APUSH Test - 1960-1990 - 5.16.16
The 1973 Arab-Israeli war and oil embargo added to the inflation that began in the wake of the Vietnam War
True
The women's movement achieved success in the 1970s by allying itself with the rising antiwar and black power movements of the decade.
True
prices
UP UP UP
Toyota
first Japanese car sold in US US was no longer the big man in the automobile industry
VP Agnew
forced to resign in 1973 for bribes while governor. Congress invoked the 25th amendment to replace him with congressman Ford.
Nixon was also said to have
forged documents to discredit the deomcrats
Nixon used the international revenue service to
harass innocent white house "enemy list" he harassed the person who released the Pentagon Papers and used the CIA to cover himself
what did Nixon do that was revolutionary in 1971-1972
he met with the communist leaders of China and USSR
Jimmy Carter in 1976 election
he prpmised to never lie and he won every southern state except VA
Why does Carter win?
it all has to do with trust in govt he was a democrat and republicans were hated because of watergate
Republican leaders in Congress strenuously opposed Nixon's resignation and urged him to fight to stay in office even after the Watergate tapes were released.
False. urged for his resignation.
Among the corrupt Nixon administration practices exposed by the Senate Watergate Committee was
c. the illegal use of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Central Intelligence Agency.
President Nixon's "Vietnamization" policy provided that
c. the united States would gradually withdraw ground troops while supporting the South Vietnamese war effort.
keynesian economics
crumbling
prosperity
crumbling
The antiwar movement expanded dramatically 1970 when
d. Nixon ordered and invasion of Cambodia
A primary cause of the economic decline that began in the 1970's was
d. a decline in worker productivity.
Gerald Ford came to be president because
d. he had been appointed vice president by Nixon after vice president Spiro Agnew had resigned.
President Carter's greatest problem in foreign policy was
d. the Iranian seizure of American hostages.
Despite numerous successes for women in the 1970s, the feminist movement suffered a severe setback when
d. the declining economy created a growing gap between men's and women's earning power.
inflation causes
deficit spending great society under LBJ Vietnam War oil embargo/oil crisis because of the middle eastern war
détente
nixon. ford, carter (similar to 5 power treaty and kellogg-briand pacts after WWII)
productivity post-war
none by the 1970s
Reagan
ran in 1976 under New Right and highlighted change in politics: proliferate primaries
Nixon Tapes
revealed Nixon w/secret taping system in Oval Office; Citing executive privilege, refused turn over tapes; gave them sanitized version w/ 18 minutes missing; June 23, 1974-Supreme Court orders Nixon to release tapes; lawyers find Nixon ordered cover-up of Watergate break-in. Aug 9, 1974 - Nixon resigns
25th Amendment
(1) Succession of VP if president dies or become incapable to do his job. (2) if there is no VP, president must appoint one, and congress must approve
Vietnam War
(1954-1975) communist North Vietnam supported by the China and the non-communist South Vietnam supported by US.
Osama bin Laden
(1957-2011 ) Saudi Arabian multimillionaire and leader of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda. He is responsible for numerous terrorist attacks on the United States including the destruction of the World Trade Center. Captured and killed in 2011 by the U.S.
Griswold vs Connecticut
(1965), A Connecticut law criminalizing the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy. Under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment.
Title IX of the Education Amendments
(1972) forbids educational institutions receiving federal funds from discriminating against female students
Endangered Species Act of 1973
(1973) identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations
Roe vs. Wade
(1973), the Court had prohibited states from making laws that interfered with a woman's right to an abortion during the early months of pregnancy.
Jimmy Carter
(1977-1981), Created the Dept of Energy and the Dept of Edu. Criticized for return of the Panama Canal, and because of Soviet war in Afghanistan, embargo on grain to USSR and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Reagan.
Peace Corps
(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(LBJ) aimed at eliminating discriminatory hiring
1976 election
*Carter* (D) vs. Ford (R)
1960 election
*Kennedy* (D) vs. Nixon (R)
1964 election
*Lyndon B. Johnson* (D) vs. Goldwater (R)
1968 election
*Nixon* (R) vs. Humphrey (D)
1970
- nixon ordered us to begin attacking cambodia
Vietnam War dates
1955-1975
Cuba relations
1961 Batista asked for money so US agreed but then Castro's revolution and US cut relations 1961 Latin American nation where a 1959 communist revolution ousted a US backed dictator
Cuban Missile Crisis -
1962 USSR sends missiles to Cuba, US blockades, USSR removes missiles, US removes missiles from Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba
Rachel Carson
1962 when she published SILENT SPRING, an enormously effective piece of latter-day muckraking that exposed the poisonous effects of pesticides.
JFK's speech in DC
1963 abandon view of USSR as devils (detente-relax tension)
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1964 denied seats at the Democratic national convention
Great Society
1964, LBJ's policies of fighting poverty and racial injustice
MLK died
1968
Chicago Seige
1968 mayor Daley had barbed wire put up
My Lai
1968 American Troops slaughtered innocent women and kids
Tet
1968 - failed North Vietnamese attack on South, but damaged US war effort
Tet Offensive
1968, during Tet, the Vietnam lunar new year - Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army raiding forces attacked provincial capitals throughout Vietnam, even seizing the U.S. embassy for a time. U.S. opinion began turning against the war.
Earth Day
1970 - first earth day celebrated to raise awareness and encourage leaders to act
Clean Air Act
1970- law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standardds for private industry
ABM (anti-ballistic missile) Treaty
1972 agreement between the US and the USSR that limited each nation to two clusters of defensive missiles
Paris Peace Accords
1973 peace agreement between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong that effectively ended the Vietnam War.
Milliken vs Bradley
1974 Supreme Court case a. Dealt with desegregation of busing to students across 53 school districts in Detroit b. Court ruled that desegregation could only extend across district lines when multiple districts had deliberately engaged in segregation and evidence of such is presented.
Jimmy Carter
1974 became the 39th President, with Vice President Walter Mondale. He secured energy programs, set the framework for Egypt-Israel treaty, and sought to base foreign policy on human rights.
Gerald Ford
1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon
Helsinki accords
1975. DETENTE at work. wrote an end to WWII by legitimizing the Soviet-dictated boundaries of Poland and other E. European countries. Soviets signed agreenments guaranteeing more liberal exchanges of people and info between west and east and protesting certain basic human rights
Affirmative Action Cases
1989 (Ward's Cove Packing v. Antonia and Martin v. Wilks), the Court made it more difficult to prove that an employer practiced racial discrimination in hiring.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
1990 Bush
Bill Clinton
1992 and 1996; Democrat; Don't Ask Don't Tell policy implemented by Congress, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993; Operation Desert Fox (4 day bombing campaign in Iraq); Scandals: Whitewater controversy, Lewinsky scandal (impeached and acquited), Travelgate controversy, Troopergate; first balanced budget since 1969
Barack Obama
2008-2016 Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell
GNP
27% GNP depended on foreign trade and we NEED oil
baby boom
30 million war babies were born between 1942 and early 60s
William Jefferson ("Bill") Clinton
42nd Presi- dent of the United States. A former Arkansas governor and founding member of the Democratic Leadership Council, Clinton promoted "third way" politics and distanced his policies from traditional Democratic programs. He signed the Welfare Reform Act in 1996 to fulfill a campaign promise to "end welfare as we know it." Clinton was the first Democrat to be reelected since Franklin Roosevelt and first president to be impeached since Andrew Johnson
George W Bush
43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001
George W. Bush
43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001. Ill prepared for office. Used republican control of congress to pass major tax cuts (by 1 vote both times). Became increasingly conservative.
George McGovern
A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon.
Medgar Evers:
A black civil rights worker who was shot down the night of the march on washington.
Watergate Scandal
A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.
Watergate Scandal
A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment. illegal use of Federal Bureau of Investigation and Central Intelligence Agency
Six-Day War
A brief war between Israel and a number of Arab states in 1967; during this conflict Israel took over Jerusalem, the Golan Heights, the Sinai Peninsula, and the West Bank.
Students for a Democratic Society
A campus-based organization became an iconic representation of the New Left. Emerged at the forefront of the civil rights, antipoverty, and antiwar movements during the 1960s
Hopwood v Texas
A case in which the Fifth Circuit Court ruled that considering race to achieve a diverse student body at the University of Texas was unconstitutional
Abu Ghraib Prison
A detention facility near Baghdad, Iraq. Under Saddam Hussein, the prison was the site of infamous torturing and execution of political dissidents. In 2004, during the U.S. occupation of Iraq, the prison became the focal point of a prisoner-abuse and torture scandal after photographs surfaced of American soldiers mistreating, torturing, and degrading Iraqi war prisoners and suspected terrorists. The scandal was one of several dark spots on the public image of the Iraq War and led to increased criticism of Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld
Taliban
A fundamentalist Muslim movement whose militia took control of much of Afghanistan from early 1995, and in 1996 took Kabul and set up a radical Islamic state. The movement was forcibly removed from power by the US and its allies after the September 11, 2001, attacks
Ralph Nader
A leftist American politician who promotes the environment, fair consumerism, and social welfare programs. His book Unsafe at Any Speed brought attention to the lack of safety in American automobiles.
Reform party
A minor party founded by Ross Perot in 1995. It focuses on national government reform, fiscal responsibility, and political accountability. It has recently struggled with internal strife and criticism that it lacks an identity.
Moral Majority
A movement begun in the early 1980's among religious conservatives that supported primarily conservative Republicans opposed to abortion, communism and liberalism.
Pol Pot
A murderous tyrant who dispatched as many as 2 million of Cambodians to their graves. Forced from power, by a full-dress Vietnamese invasion in 1978, followed by a military occupation that dragged on for a decade.
