APUSH Test - 1960-1990 - 5.16.16

The 1973 Arab-Israeli war and oil embargo added to the inflation that began in the wake of the Vietnam War

True

The women's movement achieved success in the 1970s by allying itself with the rising antiwar and black power movements of the decade.

True

prices

UP UP UP

Toyota

first Japanese car sold in US US was no longer the big man in the automobile industry

VP Agnew

forced to resign in 1973 for bribes while governor. Congress invoked the 25th amendment to replace him with congressman Ford.

Nixon was also said to have

forged documents to discredit the deomcrats

Nixon used the international revenue service to

harass innocent white house "enemy list" he harassed the person who released the Pentagon Papers and used the CIA to cover himself

what did Nixon do that was revolutionary in 1971-1972

he met with the communist leaders of China and USSR

Jimmy Carter in 1976 election

he prpmised to never lie and he won every southern state except VA

Why does Carter win?

it all has to do with trust in govt he was a democrat and republicans were hated because of watergate

Republican leaders in Congress strenuously opposed Nixon's resignation and urged him to fight to stay in office even after the Watergate tapes were released.

False. urged for his resignation.

Among the corrupt Nixon administration practices exposed by the Senate Watergate Committee was

c. the illegal use of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Central Intelligence Agency.

President Nixon's "Vietnamization" policy provided that

c. the united States would gradually withdraw ground troops while supporting the South Vietnamese war effort.

keynesian economics

crumbling

prosperity

crumbling

The antiwar movement expanded dramatically 1970 when

d. Nixon ordered and invasion of Cambodia

A primary cause of the economic decline that began in the 1970's was

d. a decline in worker productivity.

Gerald Ford came to be president because

d. he had been appointed vice president by Nixon after vice president Spiro Agnew had resigned.

President Carter's greatest problem in foreign policy was

d. the Iranian seizure of American hostages.

Despite numerous successes for women in the 1970s, the feminist movement suffered a severe setback when

d. the declining economy created a growing gap between men's and women's earning power.

inflation causes

deficit spending great society under LBJ Vietnam War oil embargo/oil crisis because of the middle eastern war

détente

nixon. ford, carter (similar to 5 power treaty and kellogg-briand pacts after WWII)

productivity post-war

none by the 1970s

Reagan

ran in 1976 under New Right and highlighted change in politics: proliferate primaries

Nixon Tapes

revealed Nixon w/secret taping system in Oval Office; Citing executive privilege, refused turn over tapes; gave them sanitized version w/ 18 minutes missing; June 23, 1974-Supreme Court orders Nixon to release tapes; lawyers find Nixon ordered cover-up of Watergate break-in. Aug 9, 1974 - Nixon resigns

25th Amendment

(1) Succession of VP if president dies or become incapable to do his job. (2) if there is no VP, president must appoint one, and congress must approve

Vietnam War

(1954-1975) communist North Vietnam supported by the China and the non-communist South Vietnam supported by US.

Osama bin Laden

(1957-2011 ) Saudi Arabian multimillionaire and leader of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda. He is responsible for numerous terrorist attacks on the United States including the destruction of the World Trade Center. Captured and killed in 2011 by the U.S.

Griswold vs Connecticut

(1965), A Connecticut law criminalizing the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy. Under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment.

Title IX of the Education Amendments

(1972) forbids educational institutions receiving federal funds from discriminating against female students

Endangered Species Act of 1973

(1973) identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations

Roe vs. Wade

(1973), the Court had prohibited states from making laws that interfered with a woman's right to an abortion during the early months of pregnancy.

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Dept of Energy and the Dept of Edu. Criticized for return of the Panama Canal, and because of Soviet war in Afghanistan, embargo on grain to USSR and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Reagan.

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

(LBJ) aimed at eliminating discriminatory hiring

1976 election

*Carter* (D) vs. Ford (R)

1960 election

*Kennedy* (D) vs. Nixon (R)

1964 election

*Lyndon B. Johnson* (D) vs. Goldwater (R)

1968 election

*Nixon* (R) vs. Humphrey (D)

1970

- nixon ordered us to begin attacking cambodia

Vietnam War dates

1955-1975

Cuba relations

1961 Batista asked for money so US agreed but then Castro's revolution and US cut relations 1961 Latin American nation where a 1959 communist revolution ousted a US backed dictator

Cuban Missile Crisis -

1962 USSR sends missiles to Cuba, US blockades, USSR removes missiles, US removes missiles from Turkey

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

Rachel Carson

1962 when she published SILENT SPRING, an enormously effective piece of latter-day muckraking that exposed the poisonous effects of pesticides.

JFK's speech in DC

1963 abandon view of USSR as devils (detente-relax tension)

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

1964 denied seats at the Democratic national convention

Great Society

1964, LBJ's policies of fighting poverty and racial injustice

MLK died

1968

Chicago Seige

1968 mayor Daley had barbed wire put up

My Lai

1968 American Troops slaughtered innocent women and kids

Tet

1968 - failed North Vietnamese attack on South, but damaged US war effort

Tet Offensive

1968, during Tet, the Vietnam lunar new year - Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army raiding forces attacked provincial capitals throughout Vietnam, even seizing the U.S. embassy for a time. U.S. opinion began turning against the war.

Earth Day

1970 - first earth day celebrated to raise awareness and encourage leaders to act

Clean Air Act

1970- law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standardds for private industry

ABM (anti-ballistic missile) Treaty

1972 agreement between the US and the USSR that limited each nation to two clusters of defensive missiles

Paris Peace Accords

1973 peace agreement between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong that effectively ended the Vietnam War.

Milliken vs Bradley

1974 Supreme Court case a. Dealt with desegregation of busing to students across 53 school districts in Detroit b. Court ruled that desegregation could only extend across district lines when multiple districts had deliberately engaged in segregation and evidence of such is presented.

Jimmy Carter

1974 became the 39th President, with Vice President Walter Mondale. He secured energy programs, set the framework for Egypt-Israel treaty, and sought to base foreign policy on human rights.

Gerald Ford

1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon

Helsinki accords

1975. DETENTE at work. wrote an end to WWII by legitimizing the Soviet-dictated boundaries of Poland and other E. European countries. Soviets signed agreenments guaranteeing more liberal exchanges of people and info between west and east and protesting certain basic human rights

Affirmative Action Cases

1989 (Ward's Cove Packing v. Antonia and Martin v. Wilks), the Court made it more difficult to prove that an employer practiced racial discrimination in hiring.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

1990 Bush

Bill Clinton

1992 and 1996; Democrat; Don't Ask Don't Tell policy implemented by Congress, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993; Operation Desert Fox (4 day bombing campaign in Iraq); Scandals: Whitewater controversy, Lewinsky scandal (impeached and acquited), Travelgate controversy, Troopergate; first balanced budget since 1969

Barack Obama

2008-2016 Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell

GNP

27% GNP depended on foreign trade and we NEED oil

baby boom

30 million war babies were born between 1942 and early 60s

William Jefferson ("Bill") Clinton

42nd Presi- dent of the United States. A former Arkansas governor and founding member of the Democratic Leadership Council, Clinton promoted "third way" politics and distanced his policies from traditional Democratic programs. He signed the Welfare Reform Act in 1996 to fulfill a campaign promise to "end welfare as we know it." Clinton was the first Democrat to be reelected since Franklin Roosevelt and first president to be impeached since Andrew Johnson

George W Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

George W. Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001. Ill prepared for office. Used republican control of congress to pass major tax cuts (by 1 vote both times). Became increasingly conservative.

George McGovern

A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon.

Medgar Evers:

A black civil rights worker who was shot down the night of the march on washington.

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment. illegal use of Federal Bureau of Investigation and Central Intelligence Agency

Six-Day War

A brief war between Israel and a number of Arab states in 1967; during this conflict Israel took over Jerusalem, the Golan Heights, the Sinai Peninsula, and the West Bank.

Students for a Democratic Society

A campus-based organization became an iconic representation of the New Left. Emerged at the forefront of the civil rights, antipoverty, and antiwar movements during the 1960s

Hopwood v Texas

A case in which the Fifth Circuit Court ruled that considering race to achieve a diverse student body at the University of Texas was unconstitutional

Abu Ghraib Prison

A detention facility near Baghdad, Iraq. Under Saddam Hussein, the prison was the site of infamous torturing and execution of political dissidents. In 2004, during the U.S. occupation of Iraq, the prison became the focal point of a prisoner-abuse and torture scandal after photographs surfaced of American soldiers mistreating, torturing, and degrading Iraqi war prisoners and suspected terrorists. The scandal was one of several dark spots on the public image of the Iraq War and led to increased criticism of Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld

Taliban

A fundamentalist Muslim movement whose militia took control of much of Afghanistan from early 1995, and in 1996 took Kabul and set up a radical Islamic state. The movement was forcibly removed from power by the US and its allies after the September 11, 2001, attacks

Ralph Nader

A leftist American politician who promotes the environment, fair consumerism, and social welfare programs. His book Unsafe at Any Speed brought attention to the lack of safety in American automobiles.

Reform party

A minor party founded by Ross Perot in 1995. It focuses on national government reform, fiscal responsibility, and political accountability. It has recently struggled with internal strife and criticism that it lacks an identity.

Moral Majority

A movement begun in the early 1980's among religious conservatives that supported primarily conservative Republicans opposed to abortion, communism and liberalism.

Pol Pot

A murderous tyrant who dispatched as many as 2 million of Cambodians to their graves. Forced from power, by a full-dress Vietnamese invasion in 1978, followed by a military occupation that dragged on for a decade.

