APUSH Unit 2

The Great Compromise

proposed by Roger Sherman of CT, one chamber of Congress would have representatives based on the population of states (House of Representatives), one chamber of Congress would preserve the principle of one vote per state (Senate)

Treaty of Fort Jackson

signed on August 9 1814, Red Stick Creeks gave up 2/3 of their land (23 million acres) including southwest GA and most of AL, ended Creek War

Farming in Kentucky

similar to Native Americans, corn was important, ears roasted, kernels ground into meal for mush, hominy grits, hoecakes or johnny(journey)cakes, also grew melons, beans, turnips, and other vegetables, pigs for pork, cows for milk, butter, and cheese, made corn likker

Dolley Madison

the only truly excellent member of President Madison's inner circle, his wife, 17 years younger than him, superb 1st lady who excelled at using the Executive Mansion to entertain political leaders and foreign dignitaries

natural aristocracy

the political and social elite, they were being replaced by men of more humble origins, some of which were uneducated and illiterate

Judicial review

the right of the Supreme Court that came from the Marbury v Madison case which states the Supreme Court can determine whether acts of Congress and the president are constitutional

Federalism

the sharing of power among state, national, and local governments

separation of powers

to prevent Congress from becoming too powerful, House of Representatives (2 year terms), Senate (6 year terms), President (4 years), executive, judicial, and legislative branches, checks and balances

Major Patrick Ferguson

trained Loyalist militia men, threatened to hang Scots-Irish Presbyterians Patriot leaders and destroy their frontier farms, killed in Battle of Kings Mountain despite cockiness

Treaty of Paris 1783

treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, Great Britain formally recognized the colonies' independence and Mississippi is western border but north and south borders unclear but generally Canada and Florida

Jay's Treaty (1794)

treaty with Great Britain because they kept taking ships headed for France and making the sailors join the Royal Navy, wildly unpopular and controversial, made split between Federalists and Anti-Federalists deeper, but Washington approved it because the US couldn't win another war against Britain, only Washington could've pushed it through Congress, 3 important promises 1) they would evacuate their 6 forts in northwest America by 1796 2) they would reimburse Americans for the seizures of ship and cargo in 1793-1794 3) they would grant US merchants the right to trade again with the island economies of the British West Indies

Daniel Morgan

very valuable tactics, guerilla warfare, won Battle of Cowpens

Thomas Jefferson

wanted country to remain a rural nation of small farmers dedicated to Republican values, distrusted national government, defended states rights and preferred strict interpretation of Constitution, trust in masses, Washington named him head of Department of State, approved of Bill of Rights, hated commerce, speculators, factories, banks, bankers, "monarchist" Hamilton, no bank of US, preferred to follow example of France, feud with Hamilton fractured Washington's cabinet, said US should recognize French revolutionary government, disgusted by Hamilton in general and Washington's refusal to support France so he resigned, preferred government owned land be sold to farmers rather than speculators, ran for president but got beat by John Adams, ran again in 1800 and barely won, ambassador to France, wrote Declaration of Independence, Continental Congress

Alexander Hamilton

wanted to involve Washington in Newburgh Conspiracy, urged national gathering of delegates be given "full powers" to revise Articles of Confederation in aftermath of Shay's Rebellion, said English monarchy was the best model for presidency at the Constitutional Convention, led Federalist party and wrote the Federalist Papers with Jay and Madison, appointed by Washington to lead the Department of the Treasury, greatly admired The Wealth of Nations, took charge of managing the nations complex financial affairs, believed the federal government should encourage creative spirit and large scale immigration to attract different manufacturing skills, believed the US was too dependent on agriculture, the economy should be well rounded, enacted tariffs of 5-10% with Congress on some imported items which benefited manufacturing sector, famous compromise of 1791, bond funding to pay off war debts, excise taxes, gave US better financial credit rating than all European nations, national bank, capitalist economy, industrialization, upset a lot of Southerners, ugly fights with Jefferson and John Adams, Washington's favorite lieutenant, appointed Major General when army size was tripled, publicly questioned John Adams fitness to be president

General "Mad" Anthony Wayne

fall of 1793, he led a military expedition into Northwest Territory's "Indian country", troops built Fort Greenville, went on offensive in Northwest Indian War (British had no right to give away Natives ancestral lands), Indian nations formed Western Confederacy, Battle of Fallen Timbers, decisive victory for Americans, Treaty of Greenville, established clear boundaries between Indian and American territories, Americans bought most of territory that would form Ohio and Detroit and Chicago

Hessians

professional German soldiers who served in British armies, 3000 deserted to American cause for land

Lord Dunmore

promised that all slaves and indentured servants who joined the Loyalist cause would gain freedom

Lord North

British Prime Minister during revolution, passed the Coercive Acts and supported the king to the extent that Britain was ruled only by the king, tried to isolate MA, quit after loss at Yorktown

Timothy Pickering

President John Adam's secretary of state, claimed Adams agreed to the Alien and Sedition Acts without consulting any member of the government because he knew everyone would be opposed to it

Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette

1757-1834, French statesmen and soldier who offered to serve in the Continental army for no pay in exchange for being named major general, gave $200,000 to war effort and outfitted an entire ship, recruited more French volunteers, and become Washington's most trusted aide, also a diplomat who helped forge the military alliance with France

George Rogers Clark and his Rangers

1778, 175 Patriot frontiersmen went down the Ohio River, July 4, Americans captured Kaskaskia then attacked British garrison at Vincennes, captured 5 Indians with American scalps and tomahawked them in front of British to show them they were next and the British surrendered

Land Ordinance Acts of 1784 and 1785

1784: drafted by Thomas Jefferson, urged states to drop competing claims to Indian held lands west, divide land in to ~14 self governing territories of equal size, all adult white men could vote, hold office, and write constitutions, could become state when the population is equal to RI's, not colonies, future states 1785: Confederation Congress, organize Northwest Territory on immediate west, but into townships of 36 square miles that would be surveyed, sold for less than $1 per acre and settled, the surveyors would just keep moving west, when Indian lands were purchased or taken, they would be surveyed and divided into 6 square mile townships in a grid, 36 sections (640 acres each), each section is 4 farms, sections sold at auctions, proceeds went to national Treasury

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom

1786, written by Thomas Jefferson, declared "no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever", made religious life diverse and voluntary rather than monolithic and enforced by government, religious freedom and separation of church and state