Saturday Night Massacre
A night in which many of Nixon's top ranking officials resigned or were fired because of the Watergate Scandal
flexible response
A policy, developed during the Kennedy administration, that involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons.
Whitewater
A political controversy that began with the real estate dealings of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture. David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against Clinton, claimed in November 1993 that Bill, while governer of AK, pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal.
What was the Peace Corps:
A proposal in the new frontier. It was an army of youthful volunteers to bring American skills to underdeveloped countries.
Watergate scandal
A scandal involving an illegal break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in 1972 by members of President Nixon's reelection campaign staff. Before Congress could vote to impeach Nixon for his participation in covering up the break-in, Nixon resigned from the presidency.
Sputnik
A soviet scientific achievement that set off a wave of American concern about Soviet superiority in science and education.
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965:
Abolished quota system that had been in place since 1921. Also doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter annually, while setting limits on immigration from the Western hemisphere for the first time. Also admitted close relatives.
The 24th Amendment:
Abolished the poll tax in federal elections.
Anita Hill
Accused Thomas of sexually harassing her.
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.
Cuban Missile Crisis:
After JFK ordered a naval quarantine of Cuba and demanded removal of threatening weaponry, letting Khrushchev know that any attack on U.S from Cuba was from soviets and would trigger nuclear retaliation. Khrushchev agreed to a partial face-saving compromise by which he would pull missiles out of Cuba. U.S. in return ended quarantine and not invade. Moscow then launched an enormous military
Voting Rights Act of 1965:
After Kings Speech in Selma, Alabama, LBJ passed it to outlaw literacy tests and send federal voter registrars into several southern states. Didn't solve problems over night but it placed the leverage in blacks hands.
Robert C. Weaver:
After LBJ prodded congress into creating two new cabinet offices: Department of Transportation and Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), LBJ named him the first black cabinet secretary.
European Economic Community (EEC):
After Western Europe had miraculously prospering after the Marshall Plan aid and the growth of this. It was the free trade area that later evolved into the European Union. JRK secured Trade expansion Act, authorizing tariff cuts of up to 50% to promote trade with EEC countries, led to expansiono of trade between Europe and America.-globalization.
Arab Oil Embargo
After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused inflation in USA.
Operation Rolling Thunder:
After the Viet Cong attacked attacked an American air base at Pleiku, South Vietnam, LBJ ordered retaliatory bombing raids against NV and for the first time ordered attacking U.S. troops to land.
EPA
Agency that was created to preserve the environment
Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABM)
Agreement between the United States and the USSR which limited each nation to 2 clusters of defensive missiles. This treaty was one of the first steps (along with the SALT accords) towards slowing the arms race. Yet, the US went along with the development of "MIRVs" designed to overcome any defense by "saturating" it with large numbers of warheads, several to a rocket.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Agreement signed on January 1, 1994, that allows the opening of borders between the United States, Mexico, and Canada.
Big Four legislative achievements that crowned LBJ's Great society program:
Aid to education, medical care for poor and elderly, immigration reform, and anew voting rights bill. He wasn't full victorious in war against poverty.
James Meredith:
Air Marshall who encountered violent opposition when he attempted to register in October 1962. JFK forced to send in 400 federal marshals and 3,000 troops to enroll him in his first class.
Selma
Alabama killings when MLK tried to help
Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
Also known as the Dodd-Frank Act, after its Democratic sponsors, Connecticut Senator Christopher Dodd and Massachusetts Representative Barney Frank. In an effort to avoid another financial crisis like the Great Recession, the Act updated many federal regulations affecting the financial and banking systems, and created some new agencies such as the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Also known, somewhat derisively, as "Obamacare," the Act extended health care insurance to some 30 million Americans, marking a major step toward achieving the century-old goal of universal health care coverage for all citizens
Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ):
Although he mistrusted "The Harvards" he retained most of the bright Kennedy team. FDR was his politcal daddy.He supported the New Deal. Passed Civil Right Act of 1964. Ordered all federal contractors to take affirmative action against discrimination. Came up with the Great Society.
Nixon Doctrine
America would honor it's existing military commitments but then stay out of it in the future without supporting any movements with troops - wanted to win the war without spilling more American blood
Thurgood Marshall
American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.
The two problems that plagued Reagan:
American hostages were held by Muslim extremists in Lebanon, and Nicaragua.
My Lai Massacre
American troops murdered women and children in 1968
American Relief and Recovery Act
Among the earliest initiatives of the Obama Administration to combat the Great Recession. It was based on the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes that called for increased government spending to offset decreased private spending in times of economic downturn. The Act was controversial from the outset, passing with no Republican votes in the House, and only three in the Senate, and helping to foster the "Tea Party" movement to curb government deficits, even while critics on the Left argued that the Act's $787 Billion appropriation was not enough to turn the economy around
Colin Powell
An American military general and leader during the Persian Gulf War. He played a crucial role in planning and attaining America's victory in the Persian Gulf and Panama. He was also the first black four star general and chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
An Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, she was appointed by President Bill Clinton and took the oath of office on August 10, 1993. She is the second female justice (after Sandra Day O'Connor) and the first Jewish female justice.
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
An Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Following the revolution and a national referendum, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader—a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation—until his death.
Free Speech Movement
An anti-establishment New Left organization that originated in a 1964 clash between students and administrators at the University of California at Berkeley.
The Tet Offensive:
An attack by communist forces on American bases throughout Vietnam in 10 cities that fell to communist forces. This offensive revealed to Americans the brutality of the fighting in Vietnam as it was documented through television and photographs. Was a military victory for the United States, it significantly hindered the Johnson administration and was a political vitory for Viet Cong. Lead to a request of more troops.
supply-side economics
An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.
No Child Left Behind Act
An education bill created and signed by the George W. Bush administration. Designed to increase accountability standards for primary and secondary schools, the law authorized several federal programs to monitor those standards and increased choices for parents in selecting schools for their children. The program was highly controversial, in large part because it linked results on standardized to federal funding for schools and school districts
World Trade Organization(WTO)
An international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade
Bay of Pigs
An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
Ngo Dinh Diem
Anticommunist American ally leader in South Vietnam who set up a pro-american government to block Ho Chi Minh's expected takeover of all Vietnam
Oil Embargo
Arab-sponsored restriction on energy exports after the 1973 Arab-Israeli war.
Saddam Hussein
As president of Iraq, He maintained power through the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and the first Persian Gulf War (1991). During these conflicts, he repressed movements he deemed threatening to the stability of Iraq, particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively. While he remained a popular hero among many disaffected Arabs everywhere for standing up to the West and for his support for the Palestinians, U.S. leaders continued to view him with deep suspicion following the 1991 Persian Gulf War. He was deposed by the U.S. and its allies during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
SEATO
Asian alliance set up by Dulles to help support anticommunist regime in South Vietnam
Robert Dole
Attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas (1969-1996) longest serving Republican leader. Was the 1996 presidential nominee for the Republican party but lost to Bill Clinton. (Gerald Ford's VP running mate in 1976 election). Lost to Walter Mondale for the VP nomination
lobbyists and corporate political commissions
BOOMIN
Nancy Pelosi
Became the first female Speaker of the House following the 2006 elections
Worldcom
Biggest corporate bankruptcy. Founder/ CEO- Bernie Ebbers. Cooked books by classifying ordinary expenses as capital expenditures. Huge loss dressed up as 1.4 billion profit. Cookie jar accounting- Boosted its revenues by drawing on reserves it had set aside to cover various losses
Welfare Reform Bill
Bill that made reductions in welfare grants and required able welfare recipients to find employment
Sexual Revolution:
Birth control pill made unwanted pregnancies much easier to avoid
Sexual Revolution:
Birth control pill made unwanted pregnancies much easier to avoid and sexual appetites easier to satisfy.
Nikita Khrushchev
Blustery Soviet leader who frequently challenged eisenhower with both threats and diplomacy
Oklahoma City bombing
Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center.
Israelie Victory:
Brought resentful Palestinian Arabs under direct Israeli control while other Palestinians fled to Jordan. After signing a peace treaty with Egypt, Israel withdrew from the Sinai. They began moving Jewish into arab district of West Bank. Yasir Arafat heads the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
goldwater was led by
Buckley, a writer Young Americans for Freedom
Clarence Thomas
Bush nominated conservative African American Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court. He opposed affirmative action. Thomas's nomination was approved by the Senate despite accusations from Anita Hill that Thomas had sexually harassed her.
Dick Cheney
Bush's Vice President and a Wyoming representative who was attacked numerous times for his considerable power given to him by the President and his policy-making.
Bay of Pigs Invasion:
CIA plot in 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro by training Cuban exiles to invade and supporting them with American power. Mission failed and became a public relations disaster early in JFK's presidency.
University of California v. Bakke
COURT CASE WHERE THE SUPREME COURT HELD THAT WHILE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION SYSTEMS ARE CONSTITUTIONAL A QUOTA SYSTEM BASE ON RACE IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
Republican Committee for the Re-election of the President
CREEP
Department of Homeland Securitydelete
Cabinet-level agency created in 2003 to unify and coordinate public safety and anti-terrorism operations within the federal government
Allen Bakke
California medical school applicant whose case led a divided Supreme Court to uphold limited forms of affirmative action for minorities
1978
Camp David Accords
_____ supported deregulation and liberation of market forces
Carter
_____'s Humanitarian Policy
Carter
prices rice during
Carter
stalemate with iran during
Carter
1980 election
Carter (D) vs. *Reagan* (R)
1979 Iran
Carter met with soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev to sign the SALTII agreements - limiting levels of lethal strategic weapons and their arsenals On November 4, 1979 anti American Muslims took a U.S. embassy hostage Soviets took Persian Gulf's side Carter but on an embargo and boycotted Moscow's Olympic games Carter at first tried to apply economic sanctions against the Iranian hostage crisis to no avail Carter at last ordered a daring rescue mission Iran releases American hostages as soon as Reagan takes office
Panama Canal
Carter wanted to turn it over to Panama
Camp David Agreement
Carter's greatest foreign policy achievement. This was when the president of Egypt and the Prime Minister of Israel both agreed to a very promising peace treaty at the presidential retreat in the Maryland Highlands.
countries Nixon visited to bring peace/détente
China and USSR
"culture wars"
Clashes within mainstream society over the values and norms that should be upheld
Culture Wars
Clashes within mainstream society over the values and norms that should be upheld.
