APUSH UNIT 3 (CH 11, Chapter 9, Learning Curve, Apush Chapter 8 learning curve, APUSH Chp. 7 Learning Curve, APUSH Chapter 10 Learning Curve)
By the 1840s, how many Americans had moved to states and territories west of the Appalachians?
5 million
As president, John Quincy Adams's support of Henry Clay's American System meant backing which action?
A national bank to stabilize currency and promote economic growth
What did Noah Webster argue for in the early nineteenth century?
An end to American dependence on foreign influences in language.
Why did slavery thrive in Mississippi and Alabama?
An expansion in cotton production
Although it was fought after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812, the Battle of New Orleans made who a national hero?
Andrew Jackson
Who encouraged Congress to restrict abolitionists use of the mail system
Andrew Jackson
What was intensified in the mid-nineteenth century by the social tensions stemming from industrialization?
Anti-Catholic sentiment
The picture shows Juliann Jane Tillman in what role?
As a preacher
Where did most American manufacturing in the early nineteenth century take place?
At home
What was one of the strategies that Evangelical abolitionists used to attack slavery beginning in the 1830 s
Bombarding congress with petitions to end slavery
In what respect were the Whigs of the 1830s similar to the Federalists at the beginning of the nineteenth century?
Both sought leaders with wealth and ability.
After the murder of Joseph Smith who led the Mormon settlers to the Great Salt Lake Valley
Brigham Young
Emerson's ideas most closely resembles what contemporary conception
Charles grandison Finney is moral free agency
Which policy was consistent with Thomas Jefferson's vision for the nation's economic prosperity?
Cheap land from the public domain
The main motivation for Nat Turner's over in Southampton County
Christian faith
What was the federal government's most important contribution to the transportation revolution?
Control of interstate commerce
Which of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton's proposals did Thomas Jefferson and James Madison object to on constitutional grounds?
Creation of a national bank
Why was the Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851 in London so important for American companies?
Displays at the exhibition catapulted some of them into multinational businesses.
The early factories that rose in the 1830s relied on what approach to increase productivity?
Division of labor
How did divorce laws change after 1800?
Drunkenness was accepted as grounds for divorce.
In what area did Susan B Anthony gain success in 1860 in her campaign for women's rights
Economic rights to own property acquired by trade business Labor's or services the right to control their own wages and to assume sole guardianship of their children if widowed
What solved the nullification crisis?
Enactment of a lower tariff
What was one drawback of the new market economy in the early 1800s?
Environmental pollution
Which group was most likely to practice authoritarian parenting during the early republic?
Evangelical Methodists influenced by the Second Great Awakening
What practice did George Washington, the first president, carry over from the national government under the Articles of Confederation?
Executive departments to run the government
Why did Congress reduce the tariff on imported cotton and woolen cloth in the 1830s?
Farmers and city dwellers wanted cheaper imports.
Why did Thomas Jefferson set his democratic vision on a society of yeomen farm families?
He doubted that urban wage workers would ever have the political independence citizens needed.
What was Hone concerned about?
He feared that Jacksonian Democrats had invited mob rule and chaos to the nation.
How did Handsome Lake's religious revivals differ from other Native American belief systems?
He tried to combine Christian and Native American beliefs.
Why did President Jefferson ask the American minister in Paris to negotiate with Napoleon Bonaparte over the Louisiana Territory?
He wanted to purchase New Orleans to secure navigation rights on the Mississippi.
What did godey's lady's book teaches readers in the mid-nineteenth century
How to beautify their homes
What statement assesses the Embargo Act of 1807?
Imaginative but naïve, it hurt Americans more than anyone else.
Based on this map, where did Baptist and Methodist preachers begin their religious revivalist preaching?
In New England
The Missouri Compromise prohibited slavery where?
In the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36°30´
What was an impact of the settlement of western lands in the late 1700s and early 1800s?
Increased productivity in the Northeast as farmers adopted new techniques
Why did Native Americans object to the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War?
It gave their lands, without their consent, to the United States.
How did the federal government in early nineteenth-century America facilitate the accumulation of wealth?
It raised revenues through tariffs on consumer goods.
What did Congress do in 1820 to meet the demand for cheap farmsteads?
It reduced the price of federal land.
Why did Patrick Henry and others object to Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton's credit plan?
