APUSH semester 1 final (haven't added 23-25 yet)

Arminianism

(Jacobus Arminius) preached that individual free will, not divine decree determined a persons fate. and that all humans could be saved if they accepted gods grace

18th Century Populations

1- VA(59,000) 2-Massachusetts 3-Maryland (30,000)

union's six component military plan

1. blockade coasts 2. liberate slaves and undermine economic foundations of the old South 3. cut confederacy in half by seizing control of Mississippi River 4. send troops through GA and the Carolinas 6. try to engage in the enemy's strength and grind it to submission

Fourteenth Amendment (4 parts)

1. conferred civil rights including citizenship 2. reduced representatives of a state in congress if it denied Blacks to vote-abolished 3/5 compromise 3. disqualified from federal and state office former confederates who used to hold office before the civil war 4. guaranteed federal debt while union assumed all confederate debts

pregnancy expectation of women New England

10 pregnancies, 8 surviving kids

vote needed for amending AOC

13/13 (almost impossible)

Maryland founding year

1634

act of toleration year

1649

Tuscarora war year

1711

When did North and South Carolina split

1712

New York Slave Revolt

1712- 9 whites died and 21 blacks were executed

Stamp act repealed (year)

1766

Iroquois split sides in the war

2/6 to colonists, 4/6 to British

number of people in US at time of first consensus (1790)

4mil people

south harbored ___% of colonial slaves

90%

John Jay

@ treaty of Paris- thought France couldn't hold up debts with US and Spain and were going to betray the US so he secretly made overtures with London- British wanted to screw over someone so they sided with him and came to terms with US

"watchdog of the treasury"

Albert Gallatin

"father of national debt"

Alexander Hamilton

Robert Gray

America named the Columbia river after his ship

Empress of China

American ship that carried ginseng (cure for impotence) to east asian markets and got US involved in that market

___resented the irish, while the irish resented the _____.

Americans, Blacks

___________ advised the southern states to reject fourteenth amendment

Andrew Johnson

Moctezuma

Aztec Cheiftan who was taken down by Cortés

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Battle between Miami indians and US where British refused to shelter the indians which forced them to make a treaty.

Bank War

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and congressional supporters over the Bank of United States' renewal- vetoed by Jackson because it favored moneyed interests at the expense of Western Farmers

Ben Franklin v.s illegitimate son William

Ben= patriot, william= loyalist

Britain's response to pontiac's uprising

Biological warfare- ordered smallpox blankets to be given to indians- crushed the uprising

Intolerable Acts (1774)

Boston Port act, restrictions on town meetings, British soldiers accused of killing colonists were sent to Britain for trial, new quartering act- allowed local authorities to lodge soldiers anywhere even in private homes

Robert Jenkins

Br captain who got his ear cut off by spanish revenue authorities

battle of Québec

Br. under james Wolfe scaled wall into city at night and fought to the death. Br won and that marked the beginning of the end for the French

Seven Years War in europe fought between

Britain and Prussia v.s France, Spain, Austria, and Russia

French and indian war realization for colonists

Britain can be defeated

US soldiers pissed at Britain because

Britain refused to recognize them above the rank of Captain and were made fun of by BR army

how the twin victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg tipped the diplomatic scales in favor of the north

Britain stopped the delivery of Laird Rams, French killed a deal for the sale of 6 naval vessels to the confederacy

General Edward Braddock

British 60 y/o officer who was sent to americas to capture fort duquesne, expedition= slow because had to carve path, first forced the French to retreat, in following battle Braddock was mortally wounded and Franklin was shot 4 times- forced to retreat

George Canning

British Minister who proposed to US to renounce interests in Latin America territory and to tell EU despots to not attack those countries

Alabama

British built and manned confederate warship, legal in Britain because it left Britain without weapons or men-picked them up along the way, raided the union's shipping during the civil war, one of many built by the British for the confederacy

Spanish and British land trade

British gets Spanish Florida in return for cuba

oddity about election of 1800 (votes)

Burr (vp) and Jefferson tied with votes, so the house deliberated and ultimately voted Jefferson as president

"Pathfinder of the West"

Captain John C Frémont

"armed nullity"

Catherine the Greats name for the armed neutrality

Cohens v. VA summary

Cohens brothers caught selling fake lottery tickets and brought to supreme court- VA won

Seventh of March Speech

Daniel Webster's best and final speech, urged North to support compromise of 1850, argued that topography and climate would keep slavery from becoming powerful in Mexican Cecession territory and urged Northerners to make all concessions to prevent disunion.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward summary

Dartmouth College's charter (granted by GeorgeIII) state of New Hampshire wanted to change it- supreme court upheld charter because it was a contract

famous criminals who fled to texas

Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, Sam Houston

Evacuation Day

Day when British were forced to leave boston (still celebrated)

Franklin Pierce

Democratic dark horse candidate in 1852, prosouthern Northerner- acceptable to slavery wing of democratic party

San Jacinto

Houston attacked Mexicans during siesta, wiped them out and captured Santa Anna- forced him to sign treaties

John Rolfe

Husband of Pocahontas- father of tobacco industry (1612) which was an economic savior for Virginia Colony

North's greatest strength (which was South's greatest weakness)

Economy

Revolution of 1800

Electoral victory of democratic republicans over Federalists- Jefferson's election and was a revolution because it was the last time that a Federalist would be president

William Shakespeare

English poet, actor, and playwright at the head of England's golden age of literature

Reform Bill of 1867

English reform bill that resulted in Britain becoming a political democracy. Used America's democracy surviving through the civil war as main argument for British to gain the same rights

Slave trading fed off of

European appetite for sugar, tobacco, cotton etc

"aliens"

European immigrants lacking wealth and scorned by federalists- welcomed by jeffersonians

Uncle Toms Cabin saved the north because

Europeans read it and sensed that the war would end slavery if the North won- fueled working classes opposition to entering the war on the side of the confederacy

Biggest casualty of war of 1812

Federalist party

Andrew Johnson repeatedly tried to kill

Freedmens Bureau

Anglican Church (colonies, served as)

GA, NC, SC, VA, MD, + part of NY. Served as a prop of kingly authority

"fighting quaker"

General Nathaniel Greene

"old fox"

George Washington

Farewell Address

George Washington's address at the end of his presidency warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations- did not oppose alliances but believed they should be temporary in times of extraordinary circumstance

Fletcher v. Peck summary

Georgia state legislature cancelled shady grant of 35mil acres to private speculators which previous legislature granted. Supreme court reversed decision because constitution forbids impairing contracts

Martin Luther

German Friar who nailed protests against catholic doctrines to the door of Wittenberg cathedral- split Christianity into that and Protestantism

Baron Von Steuben

German who trained the colonial army after defeat at Pittsburgh to Howe

Sir Walter Raleigh

Gilbert's half-brother who landed at Roanoke Island (1585) but colony vanished

1677

Gorges heirs sell Maine to Massachusetts Bay Colony

1635

Hartford founded

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Harvard, one of most popular poets in America, adopted less cultured masses, first american to be enshrined in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey

Spot Resolutions

Abraham Lincoln's measures questioning James K Polk's justification for war with Mexico. Requested that Polk clarify precisely where Mexican troops attacked American troops

"173 despots would surely be as oppressive as one"

Thomas Jefferson

1603-1625

Time period where King James I was head of church and state

Sugar v.s. Tobacco

Tobacco= poor mans crop, sugar= rich mans crop9 foundation of W. Indian Econ.

Treaty of Wanghia

Treaty between US and China, secured "most favored nation" status- gave US any and all trading terms given to other countries by China, "extraterritoriality"- provided for the trying of Americans accused of crimes in China in American courts before American judges

1st state supported university

UNC

Compromise on Maine Issue

US kept 7000 of the 12000 square miles of disputed land, British got 5000 and their road, Caroline dispute was resolved, and a bonus to the US was 6,500 square miles further west in Minnesota containing priceless iron ore deposits

Charles Francis Adams

US minister to Britain, made it clear that if British Union raiders continued to be built, it would create a precedent that one day would be used against them, and would start a war

"Virginia Dynasty"

US president had been a Virginian for all but 4 years in the US during the first 1/4 of the country

Caroline

US ship carrying supplies to Canada to aid them in their uprising, Canadian loyalists set fire to the ship, started diplomatic row between US and Canada

Examples of US nationalism in the arts

US written textbooks, US inspired paintings, North American Review magazine

Peninsula Campaign (+what would have happened if result was opposite)

Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, even if he had won, the Confederacy would have set up somewhere else and slavery wouldn't have been effected

John C Calhoun

VP candidate for both Adams and Jackson in election of 1824

John Tyler of Virginia

VP runningmate with William Henry Harrison (when he won)

14th state

Vermont

Nat Turners Rebellion

Virginia slave revolt, killed 60 whites (mostly women and children) but was ultimately suppressed. raised fear among Southerners of future uprisings

after the war began, ____________ who originally voted down secession, seceded (4)

Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina

Lincoln pocket vetoed _______ by refusing to sign it

Wade-Davis Bill

Massasoit

Wampanoag cheiftan who signed treaty with pilgrims (1621) and helped celebrate first thanksgiving

Liberia

West African settlement intended as a heaven for emancipated slaves

Zachary Taylor

Whig Candidate in 1848, never held civil office,

John Tyler

William Henry Harrison's Vice President who took over after he died

1620

Year that pilgrims landed at Plymouth Bay

John Tyler was a part of

a minority wing of whigs that supported Jacksonian states righters, put on bill to attract those voters

how to amend Constitution

a new constitutional convention requested by 2/3 of states or a vote of 2/3 in both houses of congress

caravel

a ship that could sail more closely into the wind developed by the Portuguese

Mayflower Compact

a simple agreement signed aboard the mayflower forming a majoritarian government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon

Regulator Movement

a small violent uprising against the eastern domination of North Carolina's affairs

Canadian Shield

a zone undergirded by ancient rock, probably the first part of north America to have emerged above sea level

Revolutions in South America forced Spain to

abandon Florida and send troops to help, Indians and Slaves took over

Grounds for divorce in New England

abandonment and adultery

Iroquois biggest strength in French and Indian war

ability to play the EU powers against eachother

American Anti-Slavery Society

abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, advocated immediate emancipation

moderate republicans' thoughts on confederate states and readmission into the union

agreed with Lincoln, seceded states should be restored to the union as quickly as possible

Convention of 1800

agreement to formally dissolve US treaty with France originally signed during the Revolutionary War

three-sister farming

agricultural system employed by North Americans (maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize the yield)

three major fields of work

agriculture, fishing, trading and shipping

Andrew Jackson's comisson allowed him/didnt allow him to do what

allowed him to get rid of indians, didn't allow him to seize land and set up shop

conservatives were eager to

amend Articles of Confederation

Wilmot Provisio

amendment that said slavery should never exist in any territory taken from Mexico, never made it to the Senate, eventually endorsed by all but one of the free state legislatures

Louisiana Purchase/ who negoitated it

america's purchase of Louisiana and lots of western land to avoid war with France ($.03/acre)(15 mil in total) negotiated by Monroe

Hudson River School

american artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes

economic drawbacks from the revolution

american ships were banned from Britain and British West Indies harbors, fisheries were disrupted, bounties for ships stores ended

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

an agreement that divided the land of the new world between Spain and Portugal- more went to Spain but Portugal received territory in Africa and Asia as well

House of Burgesses

an assembly formed by settlers authorized by the Virginia Company

Principle of strategic patience is based on

an assessment of American strengths and weaknesses

capitalism

an economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade and open and accessible markets. The discovery of bullion deposits in the Americas helped Europe transition to capitalism

John Tyler as one of his last acts as president did what

annexed Texas

George Whitefield

another starter of Glorious Revolution, preached about human helplessness and divine omnipotence- known for eloquent voice

democratic platform 1856

anti- popular sovereignty

republican platform 1856

anti-slavery

Free Soil Party

anti-slavery party in 1848 and 1852 elections, aroused by silence from democrats and whigs on issue of slavery, advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers

The Impending crisis of the South

antislavery book by Hinton R. Helper

The Liberator

antislavery newspaper in Boston, called for immediate emancipation of slaves

political tactic to gain irish support

assailed britain

Jeffersonian assailments during 1796 election (Jefferson v.s John Adams)

assailed too forceful crushing of whiskey rebellion and Jay's Treaty

Antinomianism

assertion that holy life was not sure sign of salvation- the elect need not to obey the laws of god or man

where Stonewall Jackson gained his name and why

at the Battle of Bull Run because his troops stood like a stone wall and when reinforcements came, the Union army retreated

Yamasee Indians

attacked South Carolina, defeated and dispersed by South Carolinans

Michael Wigglesworth

author of poem "day of doom"

Land Act 1820

authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres for $1.25/acre

National Banking System

authorized by congress, financial landmark of the war, launched to stimulate sale of government bonds to establish currency

"Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass"

autobiography of escaped slave and abolitionist

Southern hunger issue caused by

bad southern transportation system and Northerners

Why was New England less ethnically diverse?

bad weather, no broad fertile expanses, crops didn't do well, and there was no need for slaves

Southerners were mad at north pertaing to cotton industry

because the south grew it, and the north reaped the huge profits from it (trading transport etc)

Ralph Waldo Emerson

best known of transcendentalist movement, poet and philosopher, outspoken critic of slavery

Almshouses

charitable house for poor people

Wests demands in government

cheap acreage, cheap transportation, cheap money(issued by wildcat banks)

Blurring of elect v.s non-elect

church opened its doors to all which made identifying the elect very difficult

bedrock of republican government=

civic virtue

Second Battle of Bull Run

civil war battle that ended in decisive victory for Robert E. Lee, motivated him to push North into Maryland

Bleeding Kansas

civil war in Kansas over the issue of slavery, fought until 1861 when it merged with the nationwide civil war

John Browns actions in Kansas caused

civil war to erupt in Kansas only to merge with the large-scale united states civil war in 1861

Hessians

colonial name for german soldiers hired by George III to aid the British in fighting US

Royal Colonies

colonies where governors were appointed directly by the king

"bloody backs"

colonists taunted by red coats

Loyalists "tories"

colonists who opposed the revolution and maintained loyalty to king- 16% of population

Patriots "whigs"

colonists who supported the american revolution- fought loyalists

Under AOC Congress could not

command/coerce/control, act directly upon individual citizens of a sovereign state, or protect itself from indignities

General Winfield Scott

commanded main expedition to Mexico City, succeeded in one of most brilliant military campaigns in US history

General William Howe

commander at bunker hill, deceived thoughts of his traveling up Hudson r. to meet Burgoyne's troops, instead attacked Pittsburgh and took over and waited for Burgoyne

Colonel W.B. Travis

commander of Texans

Thomas Macdonaugh

commander of weak US fleet on Lake Champlain, fought BR supply boats- was going to lose but turned his boat around with cables and fought with new broadside- saved upper NY, NE and the Union

Lucy Stone

contributor to feminist movement, kept maiden name after marriage

Agriculture in South post war

crippled, no cotton in the fields, slave labor collapsed, seed and livestock were scarce

mountain whites played significant role in

crippling the confederacy

Value of the Ohio Country

critical area for westward pushing British, the ket to North America for the french to link French canada with French mississipps

because of Zenger trial, newspapers were then allowed to print

criticisms of public officials

cult of domesticity

cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the women in charge of the house. Gave them more power inside the home but less outside of it

James K Polk was America's first

dark horse candidate

Quebec Act (1774)

dealt with conquered French in Canada- guaranteed Catholicism, retention of customs and institutions and extended their boundaries to the Ohio River- pissed off colonists because of religion and land

Fredericksburg

decisive victory for Robert E. Lee, successfully repelled union attack in Virginia

Lincoln's actions in Maryland because he was afraid they were going to secede

declared martial law and sent in troops

"cajuns"

descendants of French Acadians in Louisiana

Samuel Swartmout

despite warnings of untrustworthiness, was awarded post of collector of customs for port of NY, 9 years later left for london with accounts $1 million short

plantation culture= wasteful because

despoiled the earth

Francis Scott Key

detained American on British ship watching US resist British at Fort Henry- inspired him to write "The Star Spangled Banner"

"submission men"

determined minority of the unionists who blocked the nullies from nullifying the exposition

Southern advantage at the beginning of the war (kind of throughout the war)

did not have to attack, and did not have to win the war- just had to end in a draw to win their independence

effect of Commonwealth v Hunt

did not legalize strike or unions, step in the right direction

George Washington's thoughts on French American Treaty during reign of terror

did not want to enter into conflict, thought the US was too weak to fight

14th amendment intentions with black suffrage

didn't intend on giving them the right to vote, intended to give blacks the same status as women

Zachary Taylor on slavery issue

didn't publicly take a stance on the issue although he owned a sugar plantation with many slaves

Virginia trade off pertaining to funding at par

didn't want government to pay off states debts, but also wanted D.C. located in their land

XYZ Affair

diplomatic conflict because of french mad at jays treaty between France and United States when US envoys were asked to pay $250,000 just to talk to French Foreign Minister- sent wave of war hysteria through the US

Andrew Johnson's reconstruction proclamation

disfranchised leading confederates, called for special state conventions, if complied with all of the restrictions, then the state would be let back in the union

Reconstruction Act

divided South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a union general, disfranchised former confederates, required ratification of the 14th amendment and granting former slaves full suffrage to re-enter the union

Old Northwest land division tactics

divided into townships 6 square miles each to be split into 36 single square mile sections with #16 sold to benefit public schools

"Appeal to the colored Citizens of the World"

document that advocated a bloody end to the white supremacy

sharp rise of US manufacturing in the early 1800's

embargo during the war of 1812

Valley Forge

encampment where colonial soldiers went without necessary supplies especially clothes and shoes- hundreds died

4 huge events in 1763

end of french and indian war, end of salutary neglect, pontiacs rebellion, proclimation line of 1763

embargo of Britain=

end of neutrality and final step towards war

Effect of Merrimack and Monitor

end of wooden warships

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

englishman who first attempted colonization @ Newfoundland but died at sea

a restored south stronger in national politics could un-do

everything that the north built during the war

Alexander Stephens

ex vice President of confederacy, worst of all confederates at post war congress, still under indictment for teason

"land butchery"

excessive cultivation

Only substantial prop of Hamiltonian system that Jefferson got rid of

excise tax

President Taylor encouraged California to draft a constitution that

excluded slavery and apply to congress for admission

Roger B Taney ruled that the "rights of the community" outweighed

exclusive corporate rights- opened entrepreneurial channels and encouraged competition

Society of the Cincinnati

exclusive hereditary organization of former officers in the continental army- outsiders resented its pretentiousness

Battle of Bull Run

first major battle of civil war, victory for the South, changed Northerners minds about a swift and easy victory

after the Revo war, British manufacturers did what? what did this turn into for american industries?

flooded market with cut-rate goods,created ruthless competition for American Industries

Chesapeake Crops

flooded with tobacco at first(not food)- ruined soil

George Rogers Clark

frontiersman who traveled down the Ohio River and attacked British forts along the way- captured 3

1639

fundamental orders

Breaking point in Kansas controversy

gang of proslavery raiders shot up and burned the free-soil town of lawrence

Freedom dues

given to indentured servants- ax, hoe, corn, clothes, small parcel of land (sometimes)

1688-89

glorious revolution

Cuba (why and info about attempts to seize)

good piece of land, several pirate expeditions came up empty and last one ended with 50 americans dying

presidential powers with war

had the power to wage war but not the power to declare it

uncle toms cabin(anti slavery) written by

harriet beecher stowe

Lincoln was a minority and sectional president because

he only got 40% of all votes, he was not even on the ballot in 10 states

James Buchanan elected as Democrat candidate in 1856 becasue

he served as a minister to London during the Kansas issue so his was not on either side of the battle

most impressive by-product of war of 1812

heightened sense of nationalism

Secretary of State position in 1800's

held with high regard, almost certain pathway to presidency

Pacific Railroad Act

helped fund construction of Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with land grants and government bonds

"Hessian flies"

hessians seduced by colonial opportunity deserted to become citizens of US

"fit of absentmindedness"

how britains empire was secured

Battle of New Orleans

huge victory for US forces- killed/wounded 2,000 because British stupidly launched frontal assault, restored confidence and fueled nationalism (final battle of war of 1812)

Runaway inflation post revolutionary war (average citizen was...)

huge, average citizen was better off before the war than after

"virtual representation"

idea enforced by Grenville, every member of parliament represented all British subjects, even Americans who had never voted

"judicial review"

idea that Supreme Court alone had the last word on the question of constitutionality

compact theory (+used where)

idea that federal government had a compact with the states and since the states created the federal govenment, the individual states were the final judges whether their creation had broken the compact by overstepping the authority originally granted- used in Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's resultions

effect of 7 Years war(idea)

idea that the colonists were powerful and didn't need to be restrained by the British

Jeffersonian's future fears after Sedition act

if Federalists could take away free speech, they could take away much more

Russia's reasons to give up Alaska

if another war with Britain, it would most-likely be lost, and it was a growing economic liability

rich rationale promoting public schools

if they did not educate the "brats" then they might grow up to be ignorant and dangerous armed with voting power

Buckskins

ill-disciplines colonial militiamen

committees of correspondence

in Boston, organizations with chief purpose to spread spirit of resistance and keep opposition to British policy alive

Frederick the Great

in Germany, he repelled French, Spanish and Russian forces during EU 7 years war. London couldn't give him troops so they compensated him with gold.