"don't ask, don't tell"
Clinton managed to gain support for a compromise measure under which homosexual servicemen and servicewomen could remain in the military if they did not openly declare their sexual orientation
Norman Schwarzkopf
Commander of US Central Command in the Gulf War; Commander of the coalition forces. Led operation "Desert Storm"
Ho Chi Minh
Communist leader of North Vietnam
Cambodia
Cong were using it for storage Nixon ordered troops to clear out Cambodia of Cong
War Powers Act
Congressional act that required the president to report to Congress within 48 hours after committing troops to a foreign conflict or "substantially" enlarging American combat units in a foreign country
Guantanamo Detention Camp
Controversial prison facility constructed after the U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. Located on territory occupied by the U.S. military, but not technically part of the United States, the facility serves as an extra-legal holding area for suspected terrorists
"axis of evil"
Created in 2002 by George W. Bush to show the "bad guys" which include: Iran, Iraq, and N. Korea
Axis of Evil
Created in 2002 by George W. Bush to show the "bad guys" which include: Iran, Iraq, and N. Korea
John Kerry
Decorated Vietnam War veteran who lost the 2004 Presidential Democratic nomination. Later Secretary of State under Barack Obama
Malcom X
Deepend division among black leaders. Was born Malcom Little and was inspired by black nationalist in the Nation of Islam. Changed name because he thought his "white name" covered up his African identity, like Elijah Muhammed (pole). When he distance himself from Muhammed he was gunned down by a rival Nation of Islam gunmen in NYC.
1960 election
Dem JFK vs. Rep Nixon. JFK won because of the civil rights issue and his better TV appearance, also wanted to get ahead of Russia
1976 election
Democrat Carter beat Republican Ford
1976 election
Democrat Jimmy Carter beat Republican Gerald Ford
Hillary Rodham Clinton
Democratic Senator from New York who, in 2008, became the first highly competitive female candidate for president. A lawyer and political activist, Clinton was First Lady from 1993 to 2001, and then became the first former First Lady to serve in elected office when she was elected to the Senate. She tried unsuccessfully to win the Democratic nomination for President in 2008
Black Power
Doctrine of militancy and separatism that rose in prominence after 1965. Black Power activists rejected Martin Luther King's pacifism and desire for integration. Rather, they promoted pride in African heritage and an often militant position in defense of their rights
Iran-Contra Affair
During the second term of the Reagan administration, government officials sold missiles to Iran (hoping that this would help free American hostages held in Lebanon); money from this sale was used to aid anti-communist Contra forces in Nicaragua. Iran was a country that was supposed to be on the American "no trade" list because of their taking of American hostages, and congressional legislation had been enacted making it illegal to give money to the Contras. A major scandal for the Reagan administration.
environmental programs/etc created during Nixon presidency
Earth Day Environmental Protection Agency (1970) Clean Air Act of 1970 Endangered Species Act of 1973
military expenditures
Economists speculated that the economy had recovered because of Reagan's massive military expenditures. Reagan gave the Pentagon nearly $2 trillion in the 1980s. This massive expenditure led to an unbalanced federal budget and it substantially increased the national debt.
Anwar Sadat
Egyptian leader who signed the Camp David records with Israel
transcontinental interstate highway system
Eisenhower spent a lot of federal $$$ on this, highways were originally used to transport military stuff but since everyone had cars now, ppl wanted to get places faster
1956 electiondelete
Eisenhower vs. Stevenson
green berets
Elite antiguerilla military units expanded by Kennedy as part of his doctrine of "flexible response"
Problems for U.S. Foreign Policy:
Emerged from decolonization of European overseas possessions. Eisenhower drenched Laos (france) with money but failed to clense the country of communist element. Escaped from this in the Geneva conference which imposed a shaky peace on Laos.
Democratic Party splits:
Eugene McCarthy from Minnesota gathered a small army of anti war college students as campaign workers, helped him gain votes in NH primary. Senator RFB from NY stirred a passionate response among workers, African Americans, and Latinos, and young people.
The basic issue in the 1972 Nixon-McGovern campaign was inflation and the management of the economy.
False. was the war in Vietnam.
Carol Mosely Braun
First African -American woman elected to the U.S. Senate
Ron Brown
First African American Democratic National Chairman
Carol Moseley-Braun
First African American woman to be elected to the United States Senate, represented the State of Illinois for one term
Hillary Clinton
First Lady from 1992-2000; maintained a significant career as First Lady; attacked by conservatives and anti-feminists; took leading role in government affairs; promoted equality of sexes.
Chief Justice Earl Warren
Following his appointment in 1953, the jovial Warren had led the Court into a series of decisions that drastically affected sexual freedom, the rights of criminals, the practice of religion, civil rights, and the structure of political representation. The decisions of the Warren Court reflected its deep concern for the individual, no matter how lowly.
Daniel Ellsberg
Former Pentagon official who ¨leaked¨ the Pentagon Papers
Ronald Reagan
Former actor and governor of California, who ran as a more conservative candidate
Berlin Wall
Fortified and guarded barrier between East and West Berlin erected on orders from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in 1961 to stop the flow of people to the West. Until its destruction in 1989, the wall was a vivid symbol of the divide between the communist and capitalist worlds
Students for a Democratic Society
Founded in 1962, it was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.
Students for a democratic Society (SDS):
Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s. Spawned a terrorist group called the Weathermen.
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.
Geneva Conference of 1962
France allowed for Indochina independence, broke it up into Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam
"Don't Ask, Don't Tell"
From 1993 to 2010, the policy affecting homosexuals in the military. It emerged as a compromise between the standing prohibition against homosexuals in the armed forces and President Clinton's push to allow all citizens to serve regardless of sexual orientation. Military authorities were forbidden to ask about a service member's orientation, and gay service personnel could be discharged if they publicly revealed their homosexuality. At President Obama's urging, Congress repealed DADT in 2010, permitting gays to serve openly in uniform
Yom Kippur War
Frustrated by their losses in the Six-Days War, Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur on October 6, 1973. Israel counterattacked, won a decisive victory, and had even occupied portions of northern Egypt.
Opposition of Vietnam war in Senate headed by
Fulbright
John Ashcroft
George W. Bush's controversial attorney general who sharply restricted civil liberties and detained or deported immigrants suspected of terrorism.
election of 1976
Gerald Ford (Republican) ran against former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter (Democrat). Ford lost country's support because of his pardon of Nixon, and Carter won the nomination by portraying himself as an honest and candid "outsider," untainted by Washington politics.
Freedom Riders
Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party:
Group that sent its own delegates to the Democratic National Convention in 1964 to protest discrimination against black voters in Mississippi and was denied.
wallace
He ran for president as a third-party candidate in 1968
JFK and free enterprise:
He rejected advice of those who wished greater government spending and instead chose to stimulate the economy by slashing taxes and putting more money directly into private hands.
Nixon's Journey to China
He relieved tensions between China and America and both agreed to normalize their relationship
Bush and Taxes
He said he wouldn't put a single new tax in place. Bush was forced to increase taxes to generate revenue for the federal government.
Salvador Allende
He was strongly opposed by president Nixon. Pres. Nixon's administration slapped an embargo on the Allende regime, and the Central Intelligence Agency worked covertly to undermine the legitimacy elected leftist president.
JFK and his cabinet:
He was the youngest president ever elected. Assembled one of the youngest cabinets, including his younger brother RFK as attorney. His duties were set out to recast the priorities of the FBI. This bureau deployed alot of agents on internal security work and gave no attention to civil rights violations. His actions were resisted by J. Edgar Hoover. Robert S. McNamara left presidency of Ford Moter Company to take over the Defense Department.
American Independence Party:
Headed by George C. Wallace. Called for prodding the blacks into their place. Running mate was Curtis LeMay "smashing NV" Largest third party popular vote, and the last to win any electoral vote.
July 1975
Helsinki accords
Nixon wave
Huge inflationary surge during the 1970's that rose to almost 10% increase in CPI
New Democrats
Ideologically centrist faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election. They are identified with more pragmatic and centrist social/cultural/pluralist positions and neoliberal fiscal values
Great society: immigration
Immigration and Nationality Act abolished the national origins act quota doubled immigrants allowed and limited western hemisphere immigrants admission of relatives
Freedom Summer:
In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.
LBJ drops out of presidency:
In 1968, he announced that he would freeze American troop levels and scale back bombing. Then in a last attempt to unify the divided nation, he announced he would not be running for president.
Iranian Hostage Crisis
In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.
Iranian Hostage crisis
In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.
Bush's Department of Education
In 1990, Bush's Department of Education challenged the legality of college scholarships targeted for racial minorities.
South Africa
In 1990, the white regime in South Africa freed African leader Nelson Mandela, who had served 27 years in prison for conspiring for overthrow the government. Four years later, he was elected as South Africa's president.