It would benefit only the wealthy.
Why did Alexander Hamilton advocate a declaration of war against France in 1800?
It would have boosted patriotism in the country and ensured the Federalists' reelection that year.
Which prominent Protestant minister helped to found the General Union for Promoting the Observance of the Christian Sabbath in 1828?
Lyman Beecher
Which of the following was a significant environmental consequence of the Erie Canal?
Massive erosion caused by spring rains
Why did the Virginia assembly rejected by providing for the gradual emancipation and colonization abroad of African Americans in 1831
Nat Turner's Rebellion how to raise the fear of black violence
Benevolent groups persuaded local governments to ban carnivals such as
Negro Election Day
Why did Quaker merchants establish their company, the Black Ball Line, in New York City in 1818?
New York City offered easy access to the Atlantic world as well as to the Midwest.
What was the most common response of white Americans to the Abolitionist Movement
Opposition to the movement
What is Gabriel Prosser, an African American from Virginia, known for?
Planning a mass slave rebellion
What issue was a cause of the Panic of 1819?
Poorly managed state banks
Attacks on the Abolitionist meetings and newspaper offices revealed what underlying factor in American society
Racism
Access to plentiful amounts of what resources was the most important key to the success of American textile manufacturing in the early 1800s?
Raw materials
What was one of the few cities in the South to develop industry in the first half of the nineteenth century?
Richmond, Virginia
Why were most teachers women by the 1850s
Schools believe that women were more suited for the profession
Mother Anns followers were known as
Shakers
Which trend characterized Thomas Jefferson's presidency?
Smaller government and a decrease in the national debt
To whom did Brook Farm primarily appeal
Teachers writers and students
What did southerners fear after New York congressman James Tallmadge proposed to admit Missouri as a state only if it banned slavery?
That this was the first step toward the end of slavery
Why did the United States officially declare war on Great Britain in 1812?
The British refused to alter their policy of ignoring American neutrality and continued the impressment of Americans.
Critics of transcendentalism such as Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville focused on
The Perils of excessive individualism
What entity did Congress create in 1816?
The Second Bank of the United States
Which document set forth a "states' rights" interpretation of the U.S. Constitution?
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
What was the name of the diplomatic incident in which President John Adams charged that France had insulted America's honor by soliciting a loan and a bribe from American diplomats to stop the seizures of American merchant ships?
The XYZ Affair
What was a consequence of the 1795 Massachusetts Mill Dam Act?
The act overrode common law to safeguard the rights of mill owners at the expense of nearby landowners.
How did the temperance movement affect alcohol consumption between 1830 and 1845?
The average annual consumption of spirits fell by over half.
Which of the following refers to the periodic expansion and contraction of production and employment inherent to a market economy?
The business cycle
Which group most strongly embraced Charles Grandison Finney's revivalist preaching?
The business elite
What difference between New England and the southern states reflected state government spending priorities in the early 1800s?
The degree of education among the populace
What stimulated the expansion of demand for American cotton in the late 1700s?
The development of new machines for processing cotton
Why did the mill owners of the Boston Manufacturing Company enforce strict curfews on the women who lived in their boardinghouses?
The owners wanted to reassure parents about their daughters' moral welfare.
Why did this architecture become so influential for the American middle class in the middle of the nineteenth century?
The publication of manuals like this spread the new architectural norm nationwide.
Why was the Whiskey Rebellion especially frightening to Federalists?
The rebels looked to the French Revolution for inspiration.
Albert Brisbane promoted the concepts of Cooperative work and the Phalanx of what work
The social Destiny of man
What was a consequence in the 1790s of the war in Europe that resulted from the French Revolution?
The war in Europe brought prosperity to American merchants.
Why did the Quakers take the lead in condemning slavery?
Their belief in religious and social equality led them to take this stance.
What was the significance of the trip west by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark?
Their maps and journals provided valuable information.
What common trait helped spur the growth of the fast-growing western cities of the early and middle 1800s?
Their role as flourishing commercial centers
Why did civic leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore want to copy the Erie Canal?
They hoped to compete for western trade.
Why did American manufacturers turn to women as a source of labor in the 1820s and 1830s?
They hoped to pay lower wages.