Tecumseh and the prophet (urged what)

indian brothers who started to unify a confederation made up of all tribes East of the Mississippi river- urged supporters never to cede lands unless all indians agreed

intertribal unity

indians only hope for resisting english- a pan-indian alliance against the spreading english settlements

Tobacco Labor Chesapeake

indians= unavailable, slaves= expensive and risky, answer=indentured servants

California Gold Rush

inflow of thousands of miners to Northern California after news reports of discovery of gold at sutter's mill

Cambridge

intellectual center of England's protestantism

Lincoln and Johnson's intentions with black suffrage

intended to implement it gradually, only to those capable of knowing what they were doing

Minister Charles Francis Adams said that if the Laird rams were released, then

it would be war with the Union

President Buchanan was blamed for not ________ but he couldn't find anything in___________.

keeping the secessionists in the union, the constitution to stop them

Battle of Buena Vista

key american victory against Mexican forces- elevated Z Taylor to national prominence and helped secure his election success

Fort Henry and Donelson

key victory for Union General Ulysses S. Grant, secured North's hold on Kentucky and allowed for attacks in Tennessee and Georgia

Thomas Cole and Asher Durand

leading lights at Hudson River School

Cherokees of Georgia made efforts to

learn the ways of the whites: adopted system of settled agriculture and notion of private property, schools opened, alphabet devised, Cherokee National Council created, and wrote own legal code

William Tecumseh Sherman

led Georgia conquest, captured and burned Atlanta, led sherman's march, pioneer in total war

Andrew Jackson

led force at Battle of New Orleans

George G. Meade

led union at Battle of Gettysburg

limited liability

legal principal that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors who, in cases of legal claims of bankruptcy cannot be held responsible for more than the value of their individual shares

new constitution provided for (what in exec. branch)

legally restrained executive in presidency

Southern scheme to get blacks to abandon the polls

literacy test unfairly administered by whites to the advantage of the illiterate whites

clipper ships

long and fast sail powered US ships, took over trade because of record speed- made obselete by iron steamers

consequences of erie canal

long established market structures were swamped

Anti-Masonic party appealed to

long-standing suspicions of secret societies, anti-jacksonians, attracted support from protestant groups

Lordly planters after Bacon's Rebellion

looked to Africa for less troublesome workers

Industrialists attracted to free soil party because

mad at Polk's reduction of protective tariffs

Charles II (colonial defiance)

mad at mass. bay- gave connecticut sea-to-sea charter(legalized squatter settlements), gave Rhode Island new charter that allowed for most religiously tolerant government, and revoked the mass. bay's royal charter

east's specialized type of economic activity

made machines and textiles for south and west

why losing at Bull Run was good for the North

made them aware that they would have to work to win, motivation

Godey's Lady's Book

magazine devoured by women

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

measure enacted by Virginia Legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of religion. Model for religious clause of the first amendment

pillars of New England town

meetinghouse, houses, central green and schoolhouse

spoils system scandal

men who openly bought posts with campaign contributions were appointed to high office

South's attempt at peace

met with Lincoln aboard a union ship, North would accept nothing less than Union and emancipation and South accepted nothing less than independence- no agreement reached

"witch hunting"

metaphor for the urge to scapegoat for social resentments

key compromise in constitution

methods of electing president indirectly by electoral college

new lights

ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition during the Great Awakening

shaky american hold on Oregon territory was strengthened by US

missionaries and settlers

battle where 1/3 of hessians turned to "flies"

monmouth, NJ

Amount of slaves in North America 3 centures after Columbus

more than 7 million- majority went to Spanish and Portuguese South America- only 400,000 went to North America

Federalist no. 10 + major claim

most famous essay in The Federalist by James Madison, claimed it was impossible to extend republican government over such a large territory

Copperheads

named after poisonous snake that strikes without warning, openly obstructed the war through attacks against: the draft, Lincoln and especially against emancipation

Incas

native tribe to Peru

James Monroe and Robert Livingston

negotiators in Paris for Louisiana, given 10 mil for LA

Squatters

newcomers without legal right to land- raised tobacco on small farms without need for slaves

popular entertainment in West

no holds barred wresstling

Roanoke Island

off coast of Virginia- colony that settled there never succeeded and vanished

"dead dogs"

old preachers who gave long and uninteresting sermons

best feature of Colonial social ladder

openness- the ability to climb the ranks without restriction

Whig party created by (general group) because...

opponents of jackson, because of the bank removal

Mercantilism benefits in the colonies

paid liberal bounties to colonial producers over competition, tobacco=monopolized in BR market, protection from BR navy and army

John J Audobon

painted wildfoul in natural habitat, Audobon Society for protection of Birds named after him

George Caitlin

painter and student of native American life, watched a tribe slaughter a buffalo for the tongue to trade for whiskey- feared preservation and proposed the creation of a national park

Greenbacks

paper currency issued by union treasury during civil war, supported by gold value, determined by nations credit-fluctuated

all confederate leaders were _______ in 1868

pardoned

molasses act

parliment tax on mollasses- an attempt to end trade between North America and French West Indies

Andrew Jackson

part of the regulator movement, eventually joined the american revolutionists

William H. Seward

part of young guard, Northerner spokesman who argued against concession, appealed to an "even higher law" than the constitution

Judiciary act 1801

passed at end of J. Adams's reign and federalist congress' time- created 16 new judgeships that ensured the federalist's hold on Judicial Branch

personal liberty laws

passed by Northern States which denied local jails to federal officials and hampered enforcement

embargo act embodied TJ's idea of

peaceful coercion

why was the molasses act ineffective

people bribed and smuggled around it

Middlemen

people who operate in between the producer and the seller, collecting a tax on every item (muslims- forced countries to find water routes)

Anglo- American Convention

permitted americans to share Newfoundland fisheries with Canada- fixed Northern Limits of Louisiana along 49th parallel, provided for 10 year joint operation in Oregon Country

Methodists and baptists stressed

personal conversion, and relatively democratic control of church affairs and emotionalism

Writ of Habeas Corpus

petition requiring law enforcement officers to prevent detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of their arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. suspended by Lincoln during civil war

new industry discovered in North during civil war

petroleum oil industry in Pennsylvania

areas where loyalism was strongest

places with established anglican church

Henry Clay at congressional forum

played crucial role, proposed and defended series of compromises urging that North and South both make concessions and North partially yield by enacting a new and better Fugitive Slave law

Benjamin Franklin

played major role in est. U Penn, famous politician, diplomat, inventor and president

General Benedict Arnold becomes a traitor

plotted with BR to sell key stronghold of West Point(commanded H river) but the plot was detected and he fled with the British

Fort Duquesne

point where Monongahela and Allegheny rivers join to form ohio river

british hands off policies

policies in pennsylvania, british allowed citizens to create and run their own governments, run their own churches, and conduct intercolonial trade

Spoils System

policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at a federal level by Andrew Jackson, helped cement loyalty in the emerging 2 party system

Hamilton wanted a national bank as a (that would)

private institution with government as a main shareholder that would print desperately needed paper money

Southern education (rich)

private tutors because schools were not great

turnpike (+purpose)

privately funded, toll based public road, built to facilitat commerce

privateers

privately owned armed ships (legalized pirates) authorized by congress to attack British shipping

Andrew Jackson's response to nullification (privately and publicly)

privately threatened to invade South Carolina and have nullifiers hanged.. publicly he dispatched naval and military reinforcements while quietly preparing a sizable army, issued proclamation against nullification

Pet Banks

pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle Bank of United States

Burr arrested and tried for treason but Marshall said there had to be

proof of overt acts to commit treason so Burr was acquitted and fled to France to urge Britain and France to wage war against america

"American Slavery as it is"

propaganda pamphlet by Weld, one of the most effective abolitionist tracts

Burr incident taught US that land expanses needed to be

properly governed

The New Jersey Plan

provided equal representation in a unicameral congress by states, regardless of size and population

General A E Burnside

replaced McClellan as leader of Potomac, launched attack on Lee at Fredericksburg

second continental congress

representations from all 13 colonies met in PA in 1775, drafted declaration of independence and managed colonial war effort- selected George Washington to head the colonial army

Captain John C Frémont

republican candidate, explorer-soldier-surveyor, almost no political experience but chosen because he had no involvement in the Kansas Issue

Jefferson= victim of "whispering campaign" accused of

robbing widow and her trust fund and fathered mulatto children with one of his slaves

slave life in the south

severe climate, hard work (hell where slaves perished)

What advanced economic stability of Southern women?

since men died very young, women were allowed to inherit their husbands land

Specie circular effect

slammed brakes on speculation boom and contributed to financial panic and crash of 1837

US was down to annex texas but ____issue held US back

slavery

undesirable byproducts of over rapid urbanization

smelly slums, bad street lighting, inadequate policy making, impure water, foul sewage, rats and improper garbage disposal

famous Ben Franklin comic

snake in 13 pieces, "join or die"

five civilized tribes sided with the confederacy because (2)

some owned slaves and they had a loyalty agreement with the confederates

Bartolomé de Las Casas

spanish missionary who was appaled by the encomedia system

Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix

superintendent of nurses for union army, helped transform nursing to a respected profession

war democrats

supported Lincoln administration

Jeffersonian Foreign Policy

supported french and priorities- strengthen democracy at home

Walker Tariff

tariff for revenue bill that reduced Tariff of 1842 of 32% to 25%, very successful and boosted trade

Stephen A Douglas tried to repeal

the Missouri Compromise

abolitionists assailed the mexican conflict as one provoked by

the Southern Slavocracy

New England towns with 50+ families required

to provide elementary education

triangular trade

trade between North America, Africa, and the West Indies,, rum= america to africa, slaves= africa to west indies, molasses= west indies to america

American shippers during the 7 years war

traded with Spanish and French West indies (using fake papers) kept them from starving when Britain was trying to kill them. during the final year of warBritish authorities forbade exportation from NE and middle colonies

US Sanitary Comission (+helped do what)

trained nurses, collected medical supplies and equipped hospitals to assist the union armies in the field. helped professionalize nursing and propelled the women's movement after the war

Regulars

trained professional Soldiers

Assumption

transferring of debts from one party to another, Hamilton Pushed for federal government to assume state revolutionary war debts which would link states tightly to federal government and shift attachment of wealthy creditors from the states to the federal government therefore strengthening the federal government

"circuit riders"

traveling frontier preachers

sharp demise of US manufacturing in early 1800's

treaty of Ghent- British unloaded goods for cheap

American peace society

wanted to declare war on war

Political reason for George Washington's retirement

wanted to establish a two term tradition for US presidents

principal means of transportation in the south

waterways

Noche Triste definition

when the Spanish got too comfortable with the Aztecs hospitality and the Aztecs attacked, driving the Spanish away only for them to come back and force the Aztecs to surrender

camp followers

women who accompanied american armies n return for money and rations

"constitutions" drafted by colonists

written documents that defined the powers of government- drew authority from the people

Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky(Jefferson) resolutions

written in secret due to fear of oppressive government post-sedition acts. stressed compact theory, and passed by Kentucky and Virginia legislatures respectively

Louisa May Alcott

wrote Little Women

The inaugural Brawl

Inauguration of Andrew Jackson opened the White House to the public for the first time- people surged in wrecking shit and threatened Jackson with cracked ribs- rumors of spiked punch on the lawn got every one to leave

Powhatan

Indian chief, father of Pocahontas, wanted to execute John Smith

British desires at Ghent

Indian state in Great lakes region, control of great lakes, and a large portion of maine

Bacon's rebellion

Indians attacked frontier settlements and Berkeley did nothing about it, Bacon led group that fell upon indians and chased berkeley out of jamestown- described as a "rabble of the basest people"

Reasons why US entered war of 1812 that were not addressed in Ghent

Indians, Orders in Council, Impressment

Admiral de Grasse

Informed Washington about Cornwallis at Yorktown and helped in the victory there

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the McCormick Reaper

less irish lived in ___ than in ____ during the _____

Ireland, America, black forties

Marco Polo

Italian adventurer who made europeans want to find a cheaper route to the east through stories of china and its riches

Indian Removal Act

Jackson driven,passed by congress- ordered the removal of Indian tribes residing East of the Mississippi River to newly established Indian territory West of Arkansas and Missouri

"Old Buck"

James Buchanan

"father of the constitution"

James Madison

Southern Democrat candidate and platform 1860

John C Breckenridge, extension of slavery and annexation of Cuba

James Monroe

Last of Virginia Dynasty

New Amsterdam

Later NYC- company town, run by and for Dutch West India Company in interests of stockholders- no religious toleration, free speech or democratic practices

subject emphasis in schools

Latin, religion, Greek

What happened when Britain's cotton stores ran out (what Lincoln did)

Lincoln announced his emancipation proclamation which made British factory workers not want to defend slave owners of the south

Attack at Fort Sumter caused what actions to be taken in the north

Lincoln issued call for 75,000 militiamen and he proclaimed a blockade of Southern separatists

Thoreau inspired

Mahatma Gandhi to resist British rule, and Martin Luther King Junior's nonviolence thinking

William phips

Massachusetts governor, one of 27 kids

"spitting lion"

Matthew Lyon

Jamestown

May 24,1607 where Virginia Co.'s ships first landed-several died from shipwreck @ Bermuda or disease/hunger because too busy looking for gold

Pilgrims landing in america

Mayflower missed its destination and landed in Plymouth Bay in 1620-outside domain of Virginia Company so they became squatters without legal rights to land

Santa Anna

Mexican dictator, put Austin in jail when he went to Mexico to work out differences, later wiped out local right to Texans and raised army to suppress Texans

Maine was admitted to Union at the time of the ______, which balanced the_____ and the _______.

Missouri compromise, slave-states, non-slave-states

Joseph Brant

Mohawk cheif that urged tribes to side with British in hope of land protection upon British victory

William Pitt's first and second targets

Montreal then Quebec

King Georges War

NA theater of Europes war of Austrian succession. Br v.s Fr and Sp. BR won and captured Louisberg but negotiators in the old world gave it back= growing resentment

states that did not ratify new constitution

NY, RI, VA and NC

Jeremiad

Named after doomsayer in 1st testament, new form of puritan sermon scolding parishioners for their waning piety(lack of religious commitment)

"little corporal"

Napoleon Bonaparte- dictator of France at time of convention of 1800- wanted to make peace with US so he could focus on EU domination

two republican political parties/ which presidents ideals represented each

National republicans (adams), and Democratic Republicans (Jackson)

Aztecs

Native tribe to Mexico

Stephen A. Douglas attempted to split

Nebraska into Kansas and Nebraska and offer popular sovereignty to the states

least ethnic diversity

New England

Embargo Act effect on US

New England Harbors died, Southern and Western planters had no commerce, TJ seemed to be waging a war on the US not other nations

areas where loyalism was weakest

New England because of self government was strong and mercantilism was weak

"Blue light federalists"

New Englanders who flashed lanterns on shore so blockading British ships could be alerted to attempted escape of US ships during war of 1812

___________shocked moderates and drove them to become abolitionists

New Fugitive Slave Law

tea revolts

New York and Pennsylvana, forced tea ships to return to England with a full load

after BR was kicked out of boston focused on____. Sent

New York, sent 35,000 men and 500+ ships

Aaron Burr

New Yorker (Thomas Jefferson's VP) who helped Jefferson win in NY which ultimately won him the election

most dangerous group to the union

Northern Democrats

Harper's Ferry raised southern fears of

Northern Extremism

Panic of 1857 hit _____ hardest, _______ was fine because__________.

Northern Grain growers, Southern cotton, of favorable prices abroad

Popular sovereignty opposed by (because)

Northern abolitionists who feared it would spread slavery

Issues with Democrat nomination election of 1860

Northern and Southern democrats could not agree on a candidate, southern walked out of first one, and barely any showed up to second one.. Southerners held their own convention later

Fugitive Slave law bad for Southerners because

Northerners would not execute the law

Pontiac

Ottawa cheif, led several tribes and French traders to take Ohio country

Germans settled in _____ in US. What fraction of pop?

Pennsylvania, 1/3

zenger trial

Peter Zenger's newspaper printed about a corrupt royal governor and was sued for seditious libel. Although the judge told the jury to vote guilty, they found the paper innocent thus starting the movement of freedom of the press

1691

Plymouth merges with Massachusetts Bay Colony/ new england arbitrarily made a royal colony after glorious revolution

Robert J Walker

Polk's secretary of Treasury-devised Tariff for revenue bill

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese seaman who reached India and brought back jewels and spices

Oliver Cromwell

Puritan who beheaded Charles I after he diminished parliment for 11 years- ruled for almost a decade after

Moses Brown

Quaker Capitalist from Rhode Island, backed Slater in building the thread spinner

"self reliance"

RWE's essay, reflected the spirit of individualism pervasive in American culture

"The American Scholar"

Ralph Waldo Emerson's thrilling address, an intellectual Declaration of Independence that urged american writers to throw off European traditions and look at america to make new ones

Trenton

Response to Battle of Long Island, G.W and troops crossed Delaware river morning after xmas and captured 1,000 Hessians, one week later defeated small british detachment at Princeton

state absent at Constitutional Convention

Rhode Island

1644

Rhode Island receives charter from parliment

Thomas J (Stonewall) Jackson

Robert E Lee's chief lieutenant

Clermont

Robert Fulton's steamship

Roger Williams

Salem minister, extreme separatist, wanted to break off from the church of England, challenged Bay Colony's charter because they did not compensate the natives for the land, denied authority of government to regulate religious behavior, banished and fled to Rhode Island with help from indians and formed Baptist Church

Majority in Chesapeake (people)

Single landless men- outnumbered women 6 to 1 then later 3 to 2

1623

Sir Fernando Gorges attempts to colonize Maine

1863

Slavery abolished in Americas

Gibbons v. Odgen effect

Supreme Court ruled that congress had the sole power to regulate state commerce

Goliad

Texas outpost where Americans surrendered and were massacred as "pirates" by mexican forces- fueled US support for Texas Independence

Macon's Bill #2 admitted US need for one of the two countries as

a commmercail ally- bad position

"Long tom"

Thomas Jefferson

Russo-American Treaty

Tsar of Russia decided to retreat US from attacking California before Monroe Doctrine released, fixed Russia boarder at southern tip of Alaska

General Nathaniel Greene

US gen, used strategy of delay in Carolina conflict- stood and retreated several times to exhaust his opponents. Won at Kings Mtn and Cowpens, and succeeded in clearing most of British from Georgia and South Carolina

Monitor

Union ship built to counteract the Merrimack, fought to a standstill

2 united nations that emerged from the civil war

United United States and United Canada

Millard Fillmore

Vice President to Taylor, took reigns when Taylor suddenly died, signed series of compromise measures that passed congress after 7 months of debate

1st US writers of importance to use US scenes and themes

Washington Irving and James Fennimore Cooper

Winfield Scott

Whig candidate in 1852, picked following trend of Whig military candidates, ablest general of his generation, repelled the masses-ppl hated him

Burr and followers floated down Mississippi to meet Wilkinson at Natchez but

Wilkinson found out TJ knew of plot and fled, which ended with Burr being arrested for treason

election of 1840, whigs learned from their last election and picked one candidate_____ because______(2)

William Henry Harrison, he was enemyless, and a great vote getter

"organizer of victory"

William Pitt

"Great Commoner"

William Pitt nickname

"America was conquered in Germany"

William Pitt quote

secretary of state ___________ purchased Alaska for _______

William Seward, 7.2 million

"sherminizing" the war (+proof of success)

