APUSH Test #1

"The next matter I shall recommend to you is the providing more effectively for the security of your frontiers against [American] Indians, who notwithstanding the many parties of Rangers [militia, or local men who volunteered for colonial defense] have . . . killed and carried off at least twenty of our outward inhabitants and Indian allies; I have attempted by several ways to oppose those [invasions] but after some trouble and expense have only experienced that our people are not ready for warlike undertakings. . . . The [condition of our Indian allies has] of late approved themselves to be ready and faithfully allied, and I am persuaded that setting them along our frontiers without all our inhabitants . . . would be a better and cheaper safeguard to the country than the old method of Rangers." Virginia Governor Alexander Spotswood, addressing the members of the House of Burgesses, 1713 Which of the following best describes a purpose of the excerpt? A. The Virginia governor is seeking support from the colonial legislature for his plan to address conflict between settlers and American Indians in frontier areas. B. The Virginia governor is warning American Indians that he will authorize military action if they continue assaults on settlers. C. The Virginia governor is seeking pardon from the House of Burgesses for his inability to protect them from violent conflict with American Indians. D. The Virginia governor is soliciting the support of allied American Indians for his plan to provide security in the West.

A. The Virginia governor is seeking support from the colonial legislature for his plan to address conflict between settlers and American Indians in frontier areas.

"In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as [a traveling] preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all [members of different religious groups] that attended his sermons were enormous, and it was a matter of speculation to me . . . to observe the extraordinary influence of his oratory on his hearers, and how much they admired and respected him. . . . It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk through the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street. "And it being found inconvenient to assemble in the open air, subject to its [harsh conditions], the building of a house to meet in was no sooner proposed . . . and the work [of erecting the building] was carried on with such spirit as to be finished in a much shorter time than could have been expected. Both house and ground were vested in trustees, expressly for the use of any preacher of any religious persuasion who might desire to say something to the people at Philadelphia." Benjamin Franklin, from his autobiography, describing events in 1739 Which of the following developments most directly contributed to the events described in the excerpt? A. Protestant evangelism came to the colonies from Great Britain and Europe. B. The beliefs of Puritan leaders had an increased impact on colonial religious practices. C. Colonists became less interested in religion as they became more involved with trans-Atlantic trade. D. Local clergy members in the colonies routinely welcomed the preaching of diverse religious doctrines.

A. Protestant evangelism came to the colonies from Great Britain and Europe.

The efforts of Spanish colonists to convert Native Americans to Christianity were most directly influenced by which of the following simultaneous developments? A. The effect of the Columbian Exchange on the population of Europe B. The extraction of gold and other wealth from the land in the Americas C. The arrival of English colonists seeking religious freedom in the Americas D. The success of the French and the Dutch in their interactions with Native Americans

B. The extraction of gold and other wealth from the land in the Americas

How were European economic systems in the American colonies in the 1500s and 1600s different from existing economic systems in Europe? A. Most European colonies were based on agriculture. B. French colonists engaged in commercial activities such as the fur trade. C. Spanish colonists used enslaved Africans to work on plantations. D. Most colonial economies were tightly regulated by the imperial and colonial governments.

C. Spanish colonists used enslaved Africans to work on plantations.

English colonists in North America in the 1600s and 1700s most typically sought which of the following? A. Chances to spread Christianity to Native Americans B. Jobs working in factories C. Political independence from England D. Opportunities to improve their living conditions