Saturday Night Massacre

A night in which many of Nixon's top ranking officials resigned or were fired because of the Watergate Scandal

flexible response

A policy, developed during the Kennedy administration, that involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons.

Whitewater

A political controversy that began with the real estate dealings of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture. David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against Clinton, claimed in November 1993 that Bill, while governer of AK, pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal.

What was the Peace Corps:

A proposal in the new frontier. It was an army of youthful volunteers to bring American skills to underdeveloped countries.

Watergate scandal

A scandal involving an illegal break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in 1972 by members of President Nixon's reelection campaign staff. Before Congress could vote to impeach Nixon for his participation in covering up the break-in, Nixon resigned from the presidency.

Sputnik

A soviet scientific achievement that set off a wave of American concern about Soviet superiority in science and education.

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965:

Abolished quota system that had been in place since 1921. Also doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter annually, while setting limits on immigration from the Western hemisphere for the first time. Also admitted close relatives.

The 24th Amendment:

Abolished the poll tax in federal elections.

Anita Hill

Accused Thomas of sexually harassing her.

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.

Cuban Missile Crisis:

After JFK ordered a naval quarantine of Cuba and demanded removal of threatening weaponry, letting Khrushchev know that any attack on U.S from Cuba was from soviets and would trigger nuclear retaliation. Khrushchev agreed to a partial face-saving compromise by which he would pull missiles out of Cuba. U.S. in return ended quarantine and not invade. Moscow then launched an enormous military

Voting Rights Act of 1965:

After Kings Speech in Selma, Alabama, LBJ passed it to outlaw literacy tests and send federal voter registrars into several southern states. Didn't solve problems over night but it placed the leverage in blacks hands.

Robert C. Weaver:

After LBJ prodded congress into creating two new cabinet offices: Department of Transportation and Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), LBJ named him the first black cabinet secretary.

European Economic Community (EEC):

After Western Europe had miraculously prospering after the Marshall Plan aid and the growth of this. It was the free trade area that later evolved into the European Union. JRK secured Trade expansion Act, authorizing tariff cuts of up to 50% to promote trade with EEC countries, led to expansiono of trade between Europe and America.-globalization.

Arab Oil Embargo

After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused inflation in USA.

Operation Rolling Thunder:

After the Viet Cong attacked attacked an American air base at Pleiku, South Vietnam, LBJ ordered retaliatory bombing raids against NV and for the first time ordered attacking U.S. troops to land.

EPA

Agency that was created to preserve the environment

Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABM)

Agreement between the United States and the USSR which limited each nation to 2 clusters of defensive missiles. This treaty was one of the first steps (along with the SALT accords) towards slowing the arms race. Yet, the US went along with the development of "MIRVs" designed to overcome any defense by "saturating" it with large numbers of warheads, several to a rocket.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Agreement signed on January 1, 1994, that allows the opening of borders between the United States, Mexico, and Canada.

Big Four legislative achievements that crowned LBJ's Great society program:

Aid to education, medical care for poor and elderly, immigration reform, and anew voting rights bill. He wasn't full victorious in war against poverty.

James Meredith:

Air Marshall who encountered violent opposition when he attempted to register in October 1962. JFK forced to send in 400 federal marshals and 3,000 troops to enroll him in his first class.

Selma

Alabama killings when MLK tried to help

Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

Also known as the Dodd-Frank Act, after its Democratic sponsors, Connecticut Senator Christopher Dodd and Massachusetts Representative Barney Frank. In an effort to avoid another financial crisis like the Great Recession, the Act updated many federal regulations affecting the financial and banking systems, and created some new agencies such as the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Also known, somewhat derisively, as "Obamacare," the Act extended health care insurance to some 30 million Americans, marking a major step toward achieving the century-old goal of universal health care coverage for all citizens

Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ):

Although he mistrusted "The Harvards" he retained most of the bright Kennedy team. FDR was his politcal daddy.He supported the New Deal. Passed Civil Right Act of 1964. Ordered all federal contractors to take affirmative action against discrimination. Came up with the Great Society.

Nixon Doctrine

America would honor it's existing military commitments but then stay out of it in the future without supporting any movements with troops - wanted to win the war without spilling more American blood

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

The two problems that plagued Reagan:

American hostages were held by Muslim extremists in Lebanon, and Nicaragua.

My Lai Massacre

American troops murdered women and children in 1968

American Relief and Recovery Act

Among the earliest initiatives of the Obama Administration to combat the Great Recession. It was based on the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes that called for increased government spending to offset decreased private spending in times of economic downturn. The Act was controversial from the outset, passing with no Republican votes in the House, and only three in the Senate, and helping to foster the "Tea Party" movement to curb government deficits, even while critics on the Left argued that the Act's $787 Billion appropriation was not enough to turn the economy around

Colin Powell

An American military general and leader during the Persian Gulf War. He played a crucial role in planning and attaining America's victory in the Persian Gulf and Panama. He was also the first black four star general and chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

An Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, she was appointed by President Bill Clinton and took the oath of office on August 10, 1993. She is the second female justice (after Sandra Day O'Connor) and the first Jewish female justice.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

An Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Following the revolution and a national referendum, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader—a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation—until his death.

Free Speech Movement

An anti-establishment New Left organization that originated in a 1964 clash between students and administrators at the University of California at Berkeley.

The Tet Offensive:

An attack by communist forces on American bases throughout Vietnam in 10 cities that fell to communist forces. This offensive revealed to Americans the brutality of the fighting in Vietnam as it was documented through television and photographs. Was a military victory for the United States, it significantly hindered the Johnson administration and was a political vitory for Viet Cong. Lead to a request of more troops.

supply-side economics

An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.

No Child Left Behind Act

An education bill created and signed by the George W. Bush administration. Designed to increase accountability standards for primary and secondary schools, the law authorized several federal programs to monitor those standards and increased choices for parents in selecting schools for their children. The program was highly controversial, in large part because it linked results on standardized to federal funding for schools and school districts

World Trade Organization(WTO)

An international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade

Bay of Pigs

An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

Ngo Dinh Diem

Anticommunist American ally leader in South Vietnam who set up a pro-american government to block Ho Chi Minh's expected takeover of all Vietnam

Oil Embargo

Arab-sponsored restriction on energy exports after the 1973 Arab-Israeli war.

Saddam Hussein

As president of Iraq, He maintained power through the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and the first Persian Gulf War (1991). During these conflicts, he repressed movements he deemed threatening to the stability of Iraq, particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively. While he remained a popular hero among many disaffected Arabs everywhere for standing up to the West and for his support for the Palestinians, U.S. leaders continued to view him with deep suspicion following the 1991 Persian Gulf War. He was deposed by the U.S. and its allies during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

SEATO

Asian alliance set up by Dulles to help support anticommunist regime in South Vietnam

Robert Dole

Attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas (1969-1996) longest serving Republican leader. Was the 1996 presidential nominee for the Republican party but lost to Bill Clinton. (Gerald Ford's VP running mate in 1976 election). Lost to Walter Mondale for the VP nomination

lobbyists and corporate political commissions

BOOMIN

Nancy Pelosi

Became the first female Speaker of the House following the 2006 elections

Worldcom

Biggest corporate bankruptcy. Founder/ CEO- Bernie Ebbers. Cooked books by classifying ordinary expenses as capital expenditures. Huge loss dressed up as 1.4 billion profit. Cookie jar accounting- Boosted its revenues by drawing on reserves it had set aside to cover various losses

Welfare Reform Bill

Bill that made reductions in welfare grants and required able welfare recipients to find employment

Sexual Revolution:

Birth control pill made unwanted pregnancies much easier to avoid

Sexual Revolution:

Birth control pill made unwanted pregnancies much easier to avoid and sexual appetites easier to satisfy.

Nikita Khrushchev

Blustery Soviet leader who frequently challenged eisenhower with both threats and diplomacy

Oklahoma City bombing

Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center.

Israelie Victory:

Brought resentful Palestinian Arabs under direct Israeli control while other Palestinians fled to Jordan. After signing a peace treaty with Egypt, Israel withdrew from the Sinai. They began moving Jewish into arab district of West Bank. Yasir Arafat heads the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

goldwater was led by

Buckley, a writer Young Americans for Freedom

Clarence Thomas

Bush nominated conservative African American Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court. He opposed affirmative action. Thomas's nomination was approved by the Senate despite accusations from Anita Hill that Thomas had sexually harassed her.

Dick Cheney

Bush's Vice President and a Wyoming representative who was attacked numerous times for his considerable power given to him by the President and his policy-making.

Bay of Pigs Invasion:

CIA plot in 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro by training Cuban exiles to invade and supporting them with American power. Mission failed and became a public relations disaster early in JFK's presidency.

University of California v. Bakke

COURT CASE WHERE THE SUPREME COURT HELD THAT WHILE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION SYSTEMS ARE CONSTITUTIONAL A QUOTA SYSTEM BASE ON RACE IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL.