William Tecumseh Sherman's total war tactics of destroying everything in sight to lower opponents morale- successful because number of confederate distensions rose after that

Cahokia

a Mississippian settlement near St. Louis. Home to the Anasazi tribe

The Federalist

a book containing John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madisons essays originally published in New York Newspapers that were the most penetrating commentary ever written on the constitution

British anti-expansionists realized that the Columbia River was not that valuable and that they would lose the fight so they proposed

a compromise line on the 49th parallel which they had originally rejected

The south threatening secession and announcing a meeting in 1850 brought about

a congressional forum with the most distinguished of statesmen since the congressional constitution

First Continental Congress(1774)

a convention in Philadelphia of delegates from 12 of 13 states- crafted a response to the intolerable acts, and established the association

Chinese signed the Treaty of Wanghia with America because they wanted

a counterweight for British traders

Southerners proclaimed that the election of a sectional "black republican" (Frémont) would be

a declaration of war on them forcing them to secede

Second Great Awakening brought about

a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations competed for members, churches reorganized and new ones were created

Clay pushed which two bills through and tried to force Tyler to sign them (+result)

a law ending the independent treasury system=passed, a bill for a "fiscal bank" to establish a new bank of the US=vetoed

reformers tackling criminal codes got rid of

a number of capital offenses and brutal punishments

Bartholomeu Dias

a portuguese seaman who rounded the tip of africa (1488)

white northerners liked blacks as___ but despised ____

a race, individuals

Stephen A Douglas did not care which way the Kansas-Nebraska issue went, he just wanted

a railroad- pissed Northerners off

Revolution of 1800 represented (+ showed)

a return to the "original spirit of the revolution" and showed that a change of regime was not disastrous for the defeated group

Lincoln thought he was going to lose the election until

a series of Northern victories occurred, so he furloughed soldiers to go home and vote

Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts

abolitionist, one of most disliked men in the senate, delivered speech condemning proslaveryites and South Carolina

passage of 13th, 14th and 15th amendments delighted ________ but disappointed _________

abolitionists, supporters of women's rights

Number of Presidents of S-I descent

about 12

New Hampshire

absorbed in 1641 by Massachusetts Bay Colony under strained interpretation of Massachusetts Charter- king was annoyed with this greed and separated New Hampshire and made it a royal colony

valuable precedent for expansion established in Louisiana Purchase

acquisition of foreign lands into the union with equal membership instead of state control

Alien Laws

acts passed by Federalist Congress raising residency requirement for citizenship to 14 years and granted president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace

US motive to attack canada

add 14th colony, and take away a major strike base from the British- (it would put them on the offensive)

Compromise of 1850

admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade in Washington D.C., introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law- opposed in both North and South- did little to settle dispute over slavery

Declaration of the Rights of Man

adopted during French Revolution, modeled after US Declaration of Independence

Noah Webster

advanced education by improving textbooks, his reading lessons used by millions promoted patriotism, devoted 20 years to famous dictionary which helped standardize American language

why Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico

afraid that Britain was going to try to buy California which could not happen because it violated the Monroe Doctrine

Prince Whipple

african american in washington crossing the delaware

second era of good feelings

after 1850 southern states meeting about secession, and people wanted to make compromises permanent- didnt last long

Doña Maria

aka malinche- a female indian slave who knew mayan and the language of aztec rulers who was picked up by Cortés and helped him

If Thomas Jeffersons plan for Louisiana failed, the US would

align with Britain

Town Elections (Massachusetts Bay Colony)

all male property owners

"declaration of sentiments" declared that

all women and men are created equal

God to Calvinists

all-powerful and all good, he is all knowing and knows who is going to heaven and who is going to hell

"nativist"

americans who disliked the foreigners

effect of Jackson vetoing the recharter bill (for the role of the president)

amplified the power of the presidency- president= senior parter if powers in government were partners

white southerners liked blacks as___ but despised ____

an individual, the race

conversion

an intense, identifiable personal experience in which god revealed to the elect their heavenly destiny- ones who experience conversion known as "visible saints"

encomienda

an technique used on the advanced Indian civilizations of Mexico and Peru. it allowed the government to "give" indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them (slavery)

"established" or tax supported churches

anglican and congregational- most people did not worship at church and only minority of people in state with tax-supported ones practiced at them

Liberty Party

antislavery party that took winning votes away from Henry Clay in 1844 election against annexation of slave states, ironic because the votes they took ensured James K Polk as president and annexation of Texas

Conscience Whigs

antislavery whigs, sought to prevent annexation of texas as a slave state

Georgia governments decision that declared the Cherokee Tribal Council Illegal and to assert own jurisdiction over indian affairs was

appealed by the supreme court

Battle of Yorktown

Cornwallis waited at yorktown for sea borne supplies (at time when Br. were not powerful in the seas), washington received word and attacked by land while Admiral de Grasse attacked from the sea, forced Cornwallis to surrender entire force (7,000)

reason why Britain did not need to enter the war on the South's side (because of need for cotton)

Cotton exports in prewar years were so high that Britain had a surplus and didn't need any from the south

"Divorce Bill"

Martin Van Buren's remedy to panic, thought the cause of it was federal money in private banks so he tried to "divorce" government from the bank altogether by establishing independent treasury thus locking surplus government money in vaults

1630

Massachusetts Bay Colony reaches america and Great English Migration

Brook Farm

Massachusetts brotherly and sisterly cooperation of about 20 people committed to philosophy of transcendentalism- lost new building to a fire and they collapsed in debt

Gadsen Purchase

Mexico- US treaty that ceded US a small patch of land for $10 mil which was used for the railroad to West Coast

Treaty of Greenville

Miami Confederacy agreed to cede lands in the old Northwest in exchange for money, hunting rights in the ceded lands, and sovereign status

John Wesley

Missionary in Georgia who returned to england and started the Methodist Church

first two black senators were from which state

Mississippi

Oneida Community

New York, lasted for over 30 years because of steel traps and silver products produced there, lived all together in single mansion

bread colonies

New york, pennsylvania, and new jersey

Henry Clay

Opposed A. Jackson, did not want to see him win battle in South Carolina so he threw influence behind compromise tariff

French sided with US and US embargoed Britain in anticipation of British lifting_____, but they ____.

Orders of Council, did not

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Organization created to facilitate the migration of abolitionists to Kansas to prevent the establishment of slavery in Kansas

Most Famous Separatists

Pilgrims- fled to holland, but there became sick of "dutchification" so they secured rights to settle in the americas with the Virginia Company (102 on ship)

Talleyrand (Fr. minister) realization about war v. america (post XYZ affair)+ US response

France would lose so they offered US ability to send minister- US accepted because of neutrality

Texas needed protection so they made treaties with

France, Belgium and Holland

Britain's enemies

France, Ireland, Colonies and British people because they didn't want to fund another war

most famous Lincoln-Douglas Debate

Freeport, Illinois

Jesuits

French Catholic missionaries who tried to convert indians and save them from the fur trade

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand

French Foreign Minister who was the intended target for US-French diplomatic meeting following Jay's treaty, but diplomats were approached by XY&Z first

Edmond Ganêt

French Representative set out to take advantage of French- US alliance, believed the Neutrality proclamation did not reflect the true wishes of Americans so he embarked on un-neutral activity not authorized by the FR-US alliance and recruited armies to attack Spanish Florida and British Canada- threatened to go over George Washington's head was forced to withdraw from his position.

Acadians

French Residents of Acadia (Nova Scotia) whom the british feared would revolt so they relocated 4000 of them. (reason for french speaking cajuns in L.A)

Edict of Nantes

French crown granted toleration to protestants -ceased religious wars and made france the mightiest nation in Europe

"sword of the revolution"

George Washington

Chairman of constitutional convention

George Washington

only colony not bought by trading companies, land speculators or religious groups

Georgia- founded by BR

Two areas in Phila where GW was defeated by Howe

Germantown and Brandywine

William Henry Harrison

Governor of Indiana who gathered army and destroyed the prophet's attacking force of shawnees

Robert Y Hayne

Governor of South Carolina and former senator, responded to Andrew Jackson's nullification proclamation with a counterproclamation

William Berkeley

Governor of Virginia, pissed about "footloose", monopolized Indian fur trade

Shiloh

Grant= attacked while on his way to capture major Southern railroad junction, attacked on Tennessee-Mississippi border, ended in marginal union victory

Jeffersonian/ Federalist thoughts on neutrality proclimation

Jeffersonians were enraged, Federalists were happy

Marbury v. Madison

Marbury (midnight judge)sued for payment withheld by madison, but Marshall did not agree with madison

Pontiac's Uprising

Pontiac led men and laid siege to Detroit and all but three British outposts West of the Appalachians

Benjamin Franklin achievements

Poor Richards almanac, lightning rod, franklin stove, bifocals, established first privately funded circulating library in PA

Rebellion within chruches (support v.s repel)

Presbyterians and Congregational church supported rebellion but Anglican did not because their money came from king

Scots-irish v.s Germans house building

S-I= floorless shacks hastily built to be used for little time. Ger= sturdy homes and carefully prepared land for farming

"french gamecock"

Marquis de Lafayette

Roger B Taney

Marshall's successor

Whiskey Rebellion

SW Pennsylvania- Whiskey distillers opposed to excise taxes tarred and feathered revenue officers in protest of these laws- George Washington called upon state militias to crush the uprising but pardoned the two culprits

Who brought whiskey distillation to the Appalachians?

Scots-Irish

Why Embargo collapsed

TJ underestimated determination of British and overestimated British and French reliance on US goods- Latin american countries opened their ports for commerce and US ships were often raided

"The Black Tariff"

Tariff of abominations nickname

Canada was an important battleground in war of 1812 because

The British were weakest there

During his inaugural speech, Abraham Lincoln said that there would be no conflict with the south unless

The south provoked

George Washington during 7 years war

appointed by VA governor to go to Ohio country in command of 150 men and secure VA's claim. 1st shots fired 40 miles away from Fort Duquesne and killed Fr leader and they retreated only to come back and force Washington to surrender

process for choosing representatives to represent each state at Constitutional Convention

appointed by state legislatures which were elected by the citizens

George Washington

appointed head of army at second continental congress, lost more battles than won, trusted by the people, served without pay

New England after Glorious revolution

arbitrarily made a royal colony (blow to puritans) voting was now open to all property owners

William Penn at end of life

arrested for treason 3 times, placed in debtors jail and died of stroke

William Henry Harrison

attacked Redcoats retrieving after lost to Perry and beat them at Battle of Thames

pirates of North Africa post Revo War (+what some did for protection)

attacked and enslaved US shippers because they did not have protection from Britain anymore- some forged British papers for protection

methods how planters kept their slaves (2)(illegal)

attacked and killed them as they fled, hung the bodies as a warning to other freedom hopefuls, protested that slavery was lawful until state legislatures and supreme court declared it otherwise

Virginia Co.'s three ships

attacked by Indians at Chesapeake Bay and forced to move to banks of James River (after James I)

Thomas Paine

author of Common Sense

government of new france

autocratic (no elected assemblies or trial by jury)

first generation puritan life expectancy

average= 70 years

why New England was attractive for manufacturing

bad for farming, large popuation=labor and markets, seaports=easy import of raw materials and export of finished product, rivers= water power to turn the cogs of the machines

Northern _____ and ______ stood to lose millions if the south seceded

bankers and Merchants

economic life in South post civil war

banks and businesses closed(runaway inflation) and transportation systems were shit

effects of Specie circular (actually specific things that occurred not just the panic)

banks collapsed, commodity prices went down, sale of public land stopped, customs revenues stopped, and factories closed=unemployment

"wildcat banks"

banks in the West- fought US bank

The Impending Crisis of The South was ____ and _____ in the south

banned, burned

Protestant Reformation (+why did it start)

battle between Catholics and Protestants after King Henry VII broke with church of england

Battle of Long Island

battle for control of New York, British troops forced colonists to retreat across state lines and finally Delaware river where they took all boats so British couldn't cross

peace treaty of Ghent signed 2 weeks before

battle of New Orleans

why did a trade imbalance occur between the colonies and Br? What resulted?

because the colonies produced more goods than Br. could buy, the colonies started to sell to other markets (tobacco to Fr west indies)

loyalists before and after DOI

before- persecution= mild, after-they were regarded as opponents- imprisoned and a few were hanged/ 80,000 loyalists were driven out or fled

South Carolina 4 days after Lincoln was elected president

called a special convention, voted unanimously to leave the Union

over 800,000 immigrants

came to the US and joined union forces during the war

Declaratory Act (1766)

came with repeal of stamp act, reaffirmed parliaments unqualified sovereignty over the colonies

The Impending Crisis of the South was distributed in the North as________ by _________.

campaign literature, republicans

McCormick reaper turned plowmen into ______

capitalists

General Richard Montgomery

captured Montreal and met with Benedict Arnold to take Quebec but failed. he was killed and arnold was injured

Ethan allen and Benedict arnolds force

captured Ticonderoga and Crown point, secured priceless store of gunpowder and artillery for siege of boston

pony express

carried main 2,000 miles between missouri and sacramento, relied on lightweight horseback riders and stations 10 miles apart

new light centers

centers of higher learning (Princeton, Brown, Dartmouth, Rutgers)

Burr's response to Alexander Hamilton's whistle blowing

challenged Hamilton to a duel and killed the brightest Federalist and ultimately the Federalist's party of regaining power

Nicholas P Trist

chief clerk of state department, sent with Winfield Scott to negotiate, recalled by Polk but refused to leave in a 65 page letter, negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Little Turtle

chief of Miami indians- defeated American armies in battle over the Ohio River

disease preventatives in New England

clean water and cool temperatures

Jackson beating Adams for presidency marked

clear shift in political center of gravity from Eastern seaboard toward emerging states over the Appalachians

Boston Port Act

closed Boston Harbor until damages were paid and oder could be ensured- other colonies shipped goods to Boston to help

Spain v.s US post-revolutionary war

closed Mississippi River to US commerce, held important fort-Natchez

New Harmony

communal society established in New Harmony, Indiana By Robert Owen, attracted rat pack of people but fell apart within 2 years due to internal fighting

Shakers

communistic experiment brought to US from BR by Mother Ann Lee, went extinct because of monastic customs that prohibited marriage and sexual relations

German and Irish immigration to the south was discouraged because

competition of slave labor, high cost of fertile land, and European ignorance of cotton growing

With all threats in North America gone, US had ability to

completely disengage with Old world rivalries which supported George Washington's isolationism ideals

romanticism

conceived as reaction to hyper-rational enlightenment, originated in Europe and Britain

strategy that simplified blockading

concentrating on principal ports and dock facilities that could load bales of cotton

nation-states

concentrations of population (Aztecs)

german contributions to american culture

condestoga wagon, kentucky rifle, christmas tree

The Seven Days' Battles

confederate counterattack to the peninsula campaign led by Robert E. Lee, slowly drove union forces back to the sea

Merrimack

confederate ship, restored and covered in iron railroad tracks, renamed THE VIRGINIA, destroyed wooden Union ships, later destroyed by confederacy so that union wouldn't be able to seize and use it

French and Indian War

conflict began in North America with George Washington's Ohio Valley defeat, lasted 2 years but merged with the 7 years war

federal funding attempts for roads

congress gave 1.5 million to states but President Madison vetoed because it was unconstitutional

Tariff of 1832

congress pared away the worst "abominations" of 1828- still protective and fell short of meeting South Carolina's demands

Francisco Pizarro

conqueror who destroyed the Inca empire

pros and cons of Privateers

cons- diverted manpower, pros- brought in gold, harassed BR, raised morale, and pressured parli to end war on honorable terms

the cabinet was not included in the

constitution

Southerners based their argument for a new fugitive slave law on the

constitution, claimed it protected slavery and on the laws of congress which provided for slave chatching

George Washington announced neutrality proclamation without

consulting congress

Olive Branch Petition

continental congress adopted conciliatory measure professing american loyalty and seeking end to hostilities- rejected by George III because of bunker hill

Redcoat presence in US post-revolutionary war

continued to hold chain of trading posts on US soil and maintained fur trade with indians

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

contributor to feminist movement, 1st female graduate from medical college

Amelia Bloomer

contributor to feminist movement, revolted against female fashion norms

Daniel Webster and Henry Clay tried to

control William Henry Harrison during presidency but his a snag when he died four weeks in

James Madison (TJ's successor) unable to

control congress or factions within his party

democratic power during Lincoln's presidency

controlled Senate, House, and Supreme court

Constitutional Convention

convention in Philadelphia, called upon by congress to bolster AOC in secret

Congress of Vienna

convention of major EU powers to redraw boundaries of EU after defeat of Napoleonic France- factor that forced Britain to drop demands at Treaty of Ghent

efforts to fix the southern transportation systems were slowed by

corkscrewed railroad ties (sherman)

union effects of The Seven Days' Battles

costly failure, Lincoln temporarily abandoned McClellan as leader of Potomac

britains most important manufacture

cotton cloth

New England on abusive marriages

could and did intervene to restrain abusive spouses

effect of steam boat

could defy wind, wave, tide and downstream current, turned streams into 2 way arteries- doubled carrying capacity

misbehaving servants

could receive extended punishments

why VA yielded and ratified constitution

couldn't continue comfortably as an independent state

why NY yielded and ratified constitution

couldn't prosper apart from the union

three-fifths compromise

counted slaves as 3/5 of a person for election purposes

Samuel Adams

cousin of john, ultra-sensitive to colonial rights, created committees of Correspondence

laws of free corporation first passed in NY meant that businessmen could

create corporations without applying for individual charters from legislature

Henry Richard Lee

created a resolution that when passed became the formal "declaration" of independence to cut ties with Britain

armed nutrality

created by Russias Catherine the Great, alliance between most other European countries against Britain- protected trading rights during the american revolution

Freedmen's Bureau

created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education and legal support

Stephen Douglas's actual response in the Freeport Doctrine

declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it. Territorial legislatures , not the supreme court would have the final say

Proclimation of 1763

decree issued by London gov't, prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians. purpose = not to anger Indians by taking their land again

Specie Circular

decree of Treasury ordered by Andrew Jackson that required all public lands to be purchased with "hard" metallic money due to small state banks flooding market with unreliable paper money

"10 percent" reconstruction plan

decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10% of its total voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. Then the state government would have to be reconstructed

Primogeniture Laws

decreed that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates (gilbert, raliegh, drake)

separatists

dedicated puritans who were appalled that they had to share church with the "damned"- vowed to break away from the Church of England

John Brown (Kansas)

dedicated to abolitionist cause, moved to Kansas from Ohio, in response to the attack on free-soil Lawrence he and his followers hacked 5 surprised men presumed to be proslaverites to pieces

constitutions drafted by colonists deliberately created weak executive and judicial branches because of

deep distrust of despotic governors and arbitrary judges

conditions aiding colonists in revo war

defensively fighting in defensively favored war, self sustaining agriculturally, morally believed in a just cause

"declaration of sentiments" (demanded&permitted)

demanded female suffrage, permitted wives to own property after marriage

France v.s US post revolutionary war

demanded repayment of money loaned in the war and restricted trade with French West Indies colonies

Thomas Jefferson's term for members at the Constitutional Convention

demigods

Civic Virtue

democracy depended on unselfish commitment of each citizen to the public good

factory workers part of_____party/why?

democratic, because Jackson's attack on bank and his opposition to privilege

spolis system defended by Jackson on ____ grounds, because...

democratic, because office was simple enough for any upstanding american to learn, argued each generation deserved its turn at the "public trough"

The South Carolina Exposition

denounced the Tariff of Abominations as unjust and unconstitutional, proposed the states should nullify the tariff

Samuel Colt

developed revolver with Whitneys modular principles, and became basis of modern assembly line principles

Eastern Industrialists opposed the push to give away government land because they..... Southerners...

did not want their underpaid workers to move west, slavery couldn't flourish on 160 acres of land and it would attract free soilers, which would further tip the balance of power to the abolitionists

Annexation of Mexico completely severed

diplomatic relations with Mexico

Trent Affair

diplomatic row that threatened to bring Britain into the civil war after a Union ship stopped a British steamer and arrested 2 confederate diplomats aboard

american rebel issues

disorganization, unity, intercolonial jealousy, trust issues, and economic issues

Jeffersonians couldn't build loyal political following because they couldn't

dispense patronage

Pasha of Tripoli

dissatisfied with amount of protection money from US (to protect merchants overseas) informally declared war on US by cutting down flagstaff at US consulate

revolt due to glorious revolution

dominion collapsed, sir andros attempted to flee in woman's clothing but was caught and sent back to england

why Frémont and the republicans lost the election

doubts to his honesty, capacity, and judgement, and the Southerners sent violent threats to the people if he were to be elected

most western produce traveled_______________ to feed_________

down the mississippi, the cotton kingdom

Massachusetts constitution

drafted by special convention, final draft sent directly to the people for ratification, could only be amended at another constitutional convention, remains as the longest lived constitution in the world

Articles of Confederation

drafted in 1776- a written constitution for the new nation, translated into French after battle at Saratoga to convince the French that US had a government in the making

James Madison feared a constitutional convention. Therefore, he

drafted the Bill of Rights himself and guided them through congress

broadcloth mob

dragged Garrison through the streets of boston by rope until he escaped

Gag Resolution

driven through the HOR by pro-slavery Southerners, prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals

Aaron Burr (after first term)

dropped from cabinet before Thomas Jefferson's second term, and joined group of Federalist extremists to plot succession of NY and NE

Johnathan Edwards

during the great awakening,he believed that people were fools for thinking that good deeds alone would save you

Jeffersonian Democratic Republican thoughts on French American treaty during reign of terror

eager to enter and help the French gain independence as they just had

Federal Style

early architecture style that borrowed from classic Greek and Roman examples, emphasized symmetry, balance and restraint

Benjamin West

early painter who went to England to train and gain patrons for his work

WHH election moved political epicenter from ______ to ______

east, west

Panic of 1837

economic crisis triggered by over-speculation with shaky western $, bank failures, rising grain prices and Specie Circular- started with Jackson

Whiskey rebellion was a buredon on

economic necessity and medium of exchange

reason there were not lots of conflicts between immigrants and nativists

economy- its growth attracted immigrants an ensured that they could claim their own share of american wealth without jeapordizing the wealth of others

Orders in Council

edicts passed by london government that closed European ports under french control to foreign shipping (included US unless they stopped in Britain first)

Freedmens bureau greatest success

educating hundreds of thousands of freed blacks

Lords Proprietors

eight of Charles II's court favorites- founders of Carolina, detested indian slave trading at first

Civil Law

elaborate specific legal codes- often very long

James Monroe

elected president 1816 (republicans) not needed for heroics- good at providing for the publics desires

Henry Clay pushed for renewal of bank charter four years early so that he could make it an

election issue so he would win over Jackson

"republican motherhood"

elevated women to role as special keepers of nations conscious- expanded educational opportunities for women- expected that they could cultivate republican virtues in their children and husbands.