Chechen Minority
In 1991, the Chechen minority tried to declare its independence from Russia, but Yelstin sent in Russian troops.
major water projects bill
In 1992, that reformed the distribution of subsidized federal water in the West.
El Salvador
In 1992, the civil war ended in El Salvador.
Contract with America
In the 1994 congressional elections, Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut.
The Reagan administration secretly sold arms to _____. Why?
Iran (helped free hostages) and then diverted the money from the sales to the rebels.
Oil Crisis 1970s
Iran stopped flow of oil into global commerce when Pahlevi was overthrown
¨Don't Ask, Don't Tell¨delete
Is the common term for the policy about homosexuality in the U.S. military mandated by federal law, he policy prohibits anyone who "demonstrate(s) a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts" from serving in the armed forces of the United States, because it "would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability,¨ the act prohibits any homosexual or bisexual person from disclosing his or her sexual orientation or from speaking about any homosexual relationships, including marriages or other familial attributes, while serving in the United States armed forces, the "don't ask" part of the policy indicates that superiors should not initiate investigation of a service member's orientation in the absence of disallowed behaviors, though mere suspicion of homosexual behavior can cause an investigation.
1982
Israel invaded Lebanon, seeking to destroy the guerilla bases from which Palestinian fighters attacked Israel. Reagan sent peacekeeping troops, but after a suicide bomber killed 200 marines, he withdrew the force.
Six-Day War:
Israel was attacked by backed Soviet Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. After the attacks Israel expanded to control new territories in the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank of the Jordan River, including Jerusalem.
Six-Day War
Israel won and gained Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, West Bank of Jordan River (1967)
Alliance for Progress
JFK - a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems
Construction of the Berlin Wall:
JFK met Khrushchev at Vienna. Soviet said he was going to make treaty with East Berlin to cut off Western access to Berlin. Soviets then backed off but suddenly contructed it in 61'.
The New Frontier:
JFK's domestic policy agenda. Buoyed by youthful optimsm, the program included proposals for the Peace Corps, and efforts to improve education and health care.
Who escalated the war in Vietnam?
Johnson
Threats to shred the constitution:
Johnson ordered CIA, in clear violation of its charter as a foreign intelligence agency, to spy on domestic antiwar activists. He encouraged FBI to turn its counter intelligence program, "cointelpro", agaisnt the peace movement.
Democratic nomination of 1968:
Johnson's hier, Hubert H. Humphry, a former pharmacist . Defeated because he was branded by Johnson's policies
moon
July 16th - July 24th 1969 Buzz Aldrin & Neil Armstrong
New Frontier
Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wants to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military
beatniks
Kerouac, Ginsberg attacked materialisticism
National Endowments for the arts and humanities
LBJ
war on poverty
LBJ
antipoverty campaign
LBJ because of Harrington's The Other America
first black secretary under _______
LBJ it was Weaver
1964 election
LBJ (D) vs. Goldwater (R)
Escalation Strategy:
LBJ decided it would be wise to slowly move troops into Vietnam to keep the casualties at minimum on both sides.
Tonkin Gulf episode
LBJ seized it 1964 navy ships were firing at North Vietnam LBJ called it off
Cuba
Latin American nation where a 1959 communist revolution ousted a US backed dictator-Castro comes to power
Fidel Castro
Latin American revolutionary who became economically and militarily dependent on the Soviet Union
Brady Bill
Law passed in 1993 requiring a waiting period on sales of handguns, along with a criminal background check on the buyer.
Gideon vs Wainwright
Lawyer must be appointed to anyone who cannot afford one
voting rights act of 1965
Legislation by LBJ that prohibited ballot-denying tactics, such as literary tests and intimidation.
Welfare Reform Bill
Legislation that made deep cuts in welfare grants and required able-bodied welfare recipients to find employment. Part of Bill Clinton's campaign platform in 1992, the reforms were widely seen by liberals as an abandonment of key New Deal/Great Society provisions to care for the impoverished.
IBM
Major international corporation that symbolized the early computer and "information age"
March on Washington
Massive civil rights demonstration in August 1963 in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks. One of the most visually impressive manifestations of the Civil Rights Movement, the march was the occasion of Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech
increase number of primaries
McGovern shift away from elites use the new populist system first to use new populist system
My Lai massacre
Military assault in a small Vietnamese village on March 16, 1968, in which American soldiers under the command of 2nd Lieutenant William Calley murdered hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children. The atrocity produced outrage and reduced support for the war in America and around the world when details of the massacre and an attempted cover-up were revealed in 1971.
Guantanamo Bay
Military base in Cuba that interrogates suspected terrorists
After math of Cuban
Moscow launched an enormous military expansion, Americans tried to make a catch up. Installation of a Moscow-Washington hotline permitting immediate teletype communication in case of a crisis. JFK speech at American University urged people to not think badely of the soviets, and come to peace-detente.
Walt Whitman Rostow:
Most influential modernization theorists, charted the route from traditional society to the age of high mass consumption in his book "The Stages of Economic Growth".
Democratic Platform:
Most liberal since Truman. Voters voted for LBJ because of fondness for the Kennedy legacy and fear of Goldwater. Congress poured out legislation of social reform like the hundred days of the New Deal.
Donna Shalala
Motivated by Kennedy's actions, was the secretary of heath and human services (1990's). She had joined the peace corps and it made her a "World Citizen".
Black power concerns:
Moved to the North and was now focused less on civil rights and more on economic demands.
Khomeini
Muslim leader who dominated the 1979 Iranian revolution
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeni
Muslim religious leader who dominated the 1979 Iranian revolution
JBJ supported
New Deal stuff
EPA
Nixon
president 1972
Nixon
President 1968
Nixon (R) won over Humphrey (D) and Wallace (3)
Southern Strategy
Nixon Plan to gain solid majority in next election in which he appointed conservatives to court and soft-pedaling civil rights
silent majority
Nixon appealed to this when he faced major antiwar protesters
Consumer Product Safety Commission
Nixon est it
Allende of Chile
Nixon placed and embargo on him
affirmative action
Nixon transformed this from Johnson's intention to protect individuals from discrimination to a program that conferred privileges on certain groups
National Day Care
Nixon vetoed it
Cambodia
Nixon widened the Vietnam War by moving troops into this country to try and remove enemy camps.
Augusto Pinochet
Nixon's CIA helped this right-wing dictator take power in Chile
Vietnamization
Nixon's policy to withdraw 540,000 US troops from Vietnam gradually while training and supplying South Vietnamese with advice and weapons
Invasion in Cambodia
Nixon's secret plan to end the war. It was based upon the bombing of the Vietcong followed by the bombing and invasion of South Cambodia. (plan was to cut off N. Vietnamese supplies that were coming from Cambodia)
Spiro Agnew
Nixon's tough-talking conservative vice president, who was forced to resign in 1973 for taking bribes and kickbacks
Détente
Nixon-Ford-Kissinger policy of seeking relaxed tensions with the Soviet Union through trade and arms limitation.
Republican Platform:
Nominated Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. He attacked the federal income tax, social security system, tennessee valley authority, civil rights legislation, the nuclear test-ban treaty, and the great society.
Democratic Leadership Council(DIC)
Non-profit organization of centrist Democrats founded in the mid-1980s, the group attempted to push the Democratic party toward progrowth, strong defense, and anticrime policies, among its most influential early members was Bill Clinton, whom it held up as an example of "third way" politics
Democratic Leadership Council
Non-profit organization of centrist Democrats founded in the mid-1980s. The group attempted to push the Democratic party toward progrowth, strong defense, and anti-crime policies. Among its most influential early members was Bill Clinton, whom it held up as an example of "third way" politics
Sam Ervin
North Carolina senator who conducted the Watergate hearings
Tonkin Gulf Incident
North Vietnamese ships allegedly fired on American ships, to attack (at least partially) Vietnam, LBJ also got approval for the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which gave him a virtual blank check on what he could do in affairs in Vietnam. LBJ used this during 1964 campaign
Death of JFK:
November 22,1963 in Dallas Texas. Shot in the brains and died within seconds. Lee Harvey Oswald was his assasin, who was later shot to death by Jack Ruby.
Black Monday
October 19, 1987, the stock market dropped 508 points, which was the largest one-day decline in history.
Saddam Hussein
On August 2, 1990, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, seeking oil. The United Nations Security Council condemned the invasion and on August 3, it demanded the immediate withdrawal of Iraq's troops.
World Trade Center
Once an icon for the global economy in New York, became a target for terrorism in 1993 and 2001; al Queda was solely responsible for the 9-11 attacks
Abu Ghraib
One of Saddam's most notorious prisons for dissenters; when Americans took over, it became notorious for a place of torment and humiliation for detainees
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Opposition to the Vietnam War in Congress was centered in
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Black Panther Party:
Organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. The Panthers represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement.
Freedom Riders:
Organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the south to draw attention to and protest racial segregation. This effort by Northern young people to challenge racism proved political and public relations success for the civil Rights Movement.
globalization
Originally, this buzz term referred to the spread of economic activities from a home country to other parts of the world, but its reach has profoundly influenced cultural and political realms.
_____ under direct Israeli control
Palestinian Arabs
Medicare and Medicaide:
Part of the War on Poverty, a Great Deal program, that strengthend the social security system. Medicare provided health care for the elderly and Medicaide for the poor. Eventually undermined federl government's finnancial health.
Cambodian incursion
Partially successful campaign to defeat the People's Army of Vietnam and the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam presence in Cambodia during the Vietnam war.
Equal Rights Amendment
Passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.
Secret Dealings
People found out about Reagan arming Iran.
Robert Frost:
Poet who was invited by JFK to his inagural ceremonies. He advised JFK to be more Irish than Harvard.