Republican Committee for the Re-election of the President

CREEP

Department of Homeland Securitydelete

Cabinet-level agency created in 2003 to unify and coordinate public safety and anti-terrorism operations within the federal government

Allen Bakke

California medical school applicant whose case led a divided Supreme Court to uphold limited forms of affirmative action for minorities

1978

Camp David Accords

_____ supported deregulation and liberation of market forces

Carter

_____'s Humanitarian Policy

Carter

prices rice during

Carter

stalemate with iran during

Carter

1980 election

Carter (D) vs. *Reagan* (R)

1979 Iran

Carter met with soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev to sign the SALTII agreements - limiting levels of lethal strategic weapons and their arsenals On November 4, 1979 anti American Muslims took a U.S. embassy hostage Soviets took Persian Gulf's side Carter but on an embargo and boycotted Moscow's Olympic games Carter at first tried to apply economic sanctions against the Iranian hostage crisis to no avail Carter at last ordered a daring rescue mission Iran releases American hostages as soon as Reagan takes office

Panama Canal

Carter wanted to turn it over to Panama

Camp David Agreement

Carter's greatest foreign policy achievement. This was when the president of Egypt and the Prime Minister of Israel both agreed to a very promising peace treaty at the presidential retreat in the Maryland Highlands.

countries Nixon visited to bring peace/détente

China and USSR

"culture wars"

Clashes within mainstream society over the values and norms that should be upheld

Culture Wars

Clashes within mainstream society over the values and norms that should be upheld.

"don't ask, don't tell"

Clinton managed to gain support for a compromise measure under which homosexual servicemen and servicewomen could remain in the military if they did not openly declare their sexual orientation

Norman Schwarzkopf

Commander of US Central Command in the Gulf War; Commander of the coalition forces. Led operation "Desert Storm"

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam

Cambodia

Cong were using it for storage Nixon ordered troops to clear out Cambodia of Cong

War Powers Act

Congressional act that required the president to report to Congress within 48 hours after committing troops to a foreign conflict or "substantially" enlarging American combat units in a foreign country

Guantanamo Detention Camp

Controversial prison facility constructed after the U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. Located on territory occupied by the U.S. military, but not technically part of the United States, the facility serves as an extra-legal holding area for suspected terrorists

"axis of evil"

Created in 2002 by George W. Bush to show the "bad guys" which include: Iran, Iraq, and N. Korea

Axis of Evil

Created in 2002 by George W. Bush to show the "bad guys" which include: Iran, Iraq, and N. Korea

John Kerry

Decorated Vietnam War veteran who lost the 2004 Presidential Democratic nomination. Later Secretary of State under Barack Obama

Malcom X

Deepend division among black leaders. Was born Malcom Little and was inspired by black nationalist in the Nation of Islam. Changed name because he thought his "white name" covered up his African identity, like Elijah Muhammed (pole). When he distance himself from Muhammed he was gunned down by a rival Nation of Islam gunmen in NYC.

1960 election

Dem JFK vs. Rep Nixon. JFK won because of the civil rights issue and his better TV appearance, also wanted to get ahead of Russia

1976 election

Democrat Carter beat Republican Ford

1976 election

Democrat Jimmy Carter beat Republican Gerald Ford

Hillary Rodham Clinton

Democratic Senator from New York who, in 2008, became the first highly competitive female candidate for president. A lawyer and political activist, Clinton was First Lady from 1993 to 2001, and then became the first former First Lady to serve in elected office when she was elected to the Senate. She tried unsuccessfully to win the Democratic nomination for President in 2008

Black Power

Doctrine of militancy and separatism that rose in prominence after 1965. Black Power activists rejected Martin Luther King's pacifism and desire for integration. Rather, they promoted pride in African heritage and an often militant position in defense of their rights

Iran-Contra Affair

During the second term of the Reagan administration, government officials sold missiles to Iran (hoping that this would help free American hostages held in Lebanon); money from this sale was used to aid anti-communist Contra forces in Nicaragua. Iran was a country that was supposed to be on the American "no trade" list because of their taking of American hostages, and congressional legislation had been enacted making it illegal to give money to the Contras. A major scandal for the Reagan administration.

environmental programs/etc created during Nixon presidency

Earth Day Environmental Protection Agency (1970) Clean Air Act of 1970 Endangered Species Act of 1973

military expenditures

Economists speculated that the economy had recovered because of Reagan's massive military expenditures. Reagan gave the Pentagon nearly $2 trillion in the 1980s. This massive expenditure led to an unbalanced federal budget and it substantially increased the national debt.

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian leader who signed the Camp David records with Israel

transcontinental interstate highway system

Eisenhower spent a lot of federal $$$ on this, highways were originally used to transport military stuff but since everyone had cars now, ppl wanted to get places faster

1956 electiondelete

Eisenhower vs. Stevenson

green berets

Elite antiguerilla military units expanded by Kennedy as part of his doctrine of "flexible response"

Problems for U.S. Foreign Policy:

Emerged from decolonization of European overseas possessions. Eisenhower drenched Laos (france) with money but failed to clense the country of communist element. Escaped from this in the Geneva conference which imposed a shaky peace on Laos.

Democratic Party splits:

Eugene McCarthy from Minnesota gathered a small army of anti war college students as campaign workers, helped him gain votes in NH primary. Senator RFB from NY stirred a passionate response among workers, African Americans, and Latinos, and young people.

The basic issue in the 1972 Nixon-McGovern campaign was inflation and the management of the economy.

False. was the war in Vietnam.

Carol Mosely Braun

First African -American woman elected to the U.S. Senate

Ron Brown

First African American Democratic National Chairman

Carol Moseley-Braun

First African American woman to be elected to the United States Senate, represented the State of Illinois for one term

Hillary Clinton

First Lady from 1992-2000; maintained a significant career as First Lady; attacked by conservatives and anti-feminists; took leading role in government affairs; promoted equality of sexes.

Chief Justice Earl Warren

Following his appointment in 1953, the jovial Warren had led the Court into a series of decisions that drastically affected sexual freedom, the rights of criminals, the practice of religion, civil rights, and the structure of political representation. The decisions of the Warren Court reflected its deep concern for the individual, no matter how lowly.

Daniel Ellsberg

Former Pentagon official who ¨leaked¨ the Pentagon Papers

Ronald Reagan

Former actor and governor of California, who ran as a more conservative candidate

Berlin Wall

Fortified and guarded barrier between East and West Berlin erected on orders from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in 1961 to stop the flow of people to the West. Until its destruction in 1989, the wall was a vivid symbol of the divide between the communist and capitalist worlds

Students for a Democratic Society

Founded in 1962, it was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.

Students for a democratic Society (SDS):

Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s. Spawned a terrorist group called the Weathermen.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

Geneva Conference of 1962

France allowed for Indochina independence, broke it up into Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam

"Don't Ask, Don't Tell"

From 1993 to 2010, the policy affecting homosexuals in the military. It emerged as a compromise between the standing prohibition against homosexuals in the armed forces and President Clinton's push to allow all citizens to serve regardless of sexual orientation. Military authorities were forbidden to ask about a service member's orientation, and gay service personnel could be discharged if they publicly revealed their homosexuality. At President Obama's urging, Congress repealed DADT in 2010, permitting gays to serve openly in uniform

Yom Kippur War

Frustrated by their losses in the Six-Days War, Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur on October 6, 1973. Israel counterattacked, won a decisive victory, and had even occupied portions of northern Egypt.

Opposition of Vietnam war in Senate headed by

Fulbright

John Ashcroft

George W. Bush's controversial attorney general who sharply restricted civil liberties and detained or deported immigrants suspected of terrorism.

election of 1976

Gerald Ford (Republican) ran against former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter (Democrat). Ford lost country's support because of his pardon of Nixon, and Carter won the nomination by portraying himself as an honest and candid "outsider," untainted by Washington politics.

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party:

Group that sent its own delegates to the Democratic National Convention in 1964 to protest discrimination against black voters in Mississippi and was denied.

wallace

He ran for president as a third-party candidate in 1968

JFK and free enterprise:

He rejected advice of those who wished greater government spending and instead chose to stimulate the economy by slashing taxes and putting more money directly into private hands.

Nixon's Journey to China

He relieved tensions between China and America and both agreed to normalize their relationship

Bush and Taxes

He said he wouldn't put a single new tax in place. Bush was forced to increase taxes to generate revenue for the federal government.

Salvador Allende

He was strongly opposed by president Nixon. Pres. Nixon's administration slapped an embargo on the Allende regime, and the Central Intelligence Agency worked covertly to undermine the legitimacy elected leftist president.

JFK and his cabinet:

He was the youngest president ever elected. Assembled one of the youngest cabinets, including his younger brother RFK as attorney. His duties were set out to recast the priorities of the FBI. This bureau deployed alot of agents on internal security work and gave no attention to civil rights violations. His actions were resisted by J. Edgar Hoover. Robert S. McNamara left presidency of Ford Moter Company to take over the Defense Department.

American Independence Party:

Headed by George C. Wallace. Called for prodding the blacks into their place. Running mate was Curtis LeMay "smashing NV" Largest third party popular vote, and the last to win any electoral vote.

July 1975

Helsinki accords

Nixon wave

Huge inflationary surge during the 1970's that rose to almost 10% increase in CPI

New Democrats

Ideologically centrist faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election. They are identified with more pragmatic and centrist social/cultural/pluralist positions and neoliberal fiscal values

Great society: immigration

Immigration and Nationality Act abolished the national origins act quota doubled immigrants allowed and limited western hemisphere immigrants admission of relatives

Freedom Summer:

In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.

LBJ drops out of presidency:

In 1968, he announced that he would freeze American troop levels and scale back bombing. Then in a last attempt to unify the divided nation, he announced he would not be running for president.

Iranian Hostage Crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

Iranian Hostage crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

Bush's Department of Education

In 1990, Bush's Department of Education challenged the legality of college scholarships targeted for racial minorities.

South Africa

In 1990, the white regime in South Africa freed African leader Nelson Mandela, who had served 27 years in prison for conspiring for overthrow the government. Four years later, he was elected as South Africa's president.

Chechen Minority

In 1991, the Chechen minority tried to declare its independence from Russia, but Yelstin sent in Russian troops.

major water projects bill

In 1992, that reformed the distribution of subsidized federal water in the West.

