas Jefferson on slave importation
slaveowner who assailed the British vetoes of bills restricting the importation of slaves in an early draft of the D.O.I but forced to withdraw because of southern slavemasters protests
germans were relentless enemies of
slavery
because of Lee's successful defense at Richmond, he ensured that the war would continue until
slavery was abolished and the confederacy was destroyed
Carpetbaggers
sleazy northern businessmen and politicians who came to south after the civil war to seek profit
"Fifty four forty or fight" (+final compromise with br)
slogan adopted by mid 19th century expansionists, advocated occupation of Oregon territory. President Polk pledged to seize all of Oregon to 54 40'- settled on 49th parallel as compromise with Britain
Reason why President Buchanan did not resort to using force
small army was already needed to fend of indians in the West, and fighting would shatter any hopes of compromise
top of southern social ladder
small covey of planters- owned gangs of slaves, a lot of land, ruled economy, monopolized political power, and dominated House of Burgesses
largest social group in Southern Society
small farmers
monopolistic economic structure of the south
small farmers sold their land to more prosperous neighbors, big got bigger and small got smaller
class below large slave owning families
small slave owners- average owned less than 10, worked on small farms alongside slaves, just as hard as they did
War of Jenkins's Ear
small war between BR and SP in Carribbean, Georgia, and at sea. Oglethorpe fought to a standstill and turned into King Georges War
major diseases
smallpox and diphtheria
Great Compromise
solved the issue of the New Jersey Plan v.s The Virginia Plan- each state no matter the size/pop got two members in the senate, and representatives in the House of Representatives varied depending on size and population. All bills traveled through the house first
"bounty jumper"
someone who enlisted, got paid and deserted to go do it again somewhere else
Charles II
son of Charles I- restored to throne (1660)- granted lords proprietors wilderness area that became Carolina
Marriage laws in Puritan New England
sought to defend integrity of marriage, divorce was very uncommon and sometimes authorities ordered couples to reunite
Hamilton's fiscal feats established
sound credit rating overnight
Britain and France realized that if the North won, it would be the end of slavery, so they wanted to enter on behalf of the... (+what actually happened)
south, did not do it because they thought many of their respective people wouldn't support them
Scalawags
southerners who were accused of plundering the treasuries of the southern states through their political influence in the radical governments
Don Juan de oñate
spanish leader of the battle of acoma known for cruelly abusing indians he encountered
St. Marks and Pensacola
spanish posts in florida seized by Andrew Jackson
Amistad
spanish slave ship seized by enslaved Africans aboard off the coast of Cuba and attempted to sail back to Africa but landed on Long Island. they were put on trial but John Quincy Adams argued their case before the supreme court and secured their release
7 Years War
sparked by Fr&Indian War, fought all over the world, French ultimately lost and were virtually expelled from North America