How did abolitionist women frequently violate social taboos in the 1830s
They spoke to mix audiences that included men and women
Why did some Americans criticize special charters granted by states to private enterprises in the early 1800s?
They were anti-republican in spirit.
William Lloyd Garrison's insistence on broadening the Abolitionist agenda split the organization by pushing out which group
Those who did not support women's rights
How did African Americans of the urban north aim to accomplish social uplift from the 1970s onward
Through Temperance and hard work
Whig presidential candidate William Henry Harrison ran in 1840 in part on his war record and his victory in what battle?
Tippecanoe
What power did Chief Justice John Marshall assert for the Supreme Court in the case of Marbury v. Madison
To declare an act of Congress unconstitutional
What was Andrew Jackson's first priority upon entering office?
To destroy the American System
What impact did the Battle of New Orleans have on the United States?
Undercutting the Hartford Convention
What did women reformers refer to when they spoke about domestic slavery in the 1840s
Women's loss of legal rights in the institution of marriage
President Andrew Jackson was the first man in the White House who
came from a trans-Appalachian state.
What phrase did slave planters like Thomas Jefferson use to justify slavery in the late 1700s?
"Necessary evil"
Why did the economies of Georgia and South Carolina boom in the 1790s?
A cotton boom stimulated the expansion of cotton plantations there.
What law passed by Congress in the first two decades of the nineteenth century upheld slavery?
A law preserving slavery in the District of Columbia
What was the Specie Circular of 1836?
A law that required government land to be paid for in gold or silver
What statement describes the concept of republican motherhood?
A limited revision of traditional domestic roles for women
Why did manufacturers begin to abandon water power in the 1830s?
A new coal economy began to emerge.
Which of these was a term Andrew Jackson's supporters used to describe him?
A self-made man
In 1816, what did the federal government enact to protect American textile manufacturers from foreign competition in the early 1800s?
A tariff
Which candidate was prevented from becoming president after a tie with Thomas Jefferson in the electoral college in 1800?
Aaron Burr
The Rush-Bagot Treaty, negotiated by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams in 1817, addressed which issue?
American and British naval forces in the Great Lakes
What important hurdle did unions face in their organizing efforts in the antebellum years?
American common law branded unions as illegal "combinations."
How did the French Revolution affect the American economy?
American merchants profited handsomely from the war that resulted from it.
Why did Britain impose a naval blockade on France in 1802?
Britain was at war with France and wanted to starve it into submission.
What did Alexander Hamilton want his financial program to accomplish?
He wanted to empower the central government by connecting its interests to those of the elite.
Why were education rates higher in New England than in other regions of the country during the early republic?
Public schools were locally funded.
By the 1840s approximately 1000 escaped slaves reach freedom and northern states or Canada each year in what way
Receiving Help From The Underground Railroad
Which advance in transportation was important to economic growth in the United States from about 1790 to 1810?
Roads and turnpikes
Who built the first American steamboat and navigated it up the Hudson River in 1807?
Robert Fulton
What important compromise was formed in Congress in 1820 over the spread of slavery?
The Missouri Compromise
What immediately resulted from the signing of the Treaty of Greenville?
White migration to Ohio
Which member of Andrew Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet wrote the president's speeches?
Amos Kendall
According to this map, what was the result of the Treaty of Paris (1783) and the Treaty of Greenville (1795)?
An increase in white westward expansion
Perfectionists of the early eighteen-hundreds believe the freedom from sin was possible
Because the second coming of Christ had already occurred
What law was an early important piece of legislation that shaped the development of American religion in the United States?
Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom
In what way was the Waltham-Lowell System, pioneered by the Boston Manufacturing Company, a revolutionary change for American industry?
By cutting labor costs through hiring female workers.
How did the rise of the business elite change the social order?
By increasing the differences between manufacturers and their employees
How did Martin Van Buren make party politicians acceptable as government leaders?
By rejecting traditional republicanism
Phalanxes were based on the ideas of which French utopian
Charles Fourier
Who was the most influential Protestant revivalist in the 1830s?
Charles Grandison Finney
In Letters from an American Farmer (1782), St. Jean de Crèvecoeur praised the American people for what achievement?
Creation of a new social order that rejected elitist practices
What was Ralph Waldo Emerson Central message about the individual who had to transcend
Existing customs
Why did New England farmers become more dependent on the market in the early nineteenth century?