D. Opportunities to improve their living conditions

"The New England settlers more closely resembled the non-migrating English population than they did other English colonists in the New World. . . . While the composition of the emigrant populations in the Chesapeake and the Caribbean hindered the successful transfer of familiar patterns of social relationships, the character of the New England colonial population ensured it. The prospect of colonizing distant lands stirred the imaginations of young people all over England but most of these young adults made their way to the tobacco and sugar plantations of the South. Nearly half of a sample of Virginia residents in 1625 were between the ages of twenty and twenty-nine, and groups of emigrants to the Chesapeake in the seventeenth century consistently included a majority of people in their twenties. In contrast, only a quarter of the New England settlers belonged to this age group. "Similarly, the sex ratio of the New England emigrant group resembled that of England's population. If women were . . . scarce in the Chesapeake . . . they were comparatively abundant in the northern colonies. In the second decade of Virginia's settlement, there were four or five men for each woman; by the end of the century, there were still about three men for every two women. Among the emigrants [in New England], however, nearly half were women and girls. Such a high proportion of females in the population assured the young men of New England greater success than their southern counterparts in finding spouses." Virginia DeJohn Anderson, historian, "Migrants and Motives: Religion and the Settlement of New England, 1630-1640," published in 1985 The first paragraph of the excerpt makes which of the following claims? A. Emigrants to the Chesapeake came as family groups more often than emigrants to New England did. B. The settlers of New England varied in age more than emigrants to the Chesapeake did. C. The settlers of both New England and the Chesapeake were disproportionately young adults. D. More young adults migrated to New England than to the Chesapeake colonies.

B. The settlers of New England varied in age more than emigrants to the Chesapeake did.

"On the western side of the ocean, movements of people and ideas . . . preceded the Atlantic connection. Great empires—in the Valley of Mexico, on the Mississippi River . . . —had collapsed or declined in the centuries before 1492. . . . As Columbus embarked on his first transatlantic voyage, the Mexica, or Aztecs, were consolidating their position [in Mexico]; their city was a center of both trade and military might. Tenochtitlán [the Aztec capital] . . . held 200,000 people, a population greater than in the largest city in contemporary Europe. ". . . The Mississippian culture spread east and west from its center, the city of Cahokia, on the Mississippi River near the site of modern St. Louis. It was a successor to earlier cultures, evidence of which can be seen in the great ceremonial mounds they built. Cahokia declined and was ultimately abandoned completely in the later thirteenth century. . . . Throughout the Southeast, smaller mound-building centers continued." Karen Ordahl Kupperman, historian, The Atlantic in World History, 2012 Which of the following contributed most significantly to the population trend in pre-Columbian Mexico described in the excerpt? A. Migration in pursuit of fertile lands B. Trade and settlement resulting from maize cultivation C. Low birth rates and high death tolls as a result of European diseases D. Internal conflict between groups causing political instability

B. Trade and settlement resulting from maize cultivation

"On the western side of the ocean, movements of people and ideas . . . preceded the Atlantic connection. Great empires—in the Valley of Mexico, on the Mississippi River . . . —had collapsed or declined in the centuries before 1492. . . . As Columbus embarked on his first transatlantic voyage, the Mexica, or Aztecs, were consolidating their position [in Mexico]; their city was a center of both trade and military might. Tenochtitlán [the Aztec capital] . . . held 200,000 people, a population greater than in the largest city in contemporary Europe. ". . . The Mississippian culture spread east and west from its center, the city of Cahokia, on the Mississippi River near the site of modern St. Louis. It was a successor to earlier cultures, evidence of which can be seen in the great ceremonial mounds they built. Cahokia declined and was ultimately abandoned completely in the later thirteenth century. . . . Throughout the Southeast, smaller mound-building centers continued." Karen Ordahl Kupperman, historian, The Atlantic in World History, 2012 Which of the following most directly contributed to the advanced development of both pre-Columbian American societies described in the excerpt? A. Creation of military forces stronger than those of most rival societies B. Access to waterways to transport goods and trade with other societies C. Adaptation to and use of the natural environment for their own benefit D. Transfer of power through inheritance, which reinforced spiritual claims to authority

C. Adaptation to and use of the natural environment for their own benefit

"The second chief and principal end [of colonization] . . . consists in the [sale] of the mass of our clothes and other commodities of England, and in receiving back of the needful commodities that we now receive from all other places of the world. . . . This one thing is to be done, without which it were in vain to go about this; and that is the matter of planting [colonies] and fortification. . . . We are to plant upon the mouths of the great navigable rivers which are there [in America], by strong order of fortification, and there to plant our colonies. . . . And these fortifications shall keep the [native] people of [America] in obedience and good order. . . . ". . . Without this planting in due time, we shall never be able to have full knowledge of the language, manners, and customs of the people of those regions. . . . And although by other means we might attain to the knowledge thereof, yet being not there fortified and strongly seated, the French that swarm with [a] multitude of people, or other nations, might secretly fortify and settle themselves before us." Richard Hakluyt, English government official, A Discourse on Western Planting, 1584 Which of the following developments in the 1500s is best illustrated by the excerpt? A. European settlers faced resistance from Native Americans. B. Europeans transported enslaved Africans to the Americas to produce sugar. C. Europeans sought new sources of wealth in the Americas. D. European missionaries traveled to the Americas seeking religious converts.

