APUSH Test: Period 6-8 Review Questions

identify three components of the treaty of versailles and explain its ratification battle in the US

--germany stripped of colonies in asia and africa, war guilt, french occupation of rhineland, reparations -self determination. territories controlled by germany, austria hungary, and russia were taken by allies. independence granted to estonia, latvia, lithuania, finland and poland. new nations of czechoslovakia and yugoslavia -league of nations ratification battle: -wilson needed 2/3 votes in senate to ratify treaty -irreconcilables wouldnt accept it, reservationists would accept it w rewording -people didnt really like the article X bc it could violate monroe doctrine or national sovereignty

explain 2 reforms that happened at the state level

-2/3 of states prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages (due to the temperance movement) -in NY, charles evans hughes battled fraudulent insurance companies -cali, hiram johnson successfully fought against the power of pacific railroad -"wisconsin idea" proposed by robert la follette established direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions to monitor RR, utilities and business -social justice movement lobbied state legislatures for better schools, juvenile courts, liberalized divorce laws, and safety regulations for tenements and factories -state compulsory attendance laws to keep children out of mines and factories

identify 4 advancements that were made for women during the progressive movement

-NAWSA and national woman's party strives for women's suffrage -19th amendment -league of woman's voters -planned parenthood -educational equality -liberalized marriage and divorce laws -reducing discrimination in business and the professions -women's right to own property

what was the bonus march and how did it signify people's unhappiness with hoover

-WWI veterans marched on washington demanding immediate payment of bonuses promised for them in 1945 -hoover ordered the army to break it up, and the the army used tanks and tear gas to drive veterans from washington. people thought hoover was heartless and uncaring because of this

what is meant by a streetcar city and how did it lead to the development of ethnic neighborhoods

-a streetcar city is when people lived in residencies many miles from their jobs and commuted to work on horse drawn streetcars (later railroads, trolleys, subways) -this segregated urban workers by income (upper and middle classes moved to streetcar cities) and the poor/immigrants were left in the city. the areas reflected and contributed to the class, race, ethnic and cultural divisions in American society

what was the main focus of the three republican presidents in the 1920s? explain 2 government actions from the period that are related to this focus

-accepted limited government regulation as an aid to stabilizing business -believed the nation would benefit if business and the pursuit of profits took the lead in developing the economy -presidents: harding, coolidge, hoover -fordney mccumber tariff raised tariff rates, -coolidge said "business of america is business". coolidge believed that government should stand aside while business conducted affairs. so he cut spending, vetoed bills to help farmers

explain how the war affected african americans, mexican americans, and women

-african americans: left the south for jobs or to serve in military, still discrimination and segregation. race riots. believed in double victory (against fascism and racism). increased membership in NAACP. roosevelt called for no discrimination in workforce, smith v. allwright says can't deny african americans membership in political parties -mexican americans: bracero program allows them to come to US during harvest season without going through immigration procedures. zoot suit riots between whites and mexicans on street -women: served in army, navy, marines. took over men's jobs. more married women in workforce. rosie the riveter. still paid a lot less though

what happened at the potsdam wartime conference and what does it imply about post war relations

-agreed to demand that japan surrender unconditionally -war crime trials of nazi leaders it implied that the US would be a big power because they would be defeating these fascist powers

what specifically happened at Wounded Knee and how did it mark the end of the Indian wars?

-american indians had the ghost dance religious movement to resist US gov controls -then the US army gunned down more than 200 american indian, men, women and children -it marked the end of the indian wars because it was a tragedy and that was the last effort the native americans tried to resist the government

in the 1930s how did many americans feel about WWI and how did that influence US foreign policy in the 1930s? cite and define one specific example of this reaction to WWI

-americans felt that world war I was a mistake -this reaction was seen in the gerald nye investigative committee because it concluded that participation in WWI only was to serve greed of bankers -america first committee gave speeches to mobilize public opinion against war -influenced foreign policy because they passed the neutrality acts with prohibited arms shipments, loans and credits to belligerent nations

Explain Turner's frontier thesis and why it was important to the settlement of the west

-argued that frontier had shaped american culture by promoting independence and individualism, breaking down class distinctions, fostering social and political democracy, causing americans to be inventive -it was important to the settlement of the west because it promoted the frontier and its importance to america

what happened in chicago outside of the democratic convention in 1968? what did the outcome of the election of 1968 reveal about americans' desires at the time and how did the outcome signify that?

-at the democratic convention, there were antiwar demonstrators on the streets. richard daley had the police out in mass and the resulting violence went on TV as a police riot -nixon wins the election. the outcome shows that most americans wanted a time out to heal the wounds inflicted on the national psyche by the upheavals of the 1960s. tide turning in favor of conservatives. people had enough of protest, violence, counterculture, federal intervention in social institutions

describe 4 examples of voting reform from the progressive era

-australian secret ballot (vote in secret booth) -direct primaries (voters can vote to nominate candidates for state and federal offices) -direct election of US senators (voters for vote for senators directly) -initiative (compel legislature to consider a bill) -referendum (citizens vote on proposed laws) -recall (remove corrupt politicians)

what happened at the bay of pigs invasion and how did it increase tensions between the US and the soviet union? what was one cause and 3 effects of the cuban missile crisis?

-bay of pigs invasion: CIA trained force of cubans land at bay of pigs in cuba but failed to set off a general uprising. cubans had to surrender -increased tensions between US and soviet union because castro used the failed invasion to get more aid from soviet union -cause of cuban missile crisis: US reconnaissance planes discovered russians were building underground sites in cuba for launching of offensive missiles -effects: kennedy naval blockade, kruschev removes missiles from cuba, kennedy pledges not to invade cuba + removes missiles from turkey, nuclear test ban treaty to end testing of nuclear arms in the atmosphere

explain two reasons why many americans favored the allied powers when war first broke out

-benefitted the economy to supply britain and france -americans read in the newspaper about german armies marching ruthlessly through belgium so they perceive germany as a bully commanded by an autocrat kaiser wilhelm. sinking of lusitania enforced this view -positive relations with france since revolutionary war -democratic governments -british war propaganda

define the concepts of brinkmanship and massive retaliation. how did these concepts slightly alter the policy of containment during the Eisenhower era?

-brinkmanship: push the communist powers to the brink of war so they back down to american nuclear superiority -massive retaliation: greater reliance on nuclear weapons and air power and spending less on conventional forces of the army and navy -altered the policy of containment because now it is more aggressive policy

why was the berlin wall built? what was the symbolism of it during the 1960s?

-built to stop east germans from fleeing to west germany -it was a symbol of the cold war

what was the impact of the burger court and how did it compare to the previous warren court?

-burger court was more conservative than the warren court. burger court decided on roe v. wade and struck down laws that prohibited abortions. ordered nixon to turn over watergate tapes in US v. Nixon

what could be noted regarding voter turnout or participation during this time period that is remarkable?

-campaigns were characterized by brass bands, flags, campaign buttons, picnics, free beer, crowd pleasing oratory. issue free campaigns brought out high voter 80% of eligible voters, much higher than elections in later periods -the high turnout was a function of strong party identification and loyalty, often connected w regional, religious, and ethnic ties of voters

what was the cause and the outcome of the Montgomery bus boycott? describe another nonviolent protest used in the 1950s

-cause: rosa parks refuses to give up her seat -resulted in supreme court ruling that segregation laws were unconstitutional, sparked other civil rights protests -other nonviolent protests: SCLC organized minisers and churches; sit in movement at Woolworth's lunch counter; SNCC formed to organize movement; sit ins at restaurants, hotels, buildings, libraries, pools, and transportation; boycotts

Explain THREE specific impacts of the railroad

-created a market for goods that was national in scale -encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization -resources used in railroads promoted other industries (coal and steel) -divided into time zones -modern stockholder corporation -development of complex structures in finance, business management, and regulation of competition

describe 3 short term causes of the spanish american war and the long term cause of jingoism

-cuban revolt: during the cuban revolt, spains autocratic troops crush the revolt and forced cubans into armed camps. US press exposes this -yellow press: exaggerated false accounts of spanish atrocities. this made the americans want to intervene in cuba to relieve suffering and end atrocities -de lome letter: spanish letter critical of president mckinely -sinking of the maine: yellow press accused the sinking of the US maine on the spanish -jingoism: an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy. expansionists wanted the US to become a world power

what was the significance of the brown v board of ed decision? describe how successful the decision played out in little rock Arkansas.

-decision: separate facilities are inherently unequal and unconstitutional, school segregation should end with all deliberate speed -little rock, arkansas: the state's national guard tries to prevent 9 african american students from entering little rock high school but then eisenhower ordered federal troops to stand guard and protect the black students

explain three upheavals in US society in the aftermath of the war

-demobilization: not all returning soldiers could find jobs right away and some took jobs away from women and minorities -red scare: fear of communism, xenophobia, palmer raids (arresting anarchists, socialists) -strikes of 1919: shipyard workers nonviolent strike for higher pay, police strike to protest firing of officers trying to unionize. national guard sent in, US steel corp strike and there was violence -race riots: tensions bc whites did not like competition for jobs w african americans. violence

what is detente? how did it change the US's relationship with china and the USSR?