El Salvador

In 1992, the civil war ended in El Salvador.

Contract with America

In the 1994 congressional elections, Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut.

The Reagan administration secretly sold arms to _____. Why?

Iran (helped free hostages) and then diverted the money from the sales to the rebels.

Oil Crisis 1970s

Iran stopped flow of oil into global commerce when Pahlevi was overthrown

¨Don't Ask, Don't Tell¨delete

Is the common term for the policy about homosexuality in the U.S. military mandated by federal law, he policy prohibits anyone who "demonstrate(s) a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts" from serving in the armed forces of the United States, because it "would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability,¨ the act prohibits any homosexual or bisexual person from disclosing his or her sexual orientation or from speaking about any homosexual relationships, including marriages or other familial attributes, while serving in the United States armed forces, the "don't ask" part of the policy indicates that superiors should not initiate investigation of a service member's orientation in the absence of disallowed behaviors, though mere suspicion of homosexual behavior can cause an investigation.

1982

Israel invaded Lebanon, seeking to destroy the guerilla bases from which Palestinian fighters attacked Israel. Reagan sent peacekeeping troops, but after a suicide bomber killed 200 marines, he withdrew the force.

Six-Day War:

Israel was attacked by backed Soviet Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. After the attacks Israel expanded to control new territories in the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank of the Jordan River, including Jerusalem.

Six-Day War

Israel won and gained Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, West Bank of Jordan River (1967)

Alliance for Progress

JFK - a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems

Construction of the Berlin Wall:

JFK met Khrushchev at Vienna. Soviet said he was going to make treaty with East Berlin to cut off Western access to Berlin. Soviets then backed off but suddenly contructed it in 61'.

The New Frontier:

JFK's domestic policy agenda. Buoyed by youthful optimsm, the program included proposals for the Peace Corps, and efforts to improve education and health care.

Who escalated the war in Vietnam?

Johnson

Threats to shred the constitution:

Johnson ordered CIA, in clear violation of its charter as a foreign intelligence agency, to spy on domestic antiwar activists. He encouraged FBI to turn its counter intelligence program, "cointelpro", agaisnt the peace movement.

Democratic nomination of 1968:

Johnson's hier, Hubert H. Humphry, a former pharmacist . Defeated because he was branded by Johnson's policies

moon

July 16th - July 24th 1969 Buzz Aldrin & Neil Armstrong

New Frontier

Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wants to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military

beatniks

Kerouac, Ginsberg attacked materialisticism

National Endowments for the arts and humanities

LBJ

war on poverty

LBJ

antipoverty campaign

LBJ because of Harrington's The Other America

first black secretary under _______

LBJ it was Weaver

1964 election

LBJ (D) vs. Goldwater (R)

Escalation Strategy:

LBJ decided it would be wise to slowly move troops into Vietnam to keep the casualties at minimum on both sides.

Tonkin Gulf episode

LBJ seized it 1964 navy ships were firing at North Vietnam LBJ called it off

Cuba

Latin American nation where a 1959 communist revolution ousted a US backed dictator-Castro comes to power

Fidel Castro

Latin American revolutionary who became economically and militarily dependent on the Soviet Union

Brady Bill

Law passed in 1993 requiring a waiting period on sales of handguns, along with a criminal background check on the buyer.

Gideon vs Wainwright

Lawyer must be appointed to anyone who cannot afford one

voting rights act of 1965

Legislation by LBJ that prohibited ballot-denying tactics, such as literary tests and intimidation.

Welfare Reform Bill

Legislation that made deep cuts in welfare grants and required able-bodied welfare recipients to find employment. Part of Bill Clinton's campaign platform in 1992, the reforms were widely seen by liberals as an abandonment of key New Deal/Great Society provisions to care for the impoverished.

IBM

Major international corporation that symbolized the early computer and "information age"

March on Washington

Massive civil rights demonstration in August 1963 in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks. One of the most visually impressive manifestations of the Civil Rights Movement, the march was the occasion of Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech

increase number of primaries

McGovern shift away from elites use the new populist system first to use new populist system

My Lai massacre

Military assault in a small Vietnamese village on March 16, 1968, in which American soldiers under the command of 2nd Lieutenant William Calley murdered hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children. The atrocity produced outrage and reduced support for the war in America and around the world when details of the massacre and an attempted cover-up were revealed in 1971.

Guantanamo Bay

Military base in Cuba that interrogates suspected terrorists

After math of Cuban

Moscow launched an enormous military expansion, Americans tried to make a catch up. Installation of a Moscow-Washington hotline permitting immediate teletype communication in case of a crisis. JFK speech at American University urged people to not think badely of the soviets, and come to peace-detente.

Walt Whitman Rostow:

Most influential modernization theorists, charted the route from traditional society to the age of high mass consumption in his book "The Stages of Economic Growth".

Democratic Platform:

Most liberal since Truman. Voters voted for LBJ because of fondness for the Kennedy legacy and fear of Goldwater. Congress poured out legislation of social reform like the hundred days of the New Deal.

Donna Shalala

Motivated by Kennedy's actions, was the secretary of heath and human services (1990's). She had joined the peace corps and it made her a "World Citizen".

Black power concerns:

Moved to the North and was now focused less on civil rights and more on economic demands.

Khomeini

Muslim leader who dominated the 1979 Iranian revolution

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeni

Muslim religious leader who dominated the 1979 Iranian revolution

JBJ supported

New Deal stuff

EPA

Nixon

president 1972

Nixon

President 1968

Nixon (R) won over Humphrey (D) and Wallace (3)

Southern Strategy

Nixon Plan to gain solid majority in next election in which he appointed conservatives to court and soft-pedaling civil rights

silent majority

Nixon appealed to this when he faced major antiwar protesters

Consumer Product Safety Commission

Nixon est it

Allende of Chile

Nixon placed and embargo on him

affirmative action

Nixon transformed this from Johnson's intention to protect individuals from discrimination to a program that conferred privileges on certain groups

National Day Care

Nixon vetoed it

Cambodia

Nixon widened the Vietnam War by moving troops into this country to try and remove enemy camps.

Augusto Pinochet

Nixon's CIA helped this right-wing dictator take power in Chile

Vietnamization

Nixon's policy to withdraw 540,000 US troops from Vietnam gradually while training and supplying South Vietnamese with advice and weapons

Invasion in Cambodia

Nixon's secret plan to end the war. It was based upon the bombing of the Vietcong followed by the bombing and invasion of South Cambodia. (plan was to cut off N. Vietnamese supplies that were coming from Cambodia)

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's tough-talking conservative vice president, who was forced to resign in 1973 for taking bribes and kickbacks

Détente

Nixon-Ford-Kissinger policy of seeking relaxed tensions with the Soviet Union through trade and arms limitation.

Republican Platform:

Nominated Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. He attacked the federal income tax, social security system, tennessee valley authority, civil rights legislation, the nuclear test-ban treaty, and the great society.

Democratic Leadership Council(DIC)

Non-profit organization of centrist Democrats founded in the mid-1980s, the group attempted to push the Democratic party toward progrowth, strong defense, and anticrime policies, among its most influential early members was Bill Clinton, whom it held up as an example of "third way" politics

Democratic Leadership Council

Non-profit organization of centrist Democrats founded in the mid-1980s. The group attempted to push the Democratic party toward progrowth, strong defense, and anti-crime policies. Among its most influential early members was Bill Clinton, whom it held up as an example of "third way" politics

Sam Ervin

North Carolina senator who conducted the Watergate hearings

Tonkin Gulf Incident

North Vietnamese ships allegedly fired on American ships, to attack (at least partially) Vietnam, LBJ also got approval for the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which gave him a virtual blank check on what he could do in affairs in Vietnam. LBJ used this during 1964 campaign

Death of JFK:

November 22,1963 in Dallas Texas. Shot in the brains and died within seconds. Lee Harvey Oswald was his assasin, who was later shot to death by Jack Ruby.

Black Monday

October 19, 1987, the stock market dropped 508 points, which was the largest one-day decline in history.

Saddam Hussein

On August 2, 1990, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, seeking oil. The United Nations Security Council condemned the invasion and on August 3, it demanded the immediate withdrawal of Iraq's troops.

World Trade Center

Once an icon for the global economy in New York, became a target for terrorism in 1993 and 2001; al Queda was solely responsible for the 9-11 attacks

Abu Ghraib

One of Saddam's most notorious prisons for dissenters; when Americans took over, it became notorious for a place of torment and humiliation for detainees

Senate Foreign Relations Committee

Opposition to the Vietnam War in Congress was centered in

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Black Panther Party:

Organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. The Panthers represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement.

Freedom Riders:

Organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the south to draw attention to and protest racial segregation. This effort by Northern young people to challenge racism proved political and public relations success for the civil Rights Movement.

globalization

Originally, this buzz term referred to the spread of economic activities from a home country to other parts of the world, but its reach has profoundly influenced cultural and political realms.

_____ under direct Israeli control

Palestinian Arabs

Medicare and Medicaide:

Part of the War on Poverty, a Great Deal program, that strengthend the social security system. Medicare provided health care for the elderly and Medicaide for the poor. Eventually undermined federl government's finnancial health.

Cambodian incursion

Partially successful campaign to defeat the People's Army of Vietnam and the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam presence in Cambodia during the Vietnam war.

Equal Rights Amendment

Passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.

Secret Dealings

People found out about Reagan arming Iran.

Robert Frost:

Poet who was invited by JFK to his inagural ceremonies. He advised JFK to be more Irish than Harvard.