Cotton Gin

eli whitney, sped up cotton harvesting process, made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalized southern economy and the importance of slavery in the south

romanticism core values

emotion, expression and experimentation

Head-right system

employed by VA and Maryland to promote importation of servant workers- whoever paid passage for a laborer received 50 acres of land

Neal S. Dow

employer of labor, witnessed debouching effect of alcohol, sponsored Maine Law of 1851

common factor of all of Hamilton's successes (funding, assumption, bank, excise tax)

encroached sharply on states rights

revolutionary ideas on intercolonial affairs

end to colonialism and mercantilism, supported free trade and freedom of the seas

Treaty of Ghent(failed to...)

ended war of 1812 in a virtual draw, restored prewar boundaries, failed to address reasons for why US entered war (indians, orders in council, impressment)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

ended war with Mexico, US got territory reaching from Texas to oregon in exchange for $18.25mil in cash and assumed debts

Winfield Scott's whig platform

endorsed compromise of 1850 but not as enthusiastically as democrats

Massachusetts made it a penal offense for any state official to

enforce the fugitive slave law

Sir Francis Drake

english buccaneer who robbed Spanish Ships due to protestant-catholic clash. made tons of $ for investors and knighted upon arrival in england

henry hudson

english explorer employed by dutch east india company who traveled looking for new water routes within the new world

puritans

english religious reformers who undertook a total purification of english christianity- purest of puritans thought only visible saints should be admitted to church membership

Haitian Revolution

enslaved Santo Domingo Africans inspired by Fr revo revolted against the French- their revolt didn't work but mosquitos carrying yellow fever killed the French and won the slaves the war

Olaudah Equiano

enslaved boy who watched murders during middle passage and lived to tell about it

Battle of Trafalgar

ensured Britains Naval supremacy

Battle of Austerlitz (three emperors)

ensured Frances land attack supremacy

King Louis XIV

enthroned at age 5, ruled for 72 years, took deep interest in the Americas

Harvard University

established 1636 by Puritans

George Bankroft

established Naval academy at Annapolis

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War

established by congress during the civil war to oversee military affairs, under control of radical republicans, agitated for more vigorous war effort and pressed Lincoln on emancipation issue

Fletcher v. Peck effect

established firmer prosecution for private property and asserted the right for the supreme court to invalidate state laws in conflict with federal constitution

effects of attempted impeachment of Samuel Chase

established precedent of not impeaching supreme court members,

Dartmouth v. Woodward effect

established protection for corporations from dominion and state governments

"radical" legislatures(with blacks) accomplishments (4)

established public schools, tax systems, public works, and guaranteed property rights to women

Cherokee written constitution provided for

executive, legislative, and and judicial branches of government

Napoleon (war of 1812 absence)

exiled, left US alone to fight British soldiers from EU post French revo who started coming to Canada to help their cause in NA

people who immigrated to Rhode Island

exiles, malcontents, those wanting religious freedom

whig solution to first major depression

expand and stimulate economy

Long-term effects of Louisiana purchase

expanded fortunes of US and the power of the federal government

Sedition Act intentionally written to

expire in 1801 so it couldn't be used against the federalists

Father Junipero Serra

explorer who founded the california missions

Captain John C Frémont (california)

explorer who just happened to be in California with armed men, collaborated with the Navy and locals to secure California

"not worth a continental"

expression used when continental paper money was inflated to the point of devaluation

Dred Scott v. Stanford effect

extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory, also declared that slaves were not citizens of the United States

discord in Articles of Confederation (argument)

extra land- 7 states had it and 6 did not, the 6 argued that the 7 would not have that land without the other 6 and they could also sell it to pay off debts rather than place taxes

Tallmadge Amendment

failed attempt to stop importation of slavery and emancipate children of slaves- fought and overturned in the senate

Why Napoleon didn't want Louisiana

failed to reconquer sugar islands of Santo Domingo and he feared that he would be forced to cede it over to the British at the end of their conflict and didn't want that either so he pocketed the money

radicals______to impeach Johnson by a factor of _______ vote(s)

failed, 1

London Government suspended NY legislature because of

failure to comply with the quartering act

Center of New England life

family (huge- often several mothers- pumped out kids)

John Paul Jones

famous US Naval capitan who destroyed British merchant ships and carried war to British isles

"what hath god wrought"

famous first words Morse said in a telegram from Washington to Baltimore

Matthew Lyon

famous for spitting in the face of a federalist- sentenced to 4 months in jail for criticizing John Adams

John Trumbull, Charles Wilson, Benjamin West, and Singleton Copely

famous painters who had to go to England for education

Walt Whitman

famous poet, "Leaves of Grass", Poet Laureate of Democracy,

types of people(/why) that fled Germany for the US

farmers because of crop failures, and liberal political refugees

plantation system

farming system based on large-scale commercial agriculture and the wholesale exploration of slave labor.

Sir Walter Scott

favorite author of the elite southerners, helped them idealize a feudal society even when their economic activities were capitalistic

Britain knew the value of the ohio country to the french and (feared/responded?)

feared for their economic security and way of life in North America and responded by fighting for it

factors that shaped the failed impeachment (3)

fears of creating a disestablishing precedent, opposition to abusing checks & balances, successor was disliked

Harper's Ferry

federal arsenal in Virginia seized by John Brown, killed several in order to seize it, once he did the slaves did not rise up with him

Patent office

federal government bureau that reviews patent applications,and grants exclusive rights to inventor for a period of years

"Funding at Par" was used in

federal government would pay off debts at face value including accumulated interest- used in Hamilton's economic plan

Midnight Judges

federal judges appointed by J. Adams during last days of his reign

Homestead act

federal law that sold settlers 160 acres of land for $30 if they lived on it for 5 years and improved it by for example building a house on it. Helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward moving settlers- partly a gamble because land could be shit

Embargo act revived the

federalist party

Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls

feminist convention where Declaration of Sentiments was read, launched modern women's rights movement

key feature of second great awakening

feminization of religion in terms of church membership and theology

Salutary neglect- meaning

fertile soil for the roots of independence

Powhatan's Confederacy

few dozen small tribes all under the rule of Powhatan

panic of 1857

financial crash brought about by: gold fueled inflation, over-speculation of land and railroads and excess grain production

Bill of Rights

first 10 amendments to the constitution (1791) protected most precious american principles (freedoms, trial by jury, no Cruel and Unusual punishment etc.)

intercolonial committees of correspondence evolved into

first american congress

Washington Irving

first american to win international recognition as a literary figure, "The Sketch" brought him to fame, used English and American themes and included tales such as "Rip Van Winkle" and "Legend of Sleepy Hollow"

Battles of Lexington and Concord

first battles of Revolutionary war, Britain raided colonial gunpowder stores in attempt to kill Sam Adams and John Hancock, killed 8 in Lexington but were forced to retreat at Concord

FFV

first families of Virginia- 70% of the leaders in VA legislature just before revolutionary war> not very extravagant people and incredibly hard workers

Sugar act(1764)

first law raisins tax revenue for benefit of the crown- increased duty on sugar imported from West Indies

Quebec was France's

first outpost in North America

Crispus Atticus

first person to die in Boston Massacre- mulatto freed slave

Panic of 1819

first severe financial crisis since Washington- started because Bank of US gambled with over speculation in the West- hit the poorer classes hardest

Tariff of 1816

first tariff in US history instituted primarily for protection

Thomas Jefferson= first president to/ previous job

first to be inaugurated in Washington, previously was US minister to France

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

first treaty between US and indian nation (iroquois- loyal to British) under terms Iroquois ceded most of their land

University of Pennsylvania imp.

first university free of denominational control

Emperor Napoleon's sending an army to Mexico and enthroning Archduke Maximilian as emperor was a

flagrant violation of the Monroe Doctrine

Henry Clay's plan with rechartering the bank

force recharter bill through congress to be decided by Jackson, if he signed it he would alienate his Western followers, if he didn't sign it he would lose the upcoming election by alienating the influential and wealthy groups in the East

Trail of Tears

forced march of 15,000 Cherokees from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian territory- 4,000 died on journey

tribes that resisted the indian removal act

forcibly removed by US forces

what happened to tribes that resisted indian removal act (+ irony of the act)

forcibly removed by US forces, ironic because it hit the 5 civilized tribes the hardest

South counted on ____ to win, but never fully got it

foreign intervention

The South Carolina Exposition was not

formally endorsed by state of South Carolina

Constitutional Union Party

formed by moderate whigs and know-nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis

Alamo

fortress in Texas where 200 American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna- "remember the Alamo"

Senator Stephen A. Douglas (in response to Pres. Buchanan promoting Lecompton Constitution)

fought against Buchanan until he reached a compromise

General Charles Cornwallis

fought against Greene in Carolina campaign and lost to his delay tactic

Antione Cadillac

founded detriot to prevent english from pushing into the Ohio Valley

Georgia (founding, order, religious status)

founded in 1733- last of the 13 colonies. Named after King George II, religiously tolerant

American Temperance Society

founded in Boston and spread out, effort of 19th century reformers to limit alcohol consumption

Lord Baltimore

founded second plantation colony at St. Marys on Chesapeake bay- Maryland in 1634 for profit and refuge for Catholics

John Humphrey Noyes

founder of Oneida Community

James Oglethorpe

founder/army man of Georgia- interested in prison reform and helped fend off the Spanish

Denmark Vesey

free black, led rebellion in Charleston, foiled by informers, hung at the gallows with 30 of his followers

Oneida Community practiced

free love, birth control, eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring

John R. Hale

free soil candidate in 1852, took Northern Whig votes that would have gone to Scott

Free soil parties Desired freedoms (4)

free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men

Sojourner Truth

freed black woman who fought for black emancipation and women's rights

William Johnson

freed mulatto in NOLA, barber who owned slaves

"footloose"

freed servants who did not receive land, accused of "having little interest in the colony"

a restored south would be stronger in national politics because (+which gave the south what advantage)

freedmen were now 5/5 of a person which gave the south 12 more votes in congress and the electorate than before

problem that prompted formation of Freedmens bureau

freedmen were unskilled, unlettered, and had no property or money or knowledge for how to survive as free people

things that attracted immigrants to the US

freedom from aristocratic caste and state church abundant opportunity to secure land

3-pronged invasion of 1812

from Detroit, Lake Champlain, and Niagara- all forced back after crossing the boarder

Madison's veto of road funding left individual states to

fund their own projects

Massachusetts Important industries

fur trading, fishing, shipbuilding

William Pitt

gained strength from common people, planned colonists attacks on their land. Focused on canada, first took down louisberg and next was Québec

Emperor Napoleon III of France

gambled that union would collapse, dispatched French army to occupy Mexico city, installed puppet government with Austrian Archduke Maximilian as the emperor of Mexico

why winning at Bull run was bad for the south (3)

gave them confidence, caused a drop in enlistment, made them think that the war was ending

Ulysses S Grant

general found by Lincoln- willing to do anything to win

Carl Schurz

german liberal who fled to US, relentless foe of slavery and public corruption, contributed to elevation of american political life

mountain whites

special category among white southerners, lived in valleys of Appalachian mountains and civilization passed them by, spoke and practiced customs from elizabethian era, hated the slaves and large plantations of the south

Northern Democrats after Stephen Douglas died

split into two factions- the war democrats and the peace democrats

effect of James Buchanan's support of Lecompton Constitution

split the democratic party-the only remaining national party, one of the last things keeping the Union together

slavery's greatest psychological horror

splitting apart of families as a "division of Property" among heirs

Pontiacs uprising convinced the British to

stabilize relations with Indians and keep troops in the frontier

War preparations against france (that were not needed bc war didn't happen) swelled national debt and required a

stamp tax

evolution in clothing industry because of war

standardized clothing sizes

Industrial Revolution

started in Europe, shift toward mass production and mechanization that included the creation of the modern factory system

Gibbons v. Odgen summary

state of NY tried to grant company a monopoly of waterborne trade between NJ and NY.

"easy states"

states that deliberately lowered tariffs in order to attract unfair share of trade

border States

states that did not secede during the civil war (only slave states left in the union) Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia- would make the south powerful.

After the impeachment trial, Johnson said that he would

stop obstructing the Republican policies in exchange for remaining in office

goal of strengthening Articles of Confederation

strengthen central government but keep the maximum amount of states rights

MuCulloch v. Maryland effect

strengthened federal authority and upheld constitutionality of US bank by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have the power to tax the bank's notes

Andrew Jackson's popularity in the west came from

strong personal appeal, and campaign v.s forces of corruption and privilege in government

Kansas compromise brought about by Senator Stephen A Douglas (+result)

submitted entire Lecompton Constitution to be submitted for a vote- destroyed in vote

Britain eventually repented in Alabama business by

submitting to an arbitration and was forced to pay $15.5 million dollars for damages

John Winthrop

successful attorney and manor lord- governor of massachusetts bay colony, thought it was a calling from god

Alexander hamilton exposed Burr's plot for the

succession of NE and NY

15th amendment created to protect

suffrage provisions in the reconstruction act

French landholdings in the Americas after defeat in 7 years war

sugar islands in west indies

GW's response to Whiskey Rebellion

summoned army of 13k from state militias to crush uprising- 2 culprits were pardoned

Commonwealth v Hunt

supreme court of Massachusetts ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies provided that their methods were honorable and peaceful

Ex-Parte Milligan

supreme court ruled that military tribunals could not be used to try civilians if civil courts were open

Polks objectives (in order)

tariff for revenue bill, restore the independent treasury, acquire California, Settle Oregon dispute

issues that arose during Monroe's presidency

tariffs, bank, internal improvements, sale of public land, sectionalism and slavery

Stamp tax(1765)

tax on any paper good with a stamp on it (newspaper, marriage license, legal docs, pamphlets etc.)

George III's tyrannical misdeeds

taxes without consent, dispensing of trial by jury, establishing a military dictatorship, cutting off trade, burning towns, inciting hostility among nations

"a badge of slavery"

tea

Corps of Discovery

team of adventurers led by Merriwether Lewis and William Clark sent by TJ to explore Louisiana Territory and find water routes

two major lines of attack v.s alcohol

temperance, and removal by legisation

financial instability of plantation system

temptation to over-speculate in land and slaves caused many planters to plunge beyond their depth

british viewed the colonists as___. (expected to)

tennants, expected them to export certain goods to BR, not export BR industry goods, buy imports from BR, and not think about economic self-sufficiency or representative self government

"biddies"

term for Irish women, took jobs as kitchen maids

"paddies"

term for irish men, took jobs with pick and shovel work on canals and railroads- many died

Franklin Pierce's democratic platform

territorial expansion, endorsed compromise of 1850 and fugitive slave law

Old Northwest

territories acquired by the federal government from states. Northwest of Ohio River, East of Mississippi River, and South of the great lakes

Kansas-Nebraska Act wrecked 2 compromises (what were they)

the Missouri Compromise (intended to) and the Fugitivae Slave Law- repealed by northern opinion

republican response to the 10% reconstruction plan/ why they responded

the Wade-Davis Bill, responded because they feared a restoration of the planter aristocracy and re-enslavement

Gadsen purchase opposed by Northerners because

the area of land purchased was very very small and not worth the money paid for it

Jackson's inauguration symbolized

the ascending of the masses- he was someone who rose out from the common people to this position

Popular sovereignty

the authority and state of government is created and sustained by consent of its people

proslavery whites claimed that slavery was supported by

the bible and aristotle

dia de la raza

the birthday of a wholly new race of people(columbus day)

reopening the mississippi river trade calmed agitation in (+what they were mad about)

the butternut region, they were pissed about the emancipation proclamation but knew that the union was going to win the war so they couldn't switch now

George Washington established

the cabinet

______- became the focus of black community life in the years following emancipation

the church

Loyalty agreement between 5 civilized tribes and confederacy

the confederate government took over federal payments to the tribes and invited them to join in the confederate congress in exchange for troops for the confederate army

Black Legend

the false notion that the spanish conquerors did little but butcher the indians, steal their gold, and spread disesases in the name of christ

Thomas Jefferson's Kentucky resolutions concluded that

the federal government had exceeded constitutional powers and the remedy was nulification

Impressment

the forcible enlistment of sailors, Britain employed it with US against France- continual cause of French and British conflict

Joint-Stock Company

the forerunner of modern corporation- a company whose stock is jointly owned by shareholders

mormons were a crisis in washington government because the government couldn't control

the hierarchy of Brigham Young

Jeffersonian failed attempt to impeach Samuel Chase was a victory for

the independence of the judiciary and for separation of powers

Europe's ruling classes hated the American Democracy and felt sympathetic to the south but did not enter on the side of the confederacy because

the masses of working people in Britain and France were pulling and praying for the north to win

in Alexander Hamilton's plan, the more people owed by the federal government meant

the more people with a personal stake in his plan

"new federal roof"

the new constitution

The Impending Crisis of The South fueled the elite planters fears that

the non-slaveholding majority might abandon them

planter aristocrats who enjoyed majority of southern wealth educated their children in

the north or abroad

Southerners demanded a new fugitive slave law because

the old one was inadequate to deal with runaways

Federalist argument against TJ and J. Madisons treatys

the people made the original compact, not the states so therefore the Supreme court had the authority to nullify

Emancipation Proclamation closed the door on

the possibility of compromise with the South

Gadsen Purchase enabled Southerners to claim (+why)

the railroad, because it was easier to build because the mountains were not as high

political victory for the working man

the right to vote

Uncle Tom's Cabin helped start and win the civil war because

the south got mad that american's were reading and believing her writing

The "middle passage"

the transatlantic sea voyage that brought slaves to the new world (start- march to african coast, middle- transatlantic sea voyage, end- trek into U.S inland)

Colombian Exchange

the transfer of goods, crops and diseases between the new and old worlds, after 1492

election of 1852 marked the end of

the whig party

Sherman's destruction in North Carolina (+why)

the worst of all, burned the cap, because Northerners believed that North Carolina provoked the war

fatal confederate weakness in government

their constitution, it could not deny future secession and states clashed with President Davis over issue of states rights