Constitutional Convention

1787, meeting to revise the Articles of Confederation, only RI refused to participate, same room as Declaration of Independence was signed, began work May 25 1787, 5 hours a day, 6 days a week, 55 delegates but never all in attendance (some quit, some did other things instead), 15 weeks, 39 delegates signed the Constitution Sept 17, 3 refused to sign, most delegates were the political and economical elite, some were commoners, 25 had slaves, 22 fought in the Revolutionary War, 7 were state governors, 8 helped with their state constitutions, most were members of Continental or Confederation Congresses, 8 signed the Declaration of Independence, 2 most important things 1) national government had direct authority over citizens 2) national government derived its legitimacy from the people not the states, We the People

Reign of Terror

1793-94, Jacobins executed 1000s of counterrevolutionaries, political prisoners and Catholic priests and revolutionary leaders, Jefferson justified it, caused American politics to crack between differing views, Hamilton and Adams saw it as vicious and Godless

Pinckney's Treaty (Treaty of San Lorenzo)

1795, Thomas Pinckney convinced Spanish to accept American boundary at 31st parallel in west Florida, along northern coast of Gulf of Mexico (where boundary between GA and FL is now), Spanish agreed to allow Americans to ship goods, grains, and livestock down the Mississippi

Land Acts of 1796 and 1800

1796: Congress doubled price of federal land (public domains) to $2 per acre, half of the townships would be sold in 640 acre sections, minimum cost $1,280, a price well beyond means of ordinary settlers, not selling enough land so 1800: reduced minimum parcel to 320 acres and spread payments over 4 years, down payment $160, more common people could buy farms

Bank of the United States

1811, Republicans had let the charter for the Bank of the US expire, many Republican Congressmen had shares in state banks and wanted it shut down because it competed with and regulated local banks but after the shut down, commercial chaos from too many tiny unregulated banks with different currency, Albert Gallatin was very angry

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

2 key principles to better manage western expansion: 1) new western territories would not be treated as subordinate colonies (European tradition), they would eventually become coequal states 2) slavery banned from the region north of Ohio River and Indian lands never taken without consent, 3 stage process to become a state: 1) territorial governor and other officials to create legal code and administer justice 2) population of adult males reach 5000 could elect a territorial legislature 3) population 60,000 free inhabitants, draft a constitution and apply to Congress

Oliver Hazard Perry

28 years old, 1813, Presque Isle PA, supervised construction of warships to gain control of Great Lakes, Commodore Perry found them at Lake Erie's Put-in-Bay on Sept 10, his flagship the Lawrence was pounded by 2 British warships, 4 hours no guns on ship were working, most of his men were dead or wounded but he refuse to quit, switched to another vessel and kept fighting and miraculously ended up accepting the surrender of the entire British squadron

XYZ Affair

3 US diplomats arrived in France to try and negotiate an end to French attacks on American ships, 3 French officials (X, Y, and Z) accosted them and announced negotiations can only begin if US pays bribe of $250,000 and loaned France $12 mil, fairly common in 18th century, answer was a hard no, made American hostility towards French soar

Battles of Saratoga

3 weeks long, British tried and failed twice to break through encircling Americans Oct. 17, 1777, Burgoyne surrendered, turned over 5800 troops, 7000 muskets and 42 cannons, greatest loss British ever suffered, would never recover from it, turning point in war

direct democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives, they vote on every little thing, not very productive in more modern situations

Tecumseh's Indian Confederacy

A group of Native Americans under leadership of Shawnee leader Tecumseh and his prophet brother Tenskwatawa, its mission of fighting off American expansion was thwarted in the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811), when the confederacy fell apart, no tribe has the right to sell land because the Great Spirit made the lands for his children, Tenskwatawa wanted natives to abandon all things European

Anti-Federalists

AKA Democratic Republicans (led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, concerned about threats to individual freedoms), opponents of the Constitution, leaders VA: Patrick Henry, George Mason, Richard Henry Lee, James Monroe, NY: George Clinton, MA: Samuel Adams, Elbridge Gerry, Mercy Otis Warren, MD: Luther Martin, Samuel Onase, it was a diverse group but most feared the new government would eventually grow corrupt and tyrannical, especially criticized the absence of a bill of rights to protect individuals and states from the growing power of the national government, didn't have a true alternative to Constitution

General James Wilkinson

Aaron Burr's old friend serving as senior general of US Army and secretly being paid by the Spanish to spy, involved in Burr Conspiracy, told on Burr in late 1806

Judiciary Act of 1801

Adams intended it to ensure Federalist control of judicial system by creating 16 federal circuit courts, with a new judge for each, reduced the number of Supreme Court justices from 5 to 6 in an effort to deprive next president of appointing a new member, Adams appointed Federalists to all new positions before leaving office

Francois-Joseph-Paul de Grasse

Admiral who commanded French fleet, helped Washington force Cornwallis to surrender at Yorktown

General Horatio Gates

American Army Commander during Battles of Saratoga, him and Burgoyne had served in the same British regiment as officers 32 years earlier, led troops to victory at Saratoga, lost to Cornwallis in Camden

Loyalists/Tories

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence, a lot of Anglicans, John Stevens, Mather Byles (3000 miles 1 tyrant v 3000 tyrants 1 mile)

Commodore Thomas Macdonough

American leader at the Battle of Lake Champlain, said to surrendering British to keep their swords because they were worthy of them

the Convention of 1800

Americans dropped demands to be repaid for ships taken by French, French agreed to end military alliance, ended undeclared naval war

The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 27 1814)

Andrew Jackson and his army crushed the Red Sticks in a series of bloodbaths in Alabama, decisive battle with crucial help from Cherokee and Creek allies surrounded a Red Stick fort, set it on fire, and shot anyone who tried to escape, 900 killed including 300 who drowned in a desperate attempt to cross the river, less than 50 of Jackson's men were killed, worst defeat ever inflicted upon Native Americans and ended the Creeks' ability to wage war

General Zebulon Pike

April 1813, he led American troops to attack York (now Toronto), the provincial capital of Upper Canada, British and Canadian militiamen surrendered partly because Pike was killed and the US soldiers were out of control, plundering the city and burning government buildings, sort of a success, part of three part invasion of Canada plan

The Burning of Washington

August 1812, 4000 British soldiers headed for DC, President Madison attempted to gather militia but efforts failed, Aug 24, Madison and Dolley fled just in time after saving a portrait of George Washington and a copy of the Declaration of Independence, British burned the Executive Mansion, the Capitol, the Library of Congress, and other government buildings, the next day a tornado hit, a lot of people lost their faith in the government

Battle of Thames (Oct 5 1813)

British gave up Detroit and were deafeated at the battle in southern Canada, during the battle the British fled leaving Tecumseh and 500 warriors to face American wrath, after Tecumseh died the rest of the warriors fled, enabled Americans to recover most of Michigan and seize the Western District of Upper Canada