Communist Governments that Collapsed

Poland Hungary Czechoslavakia East Germany Romania

Lewinsky Affair

Political sex scandal that resulted in Bill Clinton's impeachment and trial by Congress. In 1998, Clinton gave sworn testimony in a sexual harassment case that he had never engaged in sexual activity with a White House intern named Monica Lewinsky. When prosecutors discovered evidence that the President had lied under oath about the affair, to which Clinton admitted, Republicans in Congress began impeachment proceedings. Although Clinton was ultimately not convicted by the Senate, the scandal put a lasting blemish on his presidential legacy

Billy Graham

Popular religious evangical who effectively used the new medium of Tv

Strategic Defense Inititative (SDI)

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

Rates:

Poverty rate dropped, and infant mortality rates also fell. A result as general health conditions improved.

New Frontier

President Kennedy's nickname for his domestic policy agenda. Buoyed by youthful optimism, the program included proposals for the Peace Corps and efforts to improve education and health care

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Charles de Gualle:

President of France who vetoed British application for Common Market membership fearing that a British special relationship with U.S. would make Britain a trojan horse for deepening American control over European affairs.

"ethnic cleansing"

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Affirmative Action

Program to redress racial and gender imbalances. Issued by JFK in 1961 mandating that projects paid for with federal funds could not discriminate based on race in their hiring practices.

Title IX of Education Amendment

Prohibited gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs. 1972

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Proposed the 27th Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes. Defeated in the House in 1972.

Modernization Theory:

Provided the theoretical underpinnings for an activist U.s. foreign policy in the underdeveloped world. Societies like Asia, Africa, and Latin America could develop into modern industrial and democratic nations.

US Patriot Act

Provisions are intended to help secure the nation against bio-terrorism acts; requires individuals and institutions to not produce, acquire, retain (stockpile) or possess types and quantities of any biological materials including bona fide research.

Defense Secretary McNamara:

Pushed the strategy of flexible response-developing an array of military options that could be precisely matched to the gravity of the crisis at hand. Kennedy increased spending on conventional military forces and bolstered the Special Forces (green Berets).-elite antiguerrilla outfit trained to survive on snake meat and to kill with scientific finesse.

Republican nomination of 1968:

RFK was shot by a young Arab immigrant because of Kennedy's pro israel view. Chicago mayor Richard Daily made "fort daily" aroundthe convention hall. Nominated Richard Nixon. Appealed to white southern voters when elected Sprio T. Agnew as VP platform was victory in Vietnam and a strong anticrime policy. Faced opposing parties in congress.

Election fo 1984

Reagan (R) beating Democrat Walter Mondale and his female vice presidential nominee, Geraldine Ferraro.

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty

Reagan and Gorbachev signed the it, banning all intermediate-range nuclear missiles from Europe. 1985

March 1983

Reagan announced a missile-defense system called the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), also known as Star Wars

1979

Reagan sent "military advisors" to El Salvador to support the pro-American government.

October 1983

Reagan sent forces to the island of Grenada, where a military coup had killed the prime minister and brought Marxists to power.

Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

Refers to weapons—nuclear, biological, and chemical—that can kill large numbers of people and do great damage to the built and natural environment. The term was used to refer to nuclear weapons during the Cold War. The Bush administration's claim that Saddam Hussein had developed WMD provided the rationale for the United States's invasion of Iraq in 2003. These weapons were never found after the invasion

Newt Gingrich

Representative from Georgia who led the "Contract with America" and eventually became the Speaker of the House; he and Clinton battled many times while he demanded tax cuts and a balancing of the budget

Shah of Iran

Repressive pro-Western ruler whose 1979 overthrow precipitated a crisis for the United States

Shah of Iran

Repressive pro-western ruler whose 1979 overthrow precipitated a crisis for the United States (Iran hostages crisis)

1968 election

Republican Nixon, Democrat Humphrey, and American Independent Wallace. Nixon wins

Bob Dole

Republican nominee for President who ran and lost against Clinton between Clinton's first and second term (1996)

Dan Quayle

Republican vice-presidential nominee in the 1988 election; ridiculed for factual and linguistic mistakes; George H. Bush's running mate in 1988 and 1992 , who had a hard time spelling "potato"

Dominican Republic:

Revolted against their military government. Johnson felt that the they were a target of a Castro like coup, and he dispatched American troops. Evidence of a communist take over was fragile.

CREEP

Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.

Abortion Cases

Roe vs. Wade (1973) Webster vs. Reproductive Health Services (1989)

January 20, 1981

Ronald Reagan

election of 1980

Ronald Reagan (R) won over Jimmy Carter (D) because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation.

February 27, 1991

Saddam Hussein was forced to sign a cease-fire

McNamara

Secretary of Defense (for LBJ). "Flexible response" doctrine, which created a variety of military options and avoided a stark choice between nuclear warfare and none at all.

Donald Rumsfeld

Secretary of Defense under G. W. Bush, wanted the US to start the War in Iraq, headed the invasion of Afghanistan, coined the terms "War on Terror," and "Weapons of Mass Destruction", resigned on own power in 2006 after being displeased with US strategy in Iraq.

Opposition of involment in Vietnam:

Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, headed by Senator William Fulbright of Arkansas, staged televised hearings of aniwar which cause public to feel it had been deceived about causes of war. Defense Secretary of State McNamara expressed discomfort at the course of events and he was quietly eased out of the cabinet.

Al Gore

Served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Ran for President in 2000 and won popular vote but lost Electoral College

Affects of U.S. Involvment in Vietnam:

Several nations expelled American Peace Corps volunteers. Charles de Gaulle withdrew France from NATO and ordered all American troops of the countries.

Project Head Start:

Sharply improved the ducation performance of underprivilaged youth.

Janet Reno

She was an attorney General of the United States from 1993-2001. Nominated by Clinton, was the first female Attorney General and second longest serving Attorney General.

Where were the sources of immigration coming from?

Shifted heavily from Europe to Latin America and Asia.

Problem JFK had with King:

Some of King's advisers had communist affiliations. Robert Kennedy had J. Edgar Hoover wiretap King's phone.

George McGovern

South Dakota antiwar senator whose campaign was swamped by Nixon

George McGovern

South Dakota senator whose antiwar campaign was swamped by Nixon

Problems with the New Frontier Getting Started up:

Souther Democrats threatened to team up with Rebublicans and Ax New Frontier proposals like medical assistance and increased federala aid to education. Also His administration helped negotiate a noninflationary wage agreement in the steel industry, assumption was that it would keep lid on prices. but steel management rose prices, who then backed down.

Commonwealth of Independent States

Soviet Union had dissolved into its component parts, 15 republics loosely confederated in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), with Russia as the most powerful state.

Nixon's VP that was forced to resign

Spiro Agnew

Warren E. Burger

Supreme Court chief justice nominated by Nixon to replace Earl Warren

Earl Warren

Supreme Court justice whose "judicial activism" came under increasing attack by conservatives

Thurgood Marshall

Supreme Court's only black justice. He warmed in an impassioned opinion that the denial of racial preferences might sweep away years of progress by the civil rights movement.

Supreme Court's Ruling in 2000 and Rationaledelete

Supreme court delares Bush beats Gore, Gore won more popular vote, last state was Florida-had to do a recount, Democrats wanted recount, Supreme court voted 5-4 to stop counting, a small number of votes can determine an election's outcome

Earl Warren

Supreme court justice whose ¨judicial activism¨ came under increasing attack by conservatives

Henry Kissinger

Talented diplomatic negotiator and leading architect of détente with the Soviet Union during the Nixon and Ford administrations

Reagan's Economic Legacy

Tax cuts and huge increases in military spending caused $200 billion in annual deficits, which added $2 trillion to the national debt during Reagan's administration. However, Reagan's large budget deficits helped make future social welfare programs seem economically infeasible. Thus, Reagan had achieved his goal of limiting the expansion of welfare programs.

Philadelphia Plan

Term for the new group affirmative action policy promoted by the Nixon administration.

9/11

Terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon

H. Ross Perot

Texas billionaire businessman who ran populist campaigns for the presidency in 1992 and 1996. In 1992, he garnered 19 percent of the popu- lar vote, probably throwing the election to Bill Clinton. Perot's campaigns represented anti-establishment sentiment and desires for "common sense" governance

Suez Canal

The British-and-French-owned waterway whose nationalization by Egyptian President Nasser triggered a major Middle East crisis

Kent State University

The Ohio university where four students were killed during protest against the 1970 invasion of Cambodia.

Election of 1988

The Republicans nominated George H. W. Bush for the election of 1988. The Democrats chose Michael Dukakis. Despite Reagan's recent problems in office, George H. W. Bush won the election.

UNMOVIC

The United Nations Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection Commission that was created as a replacement to UNSCOM. The Iraqis have refused to allow these inspectors into the country.

Richard Cheneydel

The Vice President of Bush Jr., Secretary of Defense under George Bush Sr. Oversaw Operation Desert Storm.

blue state

The classification for a U.S. state that predominantly votes for the Democratic Party

red state

The classification for a U.S. state that predominantly votes for the Republican Party

Hurricane Katrinadelete

The costliest and one of the deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States, killing nearly 2000 Americans. The storm ravaged the Gulf Coast, particularly the city of New Orleans, in late August of 2005. In New Orleans, high winds and rain caused the city's levees to break, leading to catastrophic flooding, particularly centered on the city's most impoverished wards. A tardy and feeble response by local and federal authorities exacerbated the damage and led to widespread criticism of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

Reaganomics

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

Gerald Ford

The first appointed vice president and president

ABM Treaty

The first major achievement of the Nixon-Kissinger détente with the Soviet Union, which led to restrictions on defensive missile systems.

