APUSH test five
Pessy vs. Ferguson
"Separate but equal", a black man sat in the white only section
Green Back Labor Party
"Soft-money" third party that polled over a million votes and elected fourteen congressmen in 1878 by advocating inflation
gilded
"covered with gold" lots of bribery, stealing from taxpayers, loyalty to political parties
Laissez-faire
"hands off", doesn't end up working that way because the government wants railroads to do well so they get super into it
Anti-Trust Act 1890
1st federal law that outlawed monopolistic business practices, prohibited trusts (not enforced well)
1900s railroad
200,000 miles of track
William Tweed
A corrupt political boss in New York City. helped out immigrants in exchange for a vote
President Ulysses S. Grant
A mediocre president with an awful administration
Cornelius Vanderbilt
A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.
Hellen Hunt Jackson
A writer of "A Century of Dishonor" which gives an account of government injustices to the Indians.
"New South"
After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.
"waving the bloody shirt"
An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.
Brooker T. Washington
Believed that self help was the best plan for African Americans, and that racism only existed because of slavery
Stalwarts and Half-Breeds
Conservatives of the Republican Party that opposed the existing patronage and opposed friendly relations between the North and South; The more liberal Republicans and wanted reforms of patronage under Rutherford B. Hayes. Patronage is rotation of office.
yellow dog contract
Contracts some employers forced workers to sign that made the workers promise not to join a union
Populist Party
Farmer based party, touching on debt and economy issues of the common man/farmer
election of 1884
Grover Cleveland won the 1884 presidential election. (p. 383)
Election of 1876/Compromise of 1877
Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results. He took Union troops out of the South. (messes with voting rights)
James Weaver
He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.
Duke & American Tobacco Company
Killing it, lots of company towns
Jim Crow Laws
Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites
election of 1896
McKinley (Rep) defeats Bryan (Dem)
Horizontal Integration/Trust
Monopoly, one person owning all of the competition (not supposed to exist in capitalism)
Suppressing the vote
People in some states were required to pass a literacy test to be able to vote, you have to pay to vote, your grandparents had to have the ability to vote (hard for former slaves)
Jacob Coxey
Populist who led Coxey's Army in a march on DC to seek government jobs for the unemployed. like no one shows up, they're arrested for walking on grass
depression of 1893
Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Let to the Pullman strike.
Mugwumps
Republicans who didn't vote republican
Redeemers
Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction.
Garfield/Arthur
Spoils system is brought back momentarily eventually Garfield is shot and killed
Rockefeller
Standard Oil, started making oil for lamps but makes fortune off making gasoline
Socail Gospel
a movement that urged Christians to social service
Assimilation
absorbing natives into white culture (160 acres for a family 80 for single men) not a good plan like at all and the land sucked (the children go in boarding schools)
Mary E. Lease
advocates for farmers
Ida Well
an African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist, feminist, Georgist, and an early leader in the Civil Rights Movement.
Long term industrial impact
better standard of living, immigration increased, deflation, factory jobs less farming, public transport, skyscrapers, national parks invented
Carnegie
born poor and used education to get ahead in life. Made his fortune in steel but donates 80% of his money mainly to build libraries
J.P. Morgan
buys Carnegie steel and turns it into the first billion dollar company, U.S. Steel
Industrial rev. and farming
combine is made, people buy it and then get stuck in debt oversupply doesn't help (no tractors yet)
Company towns
communities in which residents rely upon one company for jobs, housing, and buying goods (paid in fake money only worth something in the town) mainly in south
Cow boy is short lived bc
companies buy up tons of land so free range doesn't work well and railroads mess everything up
Du Bois
disagreed with Brooker, believe racism was because of skin color not slavery
labor union
fight for an 8-hour work day to make a livable wadge, big strikes expectantly with railroads
Billion dollar congress
gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890
1880s immigration and 1890s
half a million immigrants to a million
Tariff increases
half breeds want to lowers it and keep it low while stalwarts want to raise it to increase profit
Jane Aadams & Hull House
helped people adjust to america
1862 Homestead Act
helped to encourage Westerners to be loyal to the Union.
gospil of wealth
idea that you should use your wealth to help those in need
dime novels
inexpensive paperback novels of the nineteenth century
Ferris wheel
invented in Chicago as entertainment stuff increases
women roles/beauty standards
jobs open up kinda, nursing, elementary teaching, secretaries. "Women should be squishy"-Mr. Aaman
key factors in industrial growth
liquid capital, natural resources, immigration, industrial technology
Culture conflict with natives
natives are concentrated into small lands (Sioux) and people are mining in the black hills (important land to natives)
Vertical Integration
no middle man, Ex. carnage buying coal mines o he doesn't have to pay for coal profit margins
James J Hil
northern railroad, turns chicago into modern chicago
Crash of 73'
overproduction caused 15,000 businesses to fail, Banks are required to have gold on hand to exchange for cash so they can only have as much cash as gold
"boom town"
people flood a town mine then abandon it
most people fail in railroad because...
people invested an insane amount of money into it and if you pick the wrong spots for the track you're stuck with debt
Pinkerton
people who would 'spy' on workers to keep strikes from happening
Pendleton Act
reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of open, competitive exams and created the Civil Service Commission
Wabash vs. Illinois
says that everyone pays the same amount for their products on the railroads, super weak law because the gov really wants the railroad to do well
Fredrick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis
says west is done, no more farm land (not necessarily true) freaks out Americans
Twin cities immigration
shipped wheat and flour to Warsaw and were sent back immigrants looking to work
"cross of gold"
speech my Bryan saying $ people are running the gov
Andrew Carnegie and steel improving
steel is improved by blasting cold air at it while it's melted and Carnegie RUNS with is and became mega rich, "steel is king"
heavily debated topics
tariff, civil service reform, veterans benefits, backing the dollar with silver/gold (kinda a weird list)
civil war and industrial growth
they had to meet the demand following the civil war, increasing manufacturing
Carrie Nation
to outlaw selling/drinking alcohol. She was married to an abusive man that she killed with an axe and she didn't get punished for it. She formed a group that walked into bars with axes.
populist party pt. 2
trying to grow so they attempt to connect to the factory worker fighting for 8 hour work day