-detente is a deliberate reduction of cold war tensions -nixon met w mao and initiated diplomatic exchanges that led to US recognition of china's communist government -lead to the SALT talks and consent to a freeze on number of ballistic missiles carrying nuclear warheads

explain the debate over the philippines after the spanish american war and why emilio aguinaldo was mad at the united states

-divided between annexing philippines (pro imperialists) and anti imperialists who opposed it because it would be taking possession of a heavily populated area with people of a different race and culture and deprive them of their unalienable rights -then the philippines was annexed bc treaty passed in congress -aguinaldo was mad because their hopes for independence from spain were being denied

What was the Homestead Act of 1862? describe its impact on society

-encouraged farming on the great plains by offering 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for a period of 5 yrs -the promise of free land induced thousands of natives and immigrant families to farm the great plains -some still had to purchase their land bc the best public lands ended up in the hands of RR companies

what is an example of a settlement house and what was its purpose

-example: hull house -the purpose was to relieve the effects of poverty by providing social services for people in the neighborhood -taught English to immigrants, early childhood education, taught industrial arts, and established neighborhood theaters and music schools

identify two instances that increased public support for the environmental movement and two actions taken by congress to support it

-exxon valdez oil tanker accident reinforced fears about deadly combo of human error and modern tech -public opinion turned against nuclear power plants after accident at three mile island and explosion at chernobyl in soviet union -clean air act, environmental protection agency, clean water act, endangered species act. these laws regulated toxic substances, public drinking water systems, dumping of waste, and protected natural environments and wildlife

name 2 groups that did not participate in the roaring economy of the 1920s and explain why each group suffered

-farmers: they were in debt after the war, machinery was expensive, overproduction, falling prices -unions: companies insisted on an open shop, welfare capitalism, unions decline, police and militia resist unionizing, strikes failed

how did communism come to cuba and how did Eisenhower respond

-fidel castro overthrew the dictator batista, nationalized US businesses and set up a communist totalitarian state -eisenhower cut off trade with cuba, authorized the CIA to train anticommunist cuban exiles to retake their island

what was meant by kennedy's flexible response and how did it compare to dulles's idea of massive retaliation?

-flexible response: increased spending on conventional arms and mobile military forces -it moves away from dulles' idea of massive retaliation/reliance on nuclear weapons

what happened in Vietnam in 1954 (at the Geneva conference)? what did the US do in Vietnam as a result and why?

-geneva conference: vietnam was to be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel until a general election could be held -the US then gave over a billion dollars in economic and military aid to south vietnam in an effort to build a stable, anticommunist state

who were the 3 axis powers? briefly describe the government/philosophy of each during the 1930s

-germany: nazi party. used fascist ideology and bullying tactics against jews to rise to appeal to unemployed german workers. -italy: italy's fascist party. attracted nationalists and war veterans. they believed in fascism, the idea that people should glorify their nation and race through force -japan: nationalists and militarists were growing in power. they persuaded the emperor that they should invade china and asia to ensure access to raw materials. Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity sphere

explain how the great society increased/decreased the role of gov. describe three great society programs and how they increased/decreased the government role

-great society increased the role of government -programs: -food stamp act: expanded federal program to help people buy food -national foundation on arts and humanities: provided federal funding for arts -medicare: provided health insurance for people 65 and older, provided by government -medicaid: provided funds to states to pay for medical care -elementary and secondary education act: provided federal funds to poor school districts, special education programs, and expand head start -higher education act: provided federal scholarships -DOT and HUD created

Describe the THREE biggest reasons, in your opinion, why the U.S. became the number one industrial nation by 1900 AND justify EACH of your choices.

-had raw materials essential to industrialization (coal, iron ore, copper, lead, timber, and oil) -abundant labor supply (immigrants) -transportation, largest market for goods -capital was plentiful, european investment -technology, patents -friendly gov policies that protected property, subsidized railroads with land grants and loans, supported US manufacturing w protective tariffs, refrained from regulating business and limited taxes -talented entrepreneurs biggest 3: -raw material. labor supply. transportation.

what are three connections between urbanization and industrialization?

-happened simultaneously -cities provided both laborers for factories and a market for factory made goods -many of those moving into the cities were immigrants or people from rural America, and they were seeking economic opportunity (searching for industrial and commercial jobs)

what was the harlem renaissance? describe 2 examples of its impact on society

-harlem was a community with the largest african american population and it was famous for its large concentration of talented actors, artists, musicians, writers -lead to jazz age -poems w lots of emotions -marcus garvey was from harlem (advocated for racial pride and black nationalism)

what was president hoover's philosophy on how to deal with the great depression? explain 2 actions hoover took to try to fix the depression and analyze why they did not work

-he believed that the nation could get through the difficult times if the people took his advice about exercising voluntary action and restraint. urged businesses not to cut wages, unions not to strike, charities to increase efforts. hesitated to ask congress for action. thought relief should come from state govs not fed -hawley smoot tariff: increased tariff rates. it did not work because european countries enacted higher tariffs of their own and it reduced trade for all nations -debt moratorium: proposed suspension on dawes plan/debt repayment. germany and GB accept, but Fr doesnt so international econ suffered from massive loan defaults and banks on both sides -federal farm board: tried to help farmers stabilize prices by holding surplus grain. it was far too modest to handle overproduction of goods -reconstruction finance corporation: -propping up faltering railroads, banks, life insurance. thought the benefits would trickle down to smaller businesses. democrats thought this would only benefit rich

what did president roosevelt do to the banks immediately upon taking office? also, identify and describe two other acts that were passed to protect people's money in banks/stock market

-he ordered banks closed for a bank holiday to restore confidence in the banks that were still solvent -emergency banking relief act authorized the gov to examine finances of banks closed and reopen those that are sound -glass steagall act increased regulation of banks -federal deposit insurance corporation guaranteed individual bank deposits -securities and exchange commission was created to regulate the stock market and to place limits on speculative practices, required audits and disclosure to protect from fraud and insider trading -

to what specific economic philosophy did FDR subscribe (after 1937 recession)? explain this economic theory and how it demonstrates an increasing/decreasing role of the fed gov

-he subscribed to keynesian economics -this economic theory is that deficit spending is helpful in difficult times because the gov needed to spend well above its tax revenues to initiate economic growth -increased investment and create jobs -increasing role of federal gov bc theyre spending more on public works an relief

why was immigration important for the industrial rev? give examples

-immigration was important for the industrial rev because they came in search of economic opportunity and they provided a labor force for factories

explain the three major causes of business prosperity in the 1920s

-increased productivity: manufacturing was more efficient, mass production, assembly line -energy technologies: increased use of oil, electricity, powered factories and gave gasoline to cars -government policy: favored the growth of big business by offering corporate tax cuts, not enforcing antitrust laws, low interest rates, relaxed regulation of banks

what is international darwinism and how was it used to justify US imperialism? describe the economic, religious and military motives for imperialism and identify one person/group that championed each motive

-international darwinism is that survival of the fittest applied to competition among nations and races for military advantage, colonies and spheres of influence. this justifies imperialism bc they wanted to demonstrate strength in the international arena. economic: sources of raw materials and worldwide markets. this is supported by businesses and also farmers who want to sell their products religious: missionaries. protestant americans thought it was their duty to spread christianity. bring superior civilization to less fortunate people of the world. josiah strong wrote that the anglo saxon were fittest to survive military: thayer mahan argued that a strong navy was crucial to a country's ambitions of securing foreign markets and become a world power. they desired overseas islands as supply stations so that the new fleet could project its sea power

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act and why was it passed?

-it restricted immigration of chinese laborers to the united states -it was passed because natives feared the competition (chinese were about 1/3 of the western miners)

how did the US decision to join the UN represent a continuity and a change in US foreign policy

-it was a change because the US did not join the league of nations and were isolationist -it was a continuity because it shows how US is intervening in international affairs to maintain peace/promote democracy

What is laissez-faire capitalism? Who supported it AND why?

-laissez faire was the idea that business should be regulated, not by government but by the invisible hand (impersonal economic forces) of the law of supply and demand -if government kept its hands off, businesses would be motivated by their own self interest to offer improved goods and services at low prices it was supported by American industrialists to justify their methods of doing business (even though they accepted high tariffs and subsidies). conservatives and business leaders invoked laissez faire theory in legislative halls and lobbies to ward off threat of gov regulation

describe the meaning of what MLK wrote from his jail cell in birmingham alabama and the impact of it

-letter from birmingham jail: wrote about nonviolent protest and how they would be standing up for what they think is best and bring the nation back to democracy -the letter moved kennedy to support a tougher civil rights bill

what were three economic and social impacts of the highway act of 1956?

