APUSH Unit 2 Review
The right to direct representation in Parliament
According to the royal governor of Massachusetts Francis Bernard, what applied to British subjects in Britain but not to American colonists?
The national debt.
Albert Gallatin, Jefferson's secretary of the treasury, believed what to be an "evil of the first magnitude"?
The colonies would remain British but operate under a continental government with the power to veto parliamentary laws that affected America.
As part of his plan to address the issue of representation, Joseph Galloway, a delegate to the First Continental Congress proposed "That the several [colonial] assemblies shall [form an American union and] choose members for the grand council. . . . That the Grand Council . . . shall hold and exercise all the like rights, liberties and privileges, as are held and exercised by and in the House of Commons of Great-Britain. . . . That the said President-General and the Grand Council, be an inferior and distinct branch of the British legislature, united and incorporated with it, . . . and that the assent of both [Parliament and the Grand Council] shall be requisite to the validity of all such general acts or statutes [that affect the colonies]." Which of the following most accurately summarizes Galloway's plan?
The Treaty of Greenville
Despite a defeat in the Battle of Fallen Timbers in northern Ohio, the Western Confederacy remained strong enough to forge which compromise?
resented the arrogance of British military officers and the corruption of royal bureaucrats.
Evangelical Protestants stirred by the religious passions of the Great Awakening joined mobs opposing the Stamp Act because they
Their piety
For what behavior or attitude did congregational ministers of eighteenth-century colonial New England praise women?
Their assumption by the federal government
Hamilton's multiple-part program to revive the finances of the United States involved the paying off of old government securities, the chartering of a national bank, and what action regarding state debts?
The colonists had virtual representation in Parliament.
How did British politicians respond to Benjamin Franklin's argument that Americans deserved representation in Parliament before they could be taxed?
He placed them under strong leaders and harassed less mobile British troops.
How did General Nathanael Greene make maximum use of undisciplined southern militiamen in the southern campaign of the Revolutionary War?
He tried to combine Christian and Native American beliefs.
How did Handsome Lake's religious revivals differ from other Native American belief systems?
He proposed the Currency Act.
How did Prime Minister George Grenville first try to address the revenue problem with the American colonies?
He sought to block American influence by using parliamentary taxes to finance imperial administration in the colonies.
How did chancellor of the exchequer Charles Townshend seek to undermine American political institutions in his Revenue Act of 1767?
They refocused their military campaign to protect the British West Indies and launched an invasion of the southern colonies.
How did the British alter their military strategy in response to the French-American alliance?
American merchants profited handsomely from the war that resulted from it.
How did the French Revolution affect the American economy?
It provided badly needed funds and naval support.
How did the French alliance affect the American cause during the Revolutionary War?
More than half lived on smaller farms than their fathers had.
How did the economic status of farmers in Concord, Massachusetts, in 1750 compare to that of their fathers?
The work boosted their self-esteem and raised their expectations.
How did work on the farm and in the household change the lives of women during the Revolutionary War?
The war reduced trade and caused hardship.
How were the economies of northern cities affected by the Revolutionary War?
Rotten boroughs
In 1763, Radical Whigs launched a campaign to reform Parliament by abolishing tiny districts that were controlled by wealthy aristocrats and merchants. What were these districts known as?
Acknowledge parliamentary supremacy and provide revenue
In 1775, what did William Pitt propose that American colonists should do in exchange for Parliament renouncing its power to tax the colonies and its recognition of the Continental Congress as a lawful body?
Helping British troops expected to arrive in Virginia
In November 1773, a group of African American slaves in Virginia planned to use what strategy to try to win their freedom?
10 percent
In South Carolina's 1778 constitution, what percentage of white men was allowed to hold office?
By borrowing money
In addition to printing paper money, how did the Continental Congress finance the Revolutionary War?
Indian decline stemmed from contact with Europeans.
Neolin, a Delaware prophet, emphasized which of these messages in 1763?
the Enlightenment.
One major ideological touchstone for American patriots was the rationalist thought promoted by philosophers of
Lack of debtor-relief legislation
Shays's Rebellion was essentially a struggle over what issue?