Sir Edward Pakenham

British general at the Battle of New Orleans, painfully careful preparations allowed Andrew Jackson to organize his troops, rashly ordered frontal assault on Sunday Jan 8 1815 and lost horribly

General Charles Cornwallis

British general in south who won the Charleston Peninsula standoff and defeated General Horatio Gates at Camden SC, had GA and most of SC under British control in 1780 but then sent lieutenants to organize Loyalist fighters to assault Patriots which messed his system up, very brutal, got surrounded at Yorktown and was forced to surrender

General William Howe

British general who sympathized with American grievances but believed the rebellion should be crushed, chose to rest instead of pursue multiple times, potentially costing the war, mistress Elizabeth Loring, supposed to go to Hudson River to meet Burgoyne, but went to Philadelphia instead and waited it out there instead of taking advantage of the Valley Forge situation

Native American Recruitment

British had an easier time because they already had established relations

The Chesapeake Incident (June 22 1807)

British warship HMS Leopard stopped the US vessel Chesapeake, its captain refused to let British search his ship for British deserters, so they opened fire without warning, killing 3 and wounding 18, search party then boarded and took 4 men, 1 was a deserter and was hanged, act of war and national insult

Impressment

British warships would stop US vessels, board them, kidnap sailors and claim they were British citizens, forced to join British navy, 1803-1811 6200 American sailors impressed, US merchant ships paid double what the Royal Navy did, so like 9000 men on American ships were Royal Navy deserters

Battle of Trenton

Christmas 1776, 2400 men cross Delaware river PA to NJ, surprised 1500 Hessians, only 2 Americans killed and 4 wounded, quick retreat to another successful battle then went to Princeton

Financial issues

Congress couldn't tax people so they had to ask for money and no states actually gave their fair share

12th Amendment (1803)

Congress ratified it, it said that the members of the electoral college must use separate ballots to vote for the president and the vice president, made to avoid the problems associated with parties running multiple candidates for the presidency

The Creek War

Creek Indians in western GA and AL split into Upper Creeks (Red Sticks) who opposed American Expansion and Lower Creeks who wanted to remain on good terms with Americans, Aug 30 1813 Red Sticks attacked Fort Mimson on the Alabama River and massacred hundreds of white and African American men, women, and children, Andrew Jackson crushed them, Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Treaty of Fort Jackson

Shay's Rebellion (1786-87)

Daniel Shays and his followers demanded that states issue paper currency to help ease the payment of debt and the right to postpone paying taxes until the postwar agricultural depression lifted, armed farmers were called Regulators

General Sir Henry Clinton

Dec 1778, new commander in chief of British forces in America, set 3000 troops and Cherokees (Chief Dragging Canoe) to Savannah, after 20 months, 3 American armies defeated, seized strategic parts of Savannah and Charleston (SC), and occupied them, failed bc Loyalist strength in south was weaker than expected, the effort to unleash Indian attacks on Patriots turned neutral southerners into Patriots, British Loyalist soldiers behaved so harshly they drove other Loyalists to switch sides

Republican simplicity

Deliberate attitude of humility and frugality, as opposed to monarchical pomp and ceremony, adopted by Thomas Jefferson in his presidency

Eliza Yonge Wilkinson and Judith Sargent Murray

E: fiery Patriot, expected greater freedom for women after war, men think women weak bc of their bodily strength, and they were only good for housework, wanted women to have the liberty of thought J: writer who argued Patriots fought for rights belonging to men and women, essay "On the Equality of the Sexes" published 1790, challenged men better in intellectual abilities than women because of the differences in access to formal education and world experience

Citizen Genet

Edmond-Charles Genet, ambassador to US from French revolutionary government, landed at Charleston in April 1793, then openly violated US neutrality by recruiting 4 American privateers to capture English and Spanish merchant vessels, 5 weeks in SC, he went to Philadelphia, efforts to sway Americans to French side, embarrassed his Republican friends, threatened to go around Washington, literally everyone hated him and he basically got kicked out of America

Chesapeake Bay

Feb 1813, British had more warships in Chesapeake Bay than were in the entire American Navy, they frequently captured and burned American merchant vessels, also launched numerous attacks along VA and MD shore

Battle of Long Island and White Plains

Feb. 1776, Washington moves troops to defensive position bc Congress insisted NYC be protected, Aug. 27, 1776, humiliating defeat, soldiers panicked, British (427 ships with 32,000 troops including 8,000 Hessians) thought the end of the war was here, Aug. 28, Admiral Howe hosted 2 generals to discuss end of war, Washington retreated Aug 29, weather (fog) kept British from realizing until too late, British rested instead of pursuing which was a grave mistake

Charles C. Pinckney and Rufus King

Federalist candidates who lost the election of 1804 to Jefferson (C-SC, R-NY)

Marbury v. Madison 1803

First Supreme Court decision to declare a federal law (Judiciary Act of 1789) unconstitutional, involved the appointment of MD Federalist William Marbury as justice of peace because his letter of commission was being withheld by Madison at Jefferson's request, granted the Supreme Court judicial review which was a power not mentioned in the Constitution

Battle of Guilford Courthouse

Generals Morgan and Greene linked up forces after Cowpens, March 15 1781, loss but Americans inflicted such heavy losses on Cornwallis that he left his wounded and retreated to sulk and resupply

Neutrality

Hamilton and Jefferson knew entering the conflict in France would be foolish but Hamilton wanted to abandon the military alliance because it was made with a monarchy that no longer existed and Jefferson wanted to use the alliance as a bargaining point with the British, Washington April 22 1793 declared US as friendly and impartial towards powers and warned citizens they might be prosecuted for taking part in unneutral acts

Jefferson vs Hamilton

Hamilton wanted a national bank, America modeled after Britain, Constitution implies certain things, Jefferson didn't want a national bank, wanted America wanted after France, Constitution should be interpreted with what it explicitly says

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Hamilton's 1791 tax on alcohol made poor western frontier farmers very upset, alcohol was the most valuable product in the region, couldn't get the tax repealed so they turned to violence, starting Sept 1791 angry people attacked federal tax collectors and marshals, turned into rebellion in West PA, Washington ordered them to disperse or send in militia, 12,500 militiamen accompanied by Washington on horseback, 2 dozen charged with high treason, rebels stopped with the violence instead voted for Republicans at next elections

Battle of Cowpens

Jan. 17, 1781, General Daniel Morgan led with ~700 riflemen, they took up positions near Cowpens, lured Sir Banastre Tarleton's army into an elaborate trap, 100 British deaths and 700+ prisoners taken, most complete victory for Americans

Western Expansion

Jefferson wanted to in order to avoid the social turmoil and misery of crowded European cities, space to remain a nation of primarily self-sufficient farmers, Jefferson and the Republicans strove to reduce the cost of federal lands, the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson feared a multiracial society, Federalists didn't like it as much