Mercantilism

theory embraced by British Authorities- believed that a nations military and political power is linked to bullion reserves. To get more bullion, a country must export more than it imports

Madison Asked congress to declare war on Britain

they agreed

European powers were happy about a disunited states because

they could play the North and South against each other, they could easily seize more land (defy Monroe doctrine)

slaveowners cared for slaves because

they did not want their investment ruined- jobs that were dangerous were given to the wage earning irish

Northerners attracted to free soil party because

they did not want to share land with African Americans

whites without slaves were some of stoutest defenders of slavery because

they hoped to buy a slave or two and turn their land to riches, they also took comfort in the knowledge that they outranked someone in status

New England women gave up property rights when

they married because government worried recognizing separate property rights would undercut unity of marriage

US response to British desires at Ghent

they said no and London agreed because they were preoccupied at Congress of Vienna

Southern Spokesmen furious about the abolitionist movement in Kansas because

they supported the Kansas/Nebraska scheme with the understanding that Kansas would be admitted as a slave state and Nebraska as a free state

why was Lincoln so freaked out about Maryland possibly seceding

they threatened to cut off Washington from the North

Northerners voted for Buchanan because

they wanted to save their businesses and economic relations

why Russia wanted to sell Alaska to the US

they wanted to strengthen the American Republic as a barrier against Britain

British enforced Monroe Doctrine because

they wanted trade with Latin America

British crown had the right to nullify any legislation passed by colonial assemblies if

they worked against the mercantilist system (only used a fraction of the time)

Southern Secessionists claimed that if Lincoln was elected

they would secede from the Union

antifederalists

those not in favor of a strong centralized government

federalists

those who supported a strong centralized government

Types of northerners that came to Kansas

those who wanted land, and a small group were abolitionists

people's thoughts on funding at par

thought it was impossible, and it dropped bonds to $.10-.15 on the dollar

Thomas Jefferson on Louisiana Purchase

thought it was unconstitutional because there was no clause in the constitution for it, so he wanted to amend the constitution before that, but that was shot down because it could have scared the French Away

US threat to foreign occupation in Mexico

threatened to send 1 million troops, foreigners evacuated and Maximilian was killed

American System

three part system- 1. strong banking system system for easy and abundant credit, 2. protective tariff for Eastern Manufacturing 3. tax from tariff funds used to fund network of roads and canals to connect US for trade

Br plan to take Hudson River Valley and win the war

three pronged attack, from the north south and west (burgoyne, Howe, and Leger)

"Kentucky bluegrass"

thrived in burnt cane fields, ideal pasture for livestock, lured 1000's of homesteaders to Kentucky

Nullifiers "nullies"

through Jackson's first term, tried to muster necessary 2/3 vote for nullification of South Carolina Exposition in South Carolina legislature

during the 1864 elections, the factions that formed wanted to do what

tie lincoln's hands together to get what they want, or remove him from office

republicans saw Judiciary act of 1801 as an attempt

to control a branch of government by federalists forever (lifetime posts)

Penn pressured by London

to deny catholics and jews the privilege of voting or holding office

service in war offered free slaves ...(2)

to fight for a cause they believed in, gave them a chance to prove manhood and strengthen claim to citizenship at the end of the war

Why Howe attacked Philadelphia

to force general engagement with George Washingtons Army, destory it, and leave the path open for Burgoyne

British excuse for maintaining a relationship with their fur trading indian friends

to keep them on Britain's side in case of a US attack on Canada

Disestablish

to separate official state church from connection with government- all states disestablished the Anglican church but the Congregational Church remained in the NE colonies for a while

John C. Calhoun at congressional forum

to sick to deliver speech-had colleague do it, approved of Clay's concessions but rejected them because they didn't adequate safeguards for Southern rights

one of alterior major purposes of the Tenure of Office Act

to solidify Edward M. Stanton's spot in the cabinet (spy)

slave life in chesapeake

tobacco wasn't as hard of work, larger and closer together plantations which allowed for contact with friends and family

Homestead act (+result)

took congress years to pass, sold land at $.25/acre, vetoed by Buchanan

Brigham Young

took hold of Mormons after Smith died, leader, preacher, administrator, led Mormons to Utah

Non-intercours act

took place of embargo act- formally reopened trade with all nations except for Britain and France

"teetotalism"

total elimination of intoxicants

Where in the colonies was a form of a republic already in place

town meetings and committees of correspondence

Free soilers and abolitionists, after congressional forum labeled John Webster as a

traitor

French had to give Spain which landmasses after defeat in 7 years war

trans-mississippi, Louisiana, and New Orleans

verdict on lands disputed over during writing of Articles of Confederation

transferred to the central government- Westward moving pioneers purchased land tracts from the federal government

market revolution

transformed subsistence economy of scattered farms and tiny workshops into national network of industry and commerce

Dorothea Dix

traveled 60k miles in 8 years assembling damning reports on insanity and asylums from firsthand observations. Did not speak up but message=loud and clear

Algonquin Tribe

tribe in great lakes area that was so large and powerful that if Euros wanted to do business they would have to reach middle ground with indians

last blow that took out the whig party

tried and filed to destroy the fugitive slave law

William Walker

tried repeatedly to seize control of Nicaragua, once he did, he established himself as president and legalized slavery- US formally separated country from him and his actions

Allen Brothers of Vermont

tried to annex vermont to the British

Republicanism (def and opposed to what)

political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue- opposed to hierarchical and authoritarian institutions: monarchy and aristocracy

George Washingtons selection as head of military was very___. Why?

political, because he could not be seen as a fortune seeker

reasons secessionists seceded

politics were in favor of abolitionists, triumph of sectional republican party, weary free-soil abolitionists were nagging and because of Northern Interference (John Brown and the Underground Railroad)

Seward's Folly

popular term for secretary of state William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia, reflected anti-expansionist sentiment of most americans after the civil war

after war of 1812, painters shifted from painting _____ to _____

portraits to landscapes

Tammany Hall

powerful NY political machine that primarily grew support from immigrants

Popular sovereignty

pre-civil war notion that stated the sovereign people of a territory should determine the status of slavery, seemed to be a compromise between anti and pro,

alternative motives at Constitutional Congress

preserve the union, prevent anarchy, ensure security of life, protect against uprisings by the mobocracy and curb unrestrained democracy in various states

controversy around Wade-Davis Bill revealed deep differences between ______ and _______

president and congress

Lymann Beecher

president of Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati

roman catholics constructed the roman catholic education system to

prevent kids from protestant indoctrination

Rendezvous System

principal marketplace for Northwest fur trade, each summer traders set up camp in rocky mountains and waited for trappers and indians to arrive with pelts to swap for goods from the East

John Wilkes Booth

pro-southern actor, shot Lincoln in the head at Ford's theater 5 days after Lee's surrender

"crimes" Lincoln committed as president

proclaimed a blockade, increased size of federal army, directed secretary of treasury to advance $2 million to private citizens for military purposes, suspended writ of habeas corpus, arranged for supervised voting, suspended newspapers and arrested editors

Maine Law of 1851

prohibited manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor- promoted other states to do the same- proved ineffective because they was repealed within 10 years

Fifteenth Amendment

prohibited states from denying citizens voting rights on account of race, disappointed feminists

Wendell Phillips

prominent founder of American Anti-Slavery Society, wouldn't eat cane sugar or wear cotton clothing because they were produced by slaves

Tariff of Abominations

promoted by Jacksonians while Adams was president hoping it would fail, it was passed and inherited by Jackson, known for its high duties on imports

Nathaniel Bowditch and Matthew F. Maury

promoted safety, speed and economy within navigation of oceans

equality rise post new Constitution

property requirements reduced, ordinary people were addressed as Mr. and Miss- released shipload of indentured servants because it was against their democratic ideals

Lecompton Constitution

proposed Kansas constitution by proslavery forces, ratification was unfairly rigged to guarantee slavery in the territory (even if it became a free state, existing slaves would remain), initially won but then overturned by congress by putting the whole constitution to a vote

Jackson's plan to bury the bank for good (+what he had to do to ensure it would happen)

proposed depositing no more federal funds with Biddle and gradually shrinking existing deposits by using them for the day-to-day expenses of the government- had to reshuffle cabinet twice to find a secretary of state that would do it

Kansas-Nebraska Act

proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories,

Crittenden Amendments (to constitution)

proposed within days of South Carolina Secession vote, designed to appease the south, guaranteed slavery full rights in Southern territories below 36 30' line regardless of the wishes of popular sovereignty, made slavery above that line illegal and gave states created in the future the choice of becoming slave or nonslave on either side of the line

crisis with election of Kansas legislature

proslaveryites came in from Missouri and voted early and often, proslavery won because of fraud

Tariff of 1842

protective tariff passed by Tyler and the Whigs, raised rates to pre-compromise of 1833 rates, reluctantly signed because of the need for revenue

northern economic boom during war was because of

protective tariffs

Sedition Act "lockjaw"

provided that anyone who impeded the policies of government or falsely defamed its officials (inc. president) was subject to heavy fine and imprisonment (violated 1st amendment) many jeffersonian editors were indicated and 10 were tried and convicted- made a lot of people convert to jeffersonian ideals

Lyceum

public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy

John Randolph of Virginia

publicly assailed alliance between Adams and Clay, challenged by Clay to duel but both of them were bad shots and no one was injured

William Lloyd Garrison

published militantly antislavery newspaper in Boston- The Liberator, and founded American Anti Slavery Society

"birched"

punishment where children would be whipped with a piece of a birch tree

protestant ethic

puritan commitment to work

Nathaniel Hawthorne

puritan writer, "The Scarlet Letter"

Underground Railroad forced southern planters and congressmen to

push for stronger fugitive slave law

Whig platform 1848

pussyfooted, dodged all troublesome issues and promoted appearance of Taylor

most significant contribution to the continental economy

railroad

with erie canal in mind, New York banned

railroads from carrying freight

south's specialized type of economic activity

raised cotton for export

Freeport Question

raised during freeport debate by Abraham Lincoln, asked whether the court or the people should decide the future of slavery in territories

Sally Tompkins

ran Richmond infirmary for confederate soldiers, awarded rank of captain by President Jefferson Davis

Abraham Lincoln

ran against S. Douglas in Illinois senatorial election, self-educated, trial lawyer, became one of Northwest's foremost politicians and orators when Kansas and Nebraska act passed

Cumberland Road

ran from Western Maryland to Illinois

Thomas Jefferson Realized that foreign nations relied heavily on US for _____ and ____ and used this instead of war

raw materials, food

Manifest Destiny swayed expansionist democrats platforms to create goals such as

re-annexing texas and reoccupy Oregon

Embargo caused New Englanders to

re-open factories and build new ones- foundation of industrial era

sewing machine became the foundation of the

ready-made clothing industry

greatest effect of Mexican war

rearoused slavery and issue didn't stop until the civil war ended it

"ruffians"

red coats sent to boston

democrat solution to first major depression

reduce expenses and end high-flying banks and corporations

Naturalization Law of 1802

reduced citizenship requirement from 14 years of residence to 5 years

Thomas Jefferson's first action as president + why

reduced military to 2,500 (police force) because he wanted to move past war alliances and set an example by winning friends through "peaceful coercion"

transportation revolution

referred to a series or nineteenth century transport innovations that linked local and regional markets creating a national economy

American Colonization Society

reflected focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to africa, established Liberia

British relations with US during confederation

refused to send a minster to "backwoods" and declined a commercial treaty

Black Belt

region of deep South with highest concentration of slaves, emerged as a cotton production became more profitable

Cohens v. VA effect

reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the supreme court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government

European despots back in power post Napoleon era wanted to intervene in Latin America so that they could

reinstate the Spanish King to Power

mechanical reapers positive effects for civil war (4)

released tens of thousands of boys to enlist, fed soldiers, produced surpluses of grain that eventually took over king cotton, provided profits to buy supplies,

rise of Andrew Jackson represented

relentless westward movement of American people

Deism

relied on reason rather than revelation, on science rather than the bible, rejected concept of original sin and denied Christ's divinity, believed in supreme being who created knowledgeable universe and gave humans capacity for moral behavior

Theodore Dwight Weld

religious abolitionist evangelized by Charles Grandison Finnney in NY burned over district, expelled from Lane Theological Seminary for having an 18 day debate on slavery

Second Great Awakening Characterized by

religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversions,

Great Awakening

religious revival when people started going back to church and becoming more religious again

special state conventions in Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plan required that each state (3)

repeal ordinances of secession, repudiate all confederate debts and ratify the 13th amendment

Actions taken at second Columbia convention meeting

repealed ordinance of nullification and nullified unnecessary force bill

Wade-Davis Bill

republican response to the 10 percent reconstruction plan, required 50% of a states voters to take an oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation

Quartering Act (1765)

required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops

Tenure of Office Act

required the president to secure consent from the senate before he could remove his appointees after they had been approved by the Senate

supreme coourt under marshall vigilantly protected contract rights by

requiring state governments to grant irrevocable charters

colonists feared slave revolts so they tried to_________, what was the Br authorities response?

restrict/halt importation of slaves, British vetoed this in interest of cheap goods

advances in manufacturing and transport widened gap between

rich and poor

Congresses' first conscription law

rich boys could hire a substitute to take their place in the draft, or pay $300 to be exempted

confederate draft injustices

rich could hire substitutes or exempt themselves, slaveowners who owned enough slaves could exempt themselves

John Hancock

rich man who made his fortune in smuggling around the navigation laws

special draft privileges angered the poor because it was a

rich mans war, but a poor man's fight

Stono River

river that slaves followed in the South Carolina Slave revolt

intercolonial transport

roads=shit, relied heavily on waterways- attractions on shores started popping up

jayle birds

robbers, rapists and murderers etc. that were dumped in the colonies by the English- some were good just victim to England's harsh 200 capital crimes

Rhode Island Nicknames

rogues island, little rhody, sewer, traditional home of the otherwise minded

Millerites/Adventists

rose from burned over district, interpreted bible to mean that christ would return to earth on 10/22/1844

irelands demise cause

rot attacked potatoes and killed off 1/4 from disease and hunger, 2 million died

"liberty and independence or death in pursuit of it"

said by colonists in Annapolis when they burned a vessel and all of its cargo

Jefferson about King in DOI

said he flouted human rights therefore justified cutting the connection and added his tyrannical misdeeds

Land ordinance of 1785

said that the acreage of the old northwest should be sold and proceeds should be used to pay off national debt

congress' thoughts on confederate states and readmission into the union

said that they forfeited their rights when they left the union, but they could be re-admitted as "conquered provinces" on congress' conditions

how Lincoln kept the border states in the Union

said war was about protecting the union, not abolishing slavery

voyageurs

same as Coureurs de bois

Model Treaty (reflected desires of)

sample treaty drafted by continental congress as a guide for american diplomats. Reflected desires of commercial relationships rather than political or military entanglements

Corps of discovery returned with

scientific discoveries, maps, native peoples

"John Adams's Jackasses"

seamen for new navy that wasn't used for Fr revo war

rule of pellmell

seating without regard to rank- Jefferson created

Caliber of British Army in US

second rate

Molly Maguires

secret Irish miner's union that campaigned against poor working conditions in Pennsylvania mines

Know nothing party

secret nativist political party created in opposition to the influx of immigrants, especially Roman Catholics

John Quincy Adams was one of the most successful _______ and one of the least successful_________.

secretaries of state, presidents

Horace Mann

secretary of Massachusetts Board of education, campaigned for more and better schoolhouses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers and extended curriculum

Ostend Manifesto

secretary of state ordered ministers in Spain, France and Britain to prepare confidential recommendations for the acquisition of Cuba, met in Ostend Belgium, top secret document urged the purchase of cuba for $120 million- secret quickly leaked out and Northern free soldiers rose up in anger against it- forced Pierce administration to drop schemes for Cuba

George Bancroft

secretary of the navy, founded the naval academy at annapolis, published volumes on american history

Edwin M. Stanton

secretary of war under Lincoln, carried over to be under Andrew Johnson too, served as a spy and informant for the radicals while under Johnson

General Lewis Cass

selected as democratic candidate in election of 1848, veteran of 1812, pompous, outspoken father of popular sovereignty

US was more concerned with ___ than Latin American Countries.

self defense

blacks started societies for _____ which raised funds to _________,________ and ________

self improvement, purchase land, build schoolhouses and hire teachers

Congregational Church

self-governing congregations without hierarchical establishment of Anglican church(democratic)- "The best school of political liberty the world ever saw"-Thomas Jefferson

Ralph Waldo Emerson stressed (5 things)

self-reliance, self-improvement, self- confidence, optimism and freedom

William Bradford

self-taught scholar who read Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French and Dutch. Chosen Governor of pilgrims 30 times and feared non-puritans would ruin his "wilderness experiment"

Northerners pushed for the federal government to abandon their policy of ________ and instead__________.

selling land for revenue, give it outright to the pioneers as a reward for developing it

Ancient Order of Hibernians

semisecret society founded in Ireland to fight landloards, served in US as a benevolent society aiding the downtrodden

the Mexican attack on Taylor's troops aroused Polk into

sending a war message to congress emphasized by the shedding of American blood on American soil- congress voted for war

Thomas Jefferson's plan for Louisiana

sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to buy as much land as they could for 10 million

John Slidell

sent by Polk to Mexico city as a Minister, instructed to offer max $25 mil for Texas

Commodore Matthew C. Perry

sent by president Fillmore to reach trade agreements with Japan. Prepared by reading about Japan, studying tides, and preparing technology to show off, fought and threatened just to be able to come ashore, gave them documents requesting free trade and friendly relations and left promising to return a year later

Caleb Cushing

sent by president Taylor to Macao, China to reach a trading deal with China

Society for propagating the gospel among indians

sent missionaries to indian villages to christianize them

Union relief to British "cotton famine" (2)

sent over foodstuffs to the hungry and armies captured/bought cotton to send to Britain

King Philips War

series of assaults launched against 52 english villages throughout New England, indians lost and metacom's wife and son sold to slavery, he was killed and head displayed in plymouth- ultimately slowed westward movement of english settlement in NE

Wilderness Campaign (+why grant was assailed during and after)

series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee's troops leading up to Grant's capturing of Richmond, Grant used deadly tactics that raised the death toll and was assailed for using them

Aroostook war (+resolution)

series of clashed between American and Canadian lumberjacks over a proposed British road that would pass through disputed territory in Maine, resolved when permanent boundary was agreed upon

Black Hawk War

series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between US forces and Chief Black Hawk of Sauk and Fox tribes- unsuccessfully tried to regain territory lost under the Indian removal act

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

series of debated between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the US senate race in Illinois, Douglas won the election but lincoln gained natural prominence and emerged as the leading republican candidate for 1860

navigation laws

series of laws passed to regulate colonial shipping- only english ships could trade in english and colonial ports and all ships destined for colonies had to pass through england first

Andrew Johnson's "swing 'round the cirlce

series of speeches that Andrew Johnson gave which were so bad that it made people vote in favor of the republicans giving them control of both houses

Free soilers response to Pro-slavery fraudulent election

set up own extralegal regime in Topeka

_____ drove seamstresses out of the home and into the factory

sewing machine

new machinery that saved labor and enabled the north to expand economically

sewing machine

Alexander Hamilton's plan to correct economic issues with Articles of Confederation

shape fiscal policies to favor the wealthy, in turn they would lend monetary and political support

northern industry that suffered crippling setback because of war (+why)

shipping because of british raiders

California Bear Flag Republic

short lived California Republic, established by local settlers who revolted against Mexico, abandoned to join the US

Nullification Crisis

showdown between president Andrew Jackson and South Carolina Legislature, declared the tariff of 1832 null and void and threatened secession if federal government tried to collect duties

Treaty of Kanagawa

signed when Perry returned to Japan, provided for proper treatment of shipwrecked sailors, American coaling rights in Japan and establishment of consular rights- didn't emphasize commercialism

Why John Tyler was expelled from the whig party (+aftermath)

his resistance to establishing a national bank, aftermath=HOR tried to impeach him and his entire cabinet resigned

Robert E. Lee's motives for pushing into Maryland after second Battle of Bull Run

hoped to encourage foreign intervention and encourage Maryland and Border states to leave the union

British Agriculture during war years (caused them to do what, which stopped them from doing what)

horrible, caused them to buy Northern grain, which stopped them from penetrating the Union blockade on the south