-linked nation's major cities -justification for new taxes on fuel, tires, and vehicles to improve national defense -created jobs -promoted trucking industry -accelerated the growth of suburbs -more homogenous national culture -hurt railroads and environment. little attention to public transportation

who was the lost generation and what impact did they have on literature, art, and architecture?

-lost generation were people who expressed disillusionment with ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of a business oriented culture -literature: scorned religion as hypocritical, condemned sacrifices of wartime as fraud perpetrated by money interests art: -painters explore loneliness and isolation of urban life, celebrated rural people architecture: -skyscrapers built in art deco style that captured modernist simplification of forms, while using machine age materials

who was malcolm X? what was his philosophy on how to gain black civil rights and how was this different from MLK?

-malcolm x: he was a black muslim leader -he preached black nationalism, separatism, and self improvement. advocated self-defense: using black violence to counter white violence -different from MLK because MLK was nonviolent

what types of people/groups were the progressives and what was their philosophy?

-many groups of people were progressives. protestant church leaders, african americans, union leaders, feminists. most were middle class men and women who lived in cities -they were committed to democratic values and shared in the belief that honest gov and just laws can improve the human condition

the time period is not held in very high regards by historians or the writer mark twain. what are their reasons for such a harsh characterization of this time period in american history?

-mark twain coined the time as the gilded age which referred to the superficial glitter of the new wealth so prominently displayed in the late 19th century -they criticized the era as more show than substance reasons: era of forgettable presidents, none of whom served 2 consecutive terms, politicians who largely ignored problems arising from the growth of industry and cities

why did johnson's great society focus on a war on poverty? explain 3 programs that tried to achieve that goal and explain how effective johnson's war on poverty was

-michael harrington's the other america focused national attention on the 40 million americans still living in poverty. -office of economic opportunity (anti poverty agency w billion dollar budget, sponsored Head Start for preschoolers, Job Corps for vocational education, literacy programs), food stamp act to help poor people buy food, medicaid is medical care for poor, increased public housing/ rent subsidies -critics attack johnson for making unrealistic promises to poor an for it being inefficient/costly and for creating a welfare state but people pointed out that it gave assistance to people who previously were ignored

what was the consumer economy and what impact did the automobile have on this economy

-millions of americans to purchase the new consumer appliances of the decade (refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, cars) -advertising -buying on credit -chain stores the automobile impacted this because it was a promoter of economic growth and other industries now depended on automobile sales. it affected all that americans did (shopping, traveling, commuting, dating)

describe the debate between modernism and fundamentalism and how the scopes trial was a reflection of this debate

-modernism: took a historical and critical view of certain passages in the bible and believed they could accept evolution w/o abandoning faith -fundamentalism: believed that every word in the bible was true, believed in creationism -scopes trial: scopes tried to teach evolution in school and was arrested. during trial, williams jennings bryan testified as an expert on the bible, represented fundamentalists. clarence darrow was a modernist and defended scopes. debated whether or not evolution should be taught

explain 2 ways in which immigration changed in the 1970s

-more immigrants came from latin america and asia (refugees leaving cuba and vietnam after communist takeovers) -immigration act of 1965 ended ethnic quota acts and opened US to immigrants from all parts of world -more illegal immigrants -immigration reform and control act penalized employers for hiring immigrants who had entered the country illegally or had overstayed visas

what did nixon do to cause opposition to the vietnam war to increase in 1970? describe two instances in 1970 that shocked/upset the american public about the vietnam war

-nixon used US forces to invade cambodia in an effort to destroy vietnamese communist bases (lead to the kent state protest ) -massacre of women and children by US troops in the vietnamese village of my lai -pentagon papers were leaked and it documented mistakes and deceptions of government policy in dealing w vietnam

what was the taft hartley act and how was it a response to the wagner act? what impact did it have on unions?

-outlawed closed shop (workers join unions before hired), permitting right to work laws which outlaw union shop, outlawing boycotts, cooling off period before strikes. -this checked the power of unions response to the wagner act because the wagner allowed workers the right to join unions

describe what ultimately led the US to enter WWII on side of the allies

-pearl harbor

identify 3 specific things that happened as a result of prohibition

-people defied prohibition by going to speakeasies -bootleggers smuggled alcohol in from canada -organized crime (al capone, bootlegging trade) -led to other illegal activities such as prostitution, gambling, narcotics -21st amendment appeals prohibition

explain how machine politics worked and cite the name of the political machine in new York city

-political parties came under control of tightly organized groups of politicians -each machine had its boss, the top politician who gave orders to the rank and file and doled out government jobs to the loyal supporters -coordinated the needs of businesses, immigrants and underprivileged and asked for votes -often brought modern services to the city, welfare for newcomers -would find jobs and apartments for recently arrived immigrants and give food to the poor -but also greedy and stole money from taxpayers in form of fraud -tammany hall was the big one in NYC

explain 3 examples of popular/mass culture

-popular press: mass circulation newspapers and magazines. ex. pulitzer's new york world which was filled w stories of crimes and disasters and political corruption. -amusements: drinking at saloon, theaters that presented comedies, traveling circuses,wild west shows -spectator sports: professional sports. boxing. baseball. football. basketball. played and attended by men (part of a "bachelor subculture" of single men in their twenties and thirties whose lives cented around saloons, horse races and pool halls. took a while to gain middle class respectability) -amateur sports: value of sports as exercise gained acceptance by upper and middle classes. golf and tenis grew among athletic clubs, very rich pursued polo and yachting. women were considered unfit for competitive sports but they engaged in recreational activities as croquet and bicycling

describe 2 positive effects of urbanization and two negative effects

-positives: provided laborers for factories and a market for goods, immigrations. ethnic neighborhoods allowed immigrants to maintain its language and culture negative: pollution, overcrowding and crime in the cities. segregated by income (street car cities led to the middle class moving to suburbs). ethnic neighborhood. tenements and slums would cram people. diseases spread.

what are four events that shaped post war relations with the soviet union and how did each event lead to mistrust and cold war?

-red scare, US afraid of communist gov in soviet union -soviets did not participate in postwar cooperation. they rejected baruch plan which regulated nuclear energy. they did not participate in world bank because they thought it was capitalistic -free elections held in countries occupied by soviets. results were manipulated so many communist dictators came to power. soviet union wanted satellites to protect against invasion. soviets take over eastern europe, violation of self determination, democracy and open markets -soviets tightened their control of eastern germany, tried for force americans, british and french out of berlin. soviets also wanted reparations for germany (US didn't want this) -iron curtain speech calls for partnership to halt expansion of communism. truman containment policy

describe 2 examples of growing US involvement in east asia in the late 19th century

-russo japanese war: roosevelt tried to end the conflict with a diplomatic conference -gentleman's agreement: compromise where roosevelt agrees to persuade cali to repeal discriminatory laws -great white fleet: roosevelt sends US navy to japan to show off US naval power -root takahira agreement: US and japan bledge mutual respect for each other's pacific posessions and support for open door policy

what factors were behind the second red scare and what are three examples of the hunt for communism in government? explain each one

-second red scare because of WWII and civil wars in europe and asia. people believed there were communist spies -dennis et al. vs US upheld constitutionality of smith act which made it illegal to advocate overthrow of gov -mccarran internal security act: unlawful to advocate establishment of totalitarian gov -HUAC: investigated gov officials and looked for communist influence in organizations such as the boy scouts -hiss case: hiss was an official in the state department who assisted roosevelt at yalta. denied accusations that he was a communist. he was convicted and sent to prison -rosenberg case: rosenberg was accused of being a leader of a spy ring and was found guilty of treason -mccarthyism: witch hunt for communists. mccarthy accused people in government for being communists

how were civil liberties impacted by the war and what was the position of the supreme court

-sedition act prohibited anyone from making disloyal remarks about the US gov -supreme court upheld the espionage act in schenck v. US saying that free speech could be limited when it poses danger to safety

explain the selective service act and lend-lease act and how these were used by roosevelt to get around neutrality after WWII breaks out in europe

-selective service act: a law for compulsory military service. registered men from 21 to 35 and trained 1.2 million troops. got around neutrality because the US was now prepared to go to war -lend lease act: permitted britain to obtain all US arms it needed on credit. it was getting around neutrality because it was aiding britain

according to AMSCO, what was the most impactful act passed by FDR (that affected generations afterward, including today's generation)? how did it change work?

-social security act -it changed work because it had automatic collection of payments from employees throughout their working careers and then be used to make monthly payments to retired

why were some americans against ratifying the treaty of versailles and what did the debate over its ratification illustrated about america's desired foreign policy?