James Monroe

Jefferson's trusted friend and VA neighbor sent by him to assist Robert Livingston in negotiating the purchase of New Orleans, replaced John Armstrong as Secretary of War under Madison, he was also the secretary of state under Madison, proposed enlisting blacks into the army during War of 1812

General Richard Montgomery

July 1775, headed for Quebec, smallpox infections got bad, most soldiers enlistment ended at the end of the year, couldn't wait for smallpox to go away, assault disaster, Dec 31 1775, 400+ Americans taken prisoner, retreat all the way back to NY and New England

Ratification of Constitution

June 21, 1788 NH was the 9th state to ratify Constitution, reaching minimum number of states required for approval, NY and VA still vital for success (won over with agreement to add Bill of Rights, big states with a lot of power and people), new government assumed power in 1789, NYC was the capital, confirmed US as first democratic republic in history

Corps of Discovery

Lewis and Clark's expedition team, about 30 "stout" men, built Fort Manden, spring 1805 added 2 guides, a French fur traders and his wife Sacagawea, only 1 died and it was because of a ruptured appendix

arelocations

Loyalists and slaves who had been promised freedom wanted to leave for safety purposes, Canada and Caribbean and England, Florida at first but then Caribbean

Joseph Brant

Mohawk chief who killed hundreds of Patriot militiamen so Washington sent 4000 men under General John Sullivan to crush them in Newton NY, Aug 29 1779, Patriots destroyed 40 Seneca and Cayuga villages, desecrated graves, raped the women and mutilated/skinned dead warriors, broke power of Iroquois Confederacy for all time

Robert R Livingston

New Yorker sent to Paris by Jefferson in 1801 as ambassador to France, his primary objective was to acquire the strategic port city of New Orleans, purchasing New Orleans and West Florida was of absolute importance, 66 years old, Monroe sent to assist him because negotiations were stalled

Barbary Pirates

North Africans who waged war (1801-1805) on the United States after Jefferson refused to pay tribute (a bribe) to protect American ships, pirates who captured American merchants and ships as blackmail for money but then raised their prices, causing the war

Slavery

North vs South, by 1787 MA, PA, CT, and RI abolished it, embarrassing contradiction to principles of liberty and equality, South would have walked out of the Constitutional Convention if there was an attempt to abolish slavery, so no effort to limit or abolish it, slaves had no civil rights and were counted as 3/5 of a person, Governor Morris said people in South get more votes (population) for protection of people than the North who didn't have slavery (better morals)

Jeffersonian/Nationalist Republicans vs anti-Jeffersonian Old Republicans

O: a group of mostly southern agrarian political purists, for whom protecting states rights was more important than the need for a strong central government, best known for opposing any compromise with Federalists, any expansion of federal authority at the expense of states rights, any new taxes or tariffs, any change in the South's agrarian way of life rooted in slavery N: more moderate, pragmatic, and nationalistic, willing to compromise state's rights principle to maintain national tariffs on imports, preserve a national bank, and stretch the "implied" powers of the Constitution to accommodate the Louisiana Purchase

General Stephen Van Rensselaer

Oct 13 1812, led US troops across Niagara River from Lewiston NY to Queenston, almost 1000 soldiers forced to surrender at crushing defeat at the Battle of Queenston Heights

Battle of Kings Mountain

Oct. 7, 1780, Patriot sharpshooters devastated Loyalist troops, hour long battle which resembled an extended family feud, after this it was virtually impossible for the British to recruit Loyalists

Deborah Sampson

Patriot who disguised herself as a man and served in the Continental Army (Ann Bailey also did this, she got promoted to corporal before they found out she was a woman), only woman to earn full military pension for participation in the Revolutionary War

Jeffersonian Republicans

Political party founded by Thomas Jefferson in opposition to the Federalist Party led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams, AKA Democratic Republicans, anti-Federalists, Republicans

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

President Thomas Jefferson's purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of U.S. territory, most significant event of Jefferson's presidency, one of the most important developments in American history, Federalists opposed it because the Constitution didn't mention the purchase of land, roughly 3 cents an acre

Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben

Prussian who volunteered without rank or pay, arrived at Valley Forge Feb. 23, 1778, used interpreter to teach Americans how to march, shoot, and attack in formation, European soldiers blindly followed orders but Americans asked why

General William Hull

Revolutionary war veteran and governor of Michigan Territory, told Canadians liberation time but the Canadians didnt want to be liberated, he was tricked by British commander's threats to unleash thousands of Indian warriors so he surrendered all 2500 of his troops without firing a shot, tried and sentenced to death for being a traitor and an idiot but Madison pardoned him although he was still dismissed from the army for cowardice, part of three part invasion of Canada plan

General Nathanael Greene

Rhode Island Quaker, Washington's ablest officer, adapted hit and run strategy for his troops, cleared GA and SC of General Cornwallis and his troops

Albert Gallatin

Secretary of the Treasury under Thomas Jefferson, he was a Pennsylvanian Republican whose financial skills had won him the respect of both Federalists and Republicans, advised Jefferson to keep the national bank, so upset by the loss of the Bank of the United States that he wrote a scathing letter or resignation but Madison begged him to stay, proposed appointing women to government positions under Jefferson but Jefferson said neither the public nor himself were prepared for that

Fort McHenry

Sept 13 1814, British bombarded it but Americans refused to surrender and the British got frustrated and just sailed away, the Star Spangled Banner

Colonial Marines

Sept 1813, British organized ~400 former slaves into this all black military unit, recruits were provided uniforms, meals, and $6/month, panicked whites along Chesapeake Bay because of how they treated them

Battle of Brandywine (Creek)

Sept. 11, 1777, British overpowered Washington and occupied Philadelphia, Washington and Continental Congress withdrew in panic

Sacagawea

Shoshone woman who was married to a French fur trader, provided crucial assistance to Lewis and Clark in appreciation because they helped in delivering her baby boy, Baptiste, she was their guide, translator, and negotiator

Immigration

Thomas Jefferson worried immigrant wouldn't understand or embrace the new republics democratic premises, no immigrant president, Washington said America's open embrace of refugees and immigrants was one of the nations most important values, helped grow population and economy, immigrants free to renounce original citizenship to become American citizens, 1790s ~100,000 European immigrants to US, no Africans or Asian or Native American descent citizenship, up to states if free blacks are citizens or not