Great Wagon Road

hugged the Eastern Appalachian foothills from Pennsylvania to Georgia- scattered with Socts-irish settlements

New England prospered during war of 1812 because of

illegal trade with enemy in canada and wishes to secede

Stephen A. Douglas

illinois senator who wanted North/ South deadlock over expansion to end and for Chicago to be the endpoint of the pacific railroad

romanticism emphasized (x4)

imagination over reason, nature over civilization, intuition over calculation and self over society

why the US was so slow into the industrial revolution

immigrants who fled for land did not want to work in factories, labor was scarce, and not a lot of money for investments/had difficulties producing goods at a high enough quality and low enough price to compete with European manufacturers

know nothing party pushed for restrictions on

immigration, naturalization, and laws authorizing deportation of aliens

Townshend Acts

import tax on glass, white lead, paint and tea paid to colonial officials which gave them incentive to enforce these acts- paid the royal governors and judges

what during Monroe's term sowed seed of Jacksonian Democracy

imprisonment of debtors

Dorothea Dix brought about

improved conditions for the insane in asylums and the concept of mentally ill rather than willfully perverse

what in the Americas make slavery investments less risky

improving mortality rates

"Biddle's Panic"

in attempt to show Bank of U.S's importance, Biddle created a minor financial crisis by calling in his bank's loans which pushed wobblier banks to the wall

New Netherland

in husdon river area, established by Dutch West India Company, secondary interest for investors looking for quick profit for fur trade- later bought manhattan island from indians

Impeachment of Samuel chase

in revenge for establishment of judicial review, jeffersonians tried to impeach sup. ct. member- denied in the senate

General Winfield Scott was severely handicapped by

inadequate numbers of troops, expiring enlistments, a more numerous enemy, mountainous terrain, disease, and political backbiting at home

Morrill Tariff Act (+2 parts for reasons for passing)

increased duties back to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the civil war- designed partly to raise revenue and partly to provide more protection for prosperous manufacturers

North's important revenue raisers (3)

increased excise tax on tobacco and alcohol, created the first ever income taxes, customs receipts

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

insisted on leaving "obey" out of marriage ceremony, advocated female suffrage

The Man Without A Country

inspired by Clement L. Vallandigham, story about American found guilty in court and condemned to live eternal life of exile on US warships

Robert Fulton

installed steam engine on ship that went up the Hudson to Albany on first sail

republicans, fearing that the democrats would take over the government and repeal the civil rights bill did what

integrated its principles into the fourteenth amendment

Albany Congress

intercolonial congress summoned by Br govt(only 7 colonies showed) with the purpose of keeping the Iroquois loyal to them and acheive colonial unity by bolstering against the French

Eli Whitney

invented cotton gin and modular musket

John Deere

invented steel plow to break through western thick soil, light enough to be pulled by horses

Elias Howe and Isaac Singer

invented the sewing machine

Samuel F.B. Morse

invented the telegraph

DOI appealed to universality by

invoking the "natural rights" of humankind

Gag resolution pissed off John Quincy Adams because/what he did

it attacked the right of petition- he fought it until it was repealed 8 years later

Sedition Act intentionally written to expire in 1801 bc

it couldn't be used against federalists if they didn't win the election that year

Southerners supported Stephen A Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska plan because

it created another slave state

women campaigned against the 15th amendment because

it did not give women the right to vote

Jay's Treaty pissed off Jeffersonians because

it favored the north, it gave more money to the north from trade, and forced southerners to pay a major share of the debt

Tariff of Abominations opposed by South because

it hurt Southern farmers who were not protected by tariffs but were forced to pay high taxes so other industries could be protected

Free soil party hated slavery because

it took jobs away from American workers

putting slaves in Kansas was a bad idea for the slaveowners because

it was a possible loss of investment, if the land were to be voted as free by popular sovereignty then the owner would lose all of their slaves

Antietam was most decisive battle in civil war because (3)

it was the closest the south ever got to victory, prevented foreign intervention, gave Lincoln victory to give his "Emancipation Proclamation"

Jefferson strongly opposed national bank because

it was unconstitutional (10th amendment), said states had the power to charter banks

Southerners Angry about abolition in district of Columbia because

it would be a free territory inbetween Slaveholding Virginia and Maryland

France, Belgium and Holland were interested in an independent Texas because

it would check the Southward movement of the US, could be used to fight US so that would distract the US so that European powers could move in and challenge the monroe doctrine

admission of California worried the south because

it would destroy the equilibrium of the non and pro slavery states in the Senate, and it would also set precedent for the rest of the land seized in the Mexican Secession

king gustavus adolphus

king of sweeden after 30-years war who carried torch for protestantism, began to settle on delaware river

1675-1676

king philips war

Anne Hutchinson

known for challenging the authority of the clergy and gender roles in the church- asserted antinomianism

tax supported education won because

laborers weilded increased influence and demanded instruction for their children

main weakness of american army

lack of supplies and men

what the reconstruction act left out for blacks (2)

land, and education at the governments expense

"america letters"

letters by immigrants in US sent home in EU, described a better life without compulsory military service, low taxes, and three meat meals a day

religious zeal of second great awakening led to planting of many

liberal arts colleges

Transcendentalism (+emphasized & predicated on)

literary and intellectual movement, emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated on belief that each person possesses an "inner light" that can point the way to the truth and direct contact with god

although the freedmens bureau authorized to settle former slaves on 40 acre tracts confiscated from confederates, little land was actually given to them because

local administrators worked together with planters in expelling blacks from towns and persuading them to sign labor contracts

issues americans and mexicans clashed over

local rights, immigration, slavery,

Harrison election symbols________,__________. irony=

log cabin, hard cider. Ironic because he was FFV

great exhibition

londons world's fair- large US presence

McClellan losing election affect on south

lost all hopes of a confederate victory, Lincoln removed was the last hope for victory

New England family stability

low premarital pregnancies, children raised in good environments, guided by parents and grandparents

10 hour day was opposed by factory owners because it would

lower productivity and raise prices,

Tariff of 1857

lowered duties on imports in response to high treasury surplus and pressure from southern farmers, Northern farmers blamed it for their misfortune

Roger Morris

loyalist whos confiscated land in NY was sliced into 250 parcels- accelerated the spread of economic democracy

most important manufacturing activity in colonies

lumbering

Democrats attracted to free soil party because

mad that Polk took all of Texas and only some of Oregon

Hamilton's unique contribution

made a debt an asset for vitalizing financial system and government

Sir Fernando Gorges

made several attempts to colonize Maine (1623) but was later absorbed by Massachusetts Bay Colony (1677)after formal purchase from Gorges heirs

Eli Whitney's modular musket

made the pieces uniform on a musket so if one breaks, you replace the piece rather than the entire gun

North American Review

magazine for intellectuals

James Monroe is the only president to be reelected when their first term included a

major financial crisis

loyalty was regarded as a

major virtue

Diseases in Chesapeake

malaria, dysentery, and typhoid- cut 10 years off of life expectancy

post-slavery naming

many freed slaves changed the names that their masters gave them, and demanded to be addressed as Mr. and Mrs.

Boston Massacre

march 5, 1770 boston citizens taunted redcoats and threw stuff at them, redcoats opened fire (w/o orders) and killed 11

Thomas Hutchinson

massachusetts governor not afraid of the rebels, ordered all ships to unload tea before leaving

McCormick Reaper

mechanized the harvest of grains, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots

Ulysses S. Grant

mediocre West point student, became an alcoholic when he was stationed in the middle of nowhere, resigned from army to avoid court marshaling, joined the volunteers and led victories at Fort Henry and Donelson... requested "unconditional and immediate surrender"

William Wilberforce

member of parliament, christian reformer whose family was touched by George Whitefield, unchained slaves in West Indies

US can't be seen as bad for annexing texas because (2)

mexico would have not been able to reconquer texas, and the existence of texas as an independent nation was a threat to the US

first and most enthusiastic group of people about religious reform

middle class women

General James Wilkinson

military governor of Louisiana who plotted with Burr to separate Western part of US and expand into Mexico and Florida

Captain Myles Standish

military man on mayflower who became indispensable in indian fighting and negotiation

richest merchants in New England started as

military suppliers- owned 2/3 of wealth in cityq

Thomas Jefferson set precedent of sending messages to congress to be read by a clerk because his speaking suggested

monarchy

John Brown realized that he was (+turned into)

more of a help to the abolitionist cause if he was executed, turned in to a Martyr

North's supply of soldiers (at beginning and trend after that/why)

more than the south at outset, grew throughout the war because of immigrants enlisting

Harriet Tubman

most famous "conductor" in underground railroad, runaway slave from Maryland who rescued over 300 slaves including her parents- called "moses"

New Orleans

most important French outpost for blocking spain on the Gulf of mexico, also for fur trade

family in Chesapeake

most men couldn't find mates, most marriages destoryed by death of partner

The Association

most significant action of the first continental congress, called for complete boycott of British goods: nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.. violators were tarred and feathered

attacks against Jackson

mother=prostitute, wife=adulteress, printed flyers shaped like coffins remembering his duels, brawls, and hanging of 6 mutinous militiamen

Burned-Over District

name for Western New York region particularly swept up in religious fervor of second great awakening

"Cold water army"

name for children's clubs created by american temperance society

Era of Good Feelings

name for period of 1 party republican rule during Monroe's presidency - contradicts because he had several issues during his term

"snobocracy"

name for small group of wealthy cotton growers by the Northerners

Civil war effect on constitution

national government emerged unbroken, states rights were crushed, and nullification and secession were laid to rest

cumberland road

national road, went from maryland to illinois- interrupted by war of 1812 and states righters's complaints

roads were a big

nationalistic movement post war of 1812

Britian's strategy defeats after French got involved

naval blockades didn't work anymore

law regulating mercantilism system

navigation laws

British abolitionists in Texas were a threat because if they freed slaves there, then

nearby Southern slaves would be motivated to gain freedom

one thing that moderates and radicals agrees on with reconstruction

necessity to enfranchise black voters

mexicans complained that US government had obligation under international law to enforce

neutrality statutes

Lord De La warr

new governor of Jamestown who turned fleeing settlers around and imposed harsh military regime on colony-had orders to start war with Indians and used "Irish tactics" (burned houses and crops, stole food)

republic

new kind of political society where power flowed from the people, not from a corrupt and despotic monarch- called upon in Common Sense

"Beechers Bibles"

new rifles carried around by members of the New England Emigrant Aid Company, named after Reverend Henry Ward Beecher who raised money for their purchase

Land transport to west coast was imperative to prevent (+issue with best possible route)

new states from breaking away from the union, issue with best possible route is that it went through Mexico- had to buy it

Anglican issue in the new world

no Bishop so to be ordained, they had to go to england

Congress under AOC flaws

no executive branch, each state had one vote no matter population size,

NINA

no irish need apply- common signs outside of factory gates

Calvinist "plague"

no one is certain of their status in the heavenly ledger- doubts about their fate "plagued" them

Pennsylvania features

no provision for military, no tax-supported church, death penalty= only for treason and murder, in immigration restrictions and disliked slavery

black presence in Union military before Emancipation Proclamation

none in army(not even free northern blacks) but presence in Navy

republican platform 1860

nonextension of slavery, protective tariff, no abridgement of rights, pacific railroad, internal improvements at federal expense, and free homestead for the public domain

Townshend acts sparked

nonimportation agreements again

The Impending crisis of the South argued

nonslaveholding whites suffered the most in a slave economy

presbyterians split_____, forshadowed_______

north/south, secession of the south

Panic of 1857 promoted

northern sentiment desiring higher tariffs and free homesteads on Western public lands

pickett's charge

northernmost point ever reached by confederate forces, last real chance for confederates to win the war, lost

slaves during the war in the south

not allowed to fight, forced to build fortifications, supply troops, and keep farms going while the white men fought

Scots-Irish immigration story

not irish at all, transported to ireland from Br. clashed with the irish catholics over religion, Br placed restrictions on their production there so they moved to NA

Jeffersonian failed attempt to impeach Samuel Chase established precedent of

not reshaping supreme court via impeachment

Uncle Tom's Cabin

novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, spurred by the fugitive slave law to expose the north to the wilderness and inhumanity of slavery especially the splitting of familiies

Britain's offer after Saratoga.. frances response

offered Home rule, this scared france so they offered an alliance deal lending military power to the US- made the revo war a world war

Macon's Bill #2

offered first country to repeal their commercial restrictions with US a full embargo against the other country

Quakers

officially known as "religious society of friends"- religious group known for tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic indian policies

Clement L. Vallandigham

ohio congressman, notorious copperhead, demanded an end to the war. Convicted by military tribunal for treasonable utterances and was sentenced to prison, Lincoln banished him to the south because he liked them so much

General Robert E. Lee

one of best southern commanders, Lincoln offered him command of Northern armies but when his home state of VA seceded he went with the confederates

Martin Delany

one of few black leaders to take notion of mass recolonization of Africa seriously

what remarkable happened to slave pop in Chesapeake

one of few slave societies that grew by its own (natural reproduction)- drop in salve importation

Fort Sumter

one of last union strongholds in Confederacy- had no supplies, Lincoln told South Carolina that he was sending an expedition there to provision the garrison not to reinforce it; SC took that as a threat and shot first shots of civil war until the Garrison surrendered

The Boston Associates (+ dominated)

one of the first investment capital companies, dominated railroad, insurance, banking and business of massachusetts

Peter Stuyvesant

one-legged dutch leader who attacked Swedish on delaware river and absorbed them into new Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to attacking english after Charles II granted that land to his brother, Duke of York

Why Jackson thought the bank was a monster

only issued coins, and it was a private institution

2 principles of republicanism

only legitimate government= based on consent of governed and the power of government should be limited by written constitution

Provincial Elections (Massachusetts Bay Colony)

only men in the church

N.P. Gordon

only slave trader to ever be executed for smuggling slaves after importation became illegal

Anti-Masonic Party

opposed influence and secrecy of masonic order, energized by disappearance of New Yorker who threatened to expose secret rituals of masons

peace democrats

opposed to Lincoln administration

Handicaps for Federalists

opposition to alien and sedition acts, no war with France, Hamilton attacked President Adams in privately printed pamphlet that was discovered and printed publicly

Prime Minister George Grenville

ordered British Navy to enforce the navigation acts, started sugar act, stamp tax and quartering act

napoleon's response to Orders in Council

ordered seizure of all merchant ships that entered into British ports (including US ships)

New England vs Chesapeake Society growth

orderly democratic fashion vs. random self-indulged

Americans surged to Williamette Valley because of __________. In the population race ______won and ______lost.

oregon fever, USA, Britain

California Gold rush promoted California to

organize a government and apply for statehood

Judiciary Act of 1789

organized a supreme court with chief justice and 5 associates, and federal district courts, and established office of the attorney general

Cyrus Field

organized anglo-american-canadian venture to stretch cable from newfoundland to ireland- permanently linked the continents together for communication

Union League

originally a pro-Union organization. Freedmen turned the Union League into a network of political clubs that educated members and campaigned for Republican candidates.

old lights

orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism and theatrical acts of the revivalists

Corps of Discovery demonstrated the viability of

overland travel

What dampened 1st generation's religious zeal?

overpopulation made them move further away from towns and practice less

coalition of central American nations formed an alliance to

overthrow William Walker, and then a Honduran firing squad killed him

only 1,733 southern families

owned more than 100 slaves

Arthur and Lewis Tappan

paid for Theodore Dwight Weld to attend Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati

american distinction between legislation and taxation

parliament has the right to legislate about matters that affected the whole empire (inc regulation of trade) denied the right of parliament to impose taxes only on Americans- only US legislators could impose taxes on the US

Union Party

party formed in 1864 election, comprised of Republicans and war-democrats, formed to defeat Northern Peace Democrats

revolution of 1800= win for Jeffersonian Democrats because it was the first_____, Federalists were scared about

party overturn in history, Federalists were scared TJ would excuse all federalists from office but didnt

Thirteenth Amendment (+contingency with confederate states)

passed 8 months after the civil war, constitutional amendment prohibiting all forms of slavery . Former confederate states were forced to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry back into the Union

Fugitive Slave Law

passed as a part of compromise of 1850, freed slaves could not testify on their behalf and denied a jury trial- compelled all law enforcement to participate in captuing runaways (bribes), strengthened Anti-slavery cause in the North

Force Acts

passed in response to Ku Klux Klan's terror, banned clan membership, prohibited use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, gave US military the authority to enforce the acts

Civil Rights Bill

passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, aimed to counteract Black Codes by giving African Americans citizenship and making it a crime to deprive them of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property

Force Bill

passed with Compromise tariff, authorized president to use the army and navy if necessary to collect federal tariff duties

Natives Shape New England Land

paths for seasonal migrations, burned forests to sustain deer populations, concept of individual ownership of land did not exist

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

patriotic groups that fought against stamp act and enforced nonimportation agreements- forces stamp agents to resign which made it so there was no one to enforce the acts

1621

peace treaty signed between wampanoag and pilgrims

John Adams's only contribution to the nation (without peace, what couldn't have happened)

peace with france in 1800, without it Louisiana Purchase would not have happened

John Quincy Adams declined to remove

people from office, only removed 12 during presidency, made his supporters who expected patronage angry

mestizos

people of mixed indian and european heritage

English livestock brought to americas

pigs, horses, sheep and cattle

"praying towns"

places in New England where Indians were gathered to be Christianized

King Williams war

war between French courers de bois and British colonists with indians on both sides, neither home country thought US was worth a commitment so they didn't send any troops forcing militias to use guerilla warfare tactics

"high federalists"

war faction of the federalist party, headed by Alexander Hamilton after he left the Secretary of the Treasury

English civil war

war in england that distracted it from the americas

US preparation, post XYZ affair

war preparations- Navy dept=created, US maring corps= reestablished, army of 10,000

War of Independence

war within a war between the loyalists and patriots

Mexico refused to acknowledge Texas' independence and threatened______ if_________

war, US annexed it

Louisiana in control of Napoleon would be very bad and would mean____, which would mean the necessity of ___ for america.

war, alliances

Marquis de Lafayette

wealthy and bored frenchman who was made a major general in the Colonial army

types of people who remained loyal

wealthy, educated, cultural and cautious (older generation- angliclan clergy, kings officers, and beneficiaries of the crown

"lane rebels"

weld and others expelled from Lane Theological Seminary fanned out across Old Northwest preaching antislavery gospel

Herman Melville

went to sea on whaler, lived with cannibals, wrote Moby Dick

most slaves in north America came from

west coast of africa (senegal to angola)

"the massacre of american liberty"

what the americans referred to the intolerable acts as

Captain John Smith

whipped settlers into shape "he who shall not work, shall not eat" kidnapped and almost executed by Indians but saved by Pocahontas

Stephen C. Foster

white Pennsylvanian who wrote most famous Southern Songs, made valuable contribution to American Folk Music by capturing sad spirit of slaves

class below small slave owners

whites who owned no slaves, made living off of thinner soils of backcountry and mountain valleys in substinence farming- riased cord, hogs etc.