Communist Governments that Collapsed
Poland Hungary Czechoslavakia East Germany Romania
Lewinsky Affair
Political sex scandal that resulted in Bill Clinton's impeachment and trial by Congress. In 1998, Clinton gave sworn testimony in a sexual harassment case that he had never engaged in sexual activity with a White House intern named Monica Lewinsky. When prosecutors discovered evidence that the President had lied under oath about the affair, to which Clinton admitted, Republicans in Congress began impeachment proceedings. Although Clinton was ultimately not convicted by the Senate, the scandal put a lasting blemish on his presidential legacy
Billy Graham
Popular religious evangical who effectively used the new medium of Tv
Strategic Defense Inititative (SDI)
Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.
Rates:
Poverty rate dropped, and infant mortality rates also fell. A result as general health conditions improved.
New Frontier
President Kennedy's nickname for his domestic policy agenda. Buoyed by youthful optimism, the program included proposals for the Peace Corps and efforts to improve education and health care
Vietnamization
President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces
Charles de Gualle:
President of France who vetoed British application for Common Market membership fearing that a British special relationship with U.S. would make Britain a trojan horse for deepening American control over European affairs.
"ethnic cleansing"
Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
Affirmative Action
Program to redress racial and gender imbalances. Issued by JFK in 1961 mandating that projects paid for with federal funds could not discriminate based on race in their hiring practices.
Title IX of Education Amendment
Prohibited gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs. 1972
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Proposed the 27th Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes. Defeated in the House in 1972.
Modernization Theory:
Provided the theoretical underpinnings for an activist U.s. foreign policy in the underdeveloped world. Societies like Asia, Africa, and Latin America could develop into modern industrial and democratic nations.
US Patriot Act
Provisions are intended to help secure the nation against bio-terrorism acts; requires individuals and institutions to not produce, acquire, retain (stockpile) or possess types and quantities of any biological materials including bona fide research.
Defense Secretary McNamara:
Pushed the strategy of flexible response-developing an array of military options that could be precisely matched to the gravity of the crisis at hand. Kennedy increased spending on conventional military forces and bolstered the Special Forces (green Berets).-elite antiguerrilla outfit trained to survive on snake meat and to kill with scientific finesse.
Republican nomination of 1968:
RFK was shot by a young Arab immigrant because of Kennedy's pro israel view. Chicago mayor Richard Daily made "fort daily" aroundthe convention hall. Nominated Richard Nixon. Appealed to white southern voters when elected Sprio T. Agnew as VP platform was victory in Vietnam and a strong anticrime policy. Faced opposing parties in congress.
Election fo 1984
Reagan (R) beating Democrat Walter Mondale and his female vice presidential nominee, Geraldine Ferraro.
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty
Reagan and Gorbachev signed the it, banning all intermediate-range nuclear missiles from Europe. 1985
March 1983
Reagan announced a missile-defense system called the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), also known as Star Wars
1979
Reagan sent "military advisors" to El Salvador to support the pro-American government.
October 1983
Reagan sent forces to the island of Grenada, where a military coup had killed the prime minister and brought Marxists to power.
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Refers to weapons—nuclear, biological, and chemical—that can kill large numbers of people and do great damage to the built and natural environment. The term was used to refer to nuclear weapons during the Cold War. The Bush administration's claim that Saddam Hussein had developed WMD provided the rationale for the United States's invasion of Iraq in 2003. These weapons were never found after the invasion
Newt Gingrich
Representative from Georgia who led the "Contract with America" and eventually became the Speaker of the House; he and Clinton battled many times while he demanded tax cuts and a balancing of the budget
Shah of Iran
Repressive pro-Western ruler whose 1979 overthrow precipitated a crisis for the United States
Shah of Iran
Repressive pro-western ruler whose 1979 overthrow precipitated a crisis for the United States (Iran hostages crisis)
1968 election
Republican Nixon, Democrat Humphrey, and American Independent Wallace. Nixon wins
Bob Dole
Republican nominee for President who ran and lost against Clinton between Clinton's first and second term (1996)
Dan Quayle
Republican vice-presidential nominee in the 1988 election; ridiculed for factual and linguistic mistakes; George H. Bush's running mate in 1988 and 1992 , who had a hard time spelling "potato"
Dominican Republic:
Revolted against their military government. Johnson felt that the they were a target of a Castro like coup, and he dispatched American troops. Evidence of a communist take over was fragile.
CREEP
Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.
Abortion Cases
Roe vs. Wade (1973) Webster vs. Reproductive Health Services (1989)
January 20, 1981
Ronald Reagan
election of 1980
Ronald Reagan (R) won over Jimmy Carter (D) because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation.
February 27, 1991
Saddam Hussein was forced to sign a cease-fire
McNamara
Secretary of Defense (for LBJ). "Flexible response" doctrine, which created a variety of military options and avoided a stark choice between nuclear warfare and none at all.
Donald Rumsfeld
Secretary of Defense under G. W. Bush, wanted the US to start the War in Iraq, headed the invasion of Afghanistan, coined the terms "War on Terror," and "Weapons of Mass Destruction", resigned on own power in 2006 after being displeased with US strategy in Iraq.
Opposition of involment in Vietnam:
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, headed by Senator William Fulbright of Arkansas, staged televised hearings of aniwar which cause public to feel it had been deceived about causes of war. Defense Secretary of State McNamara expressed discomfort at the course of events and he was quietly eased out of the cabinet.
Al Gore
Served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Ran for President in 2000 and won popular vote but lost Electoral College
Affects of U.S. Involvment in Vietnam:
Several nations expelled American Peace Corps volunteers. Charles de Gaulle withdrew France from NATO and ordered all American troops of the countries.
Project Head Start:
Sharply improved the ducation performance of underprivilaged youth.
Janet Reno
She was an attorney General of the United States from 1993-2001. Nominated by Clinton, was the first female Attorney General and second longest serving Attorney General.
Where were the sources of immigration coming from?
Shifted heavily from Europe to Latin America and Asia.
Problem JFK had with King:
Some of King's advisers had communist affiliations. Robert Kennedy had J. Edgar Hoover wiretap King's phone.
George McGovern
South Dakota antiwar senator whose campaign was swamped by Nixon
George McGovern
South Dakota senator whose antiwar campaign was swamped by Nixon
Problems with the New Frontier Getting Started up:
Souther Democrats threatened to team up with Rebublicans and Ax New Frontier proposals like medical assistance and increased federala aid to education. Also His administration helped negotiate a noninflationary wage agreement in the steel industry, assumption was that it would keep lid on prices. but steel management rose prices, who then backed down.
Commonwealth of Independent States
Soviet Union had dissolved into its component parts, 15 republics loosely confederated in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), with Russia as the most powerful state.
Nixon's VP that was forced to resign
Spiro Agnew
Warren E. Burger
Supreme Court chief justice nominated by Nixon to replace Earl Warren
Earl Warren
Supreme Court justice whose "judicial activism" came under increasing attack by conservatives
Thurgood Marshall
Supreme Court's only black justice. He warmed in an impassioned opinion that the denial of racial preferences might sweep away years of progress by the civil rights movement.
Supreme Court's Ruling in 2000 and Rationaledelete
Supreme court delares Bush beats Gore, Gore won more popular vote, last state was Florida-had to do a recount, Democrats wanted recount, Supreme court voted 5-4 to stop counting, a small number of votes can determine an election's outcome
Earl Warren
Supreme court justice whose ¨judicial activism¨ came under increasing attack by conservatives
Henry Kissinger
Talented diplomatic negotiator and leading architect of détente with the Soviet Union during the Nixon and Ford administrations
Reagan's Economic Legacy
Tax cuts and huge increases in military spending caused $200 billion in annual deficits, which added $2 trillion to the national debt during Reagan's administration. However, Reagan's large budget deficits helped make future social welfare programs seem economically infeasible. Thus, Reagan had achieved his goal of limiting the expansion of welfare programs.
Philadelphia Plan
Term for the new group affirmative action policy promoted by the Nixon administration.
9/11
Terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
H. Ross Perot
Texas billionaire businessman who ran populist campaigns for the presidency in 1992 and 1996. In 1992, he garnered 19 percent of the popu- lar vote, probably throwing the election to Bill Clinton. Perot's campaigns represented anti-establishment sentiment and desires for "common sense" governance
Suez Canal
The British-and-French-owned waterway whose nationalization by Egyptian President Nasser triggered a major Middle East crisis
Kent State University
The Ohio university where four students were killed during protest against the 1970 invasion of Cambodia.
Election of 1988
The Republicans nominated George H. W. Bush for the election of 1988. The Democrats chose Michael Dukakis. Despite Reagan's recent problems in office, George H. W. Bush won the election.
UNMOVIC
The United Nations Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection Commission that was created as a replacement to UNSCOM. The Iraqis have refused to allow these inspectors into the country.
Richard Cheneydel
The Vice President of Bush Jr., Secretary of Defense under George Bush Sr. Oversaw Operation Desert Storm.
blue state
The classification for a U.S. state that predominantly votes for the Democratic Party
red state
The classification for a U.S. state that predominantly votes for the Republican Party
Hurricane Katrinadelete
The costliest and one of the deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States, killing nearly 2000 Americans. The storm ravaged the Gulf Coast, particularly the city of New Orleans, in late August of 2005. In New Orleans, high winds and rain caused the city's levees to break, leading to catastrophic flooding, particularly centered on the city's most impoverished wards. A tardy and feeble response by local and federal authorities exacerbated the damage and led to widespread criticism of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Reaganomics
The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.
Gerald Ford
The first appointed vice president and president
ABM Treaty
The first major achievement of the Nixon-Kissinger détente with the Soviet Union, which led to restrictions on defensive missile systems.