Chief Justice John Marshall

Thomas Jefferson's cousin who shared a hatred for each other with each other, presided over Supreme Court during Marbury v Madison, he was a VA Federalist who had served in the army Rev War, law school at College of William and Mary, respected Richmond attorney, helped Madison convince VAs to ratify the Constitution, secretary of state under John Adams, enemy of Jefferson, made Supreme Court the most powerful court in the world, distinctive emphasis on protecting individual rights while insisting upon the supremacy of national government over states, denied Court jurisdiction in Marbury v Madison because the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional, and the Supreme Court should only have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign ambassadors or nations, Court can say what the law is even if it means overruling Congress and the President, judicial review final authority in constitutional interpretations, tried Aaron Burr for treason and said there wasn't enough evidence, Jefferson wanted him impeached

Treaty of Cession (May 2 1803)

United States agreed to pay $15 million (about 3 cents an acre) for the entire Louisiana Territory, Charles-Maurice de Talleygrand was Napoleon's negotiator for the treaty told Livingston and Monroe no one actually knew how big the Louisiana Territory was, special Congress called on Oct 17 1803 to ratify it

The Virginia and New Jersey Plans

VA Plan: drafted by James Madison, no more Articles of Confederation, start over, national government with supreme legislative, executive, and judicial branches, Congress in two houses (House of Reps and Senate), Congress can veto state laws, sparked furious disagreements NJ Plan: written by William Paterson, keep existing equal representation of states in one house legislature, Congress can collect taxes and regulate commerce and authority to name chief executive executive and supreme, no right to veto state laws

Morristown NJ

Valley Forge but with worse smallpox

The Cabinet

Washington routinely called his chief staff members together to discuss matters of policy, origin of Cabinet, an advisory body for which the Constitution makes no formal provision

Newburgh Conspiracy

Yorktown soldiers pay was late again and officers feared land grants promised to them by the government might never be honored, wanted to align army officers and public creditor to confront states with potential violence threat unless they yielded more power, Washington said a military coup was dishonorable and dangerous but agreed with the basic principles, military revolt would violate reasons they fought the war

Matthew Lyon

a Democratic Republican congressman from Vt, charged with defamation of President John Adams, jury convicted him, 4 months in prison, centered his campaign on his prosecution, Sedition Act unconstitutional, first Congressman to win reelection while in prison, supporters paid his fines

Quasi War

a by product of angry French reaction to Jay's Treaty, French stole ~300 American vessels and broke diplomatic relations with the US, XYZ Affair, undeclared naval war in Caribbean

The Federalist Papers

a collection of 85 essays published in NY newspapers between 1787 and 71788 written by James Madison, Hamilton, and John Jay, they defended the concept of a strong national government and outlined the major principles and assumptions embodied in the Constitution, tendency of majorities to tyrannize minorities, rise of factions greatest threat to rule by people, separation of powers and having a big country prevents this

representative democracy

a form of democracy in which citizens elect officials to govern on their behalf

Tecumseh (1768-1813)

a leader of the Shawnee tribe who tried to unite all Indians into a confederation that could defend their hunting grounds, he believed that no land cession could be made with out the consent of all tribes since they held the land in common, his beliefs and leadership made him seem dangerous to the American government and they waged war on him and his tribe, killed at the Battle of Thames

Orders in Council

a series of declarations issued by the British in May 1806 that imposed a naval blockade of the European coast to prevent merchant ships, including those from the US, from making port in France, also to assert dominance over America

Hartford Convention (1814-1815)

a series of secret meetings in Dec 1814 and Jan 1815 at which New England Federalists protested American involvement in the War of 1812 and discussed several constitutional amendments including limiting each president to 1 term, designed to weaken dominant Republican party, delegates from RI, CT, CT, and NH were there, 7 proposed Amendments to limit republican and southern influence; abolished counting of slaves in determining a states representation of Congress, requiring 2/3 super majority rather than simple majority vote to declare war or admit new states, prohibiting trade embargoes lasting more than 60 days, excluding immigrants from holding federal office, 1 term presidency, no successive presidents from one state (targeting VA), there was discussion of succession, Federalist party was stamped with the shame of disloyalty and they never recovered

Bill of Rights (1791)

a set of constitutional amendments intended to protect individual rights, 10 Amendments, provided safeguards for individual rights of speech, assembly, religion and the press, right to own firearms, to refuse to house soldiers, to refuse to testify against oneself, to a speedy public trial with an attorney present before an impartial jury, a protection against cruel and punishments, technically only applied to property owning white males

Effects of War of 1812 on Indian Nations

abandoned by British, devastated the nations, intense feelings of betrayal, forced out of homelands by Americans westward expansion

Manufacturing/internal improvements

active governmental promotion of new manufacturing and industrial enterprises, industrialization would bring diversification of American economy

Federalists

advocates for Constitution, led by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, had advantages over anti-Federalists, concrete proposal not just criticism, leaders younger and more energetic, also members of Constitutional Convention so they were more familiar with the disputed issues, more unified and better organized, feared excesses of democracy, wanted strong central government led by wise leaders who wanted economic growth, social stability and national defense

The Burr Conspiracy

after controversy with his duel with Hamilton, Burr tried to make his own empire in the West, and hatched a plot with General James Wilkinson, they plotted to use a well-armed force of volunteers to separate a part of the Louisiana Territory from the union, then declare it an independent republic with New Orleans as the capital and Burr as the ruler, late 1806 they went down the Ohio and Mississippi Ruler to New Orleans with 100 volunteers but Wilkinson snitched to Jefferson and Burr was arrested and tried to treason, acquitted for lack of evidence, skipped bail and went to England then France, returned in 1812 to keep practicing law

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

agreement between Great Britain and the United States that ended the war of 1812, signed Dec 24, 1814, all prisoners returned, revious land boundaries, British would stop supporting Indian attacks along the Great Lakes, Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams were the negotiators, negotiations were at a standstill until news of the American victory at Lake Champlain

citizen-soldier

aka militiamen, primarily summoned from farms and shops, after danger, quickly returned home, unreliable and ungovernable

The Battle of Lake Champlain

also called the Battle of Plattsburgh, forced British to abandon the northern campaign (their main military push in the war) and retreat to Canada, American victory

Henry Clay and John C Calhoun

among the most vocal war hawks, definitely the most famous ones, H: Kentucky, brash young Speaker of the House, KY militia alone could conquer Canada, his bravado inspired others, J: didn't like H much but like loved him for advocating for a war against the British, celebrated together when war was announced

Army of West Tennessee

army commanded by Andrew Jackson during War of 1812 and the Creek War

Bank of the United States (1791)

based in Philadelphia, Hamilton wanted it, Jefferson did not, Washington approved it, had 3 primary responsibilities 1) to hold the governments funds and pay its bills 2) to provide loans to the federal government and to other banks to promote economic development 3) to manage the nations money supply by regulating the power of state-chartered banks to issue paper currency or bank notes