-some were against it due to the article X because it could infringe on national sovereignty or violate the monroe doctrine the debate over the ratification shows that the US does not really want to be involved in foreign affairs and doesn't want other countries to tell them what to do

describe nixon's southern strategy and new federalism. how did both of these change the relationship between the federal government and the states?

-southern strategy: nixon wanted to appeal to the south to form a republican majority so he asked federal courts to delay integration plans and busing orders, nominated 2 southern conservatives to the supreme court. new federalism: shifted responsibility for social programs from federal to state and local levels. gave local govs 30 billion dollars to address local needs as they saw fit shifting responsibility to the states in both

what was the significance of sputnik? list 3 ways the US responded

-sputnik shocked the United States and people questioned the technological leadership of the US. it was an embarassment response: -national defense and education act: authorized federal money to schools for math, science and foreign language education -NASA: to direct efforts to build missiles and explore outer space -billions were appropriated to compete w russians in outer space

what is stagflation and how did affect the US economy? explain nixon's response

-stagflation: unusual combination of economic slowdown and high inflation -contributed to a recession and unemployment -nixon tried to cut federal spending at first but then he adopted keynesian economics and deficit spending. then he had a 90 day wage and price freeze. took dollar off gold standard. 10 percent tax on all imports

who were the mugwumps, halfbreeds, stalwarts, and why were they significant to politics in this era?

-stalwarts: supporters of republican senator roscoe conkling who appointed lucrative jobs in the NY Customs House -halfbreeds: stalwarts' rival for patronage, led by james blaine -mugwumps: republicans who did not play patronage game were ridiculed for sitting on the fence, their mugs on one side of the fence and wumps on the other they were significant to this era because it shows the party patronage that was occurring and it was a low time in american politics

explain how submarines were used in WWI and what is meant by unrestricted submarine warfare (including who used this). list two examples of submarine warfare

-submarines were new naval weapons -unrestricted marine warfare means that ships entering the war zone risked being sunk on sight. this was used by the germans -lusitania (germans sank this passenger ship, w americans on board) -arabic, a passenger ship the germans attacked, and took lives of two americans -sussex, german torpedo struck unarmed merchant ship

how successful was the US in containing communism in the 1950s? explain two successes and two failures

-successes: korean armistice, CIA action in iran and guatemala, massive retaliation/brinkmanship -failures: cuba falls to communism under castro, in the hungarian revolt the US took no action and so the russians tried to suppress the freedom fighters trying to liberate hungary from communism, berlin crisis (soviets ask west to pull troops out of berlin), division of vietnam in geneva conference

explain both the suez crisis and Eisenhower doctrine. how did the suez crisis lead to the Eisenhower doctrine and how did the suez crisis mark a turning point in how the US was perceived by the world?

-suez crisis: egypt seizes and nationalizes the british/french owned suez canal that passed through egyptian territory. loss of canal threatened western europe's supply to middle east oil. then britain and france and israel attack egypt and retake canal. eisenhower condemns invasion bc he was furious he didnt hear about attack -eisenhower doctrine: US pledges economic and military aid to any middle eastern country threatened by communism -countries backed down under pressure from the US and public opinion so the world was starting to support the US actions

List the TWO most influential inventions mentioned in Chapter 16 (including the inventor) AND explain the significance of each invention.

-telegraph: Samuel F B Morse. electronic communication, radical change in speed of communication -transatlantic cable: Cyrus W Field. made it possible to send messages across seas in minutes. cables linked all continents of the world in an electronic network of nearly instantaneous, global communication. the communication revolution internationalized markets and prices for basic commodities

explain 3 examples of 1950s consumerism. then explain how each of these relates to the 1950s reputation for conformity.

-television: TV became the center of family life. TV was dominated by 3 national networks which presented viewers w a bland menu of situation comedies, westerns, quiz shows and sports. culture portrayed on TV provided a common content for common language -advertising: name brands promoted common material wants and suburban shopping centers/credit card made quick means for satisfying them -paperbacks and records: teenagers fell in love w rock and roll music, lots of books selling -corporate america: large corporations promoted teamwork and conformity including dress codes.

what was roosevelt's big stick policy? explain how the panama canal is an example of his big stick policy

-the big stick policy was an aggressive foreign policy to build the US into a world power -the panama canal is apart of his big stick policy because it would be strategic to get to its far flung islands faster, it was in a different country and had to negotiate w britain for it, they had to start a revolt for panama's independence. it was aggressive

what was america's initial reaction to WWI and why?

-the first response was wilson's declaration of US neutrality in tradition of washington and jefferson. US wanted peace

what was the goal of the assimilationists? what actions were taken to try to achieve this end?

-the goal of the assimilationists was to end american indian culture -they advocated formal education, job training, conversion to christianity -set up boarding schools such as Carlisle School in PA to segregate american indian children from their people and teach them white culture and farming and industrial skills

what was FDR's good neighbor policy and what is his goal in creating it

-the good neighbor policy was that the US would be friendly to countries in western hemisphere by no longer using dollar diplomacy purpose was that the rise of militant regimes made FDR want latin america's cooperation in defending the region from danger

what were the insular cases and how did they affect the debate over imperialism

-the insular cases ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to congress -it resolved the debate over imperialism in favor of the imperialists who believed that the constitutional rights should not be extended to new territories

what was the manhattan project? describe how it ultimately was/was not successful in its goal

-the manhattan project researched a weapon whose power came from splitting the atom. -it was successful because it created and successfully tested the atomic bomb. then it was used on hiroshima and nagasaki when japan didn't unconditionally surrender

what was the marshall plan and what was the benefit to the US both politically and economically?

-the marshall plan sent economic aid to help european nations revive their economies and strengthen their democratic governments -ended threat of communist political successes in region and bolstered US prosperity by increasing exports to europe

what was the open door policy? where was it used and how effective was it

-the open door policy meant that all nations would have equal trading privileges in china -it was not effective because it did not deter other nations from exploiting the situation in china.

describe how african americans were impacted by the progressive movement

-they were for the most part ignored by progressive presidents bc of plessy v ferguson and there was a lot of lynching and people cared more about other reforms bc it benefitted everyone rather than just the african americans -but this lead to the creation of civil rights organizations such as NAACP and national urban league

who are the dixiecrats and how do they begin to show a shift in electoral politics in the south?

-they were southern democrats that split from the democratic party because they were upset with truman's support for civil rights -shift in electoral politics because they won four states, and they were the only ones who Truman could not reunite for the new deal coalition. shows a shift towards a more conservative government

define the term third world. why was there so much unrest in the third world after WWII? what did the CIA do in iran and Guatemala in the 1950s and why?

-third world is developing nations -unrest: decolonization, gaining independence from colonial powers. they lacked stable political and economic institutions -iran: the CIA helped overthrow the elected government because the government had tried to nationalize foreign oil companies. then the shah comes into power and provided west favorable oil prices -guatemala: CIA overthrew a leftist government that threatened american business interests

what was the tonkin gulf resolution and the tet offensive? describe how they each played roles in US involvement in vietnam

-tonkin gulf: blank check for johnson to take all necessary measures to protect US interests in vietnam. the US escalates the number of troops -tet offensive: vietcong launched an all out surprise attack on almost every provincial capital in south vietnam. US counterattack and inflicted counterattack on the vietcong but people thought the victory was irrelevant and thought the destruction was demoralizing, so the US stops escalating the number of troops

explain 2 ways in which women's lives were not changed in the 1920s and three ways in which they were changed

-traditional separation of labor between men and women (women expected to spend their lives as homemakers) -laborsaving devices eased their daily routines -employed women usually lived in cities, were limited to certain categories of jobs, received lower wages -19th amendment -young women wore short dresses, bobbed their hair, smoked cigarettes, drove cars -permit women to divorce

explain 4 specific economic progressive achievements

-trust busting -elkins act: ICC had greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates -hepburn act: ICC could fix just and reasonable rates for RR -16th amendment: income tax -underwood tariff: lowered tariffs -federal reserve act: established a national banking system w 12 district banks supervised by federal reserve board -clayton anti trust act: strengthened sherman anti trust act -federal trade commission: investigate unfair trade practice -federal farm loan act: federal farm loan banks provide farm loans at low interest rates -child labor act

how did truman approach the beginnings of the civil rights movement and what were some of his accomplishments?

-used powers of office to challenge racial discrimination -established committee on civil rights -strengthened the civil rights division of the justice department which aided the efforts of black leaders to end segregation in schools -ordered the end of racial department in government, included armed forces -fair employment practices commission to prevent employers from discriminating against the hiring of african americans

explain 4 causes of the great depression

-wall street crash: people start selling stocks, no one to sell to so prices fell -uneven distribution of income: the top 5% had most of the wealth. people who did not have this wealth had wages that were nothing in comparison to business profits. this meant less demand for goods, layoffs, less demand, more layoffs -stock market speculation: people thought that their price of stock would go up and that they could sell for quick profit. people bought on margin and then when prices dropped, they lost everything they borrowed and could not pay back -excessive use of credit: people were severely in debt because of credit and so this lead to defaults on loans and bank failures -overproduction of consumer goods: there was increased production but stagnant wages meant that no one could purchase these goods -weak farm economy: prosperity never reached farmers bc they suffered from overproduction, high debt, and low prices -government policies: high tariffs that hurt trade, federal reserve had tight money policies, gold standard, no depositor's insurance so people panicked to get their money out of banks. banks fail -global economic problems: europe never recovered from WWI, insistence on loan repayment and high tariffs weakened europe and contributed to worldwide depression

what is the policy of containment and what were its early successes and failures?