Poor Richards Almanack

widely read annual pamphlet, edited by Ben Franklin. Known for aphoriums and proverbs emphasizing thrift, industry, morality and common sense

Peculiar Institution

widely used term for institution of slavery in the South- use reflected divide between anti Slavery types and pro-slavery types

Hartford Convention sent 3 envoys to Washington to voice complaints but they arrived at the time of _______ and thus, were_________.

win in New Orleans, attacked by media and sank away

Short- term effects of Louisiana Purchase

with lots of land and little government to control it, fears of succession and foreign intrigue rose

black presence in Union military after Emancipation Proclamation (+who tried to get them to join)

with low enlistment numbers, they were allowed to join, Abe Lincoln tried to get freed blacks to join

Spanish at New Orleans after secret pact with French

withdrew rights of deposit guaranteed by Pickney's treaty

Plymouth Merge

without a charter, plymouth colony merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony (1691)

Oberlin College jolted traditionalists when it opened its doors to

women and men

domestic feminism (+signified)

women's decision to have fewer kids, signified growing independence of women

Woman's Loyal League

women's organization formed to bring about an end to the civil war and encourage congress to prohibit slavery

free blacks in the south not allowed to

work certain jobs, or testify against whites in court

issued with declaring the war as an antislavery war

would have driven border states into the confederacy, unpopular in Ohio, Illinois and Indiana (butternut region)

Alexander Hamilton saved failed VA commerce convention by

writing a report that called upon Congress to summon a convention in Phila. to bolster the entire AOC

Hinton R. Helper

wrote The Impending Crisis of the South, non-aristocratic white from North Carolina, hated slavery and blacks

Edward Everett Hale

wrote The Man Without a Country

Francis Parkman

wrote about struggle between France and Britain over North America in Colonial times

Edgar Allen Poe

wrote in tone not normal at the time, hard upbringing, 'The Raven"

Whig Tariff (+result)

tried to bring extra revenue to the treasury by distributing among the states the revenue from the sale of public Western lands, vetoed because he saw no point in squandering federal funds when treasury wasn't overflowing

Andrew Johnson's actions that led to the attempt to impeach him

tried to dismiss Edward M. Stanton

election of 1840 demonstrated 2 major changes in US politics

triumph of populist democratic style, formation of 2 party system

Emancipation Proclamation effect on Northern Cause

turned into preserving the union and committing itself to freeing slaves

Laird Rams (+would have done what)

two confederate warships constructed at John Laird and sons shipyard in Britain, designed to destroy union ships with iron rams and large caliber guns- would have sunk blockading ships and caused a US-Britain war

Kansas citizens had to decide between (after legislature election)

two governments- the fraudulent one, or the illegal one

Articles of Confederation required (which)

unanimous approval which wasn't achieved until NY and VA surrendered W. claims

formidable barrier for constitution ratification + how they got around it

unanimous vote from all 13 states- got around this by allowing individual states to adopt it until all 13 did.. promised the south a bill of rights

George Washington (election)

unanimously voted in 1789- only president to be unanimously chosen, did not campaign with politics rather he did it with character

Proprietary Colonies

under control of proprietors who appointed governors

Jefferson's goal at beginning of presidency

undo federalist abuses and started by French hysteria (alien and sedition acts)

Phillis Wheatley

uneducated african slave turned poet

Dominion of Canada

unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks from the US

Sherman's March

union General William Tecumseh Sherman's march through Georgia. Purposefully targeted infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut confederate war effort. TOTAL WAR

Gettysburg

union victory, turned the war into the favor of the North and was the last Southern invasion in the North, site of Pickett's Charge

Minstrel Shows

uniquely American shows featuring white actors with blackened faces playing roles of plantation workers, adopted by confederates as a battle hymn

Ferdinand of Aragon

united spain when he married Isabella of Castille and pushed the moors out

Salutary neglect

unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and weakly enforced navigation laws

Southerners supported secession because they thought it would be

unopposed and the North wouldn't fight, thought Northern bankers and merchants wouldn't dare mess with the cotton industry that they relied on

reconstruction was worse than the war itself because it

upended Southern social and racial systems

gov't in every colony made up of 2 house legislative body

upper house (governor etc.) and lower house (elected by the people)

New York Draft riots (+angry b/c)

uprising, mostly of working-class irish Americans in protest of the draft, particularly angry because of conscription law

Catherine Beecher

urged women to enter the teaching profession and succeeded, forced men out of teaching and transformed it into a female-dominant industry

Admiralty courts

used to try defendants for violating various navigation acts- no jury, guilty until proven innocent

patroonships

vast feudal estates along hudson river granted to promoters who agreed to settle 50 people on them

African Diaspora

vast scattering of African Peoples in the Americas

very alarming to decline of puritanism

very apparent decline in number of conversions

French response to Jay's Treaty

very mad, said it violated a french- american treaty-- started attacking US merchant ships and refused to accept US envoy

Captain Daniel Shays

veteran of revolutionary war who led Shays's rebellion- condemned to death because of if but later pardoned

clash between Andrew Johnson and Congress exploded when he

vetoed a bill extending the life of Freedmens bureau

Andrew Jacksons response to recharter bill

vetoed it because he found it to be harmful to the nation

_______ and ________ were won within a day of each other

vicksburg and gettysburg

______ and ______ reinvigorated spirit of manifest destiny

victory in Mexico and discovery of gold in California

Underground Railroad

virtual freedom train, consisted of "stations"(antislavery homes) where "passengers"(runaway slaves)were harbored by "conductors" (abolitionists) from slave states as they made their way up to free-soil Canada

dutch east india company

virtually its own state- at one time supported by 10,000 men and 190 ships

Joseph Smith

visionary who reported he received golden plates from an angel and when he deciphered them, they became the book of Mormon and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

more than 90% of union troops were _______ because ________

volunteers, social and patriotic pressures were strong

changes for servants in US at the end of the 1600's

wages went up in England so less gambled on indentured servantry

radical republicans' thoughts on confederate states and readmission into the union

wanted social structures to change and planters to be punished and emancipated blacks to be protected before readmission

Robert de la Salle

wanted to control spanish penetration of the Gulf of Mexico- floated down the Mississippi to where it connects with the gulf (named it Louisiana after Louis XIV), later returned with men and ships to colonize but couldn't find Mississippi Delta- killed by mutinous men

British government on monopoly of textile machines

wanted to keep them a secret, passed legislation forbidding the export of machines or the emigration of mechanics

Opium war

war between Britain and China over trading rights- Britain's desire to continue selling opium to Chinese traders, resulted in giving Britain control of 5 ports in china including Hong Kong- promoted US to reach agreement with China

Henry Richard Lee's quote

"these united colonies are, and ought to be, free and independent states"

John Jay federalist quote

"those who own the country ought to govern it"

nickname for government with three branches

"three headed monster"

Oliver Hazard Perry's victory slogan

"we have captured the enemy and they are ours"

Salem witch trials

(1692) crazy witch hunt that occurred after teen girls claimed to be bewitched. Fueled by unsettled wars and unsettled social and religious conditions- 20 killed before put to end by Massachusetts governor because his wife was accused

Fisher Ames quote about Jefferionians

"fire-eating salamanders, poison sucking toads"

term describing the loose confederation

"firm league of friendship"

Gen. John Burgoyne

"gentleman johnny"- actor/playwright soldier who led main force in Hudson R. plan from North(canada)

Patrick Henry quote

"give me liberty or give me death"

House of Representatives tried to impeach Andrew Johnson for

"high crimes and misdemeanors"

New Englanders claimed Boston was

"hub of the universe"

colonists shape New England land

"improved land" by pasteurizing and not "wasting" land

Ku Klux Klan

"invisible empire of the south", extremist society founded in Tennessee, white southerners against free blacks. terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites in the south post-civil war

nicknames for small gunboats loved by TJ

"jeffs" "mosquito fleet"

what people who were a part of the Whiskey Rebellion chanted

"liberty and no excise"

slogan of US thoughts of XYZ affair

"millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute"

stamp tax created idea of

"no taxation without representation"

disputed land that was in question during the Articles of Confederation became known as the

"republican states"

John Adams was regarded with

"respectful irritation"

Coureurs de bois

"runners of the woods"- french for trappers (beaver). Established trading posts- recruited indians into slave trade, but they were killed by disease and their religious beliefs were violated by slaughtering beaver

Johnathan Edwards famous sermon

"sinners in the hands of an angry god"

"Blue Laws" (+synonym)

"stumptary laws" designed to restrict behavior- prohibited stage plays, playing cards, dice, games and hilarity (quakers in pennsylvania)

"old iron sides"

"the constitution" -ship on lake erie where 1 in 6 was black

another name for virginia plan

"the large state plan"

another name for articles of confederation

"Articles of confusion"

Samuel de Champlain

"Father of New France"- led the French to settle in Québec, friendly with Huron tribe- helped them battle Iroquois

popular toasts about strengthening Articles of Confederation (2)

"cement to the union" "A hoop to the barrel"

England-Spanish Peace Treaty (year)

1604

1st Anglo-Powhatan war year

1614

dutch ship with slaves year

1619

Representative Self Govt started?

1619 in Virginia along with Slavery

powhatans strike back year

1622

Indians strike back after First Anglo-Powhatan war

1622 left 347 settlers dead including john Rolfe

james i's actions in new world year

1624

James I actions in new land

1624- detested tobacco and distrusted House of Burgesses so he revoked the charter of the Virginia Company and made Virginia a Royal Colony

Carolina (established, export, slave status)

1670, rice= principal export, african slaves brought over to cultivate rice because they had been doing it in africa before

William and Mary College

1693 by Virginians

North South Carolina split year

1712

Common Sense

1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine urging colonists to declare independence and establish republican gov't- helped convince to support revolution

Shays's Rebellion

1786, armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors and backcountry farmers seeking lower taxes and and end to property foreclosures. Quickly put down but the uprising inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading revolutionaries

Bank of the United States

1791- chartered by congress as a part of Alexander Hamilton's economic plan, located in Philadelphia, printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. Opposed by Jeffersonians who thought it was unconstitutional.

Neutrality Proclamation

1793- soon after French and British began fighting (fr revo) GW (without consulting congress) proclaimed governments neutrality in conflict and warned citizens to be impartial towards both armed camps.

two crucial amendments in Bill of Rights

9(peoples rights) 10(states rights)

vote for bills dealing with important subjects under the AOC

9/13

Squanto

A Wampanoag Indian who knew english from a prior kidnapping- facilitated agreements between english and Wampanoag

Second Anglo-Powhatan war

(1644) Indians made one last effort at resistance and lost-peace treaty 1646 banished Chesapeake indians from ancestral lands

Act of Toleration

(1649) religious statute passed by local parliment in Maryland which granted toleration to all religions that belived in the divinity of Jesus (death penalty to Jews and athiests)

Barbados Slave Code

(1661) denied most fundamental rights to Enslaved Peoples and gave masters complete control over them

Half-Way Covenant

(1662) troubled ministers announced a new formula for church membership, allowed children of baptized but not converted members to get baptized- weakened distinction between elect and others

Slave Codes(+began where)

(1662)set of laws defining racial slavery and established the hereditary nature of slavery and limited rights and education of slaves-- made blacks and their children property for life of their white masters, Began in Virginia

New Jersey

(1664)- two proprietors received land from Duke of York

Royal African Company

(1672)- first chartered, monopolized slave trade and importation in the colonies, charter revoked (1698)

Top families in Southern Society

Fitzhughs, Lees, Washingtons

Popés rebellion (+year)

(1680) An indian uprising provoked by missionaries trying to push religion on to natives. the Pueblo rebels destroyed every catholic church in New Mexico and killing hundreds of priests and Spainards

Dominion of New England

(1686)imposed from london, aimed at bolstering colonial defense in event of war with indians-promoted efficiency in administration of navigation laws

Glorious Revolution

(1688-89) English dethroned James II and put Dutch William III and wife (james's daghter) Mary II in the throne (protestant)

Leisler's rebellion

(1689-91) New York- fueled by animosity between lordly landholders and aspiring merchants- led by Jacob Leisler (wealthy tried to recreate social platforms from Europe)

Tuscarora war

(1711) Tuscarora indians attacked at New Bern lost to North Carolina who was helped by South Carolina. The left over were sold into slavery or joined the Iroquois Confederation

Treaty of Paris

(1783) Britain formally recognized independence of US- granted land boundaries: Spanish Florida, Great lakes, and Mississippi. Also gave them share in fishing in Newfoundland

Bunker Hill

(aka Breeds Hill) Britain launched frontal attack of 3,000 and were mowed down by US until they ran out of gunpowder and forced to retreat. Br death toll=victory for us

Metacom

(aka King Philip) massasoits son formed intertribal unity

Predestination

(calvinism) idea that god has already determined your fate and nothing you can do will change it

Huguenots

(more than 10,000 slaughtered st. Bartholomews day)French Protestant dissenters- granted limited toleration under Edict of Nantes

Treaties Santa Anna was forced to sign

1. withdraw Mexican troops from Texas 2. recognize rio grande as SW boarder of Texas

Tobacco export Chesapeake

1.5 mil lbs. (1630's)- almost 40mil lbs. by 1700

Reign of Terror (+Jeffersonian and Federalist view)

10 month period where 40,000 people were executed as enemies of the French Revolution- Jeffersonians maintained faith in French Republic while Federalists withdrew already weak support

Britain's debt after French and Indian war

140 million pounds

Spanish Armada year

1588

another name for the New Jersey plan

"the small state plan"

Thomas Jefferson declared that only the lawful states were those that derive

"their just powers from the consent of the governend"

Spanish Aarmada

(1588) Spanish Naval attack vs. Britain @ English Channel- english damaged ships and "Protestant wind" swept them away- established England as world Naval Power

Queen elizabeth I upon taking the throne

(1588) ended prot. reformation - repercussions= irish uprising

Battle of Acoma (+year)

(1599) battle between spainards and the pueblo indians, the spanish destroyed them and eventually formed New Mexico there in 1609

First Anglo-Powhatan War

(1614) war between Lord de la warr and Powhatan- ended with peace treaty sealed with marriage between Rolfe and Pocahontas

Transaction that planted seeds of North American Slave System

(1619) Dutch ship appeared off Jamestown and sold 20 enslaved Africans

Massachusetts Bay Colony

(1629)non-separatist puritans who fled England after Charles I sanctioned anti-puritan persecutions of Archbishop William Laud. Secured royal charter for Massachusetts Bay Colony- didn't want to separate from church but from its impurities

Great English Migration

(1630's) about 70,000 refugees left england- not all were puritans and only about 20,000 went to massachusetts

Pequot War

(1637) english with help from Narragansett tribe virtually annihilated Pequot tribe- began period of unrest between puritans and indians

New Haven(BUT)

(1638) Connecticut puritan settlement founded with goal of setting up closer church-government alliance than in masaachusetts- but fell into disfavor with Charles II because they sheltered judges who condemed his father to death so he granted them a royal charter that merged them with more democratically run settlements in the area

Fundamental Orders

(1639) drafted by Connecticut River Colony, a "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government controlled by "substantial citizens"

New England Confederation

(1643) when massachusetts bay colony, plymouth, new haven, and scattered connecticut river valley settlements banded together during english civil war primarily for defense against foes and dealt with intercolonial problems

Jackson's uniqueness

1st president from the West, 1st president nominated at a formal party convention, 2nd without a college education

Vicksburg

2 and a half month siege of a confederate fort on the Mississippi River in Tennessee, fell to Ulysses S. Grant giving the union control of the Mississippi and severing the south in 2

total amount of slaves that died during the middle passage

2 million

death rates on ships in the middle passage

20%

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

27 delegated from 9 colonies met in New York and drew up a petition to repeal the stamp act- promoted intercolonial unity

Nathaniel Bacon

29 year old planter who sided with people who hated Berkeley because they were forced into backcountry and because of his friendly relations with natives

deciding factor in election of 1800 (that brought Jefferson to victory)

3/5 compromise

England's population 1550-1600

3mil-4mil

Tripolitan War

4 year conflict between US navy and Tripoli over piracy in mediterranean- Ended by TJ securing $60,000 peace treaty

South Carolina Slave Revolt

50 resentful blacks marched the stono river to florida but were stopped by a local militia

Dred Scott v. Stanford ruling

5th amendment forbade congress to deprive people of their property, Missouri Compromise had been repealed and ruled the compromise of 1820 unconstitutional

Andrew Jackson's force at New Orleans consisted of

7,000 sailors, regulars, pirates, french and militiamen

Catawba Nation

A group of the remains of several different Indian tribes that joined together in the late 1700's due to forced migration. It was located in the Southern Piedmont region of the Carolinas.

Emancipation Proclamation

Abraham Lincoln's speech declaring all slaves in rebelling states to be free, did not affect slavery in the nonrebelling border states.

Gettysburg Address

Abraham Lincoln's speech to dedicate Gettysburg Cemetery at site of Gettysburg battlefield, framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty, attracted no attention then but later gained popularity

Largest single non-english group in colnies (include percent of pop)

Africans- 20%

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

America's first female physician, helped organize US Sanitary Commission

Creole (+raised fears about)

American ship captured by group of rebelling Virginia slaves, got asylum in British Bahamas because of Britain's abolitionist policies, raised fears among Southern planters that British West indies would become a safe haven for slaves

Stephen Austin

American who was granted huge land tract in Texas from Mexico with understanding that he would bring in 300 American families to Texas of Roman Catholic Faith and that would be properly Mexicanized upon settlement- not followed

spirit of nationalism fed growing belief in uniqueness of

American wilderness

War Heroes of 1812

Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison

Martin Van Buren

Andrew Jackson's successor who gained presidency because Jackson carefully rigged convention so that he would be the candidate

Lincoln's VP in 1864 and why he was placed on the bid

Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, placed on bill to attract war democrats

root of Andrew Johnson-congress controversy (+what congress tried to do)

Andrew Johnson's 10% governments that passed black codes, congress tried to fight this by extending life of freedmen's bureau and the civil rights bill- both were vetoed

When did the Aztecs surrender to the Spanish following Noche Triste

August 13, 1521

US political leaders post Revo war

Ben Franklin, George Washington, James Madison, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton

US peace negotiators at paris

Ben Franklin, John Adams, John Jay- instructed to make no separate peace and to consult with France through every step

plan to capture Hudson River Valley failed because

Benedict arnold bought time by sending BR on wild goose chase until the winter- if this didn't happen BR would have captured ticonderoga

the first civilized american

Benjamin Franklin

After Bacon dies during rebellion

Berkeley crushes uprising- hung over 20, scared Charles II and scared Plantation owners to look for alternate methods to get workers

largest growing churches post war

Black Baptist Church and African Methodist Episcopal Church

Lord Scheffield

Britain who argued in a pamphlet that British would win back trade with the US at some point and commerce would flow through old channels so why should the British immediately go back asking to do so

McLeod

British man arrested for having part in Caroline raid for murder, had airtight alibi and was set free, British said it would have been war if he was executed

Samuel Slater

British mechanic, attracted by offers for textile machine plans, memorized plans and fled to US in disguise, with aid from investors, carpenters, and blacksmiths- built the first american thread spinning machine

Lord Ashburton

British nonprofessional diplomat sent to United States, became friends with secretary Webster and reached agreement on maine issue

Radical Whigs

British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Writings shaped american political thought and made colonists alert to encroachments on their rights

West Africa Squadron

British royal navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade. Intercepted hundreds of ships and freed thousands of slaves

Southerners thought that britain would have to enter in the war on their side because

British textile mills needed cotton from the Southern fields

war of words with Britain started because of

British travelers writing attacks on American life

North got a better deal in the compromise of 1850 because(+what it forced the southern states to do)

California as a free state tipped the balance in the senate, and anti-slavery became popular thought- forced southern states to gain more slave territory but they didnt know where to look for land

1629

Charles I dismissed parliment, sanctioned anti-puritan persecutions

1684

Charles II revoked Massachusetts bay colonies royal charter

_______ led the radical republicans in the senate

Charles Sumner

in attempt to curb feverish land speculation in West, John Quincy Adams tried to deal fairly with

Cherokee indians in Georgia

"Five civilized tribes"

Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles

John Marshall

Chief Justice of Supreme Court at end of Adams' term, served for 34 years, saw a need for a strong central government while at Valley Forge which made him lifelong federalist

HOR elected Adams, thanks to Clay and a few days later

Clay was appointed to position of Secretary of State- protested by Jacksonians for years

Saratoga

Colonial victory where Horatio Gates trapped Burgoyne's entire army and forced him to surrender- ranks high among battles in the war because took out 7,000 troops and revived the colonial cause

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Compromise bill that would greatly reduce tariff of 1832 by 10% over a period of 8 years. By 1842 rates would be at those of 1816

1808

Congress bans international slave trade- causes rise in internal slave commerce

John Bell of Tennessee was candidate for

Constitutional Union Party(candidate)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created system of governing the Old Northwest, until a territory had a population of 60,000 they were subordinate to the Federal govt. once at 60k- might be admitted by congress as a state. Also forbade slavery

Boston Tea Party

Dec 16, 1773- colonists disguised as indians dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor- perfect revolution piece because people of all social classes could rally behind it

War Hawks

Democratic Republican congressmen who wanted Madison to declare war on Britain- resented constraints on trade and thought British were aiding resistant indians in the Frontier

"the city of straits"

Detroit

Henry Clay

Developed the American System

Three D's

Disease, Disorganization, and disposability-powhatans were disorganized, killed by smallpox and measles, and served to economic gains

1686

Dominion of New England

Foreign aid to British "cotton famine"

Egypt and India boosted cotton production and gained a foothold in the global market

Henry David Thoreau (+known for)

Emerson's close associate, poet, mystic, transcendentalist, condemned government that supported slavery and refused to pay poll taxes so he was jailed for a night, known for "Walden: Or Life in the Woods"

Indentured Servants

Englishman voluntarily mortgaging their work for 4-7 years to Chesapeake masters in exchange for transatlantic passage and freedom dues

Effect of Marbury v. Madison

Established Judicial Review and gave the supreme court power to establish precedent

British attacked US ships in French West Indies, but US didn't strike back because

Hamilton economic system depended on trade with British

First Tariff Law

Hamilton's imposed low tax of 8%on dutiable imports, main goal= revenue/ opposed by agriculture

Excise Tax

Hamilton's second revenue tax on few domestic domestic items most notably Whiskey

Ecological Imperialism

Historians term for spoilation of Western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing

Why US was more useful to french by not entering the war

If the US entered into the war, the British would have set up a naval blockade, which would have halted the trade to the French West Indies

Jay's Treaty

In effort to avoid war with Britain during French Revolution, John Jay in London agreed to pay back British merchants with revolutionary war debts in exchange for evacuation of British outposts in North America and damages paid for seizures of US ships

Democratic winner of 1844 election

James K. Polk

Secretary of State under Thomas Jefferson

James Madison

The South Carolina Exposition written in secret by

John C. Calhoun

1st chief justice of the United States Supreme Court

John Jay

Member of congress who said US should take offensive with Florida situation and demand concessions from Spain

John Quincy Adams

US leader at treaty of Ghent

John Quincy Adams

four presidential candidates in 1824

John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and William H Crawford

Andrew Johnson's attorneys argued that

Johnson, convinced that the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional, he fired Stanton to put a test case before the supreme court

Declaration of Independence

July 4,1776- Thomas Jefferson wrote the formal pronouncement of independence approved by congress

noche triste date

June 30, 1520

"the royal brute of Great Britain"

King George III

Lord North

King Georges prime minister- persuaded parliament to repeal townshend acts but kept a tax on tea as a reminder of their ability to tax

Millard Fillmore candidate for _____party during 1856 election

Know-nothing

wholesale disfranchisement of blacks started in 1890's because of___________, acheived by_______,__________, and ________

Ku Klux Klan, intimidation, fraud and trickery

Daniel Webster

Lawyer for Dartmouth, often spoke to supreme court to EXPOUND federalistic and nationalistic policy- loved by Marshall

Andrew Johnson

Lincoln's Vice President, took over after his death but was impeached because congress demanded harshness towards the south

the Virginia Company

London-based joint-stock company who received a charter from King James I for a settlement in the new world-intended to last a few years until investors could liquidate for profit

Merriwether Lewis and William Clark

ML= TJ's personal secretary and WC= young military general, sent by TJ to explore Northern part of Louisiana purchase

Nicholas Biddle

President of Bank of U.S., held immense and unconstitutional amount of power over America's financial affairs

Jefferson Davis

President of Confederate States of America

James Buchanan

President with strong Southern connections, threw weight of campaign behind the Lecompton Constitution

HOR couldn't get enough votes to expel ______, so he retired only to be_________.