Battle of Yorktown

began Sept. 28, 1781, British lasted 3 weeks under siege and fire, blocked in Chesapeake Bay by French fleet and American army, Oct. 17, 1781, Cornwallis surrenders, 7000 soldiers retreat, he refused to hand the sword to Washington, crushed all hope of British victory, carefully coordinated by American and French, big deal bc communication was hard

Compromise of 1790

between Hamilton, Jefferson, and Madison, agreed national capital would move from NYC to Philadelphia for the next 10 years, then to new Washington D.C., Hamilton would find votes in Congress to approve the move, Jefferson and Madison would find the 2 more votes necessary to pass debt assumption plan, the compromise went as planned

Benedict Arnold

caught in May 1781, bribed by British to sell out his former command of West Point, which was critically important

socioeconomic changes

class distinctions disappearing, rich people angry because now they have less power, more men could vote and hold office because property owning qualifications lowered or eliminated, masses gaining power and taking law into own hands, protesting taxes

Robert Morris

closest thing to an executive leader of the Confederation, superintendent of finance in final years of war, wanted to make himself and the Confederation more powerful, financial stability through coherent program of taxation and debt management, government bonds, 1781 secured Congressional charter for Bank of North America, lend money to government and issue currency, in part privately owned and expected to be profitable for Morris and other shareholders, depended on government and having secure income, needed unanimous state approval for amendment to Articles of Confederation

Invasion of Canada

complicated plan needed 3 armies to attack from 3 angles to split up British troops, underfunded and undermanned singular army, never mind 3, told Canadians they were going to be liberated but they said no, first section failed, second section never happened, third section also failed, successful burning of York (Toronto) though, naval control of Great Lakes forced British evacuation of Upper Canada, Battle of Thames was an American victory

Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

confirmed Republican suspicions the Federalists were willing to go to any lengths to suppress freedom of speech, partisan laws have president power to violate civil liberties protected by the Bill of Rights, 3/4 Acts reflected hostility to French and Irish immigrants, Alien Friends Act said the president can jail and deport "dangerous" aliens, Alien Enemies Act said the president in war time can expel or imprison aliens from enemy nations

Second Bank of the United States

created by Madison in 1816 after the first one was neglected by Republicans because there was no way to pay off the war debt or finance any other wars without it

state constitutions

designed to reflect principles of republican ideology limiting the powers government so as to protect the rights of the people, elected governors instead of royally appointed governors, bill of rights (freedom of speech, trial by jury, freedom from self-incrimination, etc.), limited powers of governors and strengthened powers of legislatures

Battle of Tippecanoe (fall 1811)

disastrous defeat for Native Americans, William Henry Harrison's 1000 troops advanced on Prophetstown and burned the village and destroyed its supplies, Tecumseh's Indian Confederacy fell apart and he fled to Canada

Articles of Confederation

draft constitution which essentially legalized the way things had been operating since independence was declared, reflected fears of monarchy (no long standing president or chief executive), did not establish a strong central government, formally approved in 1781, created a loose alliance of 13 independent and often squabbling states which were united only in theory, states basically independent, national government was only Congress, every state had one vote, Congress couldn't enforce its own laws or taxes

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

drafted by (Jefferson ?) Matthew Lyon and James Madison, said the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional and the states could nullify them

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

final major battle in War of 1812, Americans under Andrew Jackson unexpectedly and decisively countered the British attempt to seize the port of New Orleans, Louisiana, Jackson declared martial law and turned New Orleans into an armed camp, British: 60 ships, thousands of soldiers, Sir Edward Pakenham, painfully careful preparation, Pakenham ordered rash frontal at dawn on Sunday Jan 8 1815, 5300 soldiers, 2 columns, 25 minutes down 2100 men including Pakenham, Americans: hundreds of slaves loaned by planters, dug trenches, built new ports for cannons, stacked cotton and sugar, 10 ft wide moat, 4500 Americans/militiamen, Choctaws, African Americans, Chalmette Plantation, 71 killed or wounded, vitally important battle psychologically

Federal Judiciary Act of 1789

gave the Supreme Court authority in Marbury v Madison case but John Marshall said it was unconstitutional because the Constitutional said the Court should have original jurisdiction only in cases involving foreign ambassadors or nations, first law declared unconstitutional

William Henry Harrison

governor of the Indiana Territory, met with Tecumseh twice and described him as an uncommon genius who springs up to overturn established order of things, gather 1000 troops in fall 1811 and advanced on Prophetstown, Battle of Tippecanoe

George Washington

had a lot of trouble with deserters, hard lessons to learn in leadership, soldiers resented traditional military discipline, started to use resilience and flexibility as weapons, more democratic approach, feedback from soldiers changed his strategy to hit and run attacks, very successful, helped at Yorktown, commander of Continental Army, unanimously elected as presiding officer at the Constitutional convention but didn't participate much because he felt his opinion would be taken almost too seriously, unanimous election as the president but didn't want it, wanted unity, nation needed a national attitude for success, neutrality proclamation to France, welcomed ambassador, never forgave Jefferson for organizing Democratic-Republican clubs to oppose his policies, never spoke to Jefferson again after his resignation, granted slaves freedom after his death, Sept 17, 1791, retired, warned against permanent alliances with other countries, left behind organization of new national government, prosperous economy, recovery of territory from Britain and Spain, stable northwestern frontier, admission of VT, KY, and TN

The Supreme Court

headed by a chief justice, role to interpret laws and ensure every citizen receives equal justice under the law, final authority in interpreting the Constitution and settling Constitutional disputes between states, the Supreme Law of the Land

John Adams

helped lead Federalists, vice president in 1789, didn't like Washington, often fought with fellow Federalists, hardest working member of Congress, authored MA state constitution, exceptional diplomat in France, Holland, and Great Britain during the Revolutionary War, feared democracy and despised equality, felt he was never properly appreciated, first president in White House, support of Alien and Sedition Acts was the greatest mistake of his presidency, prevented freedom of speech, he got peace with France, husband of Abigail Adams, represented US in the Netherlands, went to Paris to negotiate the treaty but didn't actually do much

Benjamin Franklin

helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris and the Treaty of Alliance, and write the Declaration of Independence and Constitution

John Jay

helped write Federalist Papers, selected by Washington as the first chief justice of Supreme Court, president of Continental Congress 1778-79, American ambassador to Spain helped with 1783 Treaty of Paris, secretary of foreign affairs after Revolution

Thomas Paine

immigrant, stressed in 1776 that America's uniqueness was in its willingness to be the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from every part of Europe