Farmers increasingly focused on raising livestock for sale of their by-products.
Based on the map, how many states in the union had eliminated slavery by the year 1800?
Five; the New England states of Vermont, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts
Who formed the Boston Manufacturing Company in 1814 and built a textile factory at Waltham?
Francis Cabot Lowell
During the Second Great Awakening, many evangelical ministers copied the "practical preaching" techniques of what eighteenth-century revivalist?
George Whitefield
The cotton boom in the 1790s initially elevated the economies of which states?
Georgia and South Carolina
What helped American textile manufacturers outcompete British textile producers in the domestic market?
Getting protective tariffs from the federal government
How did the builders of steamboats used on the Mississippi change the design of these vessels?
Giving them wider hulls and shallower drafts to travel on shallow rivers
After the Revolution, most state legislatures enacted statutes that required an equal division of a father's estate among his offspring, reflecting what trend?
Growing sense of respect for children
Why did congressmen from Virginia and Maryland eventually agree to support Hamilton's plan that the national government assume the war debts of the states?
Hamilton agreed to build a permanent national capital along the Potomac River.
For the American middle class and business elite of the antebellum era, what stood at the heart of social mobility and national prosperity?
Hard work
Why did Thomas Jefferson write that the Missouri crisis was like "a fire-bell in the night"?
He feared that slavery might destroy the American experiment in republicanism.
How did Martin Van Buren defend the existence and use of political parties?
He said they were the best means of curbing government power.
Why did Ralph Waldo Emerson encourage listeners and readers to seek Transcendence to a higher reality
He wanted them to experience self realization
Why did Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton deliver reports on credit, a national bank, and on manufactures to Congress?
He wanted to ensure a strong national government and a healthy economy.
Which individual was an early public education reformer active in the nineteenth century
Horace Mann led the movement to increase Elementary School in and improve the quality of instruction
What aspect of transcendentalism is seen in Henry David thoreau's statement if a man does not keep Pace with his companions Perhaps it is because he hears A Different Drummer
Individualism period beginning from this province through advocated a thoroughly individuality urging readers to avoid unthinking Conformity to social norms and peacefully to resist unjust laws
Why did social reformers of the Benevolent Empire push for new penitentiaries?
Instead of corporal punishment, they advocated rehabilitation.
How did the southern defense of slavery shift as a result of the proposal in the House of Representatives to ban slavery from Missouri?
It became more extreme.
Which statement defines the modern factory that rose in the 1830s?
It concentrated manufacturing processes under one roof.
Why was the Erie Canal so successful?
It linked the economies of the Midwest and the Northeast.
The Supreme Court case of Gibbons v. Ogden in 1824 struck down a New York law that created a monopoly on steamboat travel into New York City. Why was this decision important?
It prevented state and local laws from interfering with interstate trade.
what did the artist see as the most devastating effect that men's drinking habits had on women?
It pushed women and their children into poverty.
Why did Brook Farm fail
It was unable to become economically self-sufficient because it attracted mostly intellectuals with few practical skills
What was a factor in Thomas Jefferson's Republicans winning the election of 1800?
John Adams's administration had enacted the Alien and Sedition Acts.
The "general ideas of Liberty and Equality" caused what social phenomenon in America, according to one visiting Polish aristocrat?
Lack of respect for elders
What is evidence of the greater power enjoyed by women among eastern woodland Native American societies?
Land and cultivation rights were passed through the female line.
What was the American anti-slavery Society most successful tactic in affecting public opinion
Mailing abolitionist pamphlets throughout the country
What feminist wrote woman in the nineteenth century and in 1844 proclaimed a new era of gender relations
Margaret Fuller was a social reformer and writer of the Antebellum you're so stressed women's growing importance in religious and social affairs
Why was the decision that Chief Justice John Marshall wrote in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) an important precedent for the constitutional authority of the Supreme Court of the United States?
Marshall asserted the Supreme Court's authority to interpret the Constitution.
What two major works of the 1850s lauded social restraint and criticized individualism
Moby Dick and The Scarlet Letter
In 1835, Protestant minister Lyman Beecher warned the readers of his Plea for the West that a "tenth part of the suffrage of the nation, thus condensed and wielded by the Catholic powers of Europe, might decide our elections, perplex our policy, inflame and divide the nation, break the bond of our union, and throw down our free institutions." In other words, Beecher believed that Catholicism threatened what aspect of American life?