Deleveraging
The inverse of "leveraging," whereby businesses increase their financial power by borrowing money (debt) in addition to their own assets (equity). In times of uncertainty or credit tightening, the same business seek to improve their debt-to-equity ratios by shedding debt through the sale of assets purchased with borrowed money
Clean Air Act of 1970
The law aimed at combating air pollution.
John McCaindelete
The oldest man ever to run for U.S. president,
Recession of 1982
The recession, in conjunction with a drop in oil prices, did end the double-digit inflation -- dropping it to less than 4 percent. The economy made a comeback under Reaganomics + lowering of interest rates although the recovery widened the income gap between rich and poor.
McCarthyism
The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.
Ross Perot
This billionaire was a third-party candidate in the 1992 presidential election won 25% of the popular vote. His strong showing that year demonstrated voter disaffection with the two major parties.
Joseph Lieberman
This man was the first Jewish American to ever run for Vice President on a major party ticket
Family and Medical Leave Act
This was a labor legislation that allowed employees to take unpaid leaves if a family member was ill or if he was ill himself, this was a fulfillment of a campaign promise, which brought Clinton much popularity and improved worker rights
Yom Kippur war
This was a war fought by Israel and neighboring Arab nations where the Arabs launched a surprise attack during Yom Kippur. U.S. support for Israel during the war led to OPEC boycotting the U.S., creating an energy crisis.
detente
Time of relaxed tension between communist USSR and China as well as time of relative peace in the world - Us rich in food agreed to sell 750 million worth of food to them
Pentagon papers
Top-secret documents, published by The New York Times in 1971, that showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States into the Vietnam War.
North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)
Trade agreement that included Mexico, Canada, and the United States, it was a symbol of the increased reality of a globalized market place
Oklahoma City Bombing
Truck-bomb explosion that killed 168 people in a federal office building on April 19, 1995. The attack was perpetrated by right-wing and anti-government militant Timothy McVeigh, later executed by the U.S. government for the crime
Columbine High School
Two high school seniors armed with guns and explosives waged a violent assault on the school. They killed 12 fellow students and one teacher before shooting themselves. Led to a concern about the availability of guns.
Viet Cong attacked a
US air base guerrilla warfare
1961
US breaks diplomatic relations w/ Cuba
How US became involved in Vietnam
US provided aid to french army bc they didn't want communism to spread, defeat of the french led to calls for American military intervention in Vietnam (french trapped at Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam split)
Vietnam war ends
USA technically doesn't lose the war, 1975
Andrew Young
Un. ambassador and Carter championed the oppressed black majority.
Joseph R. ("Joe") Bidendelete
United States Senator from Delaware since 1973 and selected by Barack Obama in 2008 as the Democratic candidate for Vice President. Joe Biden had unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for president in 1988 and 2008. As a long- time senator, former chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee, and current chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Biden brought experience and maturity to the Democratic ticket in 2008
John Foster Dulles
United States diplomat who (as Secretary of State) pursued a policy of opposition to the USSR by providing aid to American allies
William Rehnquist
United States jurist who served as an associate justice on the United States Supreme Court from 1972 until 1986, when he was appointed chief justice .
Stonewall Rebellion:
Uprising in support of equal rights for gay's sparked by an assault by off-duty police officers at a gay bar in New York. The rebellion led to rise in activism and militancy within the gay community and furthered the sexual revolution of the late 60's.
Geraldine Ferraro
VP to Democratic nominee Walter
people resisted
Vietnam war more and more as it went on
Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac:
Voiced dark disillusion with materialistic pursuits and establishment arrogance of Eisenhower era. Expressed by Rebel with out a cause with James dean.
Blacks in office by the late 60's:
Voter registration shot up and hundreds of blacks held elected office in the old south. Cleveland, Ohio, and Gary, Indiana. By 1972 nearly half of southern black kids were in integrated schools. More schools in south were integrated than in north.
more bombs in Vietnam than in
WWII
deomcrats though goldwater would start
WWIII
George H. W. Bush
Was the 42nd President of the United States, previously Ronald Reagan's vice-president. His policies and ideals derived heavily from his predecessor and were built on them. He was a well-to-do oil tycoon before devoting himself to the public. He served as a congressman, emissary to China, ambassador to the UN, and director of the CIA, before becoming president.
1972
Watergate
WMD
Weapons of Mass Destruction: nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological or other weapons which have the ability to bring harm to large numbers of people
commando rescue mission
What disaster happened during the iran hostage crisis under president carter?
full pardon of Nixon
What was the most controversial action of President Gerald Ford?
Camp David 1978
Where Carter invited Sadat (Egypt) and PM Begin (Israel) for talks, to continue establishing peace
Monica Lewinsky
White House intern whose affair with Bill Clinton led to his impeachment
John Dean
White House lawyer whose dramatic charges against Nixon were validated by the Watergate tapes
Richard Nixon
Winner of an overwhelming electoral victory who was forced from office by the threat of impeachment
election of 1972
With the McGovern campaign in shambles and the Watergate scandal contained, Nixon won overwhelmingly (61% and 520 electoral votes). McGovern, supported only by minorities and low-income voters, carried only MA and Washington DC.
Upheavals of the 1960's were attributed to the 3 p's:
Youthful *population* bulge, *protest* against racism and the Vietnam war, and the apparent *prosperity*.
Upheavals of the 1960's were attributed to the 3 p's:
Youthful population bulge, protest against racism and the Vietnam war, and the apparent permanence of prosperity.
Title IX
a United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."
JFK brought
a fresh face and new generation to the presidency
credibility gap
a lack of popular confidence in the truth of the claims or public statements made by the federal government, large corporations, politicians, etc.
Miranda Warning
a list of rights that arresting officers must read to suspects
Al Qaeda
a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001
Carter presidency success
a new cabinet-level Dept of Energy cut taxes
affirmative-action
a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities
Milton Friedman
a pro-market thinker wrote Free to Choose
Kyoto Treaty
a treaty signed in 1997. It requires countries who sign it to reduce thieir gas emissions to levels below what they were producing in 1990
Nixon attempted to pressure the Soviet Union into making diplomatic deals with the United States by
a. playing the "China card" by opening U.S. diplomacy and trade with the Soviet's rival communist power.
johnson issued the ________________ against discrimination
affirmative action
Reagan used the Supreme Court to fight _____ and _____.
affirmative action and abortion
Gratz v Bollinger
affirmative action case; a point system for admission in which points were given for race was ruled unconstitutional; too much like a quota system; upheld Bakke case
Occupational Safety and Hazard Administration
agency dedicated to improving working conditions
Camp David agreement
agreement between Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin that brought hopes of peace in the Middle East
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment
WTO
an international body that enforces agreements that reduce barriers to international trade; successor to the GATT
project head start
antipoverty provide education LBJ
neoconservatives
appalled by excesses of 1960s free-market capitalism questioned welfare programs anti-soviet
Oswald
assassinated John F. Kennedy
indians
asserted themselves as an independent people seized alcatraz
Stonewall REbellion
attack on gay men new york
Voting Rights Act of 1965
attacked racial discrimination at the polls by outlawing literacy tests and sending voting registrars to the polls. (LBJ)
Civil Rights Act of 1964
banned all racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public, including theaters, hospitals, and restaurants, passed by LBJ
Mississippi murders
bc of freedom summer
music
beatles janis joplin hendrix
TV
became popular & affordable for people used as opportunity for advertisements
Mikhail Gorbachev
became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985. He was committed to reforming the country with two policies: Glasnost sought to allow free speech and political freedom and Perestroika sought to adopt capitalistic economic policies. These two policies required the Soviet Union to reduce the size of its military and concentrate aid on its citizens.
mayors
black
Smoking Gun Tape
blank tape where Nixon had erased all evidence. this is the only evidence that links him to the watergate crimes.
McCarthy and Kennedy
both democratic candidate for 1968 they dueled in some primaries
President Anwar of Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel
both signed an Camp David agreement that held considerable promise of peace with Israel withdraw from territory conquered in the 1967 war, and Egypt in return promised to respect Israel's borders. Both parties pledged themselves to sign a formal peace treaty within three months.
Iranian hostage crisis
called Carter's and America's bed of nails; captured Americans languished in cruel captivity; American nightly television news cast showed scenes of Iranians burning the American flag; Carter tried to apply economic sanctions and the pressure of world opinion against Iranians. Carter then called for rescue mission; rescue attempt failed; The stalemate with Iran went on through the rest of Carter's term hurting his bid for reelection.