-wanted to contain soviet aggression to cause the soviets to back off their communist ideology of world domination and live in peace successes: -truman doctrine gives aid to uprising in greece and turkey against totalitarian regimes -marshall plan gives econ aid to western europe to end threat of communism in that region -berlin airlift gives supplies to people of west berlin -NATO-> military alliance for defending all members from outside attack failures: -korean war (failure because of all the casualties and korea is still divided) -increased defense spending (lead to arms race)

explain three examples how american industry helped the gov mobilize for war

-war industries board: set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices -food administration: encouraged american households to eat less meat and bread so that more food could be shipped abroad for the french and british troops. -fuel administration: directed efforts to save coal -railroad administration: took public control of RR to coordinate traffic and promoted standardized railroad equipment -national war labor board: -helped arbitrate disputes between workers and employers -labor won concessions during the war that had earlier been denied such as higher wages, 8 hr workday, and union membership

explain 4 ways the US mobilized for war after officially entering the war

-war production board: established to manage war industries -office of war mobilization set production priorities and controlled raw materials -office of price administration freezed prices, wage, rent, rationing -mass production, assembly lines to make tanks and fighter planes -manhattan project, research into technologies such as radar and sonar, engines, medicine -no strikes, gov could take over war related businesses in danger of strike -increase in spending through help of higher income tax and war bonds -propaganda (office of war information)

how were women, mexicans, and african americans impacted by the war

-women: as men were drafted into the military, the jobs they vacated were often taken by women. women's contributions to war effort finally convinced wilson to support 19th amendment -mexicans: -rev in mexico and job opportunities in war time america caused thousands of mexicans to cross the border to work in agriculture and mining. many employed in SW but some went to MW for factory jobs -african americans: took advantage of job opportunities opened up by war and migrated north

List THREE specific problems industrial workers faced. Explain how the labor unions tried to resolve each of these problems.

-worked long hours (typically 10 hrs, 6 days a wk) and wanted an 8 hr wrkday -low wages -harsh conditions, exposed to chemicals and pollutants, dangerous, child labor -wanted equal rights for women and blacks -wanted worker cooperatives -trusts and monopolies unions: some advocated for political action, others wanted strikes, picketing, boycotts, and slowdowns to achieve union recognition and collective bargaining. arbitration.

name 3 government and/or private reactions to the deforestation of the west

-yellowstone becomes first national park -forest reserve act of 1891 and forest management act of 1897 regulated the use of federal timberland -conservationist movement: believed in regulated use of natural resources -preservationist movement: believed in preserving natural areas from human interference -education efforts such as arbor day, sierra club, audubon society

describe each of the three immediate causes that finally led the US into war

-zimmermann telegram: telegram from germany that proposed that mexico ally itself with germany in return for germany's pledge to help mexico recover lost territories: texas, new mexico, and arizona. aroused nationalist anger in americans -russian revolution: wilson only wanted war for democracy and it bothered him that one of the allies was russia and was governed by an autocratic czar. this barrier was broken w the rev bc they overthrew the czar and declared themselves a republic -renewed submarine attacks: germans sank 5 unarmed US merchant ships

who were three major critics of the new deal and what were their criticisms

1. father charles coughlin -thought the new deal should end "evil conspiracies" -he instead called for issuing inflated currency and nationalizing all banks -had anti semitic and facist criticisms 2. francis E townsend -thought the new deal should guarantee economic security for elderly -proposed a sales tax to create a fund for every retired person to have 200 per month 3. huey long -thought the new deal needed to redistribute wealth -proposed a "share our wealth" program that promised a annual income of 5000 dollars for every family, paid by taxing wealthy -also ran for president to challenge roosevelt liberal critics: -criticized the new deal for doing too much for business and too little for the unemployed and the working poor, minorities, women, elderly conservative critics: -criticized the new deal for giving the federal government too much power -thought it bordered on socialism + communism -alarmed by increased regulations, pro union stance, deficit financing

Create a chart with at least THREE facts under EACH of the following columns: Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, and John D. Rockefeller.

Carnegie: -business genius, leader of fast growing steel industry -immigrant, worked his way up from poverty, superintendent of PA railroad -manufactured steel in Pittsburgh and outdistanced his competitors through a combo of salesmanship and latest tech -vertical integration -Carnegie steel -retired and devoted himself to philanthropy Morgan: -banker -during the panic of 1893, moved in quickly to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. no competition so they could stabilize rates and reduce debts -dominated boards of competing railroad corporations through interlocking directorates (same directors ran competing companies) -created regional railroad monopoly Rockefeller: -founded a company that would control most of the nation's oil refineries by eliminating competition -latest technologies and efficient practices -obtained rebates from railroad companies which temporarily cut prices for standard oil kerosene to force rival companies to sell out -controlled 90% of oil refinery business

describe two specific new ways that the monroe doctrine was used by presidents cleveland and roosevelt

Cleveland: -there was a border dispute between venezuela and guiana and cleveland insisted that GB agree to arbitrate the dispute. british said that it was not the US' business but cleveland said the monroe doctrine applied to the situation and would use military force if GB didnt arbitrate roosevelt: -roosevelt corollary to the monroe doctrine -latin american countries could not pay their debts and roosevelt declared that europeans intervening would be a violation of the monroe doctrine so the US should intervene

compare and contrast the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 with the indian reorganization act of 1934

Dawes Act: -designed to break up tribal organizations by dividing up tribal lands into plots of up to 160 acres -granted US citizenship to those who stayed on the land for 25 yrs and adopted habits of civilized life Indian Reorganization Act: -prompted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture similar because they both dealt w native american tribes. they just took different approaches

describe the FERA, CCC, and WPA and explain how each program tried to help unemployed

FERA: federal emergency relief administration -offered grants of money to states that were operating soup kitchens and other forms of relief for the jobless and homeless CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps -employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums WPA: Works Progress Administration -spent billions of dollars to provide people with jobs -employed people who had formerly been on relief rolls (paid them double relief but less than actual workers) -put to work constructing new bridges, roads, airports, public buildings -paid unemployed artists, writers, actors, photographers were paid to paint murals, write histories and perform in plays

Compare and contrast the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, the Homestead Strike, and the Pullman Strike.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877: -during an economic depression railroad companies cut wages to reduce costs -strike on baltimore and ohio railroad spreads, shut down 2/3 of rail trackage -workers from other industries joined, international scale strike -rutherford b hayes has to send in troops -100 killed -some employers addressed grievances while others busted workers organizations homestead strike: -henry frick (carnegie's manager of the homestead steel plant) cut wages, which lead to a strike (walkout) -frick locked workers out, had guards, and strikebreakers to defeat steelworkers -the failure of the strike set back the union movement in the steel industry pullman strike: -pullman cut wages, fired anyone who tried to bargain with him -workers, under eugene debs, boycott pullman cars -owners supported pullman, cleveland uses military to keep railroads running, courts forbid interference w mail and orders workers to abandon strike -debs jailed similarities: all started with wage cuts

what are four major events in asia that were related to the cold war? explain the importance of each event

Japan: -japan was under control of the US and douglas macarthur helped set up a new constitution w a parliamentary democracy -japan renounces war as national policy -japan gives up korea -US and japan are allies, US has bases their to protect against communists Philippines: -philippines became independent but US still had bases there. pacific ocean was now strongly allied with the US China: -US gave aid to the nationalist gov in china -nationalists then retreat to taiwan and communist controlled the rest -US did not recognize mao zedong's gov Korea: -korean war -north korea invades south korea, UN force defends south korea. north korea pushes forces to tip of south korea, then UN forces counterattack and advanced north korea close to chinese border -then chinese forces drive UN forces out of north korea -armistice, keeps korea divided at 38th parallel -stopped communist aggression w/o world war

describe the TVA and AAA and explain how each program tried to help the farmers

TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority -hired people from Tennessee Valley, one of the poorest regions, to build dams, operate electric power plants, control flooding and erosion, manufacture fertilizer -helped farmers because it helped w fertilizer and erosion AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Administration -encouraged farmers to reduce production by offering to pay government subsidies for every acre they plowed under

compare and contrast WEB DuBois and booker t washington

WEB Du Bois: -northerner -college education -wrote souls of black folk -demanded equal rights for african americans, but political and social rights were a prerequisite for econ independence Booker T Washington: -head of tuskegee institute -argued that blacks' needs for education and economic progress were of foremost importance. after econ base they could realize goal of political and social equality similar bc they were advocating for rights for african americans, different bc washington econ, du bois political and social

compare and contrast WWI and WWII in terms of causes and effects in at least 6 different ways