National sovereignty
What does this engraving of an Indian log house tell us about Native American life in the early republic?
Native tribes readily adopted European practices that made sense for them.
Who were the Americans Niles charged with this division, and on what grounds?
New England Federalists who opposed the war, some of whom proposed secession
Why did the large majority of textile factories of the early nineteenth century emerge in New England
New England offered the energy resources necessary for factory production.
The dramatic gain in productivity that occurred in American industry during the Industrial Revolution was due to what combination of factors?
New organizational techniques and new technology
Who wrote the "blue-back speller" that attempted to standardize vocabulary and grammar for the American people?
Noah Webster
The most important episode of economic decline in the early nineteenth century is called the
Panic of 1819.
Which state was first to grant the franchise to all male taxpayers?
Pennsylvania
In a defense he wrote of Catholicism, Orestes Brownson argued that "The Roman Catholic religion assumes, as its point of departure, that it is instituted not to be taken care of by the people, but to take care of the people; not to be governed by them, but to govern them. . . . The Roman Catholic religion, then, is necessary to sustain popular liberty, because popular liberty can be sustained only by a religion free from popular control, above the people, speaking from above and able to command them." Which of the following accurately restates Brownson's argument?
Popular liberty required the existence and rule of religious authority.
What was the strategy that Evangelical abolitionists used to attack slavery beginning in the 1830s
Publicizing the evils of slavery
What former Minister who moved to Concord Massachusetts was the leading voice of transcendentalism
Ralph Waldo Emerson
What did the Freemasons stand for in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries?
Republicanism
What widespread aspect of the early republic contradicted the ideology of democratic republicanism?
Restrictions on voting rights
What principle did Andrew Jackson insist he was following when he replaced government bureaucrats with ordinary men who supported him politically?
Rotation of office
Who attacked Catholic immigrants and the pope in his 1834 book Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States?
Samuel F. B. Morse
Which sect, founded in Great Britain, migrated to America with Mother Ann Lee in the 1770s, leading to the establishment of communities in several states?
Shakers
What was Margaret Fuller the most significant contribution to transcendental philosophy
She believes that men and women were equally capable of transcendence
Why did young girls in the mid-nineteenth century cities turn to prostitution
Some poor young woman did not like the alternative ways of making a living such as domestic servants or in the needle trades and Antebellum Northern cities
Why did a group of northern congressmen desert the antislavery coalition and accept Henry Clay's Missouri Compromise in 1820?
Southern opposition to the Tallmadge amendment was not wavering.
Why did education in the United States improve starting in the 1820s?
States began to focus more on the issue.
What happened to the American banking system after the charter of the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811?
States chartered a growing number of banks to provide capital.
How did republican principles change public support for churches in New England in the early republic?
Taxes were used to support all churches, not just the Congregationalist church.
Benjamin Franklin's widely read Autobiography, published in 1818, extolled the values of industriousness and what else?
Temperance
Wealthy silk merchants Arthur and Lewis Tappan founded a magazine called
The Christian Evangelist.
Why did the first Congress of the United States have to pass the Judiciary Act of 1789?
The Constitution had mandated a Supreme Court but no national court system.
Sentimentalism was a reaction to which cultural legacy?
The Enlightenment
Governor De Witt Clinton of New York was a leading force behind the funding of which of the following projects?
The Erie Canal
Which organization, founded in Philadelphia, had a mission of supporting the development of mechanical skills and knowledge?
The Franklin Institute
Between 1840 and 1860, which was the largest group of immigrants?
The Irish
Which river was most useful for Meriwether Lewis's and William Clark's voyage through the Louisiana Territory and the Oregon Territory?
The Missouri River
Which region suffered the most environmental damage in the early 1800s?
The Northeast
What does the success of St. Louis craft workers in winning a ten-hour day reveal about the early labor movement in the United States?
The ability of skilled workers to shape working conditions
What was the outcome of the national government's new excise tax that pushed western Pennsylvania farmers toward rebellious protests in 1794?
The excise tax on spirits raised the price on corn whiskey.
What became a central theme in the American popular culture of the middle nineteenth century?