Grutter v Bollinger
case in which Supreme Court held that University of Michigan's law school admission program was sufficiently "narrowly tailored" to consider race as a factor in admission decisions in order to achieve goal of a diverse student body
inflation
caused by deficit spending
1973 with vietnam
cease-fire and US was to remove troops but Nixon continued aerial raid of Cambodia
Martin Luther King, Jr
civil rights leader, nonviolence
money that went to V War could have gone to
civilian sector
China and USSR
clashing over Marxism skirmishes in 1969 Nixon saw an opportunity to play them off each other He visited China in 1971 and then USSR in 1972 detente-relax the tension
Viet Cong
communists
Free to Choosee
compelling case to convert to a free market
Nixon appointed ____________ supreme court justicesdelete the other one
conservative
Equal Rights Amendment
constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender
Equal Rights Amendment
constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender (1972)
Eugene McCarthy
contender for 1968 (D) Nominee catholic
Moscow
continued human rights violations and restricted Jewish emigration so US made a resistance trade bill against USSR US made a trade restriction with USSR
70s Supreme Court rulings (criticized)
criminal defendants' rights and prayer in public schools
companies without labor unions attacking
crumbling
expanding welfare
crumbling
Branch Davidians
cult led by David Koresh, sieged by federal agents, had illegal firearms, building caught fire and no one survived
Reagan's goals
cut taxes lower tax rates reduce federal estate taxes
Miliken vs. Bradley
dealing with the planned desegregation busing of public school students across district lines among 53 school districts in metropolitan Detroit. It concerned the plans to integrate public schools in the United States following the Brown v. Board of Education
Median Household Income
declined during Reagan
Shia
delete
Sunni
delete
Eugene McCarthy & Robert Kennedy
democratic candidates that were against LBJ
protestant
denominations lost grip liberal protestants lost most people
Cuba
deployed troops in Africa to lead some Revolutions
why did 1968 election go the way it did?
divisions over war, unfair draft, crime, rioting
OPEC embargo
don't extract oil econ recession 1970s during nixon OPEC raised the price of oil 4x
recession
during Ford brought inflation down butt prices rose during Carter
Nixon Doctrine
during vietnam war --stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.
nixon established the first
earth day
LBJ's Big Four Legislations
education, medical aid, immigration reform, new voting rights
LBJ's character'
ego and vanity
LBJ said to ________ force in Vietnam to win
escalate but Viet Cong matched the US
Tonkin Gulf Incident 1964 -
excuse to get US involved in Vietnam War
Nixon on the home front
expansion welfare
Bay of Pigs 1961 -
failed invasion of Cuba, JFK takes blame
Burger court
failed to dismantle liberal rulings of Warren court both were put in the Nixon court packing
which rights movment was the last one standing in the 1970s?
feminism
Engel vs Vitale
first amendment's separation of church and state means that the bible can't be read in school - caused conservative outcry
Madeline Albright
first woman sec. of state by Bill Clinton. the U.S. ambassador to the UN. She became the highest ranking woman to ever serve in the U.S. presidential administration.
Sandra Day O'Connor
first woman supreme court justice. appointed by Reagan
Nixon welfare
food stamps medicaid aid to fams with dependent kids supplementary security income opportunities for women
nixon had a large expertise on
foriegn affairs
Phyllis Schlafly
fought ERA and argued that it would ruin the "american family" and requiring women to serve in combat
Reverend Jerry Falwell
founded Moral Majority
Coruption
gave Democrats political opportunites
Carter slapped an embargo on exprot of
grain and high tech machines to USSR and a Rapid Deployment Force to respond quickly
pardon
granted to Nixon by Ford for any crimes he may have committed as president, discovered or undiscovered
senate repealed __________
gulf of Tonkin because it had given blank check to Nixon
LBJ tried to send
guns and food to VIetnam but more money so contradicted his antipoverty campaign
rate of inflation
had been steadily rising, and by 1979, it was at 13%. Americans learned that they were no longer economically isolated from the world.
economy in mind-1980s
had mostly reovered
Slobodan Milosevic
he became the leader of Yugoslavia in 1987 and then waged a war against both Croatia and Bosnia during the 1990s - this conflict also marked the first direct military action waged by NATO
Nixon and money
he took US off gold standard it ended the Bretton Woods system of intl currency stabilization
Consumer Product Safety commision
held companies accountable for selling dangerous products
U2
high-flying American spy plane, whose drowning in 1960 destroyed a summit and heightened Cold War tensions
What did Nixon do in fear of inflation?
imposed a 90-day wage and price freeze, took the nation off the gold standard and devalued the dollar
Unemployment Rate
increased
McCain-Feingold Act
increased role of soft money in campaign financing, prohibited national political party committees from raising or spending any funds not subject to federal limits even for state and local races or issues
divorces
increases in 1970
How did kennedy win 1960?
industrial support workers catholics (same voters as FDR)
V War caused _____
inflation
rising oil prices caused _____
inflation
Reagan's Cold War Strategy
initiate a new arms race and outspend the Soviets
Malcolm X
inspired by militant black nationalists in Nation of Islam
Mohammed Reza Pahlevi
installed as shaf of Iran with help from America's CIA in 1953, ruled his oil-rich land with a will of steel. Also had a repressive regime which was finally overthrown in January 1979.
Robert F. Kennedy in 1968 election
joined (D) nominee fest African Americans Latino Young people brother of JFK as Attorney General for JFK. He became an anti-war, pro-civil rights presidential candidate in 1968, launching a popular challenge to incumbent LBJ.
RF Kennedy death
killed by an Arab immigrant who resented Kennedy's pro-Israeli view
Silent Majority
label Nixon gave to middle-class Americans who supported him, obeyed the laws, and wanted "peace with honor" in Vietnam, he contrasted this group with students and civil rights activists who disrupted the country with protests in the late 1960s and early 1970s
1964 election was a
landslide for LBJ
1972 election
landslide for Nixon again won over McGovern (D)
USA Patriot Act
law passed due to 9/11 attacks; sought to prevent further terrorist attacks by allowing greater government access to electronic communications and other information; criticized by some as violating civil liberties
Carmichael
leader of student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee preached "Black Power" and separation of black culture
no confidence in ________ in the 1970s
leaders and govt
Roe vs Wade
legalized abortion
LBJ was the most ______ platform since _______
liberal truman
Great Society: education
loans to students, not schools
US lost Vietnam
lost confidence in foreign affairs
26th Amendment
lowered the voting age to 18
Women's Strike for Equality
march in 1970
Nixon 1972
massive bombings of Northern Vietnam
Great Society: medical aid
medicare for elderly medicaid for poor 1965
Nixon was a _______ nominee for 1968
middle-of-the-road republican
August 1991
military coup attempted to preserve the communist system by trying to overthrow Gorbachev. In December 1991, Gorbachev resigned as the Soviet Union's president
secular
most poeple became secular but less education became more religious
"New Isolationism"
national mood of caution and restraint in Foreign affairs
International energy agency
national speed limit at 55 to conserve fuel under Nixon
Glasnost and Perestroika
necessitated an end to the Cold War
SALT
negotiations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics opened in 1969 in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons
Ronald Reagan
neoconservative 1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)
Leonid Brezhnev
new Soviet leader
vietnamization
nixon 1968 - gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces
Southern Approach
nixon appoint conservative justices oppose school busing to achieve racial balance soft-pedaling civil rights
OSHA
nixon est it
election 1968
nixon was undone by Watergate Scandal
MLK
nonviolence southern black minister Montgomery bus boycott - led to his rise
sit-in
nonviolent protests in which a person sits and refuses to leave (first happened in Greensboro)
Jack Kerouac
novelist who criticized "American dream"
Freedom Summer
of 1964 so many votes in Mississippi bc 24th amendment
neoconservative
oppose big government support common man opposed favoritisim for minorities free-market capitalism anti-soviet oppose liberal welfare oppose affirmative action reassertion fo individualism and centrality of the family
second vatican council meeting 1962-1965
passed reforms to modernize liturgy and practices
Court Decision for Allan Bakke
preferred group admissions were illegal
Gerald ("Jerry") Ford
president 1974-77, Nixon's Vice president, only person not voted into the White House, appointed vice president by Nixon: became president after Nixon resigned
Lyndon B. Johnson
president who succeeded Kennedy and actively supported civil rights legislation and affirmative action
Menachem Begin
prime minister of Israel invited to Camp David by Jimmy Carter to sign the Camp David accords in 1978
Nixon Doctrine
proclaimed that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments but in the future, Asians and others would have to fight their own wars without the support of large bodies of American troops
Griggs vs Power co.
prohibited things like intelligence tests, hiring proportions should be the same as the population
nixon in 1969 election
promised to win V War but hadnt by the next election
Kenneth Starr
prosecutor against Clinton in the Lewinsky scandal
Great Society caused deficit spending and inflaiton because it
put money into hands of people without increasing supply
McGovern
ran for D nominee 1972 he ran a party commission to increase number of primaries
baby boomers
reaching college
Great Society
reform program with New Deal styles LBJ
Kosovo
region of Yugoslavia that had autonomy until Milosovic attempted to crush the Albanian group with ethnic cleansing; 1999 NATO used military strikes against Yugoslavia until the crisis came to an end in 1999
détente
relaxed Cold War tensions
Iranian Hostage Crisis
released hostages the day he was inaugurated
pentagon papers
released in NY Times JFK and LBJ provoked Viet Cong attack in Gulf of Tonkin
Sandinistas
removed by free elections in Nicaragua
Leonid Brezhnev
replaced Khrushchev after the Cuban Missile Crisis; signed SALT agreement with Nixon in Moscow
goldwater
republican attacked federal income tax, social security, TVA, civil rights legislation, nuclear test-ban treaty and mostly the Great Society
Philadelphia plan
required construction-trade unions working on the federal pay roll to establish "goals and timetables" for black employees. NIXON
LBJ Presidency
retained most of JFK stuff
Pentagon Papers
revealed the deceptions of Kennedy and Johnson especially provoking of the Gulf of tonkin
Miranda Decision
right to remain silent
Watts
riot in Los Angeles explosion
1968, LBJ said he would ________ troops
scale back
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
series of arms-reduction negotiations between the US and the USSR in 1972
_________ revolution
sexual
Mohammed Reza Pahlevi
shah of Iran overthrown in 1979 and replaced by the Ayatollah Khomeini
LBJ was first
since lincoln to have so much civil rights
ABM and SALT accords
slowed the arms race bw China and USSR
Great Society Congress
so much legislation last legislation was Social Reform redevelop Appalachia dept of transport, dept of housing and urban development
Perestroika
sought to adopt capitalistic economic policies
Glasnost
sought to allow free speech and political freedom
LBJ ordered CIA to
spy on domestic antiwar stuff
stagflation
stagnation + inflation A period of falling output and rising prices critics blamed it on govt relations
nixon appoints _______ interpreters to supreme courtclaire this one is contradictorydelete
strict
Supreme Court Cases determined
struck down use of contraception all criminal defendants were entitled to legal council right to remain silent legalize abortion
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism
fixed income families
suffered because shrinking dollar
December 1989
the Berlin Wall came down,
Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)
the Court ruled that states could restrict access to abortion as long they did not place an "undue burden" on the woman.