WWI causes: -militarism -alliances -imperialism -nationalism -zimmermann telegram, lusitania WWII causes: -pearl harbor -fascism -hitler's aggression / appeasement -blitzkrieg, invasion of poland WWI effects: -great depression -red scare -labor conflict -race riots -migration of mexicans and african americans -more jobs for women, 19th amendment -league of nations -demilitarization -self determination, new nations created WWII effects: -many lives lost -UN -US becomes world power -germany divided into occupation zones -self determination -trials for nazis -free elections in liberated countries -japanese in internment camps -more women in workforce -mexicans work in america -still segregated but more jobs for african americans

describe the cause and three effects of the oil embargo of 1973

cause: -US supports israel with 2 billion dollars of arms in the middle eastern war effects: -worldwide oil shortage -long lines at gas stations -runaway inflation, loss of manufacturing jobs, lower standard of living -switched from american made cars to smaller more fuel efficient japanese cars, costing US automobile workers their jobs -55 mph speed limit to save gas -construction of oil pipeline to tap american oil reserves in alaska

what were the causes of political conservatism on behalf of both political parties at this time? how did the notion of limited government, laissez faire economics and social darwinism all contribute to this situation?

causes: prevailing political ideology of the time, campaign tactics of 2 parties (the closeness of elections caused republicans to avoid taking strong positions on issues), party patronage -the idea of a "do little" government was in tune with laissez faire and social darwinism and the federal courts narrowly interpreted government's power to regulate business which limited the impact of the regulatory laws that congress did pass

explain 2 specific ways in which african americans' lives changed (think about acts/amendments passed) and two specific ways in which they stayed the same in the 1960s

change: -civil rights act of 1964: segregation illegal in all public facilities -equal employment opportunity commission to end discrimination in employment on basis of race, religion, sex or national origin -24th amendment abolished practice of poll taxes -voting rights act: ended literacy tests -james meredith, a young african american attempted to enroll in the university of mississippi and guaranteed his rights to attend. protected by troops -kennedy sent troops when governor george wallace tried to stop an african american from entering university of alabama same: -they still were discriminated against so there was a lot of demonstrations(march on washington, march to montgomery) -race riots (watts riots when black motorist was arrested by white man, many killed) -defacto segregation

summarize the three main issues of the gilded age - civil service reform, the money question, and tariffs

civil service: -congress tried to remove certain gov jobs from control of party patronage -pendleton act of 1881 set up civil service commission and created a system by which applicants for classified federal jobs would be selected on the basis of their scores on a competitive exam -prohibited civil servants from making political contributions money question: -question of how much to expand the money supply -debtors, farmers, and start up businesses wanted more soft money in circulation to enable them to borrow money at lower interest rates, and pay off their loans more easily w inflated dollars -easy money advocates campaigned for more paper money and then for unlimited minting of silver coins -bankers, creditors, investors, and established businesses stood firm for hard money (currency backed by gold stored in government vaults) -supporters argued that money backed by gold standard would hold their value against inflation tariffs: -western farmers and eastern capitalists disagreed on the question of whether tariff rates on foreign imports should be high or low -republican congress raised tariffs to protect US industry during civil war -after the war, democrats objected to high tariffs because because these taxes raised the prices on consumer goods and other nations retaliated by placing taxes on US farm products so american farmers lost some overseas sales, contributing to surplus in goods and lower farm prices and profits

explain specifically what progressive presidents accomplished in the areas of conservation and consumer protection

consumer protection -pure food and drug act: forbade manufacture, sale, and transportation of mislabeled food -meat inspection act: inspectors have to visit meatpacking plants to ensure they meet minimum standards of sanitation conservation: -forest reserve act: set aside 150 million acres of federal land as a national reserve -newlands reclamation act: provides money for irrigation projects in the west -set aside federal oil lands, added large tracts in appalachians for forest reserves

how would you summarize the 1920s politically, economically, and socially? give one example that would support each of your summaries

economically: -business prosperity -increased productivity due to assembly line and mass production -tax cuts, doesn't enforce anti trust laws, low interest rates, use of oil and electricity to power factories -consumer economy -fordney mccumber tariff -automobiles -yet though farmers and unions didnt share this wealth social: -people moved to cities -jazz age -radios, movies, celebrities -women still seen as the homemakers and employed in limited jobs -19th amendment -women wore short dresses, bobbed their hair, smoked, drove cars -liberalized divorce laws -nativism -fundamentalism v. modernism -lost generation art -harlem renaissance -prohibition political: -trying to be isolationist? but like still lowkey intervening while also maintaining peace -washington conference: five power treaty maintained navies to a certain ratio, 9 power treaty open door policy -kellogg briand pact: renounced use of aggressive force to achieve national ends -kept troops in nicaragua and haiti but removed them from dominican republic -investments in latin america -oil drilling rights in middle east -dawes plan

how did the growth of suburbs change the demographic patterns in the US?

families of more modest means could move to the suburbs. majority of middle class lived in the suburbs. then the cities became increasingly poor and racially divided

what was the fourteen points and who wrote it? what was the most important aspect of it? which if any of the fourteen points were included in the treaty of versailles?

fourteen points was a detailed list of war aims designed to address the causes of WWI and prevent another World War. written by woodrow wilson. the most important aspect was the league of nations. in treaty of versailles was self determination and league of nations.

Compare and contrast the Gospel of Wealth and Social Darwinism.

gospel of wealth: they believed that religion justified the wealth of successful industrialists. they believed in the protestant work ethic, concluded god gave them their riches, and argued it was a god given responsibility to carry out philanthropy projects social Darwinism: -natural selection and survival of the fittest applied to marketplace -concentrating the wealth in the hands of the fit would benefit everyone -helping the poor would interfere with the evolution of species by preserving the unfit -scientific sanction for racial intolerance (theories of superiority) similar because they were both ways people justified the wealth of successful industrialists contrast because social Darwinism was more economic and ways talking about concentrating the wealth in the people who were fit and allow them to evolve whereas gospel of wealth was religious

explain the connection between the grange movement and the populist party in at least 3 ways

grange movement: -social and educational organization of farmers -became active in economics and politics to defend members against middlemen, trusts, and railroads -established cooperatives -lobbied state legislatures to pass laws regulating the rates charged by railroads and elevators, made it illegal for railroads to fix prices by means of pools and to give rebates to privileged customers populist party: -determined to do something about the concentration in the hands of trusts and bankers -called for both political and economic reforms -direct popular election of senators, referendums, unlimited coinage of silver, graduated income tax, public ownership of railroads, telegraph/telephone owned by gov, loans and warehouses for farmers, 8 hr workday they were similar because they were both concerned with trusts, railroads, bankers. they both sought political and economic reform. both wanted to help the farmers

how did the new deal help and hurt labor? using specific examples and acts, explain both sides

help: -PWA allotted money for public works, created jobs -CCC: projects on federal lands, employed people -TVA: hired people from a poor region to build dams, operate power plants, control flooding -CWA: hired laborers for construction projects -WPA: employed people on relief rolls -wagner act: right to join unions and bargain collectively hurt: -NRA set codes for wages, hours of work, levels of production. later declared unconstitutional so this hurt labor

explain the specific goals and tactics of three groups that fought for greater rights in the 1970s. how successful was each group?

hispanic americans: -cesar chavez leads boycotts and the united farm workers organization finally gained collective bargaining rights -won mandate for bilingual education -some hispanic americans were elected to public office american indians: -wanted to achieve self determination and revival of tribal traditions -american indian movement was founded, militant actions including takeover of prison on alcatraz island and occupation of wounded knee -indian self determination act gave reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education and law enforcement gay liberation movement: -there was a police raid on the stonewall inn (gay bar) which sparked a riot and gay rights movement -urged homosexuals to be open about their identity and to work to end discrimination and violent abuse -homosexuality no longer classified as a mental illness and civil service dropped ban on employment of homosexuals -"dont ask dont tell policy " so they don't have to describe their sexual identity but the military could still expel people for being gay

explain how US foreign policy from 1865 to 1914 was similar and different from the past

in the past, the US was not really involved in foreign affairs (ex. washington). but now with imperialism there was more aggressive foreign policy and was interfering in foreign affairs

how did WWI represent a change and continuity in american foreign policy?

it was a change because they were straying away from the noninvolvement policy of washington. it was a continuity because they only intervened for the purpose of having democracy prevail

Overall, explain how effective labor unions were in achieving their desired goals at this time.

it was generally ineffective. management held the upper hand in labor disputes, with government taking its side.