The ideal of the self-made man
Why did the Virginia assembly pass a manumission act in 1782?
The law allowed planters to follow up on the individual promises of freedom to the slaves made during the Revolutionary War.
Why did Ralph Waldo Emerson's ideas have the greatest impact on the middle class
The middle class had already embraced more affection and moral free agency
Which statement summarizes the publication of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick
The middle class rejected the dark narrative
Albert Gallatin, Jefferson's secretary of the treasury, believed what to be an "evil of the first magnitude"?
The national debt
During the early nineteenth century, American merchants recruited members of rural households to manufacture goods for the market using what system?
The outwork system
How did British textile manufacturers try to prevent the rise of American competition in the late 1800s?
They convinced Parliament to prohibit the emigration of mechanics.
What statement is true about American mechanics in the 1820s?
They developed innovations in all fields of production.
Why did many educated Congregationalists in New England rename themselves "Unitarians" in the early nineteenth century?
They discarded the concept of the Trinity and worshipped a "united" God.
Why did most free blacks in the early 1800s oppose the plans of the American Colonization Society?
They had no desire to leave the country.
Why did the Whigs run four presidential candidates in the election of 1836?
They hoped the election would end up in the House of Representatives.
How did Northern why populations respond to Africans Americans effort to gain respectability in The Early Republic
They lashed out violently
Why were the mechanical institutes important in the first half of the nineteenth century?
They spread mechanical knowledge and skills.
Why did many upwardly mobile men and women in the early nineteenth century embrace religious benevolence?
They wanted to improve the world around them.
Why did Thomas Jefferson object to Alexander Hamilton's fiscal programs?
They went beyond a strict interpretation of the Constitution.
Why did women get so involved in religious and charitable enterprises after 1800?
They were largely excluded from other public roles.
Why did western commercial cities such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and New Orleans grow rapidly in the 1830s?
They were located where goods had to be transferred from one mode of transportation to another.
Why did the first Congress add ten amendments to the Constitution?
They were meant to protect individual rights from the national government.
Why did the Mormons move their communities several times
They were persecuted by other groups
Why did the British burn Washington, D.C., in 1814?
They were retaliating for the burning of the Canadian capital of York.
What was significant about the goods produced by New England farm families in the early 1800s?
They were sold in distant markets and door-to-door in the United States by peddlers.
Why did urban police in the early nineteenth century not contain the lawlessness that grew out of poverty and desperation among unskilled workers in the United States?
They were untrained and poorly paid.
What was the goal of the American Colonization Society?
To emancipate slaves and send African Americans to Africa
Why did many Irish immigrate to the United States between 1840 and 1860?
To flee famine and overpopulation
Why did Andrew Jackson veto several internal improvement bills in 1830?
To put an end to the American System
What was the intention of the First Bank of the United States?
To stimulate economic growth by granting commercial credit
Why did the paymaster of the Hamilton Manufacturing Company, Ithamar A. Beard, conclude that the yeoman farmer and artisan-republican ideal was no longer possible in America?
Too many Americans worked for others.
Which statement explains the pattern of textile factory locations
While New England dominated the nation's textile industry, Massachusetts dominated New England.
Why were young men and women increasingly able to choose their own partners in the early republic?
With smaller landholdings, yeomen fathers lost influence over their children.
Why did workers oppose the Benevolent Empire's efforts to impose Sabbath laws in the early nineteenth century?
Workers wanted to spend their sole day off the way they wished.
What is exemplified by the unions and mutual benefit societies of the early 1800s?
Working-class attempts to gain some control over working conditions
Based on the diagram, what was the balance between debts and assets?
Yearly revenue was not sufficient to redeem the nation's bonds.
The market revolution that took place in America beginning in the 1820s was prompted by the construction of
a system of canals and roads linking the Atlantic coast states and the trans-Appalachian west.
Union activists who embraced the labor theory of value called for a new revolution to demolish not the aristocracy of birth—as the American Revolution had done—but the aristocracy of
capital.
An interconnected transportation network, the growth of industry along similar patterns, and a similar ethnic composition all were evidence of
increasingly close regional ties between the Northeast and the Midwest.
The paternalistic system that provided boardinghouses and supervision for young women textile workers was known as
the Waltham-Lowell System.