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)
the Supreme Court approved a Missouri law that imposed certain restrictions on abortion, signalling that a state could legislate in an area in which Roe had previously forbidden them to legislate.
United States v. Wheeler
the Supreme Court declared that Indian tribes possessed a "unique and limited" sovereignty, subject to the will of Congress but not to individual states.
Operation Desert Storm
the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)
1991
the United States led a massive international military deployment, sending 539,000 troops to the Persian Gulf region.
Reed v. Reed and Frontiero v. Richardson
the court challenged sex discrimination in legislation and employment.
Massive Retaliationdelete
the doctrine upon which eisenhower and dulles based American nuclear policy in the 50s
white flight
the mass moving of whites from the cities to the suburbs
Boris Yeltsin
the president of the Russian Republic, was the dominant leader of the CIS. The demise of the Soviet Union ended the Cold War.
blacks migrated to ________
the south
malaise speech
the speech Carter delivered in response to the energy crisis, it was most notable for Carter's bleak assessment of the national condition and his claim that there was a "crisis of confidence" that had struck "at the very heart and soul of our national will". The speech helped fuel charges that the president was trying to blame his own problems on the American people.
baby-boomers in 1970s
they would be facing a lower living standard than their parents
"Smoking gun" tape
this tape has Nixon talking about the coverup he claimed he didn't know about; led to his resignation
1989
thousands of pro-democracy demonstrators protested in Tiananmen Square in China. In June of 1989, China's autocratic rulers brutally crushed the movement.
airlift
to Israelis during Nixon backed Israelis against neighbor
Voter Education Project:
to register the south's disfranchised black population.
what did carter do in response to Iranian Hostage Crisis
tried economic sanctions at last, he ordered a rescue mission that failed tho
October 1990
two Germanies were reunited
Civil Rights Act of 1964
under LBJ banned discrimination in public strengthened govt power to do it elsewhere empower the Equaly Employment Opportunity Commission gender and race equality
Allan Bakke
upheld his claim that his application to medical school had been turned down because of an admissions program that favored minority applications. A controversial issue of the affirmative-action
Wounded Kneedelete
village in South Dakota. In 1890 it was the site of a massacre of Native North Americans in which between 150 and 370 Sioux people were killed, most of them unarmed.
"asymmetrical warfare"
warfare in which opposing groups or nations have unequal military resources, and the weaker opponent uses unconventional weapons and tactics, as terrorism, to exploit the vulnerabilities of the enemy.
HH Humphrey
was (D) nominee to take place of LBJ
birmingham
was most segregated in US MLK launched a campaign in 1963 and JFK saw the horrible reaction of whites to it and addressed the "moral issue"
Nicaragua
was run by a left-wing Sandinista government
income gaps
widened in 1980s
Richard Nixon
winner of an overwhelming electoral victory who was forced from office by the threat of impeachment
Arms Reductions
with USSR collapsed in 1981 and 1983
Charles De Gaulle
withdrew France from NATO and demanded all US troops out
Nixon Doctrine
withdrew US troops from South Vietnam SV can have money instead
Israel
won against Egypt, Jordan, and Syria in the Six-Day War during LBJ
James Earl Carter Jr.
won the presidential election of 1976. he displayed an overriding concern for "human rights" as the guiding principle of his foreign policy. he failed to consult adequately with the leaders.
Betty Freidan
wrote 1963 ¨The Feminine Mystique¨ book that launched a revolution against the suburban "cult of domesticity" that reigned in the 1950s
1976 election winner
Carter (D) the dark-horse against Ford and Reagan
prices rise during
Carter (but also everybody else in the 1970s)
OPEC
1961 - Arab majority oil trade group
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962 - USSR sends missiles to Cuba, US blockades, USSR removes missiles, US removes missiles from Turkey
Great Society
1964 - anti poverty, for prosperity and progress, LBJ's social programs
Rapid Deployment Force
Carter called for a _____ _______ _____ to respond to sudden crises following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the Iranian hostage crisis
Nixon's "Vietnamization" policy sought to bring an immediate negotiated end to the Vietnam War.
False.
Nixon consistently opposed the expansion of social-security and pro-environmental legislation
False. consistently expanded the social-security
President Gerald Ford immediately set out to reverse the Nixon-Kissinger policy of détente toward the Soviet Union
False. continued to pursue the policy of detente
President Carter's declaration that America's problems were due to the "moral and spiritual crisis" led the public to support his proposals to decrease dependency on Middle Eastern oil.
False. cost him public support.
Tehran Embassy
Militant Muslim radicals in Iran stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took everyone hostage 1979 It was during Carter and it ruined his presidency. The day Reagan took office, the hostages were set free.
Iran
Iran's Pahlevi was installed by US CIA in 1953 but was overthrown in 1979.
deficit spending especially during
LBJ with V War and Great Society
what happened in 1974?
Nixon resigned
1975 in Vietnam
North went full force south and overran south
Malaise Speech
On July 15, 1979, Carter gave this nationally-televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a "crisis of confidence" among the American people. too materialistic
Supreme Court and Indians
SC said they had unique and limited sovereignty
Afghanistan 1979
The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan; The Soviet Union supported Marxist government in Afghanistan; They wanted to defeat the Mujahideen forces.The US helped the mujahideen forces. it's scary bc it's next to Iran, with oil reserves
Nixon and Kissinger's diplomacy attempted to play the Soviet Union and China off against each other for American's benefit.
True
Nixon attempted to reverse what he saw as the Warren Supreme Court's excessive turn toward "judicial activism."
True
Nixon's 1970 invasion of Cambodia provoked strong domestic protests and clashes between "hawks" and "doves."
True
how was Ford elected?
a vote in congress bc 25th amend after Agnew resigned
The severe inflation of the 1970's was largely set off by
a. Lyndon Johnson's effort to wage the Vietnam War and to pursue his Great Society programs without raising taxes.
Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren placed great emphasis on
a. individual rights and the right to privacy.
Antifeminists
blamed feminism for rising divorce rate
wives
working
Tonkin Gulf Incident
1964 - excuse to get US involved in Vietnam War
Civil Rights Act
1964 - no segregation in public accomodations
Miranda v Arizona
1966 - accused must be read his rights
New Federalism
1968 - Nixon's program of returning federal power to the states
Tet Offensive
1968 - failed North Vietnamese attack on South, but damaged US war effort
Vietnamization
1968 - gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces
SALT I
1969-1972 - reduce nuclear weapons
Detente
1970's - easing of tension between US - China and US - USSR
Watergate
1972 - investigation of CREEP
last US troops leave Vietnam in _____.
1973
Treaty of Paris
1973 - US withdraws from Vietnam
when did Ford become president
1974
SALT II
1979 - 2nd SALT talks, ends when Soviets invade Afghanistan (CARTER)
Camp David Accords
1979 - peace between Israel and Egypt, Sinai back to Egypt
INF Treaty
1988 - limits intermediate missiles in Europe
Persian Gulf War
1990-1991 - war fought between a US coalition and Iraq to free Kuwait
New Democrat
1992 -a more conservative, centrist Democratic Party, Bill Clinton president
_____ gets Egypt and Israel to make peace.
Carter
The disclosure of the secret bombing of Cambodia led Congress to acknowledge the president's sole authority to take military action in defense of America's national security.
False. to limit the president's authority to
1976 election year
Ford (R) Reagan (D) *Carter (D)*
white southerners' vote in 1976
Ford actually had the white majority although Carter won the south
Ford and Nixon
Ford granted nixon complete pardon of crimes democrats were PO
New Right
Outspoken conservative movement of the 1980s that emphasized such "social issues" as opposition to abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, pornography, homosexuality, and affirmative action
President Carter effectively used his "outsider" status in Washington to push his economic and energy programs through Congress.
True
The 1973 Paris agreement on Vietnam provided for a cease-fire and American withdrawal but did not really end the civil war among the Vietnamese.
True
The Iranian revolution against the shah brought the United States into a confrontation with the new, militant Muslim leaders of the country.
True
The strongest charge against Nixon during Watergate was that he had used government agencies to burglarize and harass opponents and cover up the Watergate crimes.
True
President Carter's greatest success in foreign policy was
c. negotiating the Camp David peace treaty between Israel and Egypt.
Some of President Nixon's greatest legislative successes came in the area of
c. protecting the environment.
The Arab oil embargo of 1973-1974 came in response to
b. American support for Israel in the "Six-Day War" war Syria and Egypt.
The War Powers Act was passed by Congress in response to
b. President Nixon's secret bombing of Cambodia.
The most controversial element of Nixon's "Philadelphia Plan" was
b. the extension of "affirmative action" to promote the employment of groups of minorities and women.
The Supreme Court came under sharp political attack in the 1970s especially because of its rulings on
c. criminal defendants' rights and prayer in public schools.
Helinski Accords
the Soviet Union and the U.S. sign a commitment to obeying détente and cooperating The superpowers finally both accepted a divided Europe 1975 Ford Went
interest
was rlly high because people didn't want their money back inflated
why did producitvity decrease?
women and teens on the job who had fewer skills and not full-time also caused by new machinery no longer invested in