was US foreign policy in the 1920s more isolationist or interventionist? justify your answer w 2 specific examples

it was more interventionist because even though they were trying to make peace, they really were dealing with issues in europe -washington conference, negotiated with other powers, still had open door policy in china, declared the ratio for navies -kellogg briand pact, dealing with an international affair, calling for no force

explain one continuity and one change between progressivism and reform movements of the past

it was similar to the populist movement because it called for more democratic values and honest gov and protection from big business and income taxes . it was different than the populist movement bc the reforms actually got implemented and women could finally vote

Create a Venn diagram comparing the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor.

knights of labor: -terence powderly -membership to all workers including african americans and women -wanted worker cooperatives, abolition of child labor, and abolition of trusts and monopolies -arbitration -declined after haymarket riot american federation of labor: -samuel gompers -focused on higher wages and better working conditions -walk out until employer agreed to negotiate through collective bargaining -nation's largest union, but didnt have success until 20th century similarities: didnt use strikes. differences: federation of labor focused more on working conditions while knights of labor was on monopolies

how did the possession of atomic weapons by the US and soviet union change the world political balance?

led to the arms race. and then the US formed alliances with the non communist countries, soviets allied w communist countries

Compare and contrast the differences between the expanding middle-class wage earners and working women.

middle class wage earners: -white collar workers (salaried workers whose jobs generally do not involve manual labor) to fill highly organized administrative structures. middle management. -jobs grew after industrialization for accountants, clerical workers, salesperson -professionals, public employees, store keepers -many worked ten hours a day, six days a week -wages were determined by supply and demand, wages barely above level needed for bare subsistence bc of immigrants competing for jobs -most wage earners could not support a family working women: -most were young and single -most believed that a woman's role was in the home raising children though -factory work, textiles, garment, food processing (bc extension of home) -some women moved into secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, telephone operators

make a t chart with 3 columns identifying characteristics of the mining, farming, and cattle frontiers

mining frontier: -gold rush and silver strikes caused people to push west into the mountains -many states became states because of mining booms -people looked for traces of gold in mountain streams (placer mining) w simple tools. this then left to deep shaft mining w expensive equipment and resources from investors -lead to boomtowns (and eventually ghost towns when gold went away) that had saloons, dance halls, vigilante justice cattle frontier: -cattle was at first raised and rounded up in texas on a small scale by mexican cowboy (vaqueros) -cattle borrowed from mexicans and 5 million cattle roamed freely over texas grasslands -cattle business easy to get into because cattle and grass were free -construction of railroads led to cattle drives; stockyards held cattle destined for chicago, cattle sold at high prices. cow towns around railroads to handle cattle drive up out of texas -cowboys received a dollar a day for their dangerous work -this began to end because of overgrazing, a winter blizzard and a drought that destroyed grass and killed cattle -also homesteaders used barbed wire and cut off formerly open range -they had to use new breeds of cattle that could eat hay. -americans changed from pork to beef and created legend of the cowboy farming frontier: -homestead act encouraged farming of the great plains but some bought the better land from railroad companies -built their homes out of sod bricks -extreme hot and cold, grasshoppers, and lonesome life challenged farmers -barbed wire helped them fence their lands -drilled deep wells for water -dry farming techniques and deep plowing to use moisture available -planted russian wheat that withstood extreme weather -dams and irrigation, humans reshare rivers to provide water

what was the same and different between the new left and the counterculture movement of the 1960s?

new left: -called for university decisions to be made through participatory democracy so that students would have a voice in decisions affecting their lives -students were protesting university rules (such as drinking) and demanded a greater voice in gov at university counterculture: -rebellious style of dress, music, drug use, and communal living -hippies, long hair, beards, jeans -folk/rock music, the beatles, rolling stones. woodstock music festival -hallucinogenic drugs same: rebellious different: new left was more political and counterculture more social

what is the great migration, when did it occur, and why did it occur then

occurred between 1910 and 1930. a million people traveled north to seek jobs in the cities. it occurred then because of deteriorating race relations in the south, destruction of cotton crop, and job opportunities in northern factories that opened up when white workers were drafted in WWI

compare and contrast the old immigrants and new immigrants in the areas of origin, language/literacy, skills and destination

old immigrants: -from northern and western Europe (british isles, Germany, Scandinavia) -mostly English speaking -high level of literacy and occupational skills -blended mostly into rural American society new immigrants: -southern and eastern Europe (Italians, greeks, croats, Slovaks, poles, and Russians) -poor and illiterate -unaccostumed to democratic tradition -crowded into poor ethnic neighborhoods in NY, Chicago and other major US cities

what were four events that changed the postwar american economy and what was the effect that each one had on the economy?

overall, high standard of living, high income (that were also put in savings), high demand for autos, prosperity and growth (road building projects) -GI Bill: helped veterans transition to post war economy (education, loans to buy homes and to start business). stimulated postwar econ expansion -baby boom: tended to focus women's attention on raising children (but still anyways more women were working outside home) -suburban growth: suburb more affordable for modest means. cities became poorer and racially divided -lots of defense spending leads to debt -employment act of 1946: truman proposes progressive measures such as national health insurance, increase in minimum wage, commitment to maintaining full employment. this was debated a lot so then the congress bill ended up creating council of econ advisers to council president and congress on econ welfare. basically this leads to high employment -office of price administration's controls were relaxed so there was a high inflation rate -many workers wanted higher wages so they go on strike but then truman shuts them down -taft hartley act: outlawed closed shop (workers join unions before hired), permitting right to work laws which outlaw union shop, outlawing boycotts, cooling off period before strikes. this checked power of unions -fair deal: truman increases minimum wage and includes more workers under social security. maintained new deal reforms

explain three econ, one political and 2 social effects of great depression

political: -ended republican domination of government. people accepted dramatic changes in policies and the expansion of the federal government economic: -GNP dropped -banks closed, wiped out savings accounts -money supply contracted -more unemployment social: -poverty and homelessness increased -stress for families searching for work -mortgage foreclosures, evictions -homeless live in hoovervilles -farmers and african americans had increased difficulties

list four push and/or pull factors influencing immigrants to move to America in the late 1800s

pushes: poverty of displaced farmworkers drive from the land by political turmoil and mechanization of farmwork, overcrowding and joblessness in cities as result of a population boom, religious persecution, particularly of Jews in Eastern Europe pulls: US's reputation for political/religious freedom and economic opportunities afforded by the settling of the west and the abundance of industrial jobs in US cities

what/who were the quota laws, sacco and Vanzetti and the ku klux klan? explain how each could be used as an example of nativism

quota laws: -first quota law restricted immigration to 3 percent from a nation based on 1910 census -second quota is 2 percent on census of 1890 (before new immigrants) -restricted undesirable groups -limited asians to 150,000, japanese barred -this was nativism because it was limiting the amount of foreigners who could come in sacco and vanzetti: -2 italian immigrants were convicted for murder -liberals had said that they were innocent but accused because they were poor italians -they were executed -this was nativism because it was prejudice against foreigners ku klux klan: -terrorized anyone who was un american -directed hostility towards blacks, catholics, jews, foreigners, communists -nativism because they terrorized foreigners

what were the differences between the democrats and the republican parties at this time period and what was the significance of patronage to both groups?

republicans: -kept memories of the civil war alive by waving the bloody shirt and reminding veterans that their wounds were caused by democrats -kept the votes of reformers and african americans (because of the party's antislavery past) -most of the support came from men in business, middle class, anglo-saxon protestants, temperance movement -followed the tradition of hamilton and the whigs, supporting a pro business economic growth of high protective tariff democrats: -could count on winning every election in former confederate states -in north, their strength came from big city political machines and the immigrant vote -catholics, lutherans, jews -disapproved of temperance movement conducted by protestants/republicans -argued for states rights and limiting powers for federal gov (jeffersonian tradition) neither party had an active legislative agenda so politics was chiefly a game of winning elections, holding office, and providing gov jobs to the party faithful

besides falling prices, explain two other reasons farmers were upset at this time

severe weather, cost of new machinery -farming became more specialized, concentrated on raising single cash crops -had to get their food from stores in town (bc they could no longer produce for themselves) -more dependent on machines and when they were unable to afford new equipment, they were driven out of business -corporations kept prices high on manufactured goods and middlemen took their cut before selling to farmers -railroads had discriminatory rates for shipment -taxes unfair to farmers bc they taxed land heavily but not stocks and bonds, tariffs protecting industry unfair

how did the sexual revolution and women's movement of the 1960s change the role of women in society?