Respectable and celebratory
Take a look at the engraving of a colonial crowd protesting the Stamp Act in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1765. Which of the following best summarizes the nature of this crowd as presented by the artist?
allowing colonial trade with the French West Indies and imposing a lower but more strictly enforced duty on French molasses.
The British ministry shrewdly drafted the Sugar Act of 1764 with the intention of
At the headwaters of the Ohio River
The French attempted to prevent British movement into the southern Great Lakes in the early 1750s by building a fort where?
Roman Catholicism
The Quebec Act allowed practice of which religion in Quebec?
The East India Company
The Tea Act of 1773 benefited which group?
centralization of the empire in the hands of imperial officials.
The major transformation of the British Empire following the Seven Years' War can best be characterized as a(n)
Excise levies
To help pay the enlarged British national debt in the 1760s, Parliament passed an increase in sales taxes also known as what?
Thomas Hutchinson
Two weeks after the Stamp Act went into effect, a Boston mob attacked the house of which lieutenant governor, who was a defender of social privilege and imperial authority?
Proclamation of 1763
Under which policy did the British prohibit white settlement west of the frontier line along the Appalachians?
Benjamin Franklin
What American Enlightenment figure wrote Poor Richard's Almanack and founded the American Philosophical Society?
Parliament could bypass colonial assemblies and impose an internal tax on the colonies.
What constitutional principle was Parliament asserting with passage of the Stamp Act?
Legal claims against prewar debts
What did the British gain from the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783?
Meet settlers' needs more effectively than the British Empire had
What did the United States have to do in the western territories to secure the loyalty of western settlers to the new nation?
When a widow remarried, her portion of property was divided among the children
What evidence indicates that a woman's property rights in colonial New England were subordinate to those of the family?
Ability of the national government to overturn state laws
What feature of James Madison's Virginia Plan showed his nationalist views and would have endangered ratification of the Constitution had it been included?
Shays's Rebellion
What immediate postwar event convinced foreign observers that the new United States might fail?
White migration to Ohio.
What immediately resulted from the signing of the Treaty of Greenville?
Land and cultivation rights were passed through the female line.
What is evidence of the greater power enjoyed by women among eastern woodland Native American societies?
Absence of a governor
What made Pennsylvania's constitution so democratic?
The fear of slave uprisings
What made South Carolina Patriots weaker than their comrades in Middle Atlantic and northern states during the Revolutionary War?
Resolving the conflicts that emerged over western land claims
What major political challenge faced by the new nation is illustrated by this map?
Imaginative but naïve, it hurt Americans more than anyone else.
What statement assesses the Embargo Act of 1807?
Franklin suggested that the colonies were "distinct and separate states."
What statement by Benjamin Franklin outraged the American-born royal governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson, in 1770?
He failed to exploit the divisions among the Patriots.
What was George III's political failure in handling the rebellion among American colonists?
The war in Europe brought prosperity to American merchants.
What was a consequence in the 1790s of the war in Europe that resulted from the French Revolution?
Rapid inflation drove up the prices of goods, causing widespread unrest and supply problems for the army.
What was a result of the states and Congress printing large quantities of paper money during the first years of the Revolutionary War?
Alarm felt by many leading Patriots
What was the impact of Pennsylvania's very democratic constitution?
The Stamp Act
What was the name of the law passed by Parliament that required the colonies to pay a tax on legal papers, newspapers, playing cards, and other printed items?
The excise tax on spirits raised the price on corn whiskey.
What was the outcome of the national government's new excise tax that pushed western Pennsylvania farmers toward rebellious protests in 1794?
To free royal officials from financial dependence on the American legislatures
What was the primary purpose of the Townshend Act of 1767?
The republican belief in an educated citizenry
What was the root cause for the new opportunities for some women in the revolutionary period?
Their maps and journals provided valuable information.
What was the significance of the trip west by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark?
At the Battle of Yorktown in October, 1781
Where did French military support make a decisive difference?
New York
Where did most of the fighting take place in this period?