Deleveraging

The inverse of "leveraging," whereby businesses increase their financial power by borrowing money (debt) in addition to their own assets (equity). In times of uncertainty or credit tightening, the same business seek to improve their debt-to-equity ratios by shedding debt through the sale of assets purchased with borrowed money

Clean Air Act of 1970

The law aimed at combating air pollution.

John McCaindelete

The oldest man ever to run for U.S. president,

Recession of 1982

The recession, in conjunction with a drop in oil prices, did end the double-digit inflation -- dropping it to less than 4 percent. The economy made a comeback under Reaganomics + lowering of interest rates although the recovery widened the income gap between rich and poor.

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Ross Perot

This billionaire was a third-party candidate in the 1992 presidential election won 25% of the popular vote. His strong showing that year demonstrated voter disaffection with the two major parties.

Joseph Lieberman

This man was the first Jewish American to ever run for Vice President on a major party ticket

Family and Medical Leave Act

This was a labor legislation that allowed employees to take unpaid leaves if a family member was ill or if he was ill himself, this was a fulfillment of a campaign promise, which brought Clinton much popularity and improved worker rights

Yom Kippur war

This was a war fought by Israel and neighboring Arab nations where the Arabs launched a surprise attack during Yom Kippur. U.S. support for Israel during the war led to OPEC boycotting the U.S., creating an energy crisis.

detente

Time of relaxed tension between communist USSR and China as well as time of relative peace in the world - Us rich in food agreed to sell 750 million worth of food to them

Pentagon papers

Top-secret documents, published by The New York Times in 1971, that showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States into the Vietnam War.

North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)

Trade agreement that included Mexico, Canada, and the United States, it was a symbol of the increased reality of a globalized market place

Oklahoma City Bombing

Truck-bomb explosion that killed 168 people in a federal office building on April 19, 1995. The attack was perpetrated by right-wing and anti-government militant Timothy McVeigh, later executed by the U.S. government for the crime

Columbine High School

Two high school seniors armed with guns and explosives waged a violent assault on the school. They killed 12 fellow students and one teacher before shooting themselves. Led to a concern about the availability of guns.

Viet Cong attacked a

US air base guerrilla warfare

1961

US breaks diplomatic relations w/ Cuba

How US became involved in Vietnam

US provided aid to french army bc they didn't want communism to spread, defeat of the french led to calls for American military intervention in Vietnam (french trapped at Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam split)

Vietnam war ends

USA technically doesn't lose the war, 1975

Andrew Young

Un. ambassador and Carter championed the oppressed black majority.

Joseph R. ("Joe") Bidendelete

United States Senator from Delaware since 1973 and selected by Barack Obama in 2008 as the Democratic candidate for Vice President. Joe Biden had unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for president in 1988 and 2008. As a long- time senator, former chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee, and current chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Biden brought experience and maturity to the Democratic ticket in 2008

John Foster Dulles

United States diplomat who (as Secretary of State) pursued a policy of opposition to the USSR by providing aid to American allies

William Rehnquist

United States jurist who served as an associate justice on the United States Supreme Court from 1972 until 1986, when he was appointed chief justice .

Stonewall Rebellion:

Uprising in support of equal rights for gay's sparked by an assault by off-duty police officers at a gay bar in New York. The rebellion led to rise in activism and militancy within the gay community and furthered the sexual revolution of the late 60's.

Geraldine Ferraro

VP to Democratic nominee Walter

people resisted

Vietnam war more and more as it went on

Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac:

Voiced dark disillusion with materialistic pursuits and establishment arrogance of Eisenhower era. Expressed by Rebel with out a cause with James dean.

Blacks in office by the late 60's:

Voter registration shot up and hundreds of blacks held elected office in the old south. Cleveland, Ohio, and Gary, Indiana. By 1972 nearly half of southern black kids were in integrated schools. More schools in south were integrated than in north.

more bombs in Vietnam than in

WWII

deomcrats though goldwater would start

WWIII

George H. W. Bush

Was the 42nd President of the United States, previously Ronald Reagan's vice-president. His policies and ideals derived heavily from his predecessor and were built on them. He was a well-to-do oil tycoon before devoting himself to the public. He served as a congressman, emissary to China, ambassador to the UN, and director of the CIA, before becoming president.

1972

Watergate

WMD

Weapons of Mass Destruction: nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological or other weapons which have the ability to bring harm to large numbers of people

commando rescue mission

What disaster happened during the iran hostage crisis under president carter?

full pardon of Nixon

What was the most controversial action of President Gerald Ford?

Camp David 1978

Where Carter invited Sadat (Egypt) and PM Begin (Israel) for talks, to continue establishing peace

Monica Lewinsky

White House intern whose affair with Bill Clinton led to his impeachment

John Dean

White House lawyer whose dramatic charges against Nixon were validated by the Watergate tapes

Richard Nixon

Winner of an overwhelming electoral victory who was forced from office by the threat of impeachment

election of 1972

With the McGovern campaign in shambles and the Watergate scandal contained, Nixon won overwhelmingly (61% and 520 electoral votes). McGovern, supported only by minorities and low-income voters, carried only MA and Washington DC.

Upheavals of the 1960's were attributed to the 3 p's:

Youthful *population* bulge, *protest* against racism and the Vietnam war, and the apparent *prosperity*.

Upheavals of the 1960's were attributed to the 3 p's:

Youthful population bulge, protest against racism and the Vietnam war, and the apparent permanence of prosperity.

Title IX

a United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

JFK brought

a fresh face and new generation to the presidency

credibility gap

a lack of popular confidence in the truth of the claims or public statements made by the federal government, large corporations, politicians, etc.

Miranda Warning

a list of rights that arresting officers must read to suspects

Al Qaeda

a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

Carter presidency success

a new cabinet-level Dept of Energy cut taxes

affirmative-action

a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

Milton Friedman

a pro-market thinker wrote Free to Choose

Kyoto Treaty

a treaty signed in 1997. It requires countries who sign it to reduce thieir gas emissions to levels below what they were producing in 1990

Nixon attempted to pressure the Soviet Union into making diplomatic deals with the United States by

a. playing the "China card" by opening U.S. diplomacy and trade with the Soviet's rival communist power.

johnson issued the ________________ against discrimination

affirmative action

Reagan used the Supreme Court to fight _____ and _____.

affirmative action and abortion

Gratz v Bollinger

affirmative action case; a point system for admission in which points were given for race was ruled unconstitutional; too much like a quota system; upheld Bakke case

Occupational Safety and Hazard Administration

agency dedicated to improving working conditions

Camp David agreement

agreement between Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin that brought hopes of peace in the Middle East

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

WTO

an international body that enforces agreements that reduce barriers to international trade; successor to the GATT

project head start

antipoverty provide education LBJ

neoconservatives

appalled by excesses of 1960s free-market capitalism questioned welfare programs anti-soviet

Oswald

assassinated John F. Kennedy

indians

asserted themselves as an independent people seized alcatraz

Stonewall REbellion

attack on gay men new york

Voting Rights Act of 1965

attacked racial discrimination at the polls by outlawing literacy tests and sending voting registrars to the polls. (LBJ)

Civil Rights Act of 1964

banned all racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public, including theaters, hospitals, and restaurants, passed by LBJ

Mississippi murders

bc of freedom summer

music

beatles janis joplin hendrix

TV

became popular & affordable for people used as opportunity for advertisements

Mikhail Gorbachev

became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985. He was committed to reforming the country with two policies: Glasnost sought to allow free speech and political freedom and Perestroika sought to adopt capitalistic economic policies. These two policies required the Soviet Union to reduce the size of its military and concentrate aid on its citizens.

mayors

black

Smoking Gun Tape

blank tape where Nixon had erased all evidence. this is the only evidence that links him to the watergate crimes.

McCarthy and Kennedy

both democratic candidate for 1968 they dueled in some primaries

President Anwar of Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel

both signed an Camp David agreement that held considerable promise of peace with Israel withdraw from territory conquered in the 1967 war, and Egypt in return promised to respect Israel's borders. Both parties pledged themselves to sign a formal peace treaty within three months.

Iranian hostage crisis

called Carter's and America's bed of nails; captured Americans languished in cruel captivity; American nightly television news cast showed scenes of Iranians burning the American flag; Carter tried to apply economic sanctions and the pressure of world opinion against Iranians. Carter then called for rescue mission; rescue attempt failed; The stalemate with Iran went on through the rest of Carter's term hurting his bid for reelection.