sexual rev: -premarital sex, contraception, abortion and homosexuality practiced more openly. loosened moral codes, illegitimate births, more rape and abuse, AIDS women's movement: -feminine mystique empowers women to seek professional jobs -equal pay act, civil rights act -national organization for women -campaign for equal rights amendment -this all lead to changes in attitudes and hiring practices. women moved into professions previously dominated by males

what was roosevelt's square deal and how did it affect labor? explain the connection between the 1902 coal miners' strike and the square deal

square deal: favor neither business nor labor but both. during the coal strike of 1902, many americans feared that they would freeze during winter without coal. roosevelt used his square deal (trying to favor neither side) by trying to mediate the dispute by calling a union leader and coal mine owners to the white house. this affected labor because the owners eventually agreed to accept a 10 percent wage increase and a 9 hr workday to miners.

describe president carter's biggest successes in terms of foreign policy and describe how it was a success. describe president carter's biggest failure/frustration in terms of foreign policy and describe how it was a failure/frustration

successes: -human rights diplomacy, cut off aid to countries with human rights violations such as argentina and chile -panama canal would be returned to the panamanians by 2000 -camp david accords (probably the greatest achievement) provided a framework for a peace settlement between egypt and israel failures: -iranian hostage crisis: iranian militants seized the US embassy in teheran and held more than 50 members of the american staff as prisoners and hostages. carter approved a rescue mission but helicopters broke down and US had to abort mission -after soviet union invaded afghanistan, carter had to place an embargo on grain exports and sale of high tech to soviet union, boycott olympics in moscow. he had to switch to an arms buildup which was a failure bc he had campaigned for an arms reduction

using at least one specific example how taft's dollar diplomacy differed from roosevelt's big stick policy. using at least one specific policy explain how wilson's moral diplomacy differed from roosevelt's big stick policy

taft's dollar policy was more about supporting US trade and protecting investments bc he secured US investment in china's railroads and sent marines to nicaragua bc he wanted to protect american investments. on the other hand roosevelt was very aggressive and was all about building the US as a world power wilson's moral policy was respectful to other nations' rights whereas roosevelt was aggresive

describe four reform movements that tried to correct the negatives of urbanization

temperance movement -tried to fix the problems of excessive drinking of alcohol by male factory workers (which was a cause of poverty) -advocated abstinence from alcohol -women's Christian temperance movement -antisaloon league persuades to shut down all saloons and bars -carry a nation raided saloons social gospel -preached the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems settlement houses -relieve the effects of poverty by providing social services for people in the neighborhood -taught English to immigrants, early childhood education, taught industrial arts, and established neighborhood theaters and music schools books of social criticism -Progress and Poverty jolted readers to look more critically at the effects of laissez faire economics and called attention to alarming inequalities of wealth during industrialization. gave the solution of replacing all taxes with a single tax on land -Looking Backward envisioned a future era in which society eliminated poverty, greed and crime

why did the US government shift from a removal to reservation policy?

the US originally had a removal policy because they thought the west would permanently remain indian country. once americans started to move west, they realized that was not the case, so they assigned native americans reservations

what was the objective of muckrakers? name two famous muckracking novelists, the novels they wrote, and the topics of these novels.

the objective was to inform the public about the scandalous realities of politics, factories and slums (because the public had to be informed before they took action). Novelists: -Lincoln Steffens: wrote The Shame of the Cities about the corrupt deals in big city politics -Theodore Dreiser: wrote The Financier. and The Titan. portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an industrialist -Frank Norris: The Octupus. about tyrannical power of RR companies. The Pit. about grain speculation

what was the social gospel and what did it advocate

the social gospel was the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems. encouraged many middle class protestants to attack urban problems

describe the teller and platt amendments and explain how they show a change or continuity in US policy over cuba

the teller amendment said that the US had no intention of taking political control of cuba an that once peace was restored to the island the cuban people would control their own government the platt amendment required cuba to agree to never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence, to permit the US to intervene in cuba's affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order, and to allow the US to maintain naval bases in cuba this was a change because the platt amendment is making cuba sort of like a protectorate of the US rather than giving it the independence they were promised in the teller amendment

how does NATO represent a major change in the foreign policy of the US?

they are avoiding their isolationist tradition because they are joining a military defense pact and they are committing to foreign affairs

identify six components of the populist's platform. from where did populism primarily draw its support and how successful were they in passing their desired reforms?

they wanted to do something about power in the hands of monopolies 1. direct popular election of US senators 2. use of initiatives and referendums 3. unlimited coinage of silver 4. graduated income tax 5. public ownership of railroads by US gov 6. telegraph and telephone systems owned by gov 7. loans and federal warehouses for farmers to enable them to stabilize prices for their crops 8. 8 hr wrkday the Alliance movement of farmers provided the foundation. they tried to form an alliance between poor whites and blacks and tried to appeal to poor farmers. the populist party declined and they gave up trying to unite poor whites and blacks. however, during the progressive era, many democrats and republicans adopted some of the populist agenda

in what ways were japanese americans impacted the worst by WWII and how did the government justify its actions

they were impacted the worst because they had to serve in internment camps. the government justified it because it was during wartime and they thought the japanese were potential spies

Why were some railroad customers unhappy with railroads? Why weren't the Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act effective during the 19th century?

they were unhappy with railroads because they felt they were the victims of slick financial schemes and ruthless practices. they were ineffective because it wasn't until the 20th century when congress expanded the powers of the interstate commerce commission. at first the new commission lost most of its cases in the federal courts

list the terms of the treaty that ended the spanish american war and explain how the war altered countries' perceptions of the US

treaty terms: -recognition of cuban independence -US acquisition of puerto rico and guam -US acquisition of the philippines for payment of 20 million to spain other nations recognized that the US was a first class power with a strong navy and a new willingness to take an active role in international affairs

what is trust busting and what are two industries it was used against? who was in favor of trust busting?

trust busting is trying to enforce the sherman anti trust act, breaking up trusts and using anti trust action. it was used against the northern securities company (railroads), standard oil company, US steel. progressives/republicans were in favor of it. taft/roosevelt

explain the connection between progressivism and industralization and urbanization

urbanization and industrialization were the causes of the progressive movement because the progressive movement tried to fix the ills of industrialization

what is vietnamization and why did nixon move towards this policy? describe what act was later passed to try to prevent another vietnam and limit the power of the president

vietnamization: gradually withdraw US troops from vietnam and give the south vietnamese the money, weapons and training that they needed to take over full conduct of the war. he wanted to reduce involvement in the war and avoid the appearance of conceding defeat. war powers act was later passed to require presidents to report to congress within 48 hours after taking military action and provided that congress would have to approve military action that lasted more than 60 days

what was watergate? identify the events of watergate that led to nixon's resignation in at least 5 steps. explain the impact of watergate

watergate is when a group of men hired by nixon's reelection committee were caught breaking into the offices of the democratic HQ in watergate complex. steps: -wiretaps on government employees and reports to stop news leaks -created plumbers to stop leaks (they also burglarized daniel ellsberg to discredit him after he leaked pentagon papers) -created enemies list of prominent americans who opposed nixon or the vietnam war. investigated people on this list -illegal break in at watergate -investigation shows he was covering this all up: information about use of money and promise of pardons to keep burglars quiet -impeachment hearings cause nixon to reveal transcripts of watergate tapes and one tape had a 18 1/2 minute gap. transcripts of one clearly implicated nixon in the cover up -faced certain impeachment impact of watergate: -proved that the US constitutional system of checks and balances worked as intended -scandal underlined the dangerous shift of power to the presidency -growing loss of faith in federal government

how did the roles of women and blacks stay the same as well as change in the 1950s compared to the past?

women -same: the traditional view of woman's caring for the home and children was reaffirmed by the media, lower wages -change: more married women enter workforce blacks: -same: discriminated against, de facto segregation, *in the 1950s* (obviously later this changes) they were still by law segregated and kept from voting by poll taxes etc., resistance in the south to brown decision by closing public schools, come back KKK -change: african americans move north, brown v board orders school segregation should end w all deliberate speed, during little rock crisis eisenhower intervenes to protect the black students, montgomery bus boycott, sit ins, SCLC, SNCC, eisenhower creates a civil rights commission an gives justice department power to protect blacks voting rights

explain the impact of the depression on each of the following groups: women, farmers, african americans, native americans and mexican americans

women: -added pressures when husbands searched for work and declining incomes means challenges to feed children -more women sought work to supplement income -accused of taking jobs -eleanor roosevelt calls for equality but new deal allows them to be paid less farmers: -dust bowl, poor farming practices and winds blows away dry top soil, farms turn to dust -some migrate to california for work that could not be found african americans: -racial discrimination, last hired, first fired -high unemployment rate -excluded from relief programs -racial tensions, lynchings -some new deal programs gave them low paying jobs but still segregated -some appointed to middle level positions in federal positions native americans: -conservation and CCC projects on reservations, gained american indian involved in WPA and new deal programs -indian reorganization act repealed dawes act and returned lands to the control of tribes and supported preservation of indian cultures mexican americans: -discrimination -high unemployment, drought in plains and midwest caused white migrants to come west in search of work -discrimination and competition for jobs forced many mexican americans to return to mexico