William Pitt
Which British political leader was the only one who openly supported a proposal made by Benjamin Franklin for American representation in Parliament?
The Comte de Vergennes
Which French foreign minister and supporter of American independence convinced the French king to form an alliance with the Patriots?
Quebec Act
Which act of 1774 extended legal recognition to Roman Catholics in French regions of Canada, stirring old religious hatreds between Catholics and Protestants, especially in New England?
Government finances
Which issue dominated the postwar political agenda in post-Revolutionary America?
Creation of a national bank
Which of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton's proposals did Thomas Jefferson and James Madison object to on constitutional grounds?
General Howe's failure to run down Washington's army in 1776
Which of the following was a British blunder during the Revolutionary War?
George Grenville
Which prime minister presided over British attempts to reform the colonial system in America after the Great War for Empire?
Popular sovereignty
Which principle of republicanism was stated in the Declaration of Independence?
They saw increased taxes and national debt.
Which statement assesses the outcome of the Revolutionary War for the French?
German migrants to the Middle colonies did not participate extensively in colonial politics.
Which statement characterizes German migrants to the Middle colonies in the eighteenth century?
Adapted British Whig notions of mixed government to the new republic
Which statement describes John Adams's plan for government as outlined in his Thoughts on Government?
The central government controlled foreign affairs.
Which statement describes the government formed under the Articles of Confederation?
It made a broad and deep impression throughout colonial society.
Which statement describes the impact of Thomas Paine's Common Sense?
They wanted to preserve their families' property and independence.
Which statement explains the fact that more than three-fourths of the voters of Long Island did not want to send a delegate to New York's Provincial Congress in 1775?
It gave a new sense of authority to many on the margins of colonial society.
Which statement summarizes the legacy of the Great Awakening?
Britain's poor and middling classes
Who did Parliament decide to tax first when the British Empire found itself deep in debt in the wake of the Great War for Empire (1754-1763)?
William Howe
Who was Washington's primary opponent and the formulator of the cautious British strategy in the early years of the war?
John Quincy Adams
Who was the skilled secretary of state who helped to negotiate the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, negotiated for the acquisition of Florida from Spain, and negotiated the boundary between the United States and Canada with Britain?
People who refused to choose sides
Who were the "nonassociators" during the American Revolution?
It would have boosted patriotism in the country and ensured the Federalists' reelection that year.
Why did Alexander Hamilton advocate a declaration of war against France in 1800?
Britain was at war with France and wanted to starve it into submission.
Why did Britain impose a naval blockade on France in 1802?
His army had been weakened by a war of attrition.
Why did General Charles Cornwallis decide to move out of the Carolinas into Virginia in 1781?
He believed that by taking the home of the Continental Congress, he would draw Washington into a decisive battle and end the war with a major British victory.
Why did General Howe advance on Philadelphia in 1777 rather than reinforcing General Burgoyne's troops in Albany, New York?
The Patriots wanted to limit the number of African Americans joining the British.
Why did George Washington begin to admit black recruits into the Continental army in 1777?
He wanted to temper the more democratic lower house.
Why did John Adams propose a bicameral legislature for the state of Massachusetts in his Thoughts on Government in 1776?
He hoped to counter the appeal of the Pennsylvania constitution.
Why did John Adams publish his treatise Thoughts on Government in 1776?
He argued that taxes on British exports made no economic sense.
Why did Lord North repeal the Townshend duties in 1770?
It gave their lands, without their consent, to the United States.
Why did Native Americans object to the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War?
They feared that tighter customs enforcement would wipe out their smuggling of French molasses.
Why did New England merchants oppose the Sugar Act of 1764?
European migrants wanted to own land, not work as peasants.
Why did New York landlords struggle to attract tenants to their manors in the middle of the eighteenth century?
He wanted to purchase New Orleans to secure navigation rights on the Mississippi.
Why did President Jefferson ask the American minister in Paris to negotiate with Napoleon Bonaparte over the Louisiana Territory?
He wanted to demonstrate Britain's military superiority.
Why did Prime Minister Lord North order General William Howe to capture New York City at the beginning of the Revolutionary War?