War hawks

in 1811, congressional members from the Southern and western districts who clamored for a war to seize Canada and Florida were dubbed this

the Exeter Riot

in NH, farmers surrounded legislative building, demanding the representatives print more paper money to ease financial difficulties, many similar occurrences in other states

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

in place of Jefferson's terrible Embargo Act, this one reopened trade with all countries except Great Britain and France and their colonies, also authorized the President to reopen trade with Great Britain or France if either should stop violating American rights of the high seas

Economic Independence after War of 1812

interruption of trade with Europe during the war forced America to expand its own manufacturing sector to be more self-sufficient which made America more powerful

French Revolution (1789)

intrigued Americans especially Jefferson and Democratic Republicans because the royal tyranny was displaced by a democratic republic that gave voting rights to all men regardless of property, Jacobins wanted total equality, Jefferson approved of Revolution, Washington was conflicted because of the Treaty of Alliance, ended up declaring neutrality

Napoleon Bonaparte

leader of France, had a massive ego, remarkable self-confidence, and a single minded hunger for military victories and imperial powers, penniless immigrant to army general by 26, military genius, most feared ruler in the world, conqueror of Egypt and Italy, wanted Canada and Louisiana back from the Brits, offered to sell New Orleans and Louisiana Territory to Americans in order to cut his losses in other areas and to finance his "inevitable" next war with Great Britain, knew America's rapid population growth would overwhelm French control of the territory eventually anyways, spring 1803 (soon after LP) he declared war on Great Britain

First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte

leader of new French government in 1799, his army overthrew the republic

Toussaint L'Ouverture

led a massive slave revolt against Napoleon in Haiti, proclaimed the land the Republic of Haiti, part of the reason the Louisiana Territory was sold to America, first successful slave rebellion in history and panicked the southern states

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)

led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, a mission to the Pacific coast commissioned for the purposes of scientific and geographical exploration, Corps of Discovery, traveled in 2 large dugout canoes and a bigger boat filled with supplies and gifts, Fort Manden, Sacagawea, found Pacific Ocean and made Fort Clatsop and would would eventually be Astoria, Oregon, spring 1806 they started home because they ran out of food, March 1806, Nez Perce village, hospitable and kind, Blackfeet tried to steal horses and guns in Montana so some of them got killed, lasted 28 months and covered ~8000 miles, journals and observations, 180 plants and 125 animals

John Burgoyne

led the complicated attack on NY with General Howe, failed in execution and communication, troops ran out of food and provisions, short of wagons and carts, moved slow enough for Americans to spring a trap and gather an army, surrendered at Battles of Saratoga

Election of 1800

lots of public slander, Jefferson and Burr (Republicans) got 73 electoral votes each, people talked openly of civil war and rumors of plans to assassinate Jefferson, Jefferson won, emergence of new, more democratic political culture, dominated by bitterly divided parties and wider public participation, "Revolution of 1800", Republican presidents for next 24 years

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

marked the first time Congress declared war, aka Mr. Madison's War, conflict fought in North America and at sea between Great Britain and the United States over American shipping rights and British efforts to spur Inidan attacks on America settlements, Canadians and Native Americans also fought in the war, 2nd War for Independence, impressment of sailors, American honor at stake, Tecumseh, control of Canada and Florida, war hawks, unprepared for war militarily or financially and James Madison not strong enough of a leader to inspire public confidence and military resolve, disaster, ports blockaded and US military incompetent, Lake Champlain, losses in Canada, Battle of Thames and Tecumseh's death, boosted spirits, The Creek War, Colonial Marines, fighting in the Chesapeake Bay, burning in Washington DC, Fort McHenry, Battle of Lake Champlain, Treaty of Ghent, Battle of New Orleans, Hartford Convention

political opportunities

more citizens could participate in government then ever before, property qualifications lowered, not just rich men elected to state legislatures

Henry Laurens

president of the Continental Congress, negotiated the Treaty of Paris, South Carolina delegate to Continental Congress before president of it

James Madison

most active at the Constitutional Convention, logical and willing to compromise, proved decisive in shaping Constitution, believed the republic needed a stronger national government, weaker state legislatures and power to restrain excessive democratic impulses, proposed the VA Plan, wanted to give Congress power to veto laws, noted slavery divided the nation, believed legislative should be most powerful but Congress not too powerful, slaveholder, wrong to admit men seen as property in Constitution, helped lead Federalists and write the Federalist Papers, warned that democracy usually didn't last and had a fiery death, warning about factions, had very similar views about politics and what the country should be as Jefferson, involved in the Compromise of 1791, said Adams violated civil rights and was concerned with Hamilton's aggressive beliefs, Secretary of State for Thomas Jefferson and was his best friend, Marbury v Madison, Jefferson directed him to withhold Marbury's commission, sued to stop withholding commission, elected in 1808, talented legislator and "Father of the Constitution" but an indecisive, weak chief executive, entangled in foreign affairs and crippled by lack of executive experience, overestimated republic's diplomatic leverage and military strength, freedom of seas but navy not strong enough to enforce it, Mr. Madison's War/War of 1812, lacked the leadership ability and physical stature to inspire public confidence and military resolve, refused to allow free blacks or slaves to serve in the army

republican ideology

no aristocracy or monarchy, representative democracy, property holding white men governed themselves through concept of republicanism, where they elected representatives or legislatures to make key decisions on their behalf

Religious Freedom

no direct mention of God in Constitution, determined to protect religious life from government interference and coercion, separation of church and state, freedom of religion, America virtually alone in countries with no formal religion

John Randolph

one of Jefferson's cousins, initially a loyal Jeffersonian but eventually emerged as the most colorful and conservative of the "Old Republicans", the Senate's most flamboyant character, often entered chamber wearing long white coat, white boots with spurs, carrying a horsewhip, and with a hunting hound that would sleep under his desk, drank whiskey during his speeches, wittiest insulter in Congress, ordered opponents to sit down and shut up, dueled Henry Clay in 1826, old fashioned aristocrat, "I love liberty. I hate equality", the question of slavery is life and death for the South

Non-Importation Act

passed by angry Congress banning the importation of British goods (that could be made in the US) in response to the Orders in Council

Andrew Jackson

proud anti-British Tennessean, first TN Congressman, commanding general of the Army of West Tennessee in 1813, he recruited ~2500 volunteer militiamen and headed South with David Crockett and Sam Houston, natural warrior and gifted commander, embraced violence, gloried in it, and prospered by it, Creek War, expedition across Alabama to help, difficult to keep men fed and supplied, Treaty of Fort Jackson, Nov 1 1814 he led an army in Florida and seized Spanish controlled Pensacola, which prevented another British army from attacked Southern states, Battle of New Orleans, declared martial law and turned it into an armed cam, organized hundreds of slaves "loaned" by planters, victory ensured Great Britain and America would move quickly to approve the Treaty of Ghent, victory helped to transform him into a dynamic presidential candidate eager to move nation into an even more democratic era "common man" celebrated and empowered, he was idolized