Grutter v Bollinger

case in which Supreme Court held that University of Michigan's law school admission program was sufficiently "narrowly tailored" to consider race as a factor in admission decisions in order to achieve goal of a diverse student body

inflation

caused by deficit spending

1973 with vietnam

cease-fire and US was to remove troops but Nixon continued aerial raid of Cambodia

Martin Luther King, Jr

civil rights leader, nonviolence

money that went to V War could have gone to

civilian sector

China and USSR

clashing over Marxism skirmishes in 1969 Nixon saw an opportunity to play them off each other He visited China in 1971 and then USSR in 1972 detente-relax the tension

Viet Cong

communists

Free to Choosee

compelling case to convert to a free market

Nixon appointed ____________ supreme court justicesdelete the other one

conservative

Equal Rights Amendment

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Equal Rights Amendment

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender (1972)

Eugene McCarthy

contender for 1968 (D) Nominee catholic

Moscow

continued human rights violations and restricted Jewish emigration so US made a resistance trade bill against USSR US made a trade restriction with USSR

70s Supreme Court rulings (criticized)

criminal defendants' rights and prayer in public schools

companies without labor unions attacking

crumbling

expanding welfare

crumbling

Branch Davidians

cult led by David Koresh, sieged by federal agents, had illegal firearms, building caught fire and no one survived

Reagan's goals

cut taxes lower tax rates reduce federal estate taxes

Miliken vs. Bradley

dealing with the planned desegregation busing of public school students across district lines among 53 school districts in metropolitan Detroit. It concerned the plans to integrate public schools in the United States following the Brown v. Board of Education

Median Household Income

declined during Reagan

Shia

delete

Sunni

delete

Eugene McCarthy & Robert Kennedy

democratic candidates that were against LBJ

protestant

denominations lost grip liberal protestants lost most people

Cuba

deployed troops in Africa to lead some Revolutions

why did 1968 election go the way it did?

divisions over war, unfair draft, crime, rioting

OPEC embargo

don't extract oil econ recession 1970s during nixon OPEC raised the price of oil 4x

recession

during Ford brought inflation down butt prices rose during Carter

Nixon Doctrine

during vietnam war --stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

nixon established the first

earth day

LBJ's Big Four Legislations

education, medical aid, immigration reform, new voting rights

LBJ's character'

ego and vanity

LBJ said to ________ force in Vietnam to win

escalate but Viet Cong matched the US

Tonkin Gulf Incident 1964 -

excuse to get US involved in Vietnam War

Nixon on the home front

expansion welfare

Bay of Pigs 1961 -

failed invasion of Cuba, JFK takes blame

Burger court

failed to dismantle liberal rulings of Warren court both were put in the Nixon court packing

which rights movment was the last one standing in the 1970s?

feminism

Engel vs Vitale

first amendment's separation of church and state means that the bible can't be read in school - caused conservative outcry

Madeline Albright

first woman sec. of state by Bill Clinton. the U.S. ambassador to the UN. She became the highest ranking woman to ever serve in the U.S. presidential administration.

Sandra Day O'Connor

first woman supreme court justice. appointed by Reagan

Nixon welfare

food stamps medicaid aid to fams with dependent kids supplementary security income opportunities for women

nixon had a large expertise on

foriegn affairs

Phyllis Schlafly

fought ERA and argued that it would ruin the "american family" and requiring women to serve in combat

Reverend Jerry Falwell

founded Moral Majority

Coruption

gave Democrats political opportunites

Carter slapped an embargo on exprot of

grain and high tech machines to USSR and a Rapid Deployment Force to respond quickly

pardon

granted to Nixon by Ford for any crimes he may have committed as president, discovered or undiscovered

senate repealed __________

gulf of Tonkin because it had given blank check to Nixon

LBJ tried to send

guns and food to VIetnam but more money so contradicted his antipoverty campaign

rate of inflation

had been steadily rising, and by 1979, it was at 13%. Americans learned that they were no longer economically isolated from the world.

economy in mind-1980s

had mostly reovered

Slobodan Milosevic

he became the leader of Yugoslavia in 1987 and then waged a war against both Croatia and Bosnia during the 1990s - this conflict also marked the first direct military action waged by NATO

Nixon and money

he took US off gold standard it ended the Bretton Woods system of intl currency stabilization

Consumer Product Safety commision

held companies accountable for selling dangerous products

U2

high-flying American spy plane, whose drowning in 1960 destroyed a summit and heightened Cold War tensions

What did Nixon do in fear of inflation?

imposed a 90-day wage and price freeze, took the nation off the gold standard and devalued the dollar

Unemployment Rate

increased

McCain-Feingold Act

increased role of soft money in campaign financing, prohibited national political party committees from raising or spending any funds not subject to federal limits even for state and local races or issues

divorces

increases in 1970

How did kennedy win 1960?

industrial support workers catholics (same voters as FDR)

V War caused _____

inflation

rising oil prices caused _____

inflation

Reagan's Cold War Strategy

initiate a new arms race and outspend the Soviets

Malcolm X

inspired by militant black nationalists in Nation of Islam

Mohammed Reza Pahlevi

installed as shaf of Iran with help from America's CIA in 1953, ruled his oil-rich land with a will of steel. Also had a repressive regime which was finally overthrown in January 1979.

Robert F. Kennedy in 1968 election

joined (D) nominee fest African Americans Latino Young people brother of JFK as Attorney General for JFK. He became an anti-war, pro-civil rights presidential candidate in 1968, launching a popular challenge to incumbent LBJ.

RF Kennedy death

killed by an Arab immigrant who resented Kennedy's pro-Israeli view

Silent Majority

label Nixon gave to middle-class Americans who supported him, obeyed the laws, and wanted "peace with honor" in Vietnam, he contrasted this group with students and civil rights activists who disrupted the country with protests in the late 1960s and early 1970s

1964 election was a

landslide for LBJ

1972 election

landslide for Nixon again won over McGovern (D)

USA Patriot Act

law passed due to 9/11 attacks; sought to prevent further terrorist attacks by allowing greater government access to electronic communications and other information; criticized by some as violating civil liberties

Carmichael

leader of student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee preached "Black Power" and separation of black culture

no confidence in ________ in the 1970s

leaders and govt

Roe vs Wade

legalized abortion

LBJ was the most ______ platform since _______

liberal truman

Great Society: education

loans to students, not schools

US lost Vietnam

lost confidence in foreign affairs

26th Amendment

lowered the voting age to 18

Women's Strike for Equality

march in 1970

Nixon 1972

massive bombings of Northern Vietnam

Great Society: medical aid

medicare for elderly medicaid for poor 1965

Nixon was a _______ nominee for 1968

middle-of-the-road republican

August 1991

military coup attempted to preserve the communist system by trying to overthrow Gorbachev. In December 1991, Gorbachev resigned as the Soviet Union's president

secular

most poeple became secular but less education became more religious

"New Isolationism"

national mood of caution and restraint in Foreign affairs

International energy agency

national speed limit at 55 to conserve fuel under Nixon

Glasnost and Perestroika

necessitated an end to the Cold War

SALT

negotiations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics opened in 1969 in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons

Ronald Reagan

neoconservative 1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

Leonid Brezhnev

new Soviet leader

vietnamization

nixon 1968 - gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Southern Approach

nixon appoint conservative justices oppose school busing to achieve racial balance soft-pedaling civil rights

OSHA

nixon est it

election 1968

nixon was undone by Watergate Scandal

MLK

nonviolence southern black minister Montgomery bus boycott - led to his rise

sit-in

nonviolent protests in which a person sits and refuses to leave (first happened in Greensboro)

Jack Kerouac

novelist who criticized "American dream"

Freedom Summer

of 1964 so many votes in Mississippi bc 24th amendment

neoconservative

oppose big government support common man opposed favoritisim for minorities free-market capitalism anti-soviet oppose liberal welfare oppose affirmative action reassertion fo individualism and centrality of the family

second vatican council meeting 1962-1965

passed reforms to modernize liturgy and practices

Court Decision for Allan Bakke

preferred group admissions were illegal

Gerald ("Jerry") Ford

president 1974-77, Nixon's Vice president, only person not voted into the White House, appointed vice president by Nixon: became president after Nixon resigned

Lyndon B. Johnson

president who succeeded Kennedy and actively supported civil rights legislation and affirmative action

Menachem Begin

prime minister of Israel invited to Camp David by Jimmy Carter to sign the Camp David accords in 1978

Nixon Doctrine

proclaimed that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments but in the future, Asians and others would have to fight their own wars without the support of large bodies of American troops

Griggs vs Power co.

prohibited things like intelligence tests, hiring proportions should be the same as the population

nixon in 1969 election

promised to win V War but hadnt by the next election

Kenneth Starr

prosecutor against Clinton in the Lewinsky scandal

Great Society caused deficit spending and inflaiton because it

put money into hands of people without increasing supply

McGovern

ran for D nominee 1972 he ran a party commission to increase number of primaries

baby boomers

reaching college

Great Society

reform program with New Deal styles LBJ

Kosovo

region of Yugoslavia that had autonomy until Milosovic attempted to crush the Albanian group with ethnic cleansing; 1999 NATO used military strikes against Yugoslavia until the crisis came to an end in 1999

détente

relaxed Cold War tensions

Iranian Hostage Crisis

released hostages the day he was inaugurated

pentagon papers

released in NY Times JFK and LBJ provoked Viet Cong attack in Gulf of Tonkin

Sandinistas

removed by free elections in Nicaragua

Leonid Brezhnev

replaced Khrushchev after the Cuban Missile Crisis; signed SALT agreement with Nixon in Moscow

goldwater

republican attacked federal income tax, social security, TVA, civil rights legislation, nuclear test-ban treaty and mostly the Great Society

Philadelphia plan

required construction-trade unions working on the federal pay roll to establish "goals and timetables" for black employees. NIXON

LBJ Presidency

retained most of JFK stuff

Pentagon Papers

revealed the deceptions of Kennedy and Johnson especially provoking of the Gulf of tonkin

Miranda Decision

right to remain silent

Watts

riot in Los Angeles explosion

1968, LBJ said he would ________ troops

scale back

SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

series of arms-reduction negotiations between the US and the USSR in 1972

_________ revolution

sexual

Mohammed Reza Pahlevi

shah of Iran overthrown in 1979 and replaced by the Ayatollah Khomeini

LBJ was first

since lincoln to have so much civil rights

ABM and SALT accords

slowed the arms race bw China and USSR

Great Society Congress

so much legislation last legislation was Social Reform redevelop Appalachia dept of transport, dept of housing and urban development

Perestroika

sought to adopt capitalistic economic policies

Glasnost

sought to allow free speech and political freedom

LBJ ordered CIA to

spy on domestic antiwar stuff

stagflation

stagnation + inflation A period of falling output and rising prices critics blamed it on govt relations

nixon appoints _______ interpreters to supreme courtclaire this one is contradictorydelete

strict

Supreme Court Cases determined

struck down use of contraception all criminal defendants were entitled to legal council right to remain silent legalize abortion

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

fixed income families

suffered because shrinking dollar

December 1989

the Berlin Wall came down,

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)

the Court ruled that states could restrict access to abortion as long they did not place an "undue burden" on the woman.