They believed that a standing army was a threat to liberty.
Why did Radical Whig Patriots distrust the Continental army?
They went beyond a strict interpretation of the Constitution.
Why did Thomas Jefferson object to Alexander Hamilton's fiscal programs?
They feared that resistance to Britain was the beginning of broader anarchy.
Why did a good number of men of the upper classes fear the Patriot movement?
Quaker meetings allowed couples to marry only if they had enough property to support a family.
Why did many Quakers in colonial America remain unmarried or marry later in life?
They wanted to import British textiles and other goods as cheaply as possible.
Why did most southern states oppose tariffs in post-Revolutionary America?
They wanted to secure support for their own old age.
Why did parents in colonial New England insist on choosing the marriage partners for their children?
Many were deeply in debt to British merchants and, as masters of their domains, resented this financial dependence.
Why did southern slave owners join the cause of the largely urban-led Patriot movement?
They were zealous Patriots.
Why did tens of thousands of farmers accept Continental dollars during the Revolutionary War?
They had allowed women to speak in public.
Why did the Boston minister Charles Chauncy attack the Pietist New Light ministers in the middle of the eighteenth century?
Budget cuts forced the move.
Why did the British abandon Fort Pitt in October 1772?
They hoped to make use of Loyalist support there.
Why did the British decide on their "southern strategy" in the later stages of the Revolutionary War?
He feared the end of the British laboring class
Why did the British secretary of state for American affairs Lord Hillsborough favor a permanent Proclamation Line to the west of the colonies?
No government authority existed to force people to go to church.
Why did the German minister and immigrant Gottlieb Mittelberger fear that Pennsylvania might descend into anarchy?
Growing demand for wheat
Why did the Middle colonies grow prosperous in the early 1700s?
They feared that they too might end up in court for their indebtedness.
Why did the Virginia gentry support the demands of yeomen farmers to close the law courts in 1774?
A cotton boom stimulated the expansion of cotton plantations there.
Why did the economies of Georgia and South Carolina boom in the 1790s?
The colonies' nonimportation agreement was taking its toll.
Why did the mainland colonies achieve a trade surplus with Britain in 1769?
They objected to the Sugar Act on constitutional grounds.
Why did the political allies of New England merchants object to the Sugar Acts?
Their landlords were Patriots.
Why did the tenant farmers of the Hudson River Valley in New York support the king?
To protect their right to own human property
Why had southern slaveholders fought in the Revolutionary War?
He directly attacked George III for supporting the legislation.
Why was Patrick Henry's attack against the Stamp Act so radical?
Pennsylvania had organized local governments in that region.
Why was Pennsylvania's claim on the region around Fort Pitt more compelling than Virginia's?
He wanted to extend the lines of supply and sap British morale.
Why was it General George Washington's objective early in the Revolutionary War to draw British troops away from the coast?
The Americans gained much needed equipment, a morale boost, and French support.
Why was the Battle of Saratoga a crucial victory for the Patriots?
The rebels looked to the French Revolution for inspiration.
Why was the Whiskey Rebellion especially frightening to Federalists?
Marshall asserted the Supreme Court's authority to interpret the Constitution
Why was the decision that Chief Justice John Marshall wrote in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) an important precedent for the constitutional authority of the Supreme Court of the United States?
Lack of manpower and preindustrial technology limited the surplus for tenant farmers.
Why was the road to landownership in the colony of New York so difficult?
News of Pennsylvania being "the best poor man's country" had spread in Europe.
Why were a growing number of immigrants forced to become squatters in Pennsylvania after the 1720s?
They suspected that Patriot leaders only sought to advance their own selfish interests.
Why were many American colonists skeptical of the Patriot movement?
They aided the transport of information.
Why were roads so important for the development of the colonies?
They saw their economic opportunity sapped in Ireland.
Why were the American colonies a popular destination for Scots-Irish immigrants in the early eighteenth century?
British ministers wanted peace to preserve the West Indies colonies.
Why were the Americans able to secure extremely favorable terms in peace negotiations with the British in Paris at the end of the Revolutionary War?