Aaron Burr

ran as a Republican in 1796, lost, ran again in 1800, tied with Jefferson (also a Republican), 73 electoral votes each, shockingly refused to withdraw in favor of Jefferson, eventually lost the tie breaker, ran as an independent candidate for governor of New York because he couldn't get elected president, ending up losing to a Republican candidate who had been endorsed by Jefferson anyways, duel with Hamilton, Hamilton intentionally missed because of his morals, but he shot him in the hip and ended up killing him , he was charged with murder so he fled to South Carolina where his daughter lived, he killed his political career too, the Burr Conspiracy, he was a lawyer who graduated from Princeton, tried for treason because of the Conspiracy, skipped bail and took refuge in England first, then France, returned to America in 1812 and resumed practicing law

Foreign Relations and Commerce

relations with Great Britain (from debt) and Spain (land) were tense from the Revolutionary War, Great Britain kept kidnapping American sailors, closed the Caribbean island colonies to Americans, merchant ships allowed to trade with Great Britain but not US vessels, tonnage fees on British, levied tariffs on their goods, pitted states against each other, because British boats went to the ports with the lowest tariffs

Republicanism

representative democracy and majority rules

President Jefferson

republican simplicity, femininely soft and high pitched voice for oath, common people, trained as an attorney, read Greek and Latin, head of American Philosophical Society, inventive genius of wide learning and many self-taught abilities (including architecture), message of unity but very anti-Federalist, more democratic political culture, common people play greater roles, progressive and enlightened in some areas, self-serving and hypocritical in others (slavery and frugality), Sally Hemmings was his wife's half sister, she was mulatto and sort of his mistress after his wife's death, party leader, Secretary of State was James Madison, Secretary of the Treasury was Albert Gallatin, women not equal, filled lesser offices with Republicans because of public pressure, got the Judiciary Act of 1801 repealed, hated John Marshall, Marbury v Madison, accepted national bank as essential to economic growth, slashed federal budget to pay down the government debt, fired all federal tax collectors and cut the military budget in half, first national government in history to reduce its own scope and power, repealed Hamilton's whiskey tax, westward expansion, reduce cost of federal land, Louisiana Purchase, Napoleon is a scoundrel and treat to the future of US, sent Livingston then Monroe to Paris to try and buy the land, first just wanted New Orleans, political dilemma because he had criticized Federalists for stretching the meaning of the Constitution and now he was trying to executively buy more land, he did it, feared multiracial society, called special session of Congress to ratify Treaty of Cession

Daniel Boone

set out in 1769 to find a trail into KY, discovered Warrior's Path, 1773 led a group of white settlers to KY, 1775 him and 30 woodsman used axes to widen the 208 mile long Path into Wilderness Road, 300,000+ settlers over next 25 years, "Columbus of the Woods", said he was but a common man

Act to Prohibit the Importation of Slaves (1807)

signed by Jefferson, outlawed importation of enslaved Africans into the US partly because Southerners were starting to believe African born slaves were more prone to revolt, took effect Jan 1 1808, illegal global trafficking would continue

Presidential powers

single chief executive, natural born citizen, at least 35 years old, any or no religion elected for 4 year terms, could veto acts of Congress, which could then be subject to being overridden by 2/3 vote in both Senate and House of Reps, becomes nations chief diplomat and commander in chief of armed forces, responsible for implementing laws made by Congress, can't declare war or make peace, can be impeached

Francis Scott Key

slave holding lawyer from MD who watched the Fort McHenry assault having been sent to negotiate the release of a captured American, he was inspired to scribble the first verses of the Star-Spangled Banner, rabid white supremacist, fairly unknown 3rd stanza of SSB relates to the slaughtering of slaves who joined the British army in exchange for their freedom

Lieutenant Stephen Decatur

slipped into Tripoli Harbour by night and set fires to the frigate Philadelphia, which had been captured after it ran aground, a force of US Marines marched 500 miles across the desert to assault Derna, Tripoli's second largest town, the Tripoli leader agreed to a $60,000 ransom and released the Philadelphia's crew, still technically blackmail but much less than the $300,000 originally demanded or the cost of an all out war

inoculations and smallpox

smallpox continuously devastated American troops so during Morristown Washington got the entire army inoculated which was very dangerous at the time but it was incredibly successful and was the only reason they survived

Naturalization Act of 1790

specified any "free white person" could gain citizenship after living for at least 2 years in US (increased to 5 in 1795 and to 14 with Alien and Sedition Acts), immigrants were free to renounce original citizenship to become American citizens

Embargo Act (Dec 1807)

stopped all American exports by prohibiting US ships from sailing to foreign ports to "keep our ships and seamen out of harm's way", law promoted by Thomas Jefferson, disastrous to American economy, goal to protect American ships from British and French attacks, smuggling levels soared, turned politics upside down

Reports on Public Credit

submitted to Congress between Jan 1790 and Dec 1791, Hamilton outlined his visionary program for economic development of US, first report said how federal government should refinance the debt of the states and Confederation government accumulated during war

Treaty of Alliance

success at Saratoga convinced French to sign 2 crucial treated created by Benjamin Franklin, Feb. 1778, if France entered the war, both countries would fight until Americans won their independence and neither would call truce unless both agreed, vital to war victory

Valley Forge

winter of 1777-1778, near Philadelphia, 12000 Patriots including some children endured unrelenting cold, hunger and disease, 900 makeshift log and mud huts, by Feb 1778 ~7000 troops too ill for duty, 2500 died, 1000 deserted, 50 officers resigned in 1 day, several hundred more left before spring, von Steuben arrives

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

written by Adam Smith, provided first full description of what would come to be called a modern capitalist economy and its social benefits, declaration of independence from Britain's mercantilism system governments should allow individuals and businesses to compete freely for profits in the marketplace, welfare of society would be enhanced by liberating self interest and entrepreneurial innovation, strong economy means all major sectors flourish (agriculture, trade, banking, finance, and manufacturing)

The American Crisis

written by Thomas Paine, pamphlet which Washington had read to army right before crossing the Delaware River, boosted Patriot spirits, vital to troop morale

Abigail Adams

wrote to her husband John Adams asking for more female rights, promoted female equality and political participation

The Critical Period

years between 1783 and 1787 when American leaders developed sharp differences about economic policies, international relations, and the proper relationships of the states to the national government, a time of hopes frustrated, shaded by regrets at absence of national loyalty and international respect, complex financial issues hampered economic development (no stable national economy and a lot of debt)