C. Europeans sought new sources of wealth in the Americas.

"The next matter I shall recommend to you is the providing more effectively for the security of your frontiers against [American] Indians, who notwithstanding the many parties of Rangers [militia, or local men who volunteered for colonial defense] have . . . killed and carried off at least twenty of our outward inhabitants and Indian allies; I have attempted by several ways to oppose those [invasions] but after some trouble and expense have only experienced that our people are not ready for warlike undertakings. . . . The [condition of our Indian allies has] of late approved themselves to be ready and faithfully allied, and I am persuaded that setting them along our frontiers without all our inhabitants . . . would be a better and cheaper safeguard to the country than the old method of Rangers." Virginia Governor Alexander Spotswood, addressing the members of the House of Burgesses, 1713 Which of the following groups would most likely oppose the ideas expressed in the excerpt? A. White settlers on the western Virginia frontier B. White settlers in coastal Virginia C. Members of allied American Indian groups D. Members of the House of Burgesses

C. Members of allied American Indian groups

"In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as [a traveling] preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all [members of different religious groups] that attended his sermons were enormous, and it was a matter of speculation to me . . . to observe the extraordinary influence of his oratory on his hearers, and how much they admired and respected him. . . . It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk through the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street. "And it being found inconvenient to assemble in the open air, subject to its [harsh conditions], the building of a house to meet in was no sooner proposed . . . and the work [of erecting the building] was carried on with such spirit as to be finished in a much shorter time than could have been expected. Both house and ground were vested in trustees, expressly for the use of any preacher of any religious persuasion who might desire to say something to the people at Philadelphia." Benjamin Franklin, from his autobiography, describing events in 1739 Which of the following most directly contributed to the decision in Philadelphia referenced in the excerpt to build a specific meeting house for the new preachers? A. Leaders in cities such as Philadelphia wanted to do all they could to limit the spread of new Protestant denominations in the colony. B. Local authorities worried about radical ideas and believed that a central meeting house would make it easier to censor the sermons of the new preachers. C. Religious pluralism was more accepted in the middle colonies and particularly in the colony of Pennsylvania than elsewhere. D. Commerce was more important than religion to most colonists, so building a small meeting house would keep the new preachers isolated.

C. Religious pluralism was more accepted in the middle colonies and particularly in the colony of Pennsylvania than elsewhere.

"The next matter I shall recommend to you is the providing more effectively for the security of your frontiers against [American] Indians, who notwithstanding the many parties of Rangers [militia, or local men who volunteered for colonial defense] have . . . killed and carried off at least twenty of our outward inhabitants and Indian allies; I have attempted by several ways to oppose those [invasions] but after some trouble and expense have only experienced that our people are not ready for warlike undertakings. . . . The [condition of our Indian allies has] of late approved themselves to be ready and faithfully allied, and I am persuaded that setting them along our frontiers without all our inhabitants . . . would be a better and cheaper safeguard to the country than the old method of Rangers." Virginia Governor Alexander Spotswood, addressing the members of the House of Burgesses, 1713 The point of view expressed by the Virginia governor in the excerpt is that he A. opposes the expansion of colonial settlements into western lands where White settlers could encounter violent opposition from America Indians B. believes that White Virginians must learn to protect themselves if they are to expand their settlements C. values the lives of White Virginians equally with those of allied American Indians D. feels a responsibility to protect White frontier settlers from violent encounters with American Indians

D. feels a responsibility to protect White frontier settlers from violent encounters with American Indians