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)

the Supreme Court approved a Missouri law that imposed certain restrictions on abortion, signalling that a state could legislate in an area in which Roe had previously forbidden them to legislate.

United States v. Wheeler

the Supreme Court declared that Indian tribes possessed a "unique and limited" sovereignty, subject to the will of Congress but not to individual states.

Operation Desert Storm

the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)

1991

the United States led a massive international military deployment, sending 539,000 troops to the Persian Gulf region.

Reed v. Reed and Frontiero v. Richardson

the court challenged sex discrimination in legislation and employment.

Massive Retaliationdelete

the doctrine upon which eisenhower and dulles based American nuclear policy in the 50s

white flight

the mass moving of whites from the cities to the suburbs

Boris Yeltsin

the president of the Russian Republic, was the dominant leader of the CIS. The demise of the Soviet Union ended the Cold War.

blacks migrated to ________

the south

malaise speech

the speech Carter delivered in response to the energy crisis, it was most notable for Carter's bleak assessment of the national condition and his claim that there was a "crisis of confidence" that had struck "at the very heart and soul of our national will". The speech helped fuel charges that the president was trying to blame his own problems on the American people.

baby-boomers in 1970s

they would be facing a lower living standard than their parents

"Smoking gun" tape

this tape has Nixon talking about the coverup he claimed he didn't know about; led to his resignation

1989

thousands of pro-democracy demonstrators protested in Tiananmen Square in China. In June of 1989, China's autocratic rulers brutally crushed the movement.

airlift

to Israelis during Nixon backed Israelis against neighbor

Voter Education Project:

to register the south's disfranchised black population.

what did carter do in response to Iranian Hostage Crisis

tried economic sanctions at last, he ordered a rescue mission that failed tho

October 1990

two Germanies were reunited

Civil Rights Act of 1964

under LBJ banned discrimination in public strengthened govt power to do it elsewhere empower the Equaly Employment Opportunity Commission gender and race equality

Allan Bakke

upheld his claim that his application to medical school had been turned down because of an admissions program that favored minority applications. A controversial issue of the affirmative-action

Wounded Kneedelete

village in South Dakota. In 1890 it was the site of a massacre of Native North Americans in which between 150 and 370 Sioux people were killed, most of them unarmed.

"asymmetrical warfare"

warfare in which opposing groups or nations have unequal military resources, and the weaker opponent uses unconventional weapons and tactics, as terrorism, to exploit the vulnerabilities of the enemy.

HH Humphrey

was (D) nominee to take place of LBJ

birmingham

was most segregated in US MLK launched a campaign in 1963 and JFK saw the horrible reaction of whites to it and addressed the "moral issue"

Nicaragua

was run by a left-wing Sandinista government

income gaps

widened in 1980s

Richard Nixon

winner of an overwhelming electoral victory who was forced from office by the threat of impeachment

Arms Reductions

with USSR collapsed in 1981 and 1983

Charles De Gaulle

withdrew France from NATO and demanded all US troops out

Nixon Doctrine

withdrew US troops from South Vietnam SV can have money instead

Israel

won against Egypt, Jordan, and Syria in the Six-Day War during LBJ

James Earl Carter Jr.

won the presidential election of 1976. he displayed an overriding concern for "human rights" as the guiding principle of his foreign policy. he failed to consult adequately with the leaders.

Betty Freidan

wrote 1963 ¨The Feminine Mystique¨ book that launched a revolution against the suburban "cult of domesticity" that reigned in the 1950s

1976 election winner

Carter (D) the dark-horse against Ford and Reagan

prices rise during

Carter (but also everybody else in the 1970s)

OPEC

1961 - Arab majority oil trade group

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 - USSR sends missiles to Cuba, US blockades, USSR removes missiles, US removes missiles from Turkey

Great Society

1964 - anti poverty, for prosperity and progress, LBJ's social programs

Rapid Deployment Force

Carter called for a _____ _______ _____ to respond to sudden crises following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the Iranian hostage crisis

Nixon's "Vietnamization" policy sought to bring an immediate negotiated end to the Vietnam War.

False.

Nixon consistently opposed the expansion of social-security and pro-environmental legislation

False. consistently expanded the social-security

President Gerald Ford immediately set out to reverse the Nixon-Kissinger policy of détente toward the Soviet Union

False. continued to pursue the policy of detente

President Carter's declaration that America's problems were due to the "moral and spiritual crisis" led the public to support his proposals to decrease dependency on Middle Eastern oil.

False. cost him public support.

Tehran Embassy

Militant Muslim radicals in Iran stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took everyone hostage 1979 It was during Carter and it ruined his presidency. The day Reagan took office, the hostages were set free.

Iran

Iran's Pahlevi was installed by US CIA in 1953 but was overthrown in 1979.

deficit spending especially during

LBJ with V War and Great Society

what happened in 1974?

Nixon resigned

1975 in Vietnam

North went full force south and overran south

Malaise Speech

On July 15, 1979, Carter gave this nationally-televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a "crisis of confidence" among the American people. too materialistic

Supreme Court and Indians

SC said they had unique and limited sovereignty

Afghanistan 1979

The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan; The Soviet Union supported Marxist government in Afghanistan; They wanted to defeat the Mujahideen forces.The US helped the mujahideen forces. it's scary bc it's next to Iran, with oil reserves

Nixon and Kissinger's diplomacy attempted to play the Soviet Union and China off against each other for American's benefit.

True

Nixon attempted to reverse what he saw as the Warren Supreme Court's excessive turn toward "judicial activism."

True

Nixon's 1970 invasion of Cambodia provoked strong domestic protests and clashes between "hawks" and "doves."

True

how was Ford elected?

a vote in congress bc 25th amend after Agnew resigned

The severe inflation of the 1970's was largely set off by

a. Lyndon Johnson's effort to wage the Vietnam War and to pursue his Great Society programs without raising taxes.

Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren placed great emphasis on

a. individual rights and the right to privacy.

Antifeminists

blamed feminism for rising divorce rate

wives

working

Tonkin Gulf Incident

1964 - excuse to get US involved in Vietnam War

Civil Rights Act

1964 - no segregation in public accomodations

Miranda v Arizona

1966 - accused must be read his rights

New Federalism

1968 - Nixon's program of returning federal power to the states

Tet Offensive

1968 - failed North Vietnamese attack on South, but damaged US war effort

Vietnamization

1968 - gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

SALT I

1969-1972 - reduce nuclear weapons

Detente

1970's - easing of tension between US - China and US - USSR

Watergate

1972 - investigation of CREEP

last US troops leave Vietnam in _____.

1973

Treaty of Paris

1973 - US withdraws from Vietnam

when did Ford become president

1974

SALT II

1979 - 2nd SALT talks, ends when Soviets invade Afghanistan (CARTER)

Camp David Accords

1979 - peace between Israel and Egypt, Sinai back to Egypt

INF Treaty

1988 - limits intermediate missiles in Europe

Persian Gulf War

1990-1991 - war fought between a US coalition and Iraq to free Kuwait

New Democrat

1992 -a more conservative, centrist Democratic Party, Bill Clinton president

_____ gets Egypt and Israel to make peace.

Carter

The disclosure of the secret bombing of Cambodia led Congress to acknowledge the president's sole authority to take military action in defense of America's national security.

False. to limit the president's authority to

1976 election year

Ford (R) Reagan (D) *Carter (D)*

white southerners' vote in 1976

Ford actually had the white majority although Carter won the south

Ford and Nixon

Ford granted nixon complete pardon of crimes democrats were PO

New Right

Outspoken conservative movement of the 1980s that emphasized such "social issues" as opposition to abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, pornography, homosexuality, and affirmative action

President Carter effectively used his "outsider" status in Washington to push his economic and energy programs through Congress.

True

The 1973 Paris agreement on Vietnam provided for a cease-fire and American withdrawal but did not really end the civil war among the Vietnamese.

True

The Iranian revolution against the shah brought the United States into a confrontation with the new, militant Muslim leaders of the country.

True

The strongest charge against Nixon during Watergate was that he had used government agencies to burglarize and harass opponents and cover up the Watergate crimes.

True

President Carter's greatest success in foreign policy was

c. negotiating the Camp David peace treaty between Israel and Egypt.

Some of President Nixon's greatest legislative successes came in the area of

c. protecting the environment.

The Arab oil embargo of 1973-1974 came in response to

b. American support for Israel in the "Six-Day War" war Syria and Egypt.

The War Powers Act was passed by Congress in response to

b. President Nixon's secret bombing of Cambodia.

The most controversial element of Nixon's "Philadelphia Plan" was

b. the extension of "affirmative action" to promote the employment of groups of minorities and women.

The Supreme Court came under sharp political attack in the 1970s especially because of its rulings on

c. criminal defendants' rights and prayer in public schools.

Helinski Accords

the Soviet Union and the U.S. sign a commitment to obeying détente and cooperating The superpowers finally both accepted a divided Europe 1975 Ford Went

interest

was rlly high because people didn't want their money back inflated

why did producitvity decrease?

women and teens on the job who had fewer skills and not full-time also caused by new machinery no longer invested in