Preston S Brooks, re-elected

who was denied refuge in New France

Protestant Huguenots

John Cotton

Puritan citadel who fled england to massachusetts because of his criticism of the english church- defended governments authority to enforce religious rules

William Penn

Quaker persecuted because of his faith, secured immense land grant from king because of monetary debt owed to his late father- Pennsylvania or "penns woodland"

Lauretia Mott

Quaker who's anger was aroused when she and her fellow female delegates to London antislavery convention of 1840 were not recognized

all presidential candidates in 1824 professed to be

Republicans - well defined parties had not yet emerged

which two groups taught americans to be aware if their rights were threatened

Republicans and Radical Whigs

McClellan (back in control of the Potomac) and his men found _______ and used them to _______ at ______________

Robert E. Lee's battle strategies, halt Lee, at Antietam

Chesapeake Affair

Royal ship met Chesapeake (US ship) off coast of Virginia and demanded four deserters but the US captain refused and was destroyed by British before they took four deserters

why congress sanctioned Alaska purchase

Russia was friendly to the north during the war and US wanted to stay on good terms, also rumored to have vast deposits of gold, fish and furs

Tsar Alexander I

Russian king who didnt want their ally Britain to lose strength in US- proposed peace for anglo-american battle in 1812- brought 5 US peacemakers to Ghent, Belgium in 1814

Responsorial

call and response style of preaching that melded Christian and African traditions. Practiced by African slaves in the south

Thomas Jefferson (role in GW cabinet)

Secretary of State

hostile anti-lincoln factions during 1864 election supported

Secretary of Treasury Salmon Chase

Henry Knox (role in GW cabinet)

Secretary of War

Alexander Hamilton (role in GW cabinet)

Secretary of the Treasury

Albert Gallatin (agreed with Tj on what and what he did about it)

Secretary of the treasury under Jefferson, agreed with TJ that national debt was bad- reduced it by implementing a strict economy and balancing the budget

Preston S. Brooks

South Carolina congressman who beat Charles Sumner unconscious with a cane at his senate desk

James Gadsen

South Carolina railroad man appointed as Minister to Mexico- negotiated Gadsen purchase with Santa Anna

states that formed Confederate States of America

South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas

Columbia convention met a second time because

South carolina faced internal civil war and invasion by federal government

Effects of Harper's Ferry (N/S)

South- asked how they could stay in the union after the attack North- abolitionists were outraged that the Virginians hanged a reformer who was working for so righteous a cause

Mason-Dixon line

Southern boundary of PA, symbolized North South divide over slavery

Redeemers

Southern democratic politicians who sought to take control from republican regimes in the South after reconstruction

Florida Purchase Treaty

Spain ceded Florida to US and they agreed on Southwest boundary of Louisiana, gave US Oregon for Texas

Secret pact between Spain and France before Louisiana Purchase

Spain ceded France and gave France Louisiana and New Orleans

Pickney's treaty

Spanish afraid of Anglo-American Alliance granted US free navigation of the Mississippi, right of deposit at New Orleans, and large territory of Western Florida

McCulloch v. maryland Summary

State of Maryland tried to get rid of US bank branch by taxing its bank notes- taken to supreme court

Monroe Doctrine

Statement by president Monroe (noncolonization and nonintervention) warning to Eu powers to not colonize in North America and not to intervene in Latin America

Northern Democrat candidate and platform 1860

Stephen A Douglas, popular sovereignty and against the obstruction of the fugitive slave law

Freeport Doctrine

Stephen Douglas's response to the Freeport Question

Margaret Fuller

befriended Emerson and joined Boston Transcendentalists, edited their journal, launched paid seminars for women designed to promote scholarly dialogue, published book criticizing gender roles and about the feminist movement, went to italy to help establish democracy

Manifest Destiny

belief that the US was destined by god to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America, served as a justification for mid-19th century expansion

Peter Cartwright

best knows methodist circuit rider, called upon sinners to repent and converted thousands of souls to the lord, known to fight people who tried to break up his meetings

Clayton-Bulwar Treaty

between Britain and United States, both nations would protect neutrality of central America and neither power would seek to control any isthmian waterway- revoked by Hay-Penceforte treaty which gave the US control over panama canal

Queen Annes War

between English and French in the north and English and Spanish in the south- ended with a peace treaty where France gave Acadia, Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay to the British

War of 1812

between US and BR over issues of trade and impressment-ended in draw but showed the EU powers willingness to protect its military=respect

Rush Bagot Agreement

between US and BR- limited naval armament on Great Lakes- 1st step in full demilitarization of US and Canadian boarder

Battle of Tippecanoe + indian actions after

between the prophet and William Henry Harrison's army, Americans prevailed and after, Tecumseh forged alliance with British

David Walker

black abolitionist, wrote "Appeal to the colored Citizens of the World"

emancipation strengthened the _________

black family

______ formed the backbone of the black political community

black men elected as delegates to the state constitutional conventions

Nat Turner

black preacher, led slave uprising- Nat Turners Rebellion

California bypassed the territorial stage which stopped Southern Congressmen who wanted to

block non-slave states from entering the union

North's controlling of the sea and superior navy allowed for the North to (2)

blockade the Southern ports, exchanged grain for military supplies with european powers and other supplies

Southern financial issues (3)

blockade= no customs duties, taxes didn't work (states rights), printed way too much money- runaway inflation

first objective of Alexander Hamilton's plan (how did he go about it)

bolster national credit- he urged congress to "fund at par"

Justice John Marshall's most famous group of decisions common factor

bolstered power of federal government at expense of the states

"Walden: Or Life in the Woods" (+emphaiszed)

book by Henry David Thoreau, record of his 2 years of simple existence in a hut he built in Walden Lake, emphasized quest for isolation from societies corruption

"Awful Disclosures" (+reflected)

book by Maria Monk, about alleged horrors in catholic covenants, reflected nativist fears of catholic influence

"The Age of Reason"

book by Thomas Paine- declared that all churches were "set up to terrify and enslave mankindand monopolize power and profit"

Northern agriculture during war years

boomed- good weather and high yields

what did the loyalists do for BR

bore arms, spies, incited indians, kept patriots in the house

Andrew Johnson life story

born to poverty, learned to read and write late in life, became active in Tennessee politics, fought for the poor whites and attracted favorable attention in North when he refused to secede with his own state

The Virginia Plan

both houses in a bicameral (2 houses) congress should be based on population- gave larger states the advantage

Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams relationship

both nationalists and advocates of American System, met before final balloting and Clay professed his support for Adams

Iroquois Confederacy

bound together five Indian nations (Mohawk, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas) sided with England during revolutionary war and lost all land when they lost

nonimportation agreements

boycotts against British goods in response to Stamp Act- most effective form of protest

iron steamers

british ships that made clipper ships obselete, slow but had lots of room, were reliable, and profitable

West Virginia

broke away from own state after Virginia seceded from the Union- most residents were farmers and miners who did not own slaves

slavery fostered (bad effects)

brutality of the whip, the bloodhound, and the branding iron

Federalist Foreign Policy

build strong national state that would assert and expand US commercial interests- foreign trade

Oliver Hazard Perry

built fleet on shores of Lake Erie and captured British fleet on the lake and revived the american's cause

erie canal- clintons big ditch

built in NY linking great lakes with Hudson River- dug it themseelves

British force at Chesapeake Bay

burned Washington but couldn't capture fort McHenry because of US defense

events that convinced the colonists to separate from Britain

burning of Falmouth and Norfolk and the hiring of hessians

whig desires

less expansion, more internal improvement

General George McClellan

given command of major Union force near Washington (the Potomac), great at drilling, hated sacrificing his troops- over cautious and didnt realize no one was 100% ready for war, never moved toward Richmond until Lincoln gave him strict orders to do so

issue that shifted attention away from slavery during Taylor's presidency

gold rush

Scots-Irish land opportunity in North America

good land already claimed so they had to move out west into frontier

Confederate States of America

government established by 7 states that seceded from the union, later joined by four more

new opportunities for women because of war

government jobs, 400+ posed as men and joined the army, spies and nurses

Lord Dunmore

governor of VA, issued proclimation promisins freedom to enslaved blacks in VA who joined British army- "lord dunmores ethopian regiment"

New England "invented"

grandparents

factory jobs promised (for women)

greater economic independence, the means to buy manufactured products of the new market economy

Frederick Douglass

greatest of black abolitionists, looked to politics to end slavery

Charles Grandison Finney (+ devised...encouraged...denounced...)

greatest of revivalist preachers, held crowds spellbound because of oration power and importance of message, led massive revivals in rochester and NYC, devised anxious bench, encouraged women to pray aloud in church and dencounced alcohol and slavery

west's specialized type of economic activity

grew grain and livestock to feed factory workers in the East and Europe

Congregational Church (derived from, where, supporting taxes)

grew out of Puritan church, established in all New England colonies except RI, all in NE were taxed to support it but members of other denominations where later exempted

"exodusters"

group of freed blacks that fled to kansas

Treaty between US and New Granada (Columbia) (+what it led to)

guaranteed American right of transit across the Isthmus in return for perfect neutrality- led to construction of the first transcontinental railroad

Bay Colony Authorities found Roger Williams

guilty of disseminating "newe and dangerous opinions" and banished him

French gave the Americans in the Revo war

guns, money, equipment, half of the american army, and all naval power

British East India Company

had a surplus of tea and was falling into bankruptcy so ministry awarded it a monopoly on american tea business- americans saw this as an attempt to trick them

legally restrained executive in presidency's authority

had broad authority to make appointments to domestic offices and had veto power over legislature

planter aristocrats humbled by the war

had tons of land with nothing to do to it, lost most of their investments with the emancipation proclamation

US saw that George canning was trying to

hamper US expansion in longrun and denied his treaty offer.

John Brown (Harpers Ferry)

hatched scheme to invade the south secretly with followers and call upon the slaves to rise up and and give them guns and establish a black free-state as a sanctuary- executed for murder and treason

Hamilton's feelings toward J Adams

hated him, plotted against him with cabinet members

whig strategy in the election

have several candidates each with regional appeal so no candidate would win a majority and leave the House of Representatives to decide

Mark Twain accused Walter Scott of

having had a hand in starting the civil war

how did Tyler annex Texas differently

he arranged for annexation by a joint resolution requiring a simple majority in both houses of congress

attacks against Adams

he bought billiards table with his own money, criticized the money his federal salary paid him, accused of being a pimp

John Quincy Adams was not the average politician because

he commanded respect rather than courting popularity

McClellan was removed from his position forever after Antietam because

he did not follow Robert E. Lee's retreating troops

Lincoln Rejected Crittenden Amendments because

he was elected on a platform that opposed slavery

Southerners celebrated Lincoln's death until they realized

he would have been the best candidate to reconstruct the US, with lenient terms

(exiled) Santa Anna let it be known that if the US permitted him to get back into Mexico then... (+result)

he would sell out his country, Polk agreed and once Santa Anna returned to Mexico he double crossed the US and rallied the Mexicans to defend their land

Charles Townshend

head of British ministry, persuaded parliament to pass Townshend acts

Sir Edmond Andros

head of New Dominion, openly affiliated with Church of England, curbed town meetings, restricted:courts, schools, and press, strove to enforce navigation laws

King James I (position and stance on defiance)

head of church and state (1603-1625) thought if subjects could defy him spiritually then they would defy him politically so he harassed separatists out of England

Dey of Algiers

highlighted the need for centralized authority in foreign policymaking

decisive factor that won Stephen A Douglas the senate seat

his loyalty to popular sovereignty

Antietam (+what were the victories for the north that came about because of this)

landmark battle in civil war that essentially ended in a draw, but demonstrated union army's skill- prevented foreign intervention and gave Lincoln the victory he needed to issue the emancipation proclamation

Gullah

language developed by african americans (goober, voodoo, gumbo)

Calvinism

large branch of puritanism, dominant theological credo for New England Puritans and other American Settlers- provided spiritual comfort to the economically disadvantaged

McCormick reaper started movement of

largesale specialized cash-crop agriculture

Corrupt Bargain of 1824

last of old style elections- alleged deal between candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams's favor- never proven. Turned into rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson

Phillip II of Spain

launched Spanish Armada because of religious battles

Embargo Act

law that forbade export of all goods from US in US and foreign ships

Slavery shapes entire racial relations

laws and customs became increasingly oppressive against enslaved and free blacks in North and South

Black Codes

laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, imposed penalties on blacks who jumped labor contracts, sought to restore pre-emancipation system of race relations, barred blacks from voting or serving on a jury

Common Law

laws that were broader based rules of procedure rather than a fixed set of detailed laws

James Wolfe

leader of British forces in canada

Black Hawk

leader of Indian eviction resistance and leader in Black Hawk War

Osceola

leader of Seminoles fight for land in the Everglades

General John Pope

leader of union troops attacked by Robert E. Lee at second battle of bull run

John C. Calhoun in speech at congressional forum asked to

leave slavery alone, return runaway slaves, give the South rights as a minority and restore the political balance of slave and nonslave states

Susan B Anthony

lecturer for women's rights, most famous advocate for female rights

General Zachary Taylor (texas dispute) (+what happened at destination)

led 4,000 men on march from neuces river to the Rio Grande, Mexicans crossed the rio grande and attacked his troops

Isaac Brock

led Britain's brilliant defense operations in war of 1812

Toussaint L'Ouverture

led Haitian Revolution

Horatio Gates

led US forces that were victorious at Saratoga

Paxton Boys

led a march in Philadelphia protesting the Quaker policy and lenient policy toward indians

General Stephen W. Kearny

led detachment of 1700 men over the Santa Fe trail, captured Santa Fe, and set out for California but it was captured before he made it there

Reverend Thomas Hooker

led group of Boston Puritans into Hartford and began the Connecticut River Colony

Senator John Jordan Crittenden of Kentucky

led most promising effort to compromise between north and south, wrote Crittenden Amendments

Thaddeus Stevens

led radicals in the House of Representatives, hated aristocratic white southerners and worked for black freedom and equality

Hernán Cortés

left cuba with men and ships, picked up doña maria (malinche) on the way to steal gold from the aztecs. eventually destroyed their empire

Charter

legal document granted by a gov't to settlers giving them rights-Charter of Virginia Co. granted settlers the rights that Englishmen had back home

democratic party strategy for slavery during 1818 election

sit on the lid of the issue and ignore it

Appomattox Courthouse

site where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant after almost a year of the wilderness campaign

conquistadores

sixteenth century spainards who fanned out across the americas eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan Empires

Christopher Columbus

skilled italian seaman who persuaded the spanish to outfit him with ships and a crew to look or a faster way to the indies, instead he found the americas (bahamas)

Breakers

slave drivers who employed the lash to "brutally break" the souls of the strong willed slaves

Northern States were mad about the 1800 election because ______ won it for Jefferson

slave power

Dred Scott v. Stanford

slave sued that he should be free because he was moved from a slave state into a free state for an extended period of time

Thomas Jefferson on slave importation

slaveowner who assailed the British vetoes of bills restricting the importation of slaves in an early draft of the D.O.I but forced to withdraw because of southern slavemasters protests

germans were relentless enemies of

slavery

because of Lee's successful defense at Richmond, he ensured that the war would continue until

slavery was abolished and the confederacy was destroyed

Carpetbaggers

sleazy northern businessmen and politicians who came to south after the civil war to seek profit

"Fifty four forty or fight" (+final compromise with br)

slogan adopted by mid 19th century expansionists, advocated occupation of Oregon territory. President Polk pledged to seize all of Oregon to 54 40'- settled on 49th parallel as compromise with Britain

Reason why President Buchanan did not resort to using force

small army was already needed to fend of indians in the West, and fighting would shatter any hopes of compromise

top of southern social ladder

small covey of planters- owned gangs of slaves, a lot of land, ruled economy, monopolized political power, and dominated House of Burgesses

largest social group in Southern Society

small farmers

monopolistic economic structure of the south

small farmers sold their land to more prosperous neighbors, big got bigger and small got smaller

class below large slave owning families

small slave owners- average owned less than 10, worked on small farms alongside slaves, just as hard as they did

War of Jenkins's Ear

small war between BR and SP in Carribbean, Georgia, and at sea. Oglethorpe fought to a standstill and turned into King Georges War

major diseases

smallpox and diphtheria

Great Compromise

solved the issue of the New Jersey Plan v.s The Virginia Plan- each state no matter the size/pop got two members in the senate, and representatives in the House of Representatives varied depending on size and population. All bills traveled through the house first

"bounty jumper"

someone who enlisted, got paid and deserted to go do it again somewhere else

Charles II

son of Charles I- restored to throne (1660)- granted lords proprietors wilderness area that became Carolina

Marriage laws in Puritan New England

sought to defend integrity of marriage, divorce was very uncommon and sometimes authorities ordered couples to reunite

Hamilton's fiscal feats established

sound credit rating overnight

Britain and France realized that if the North won, it would be the end of slavery, so they wanted to enter on behalf of the... (+what actually happened)

south, did not do it because they thought many of their respective people wouldn't support them

Scalawags

southerners who were accused of plundering the treasuries of the southern states through their political influence in the radical governments

Don Juan de oñate

spanish leader of the battle of acoma known for cruelly abusing indians he encountered

St. Marks and Pensacola

spanish posts in florida seized by Andrew Jackson

Amistad

spanish slave ship seized by enslaved Africans aboard off the coast of Cuba and attempted to sail back to Africa but landed on Long Island. they were put on trial but John Quincy Adams argued their case before the supreme court and secured their release

7 Years War

sparked by Fr&Indian War, fought all over the world, French ultimately lost and were virtually expelled from North America