APUSH Unit 3: Chapters 20 and 21

What were the origins of the Confederate government? How did its Constitution differ from that of the United States?

The Confederate government acknowledged the sovereignty of the individual states and sanctioned slavery.

What problems did the new leaders of the Confederacy face?

The Confederate leaders were unsuccessful because there were no formal political parties.

How did the Confederacy attempt to finance the war?

The Confederates attempted to save money by asking for volunteers, rather than pay for soldiers.

For what reason was the "Union Party" created? Who were its candidates?

The Republican party created a coalition of the group s that supported the war after their loss in the Congressional elections. The candidates were Johnson, McClellan, an Lincoln.

How did he Republican part act to expand the American economy during the war? To which pre-war party was their program similar? Why were they able to enact it, whereas the previous party had not been successful?

The Republican party worked to give more money to the government to create public schools (including colleges and universities). In addition, tariffs were made to protect the industry from foreign competition. The Republican party became almost unchallenged after the South left Congress.

What was Grant's strategy for 1864? What were his objectives?

In Virginia, the troops would advance toward Richmond and force Lee into battle. In Georgia, they would move East toward Atlanta and destroy the remaining Confederate forces.

What part did women play in the Union war effort?

Women entered nursing and began working in the U.S. Sanitary Commission. This helped the war effort, and countered the previous notion women were not fit to work.

Create a chart which analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the North and South in terms of their readiness for war.

[U.S.A.] 22 states with 23 million population, industrial economy, Lincoln (military novice), asks Robert E. Lee to lead Union, war is about **slavery** and preserving the Union [C.S.A.] 11 states with 10 million population (4 million of those slaves), agricultural economy (exports, not food), Davis (military leader), better military leaders, war is about state's rights, independence, and preserving their way of life

Why was 1863 the "Year of Decision"?

1863 was the year President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which shifted the reason for war from unity to slavery.

What role did African Americans play in support of the Union cause?

African Americans became soldiers, sailors, and laborers for Union forces. Despite their segregation from white workers, they took up more important roles to counter the idea of slavery.

What was the response of the border states to the outbreak of the war?

All border states remained loyal to the Union after the war began, except for Virginia.

Andersonville (Fort Sumter)

Also known as Fort Sumter, this facility was one of the many prisons meant for captured Southerners. While prisoners stayed at the facility, many died because of factors such as diseases, poor sanitation, and malnutrition.

Battle of Bull Run

First Manassas too place on July 16, 1861. McDowell led the Union side to attack the Confederates, but were soon outnumbered and overpowered. It was the first major battle of the Civil War, and proves the South would not be defeated easily.

What were the strengths and weaknesses of General George McClellan's military leadership? Of General Robert E. Lee's military leadership?

George McClellan was a successful organizer, could raise moral and was popular with the rank-and-file. However, he chose to perfect his movements before he attacked, contrasting the Napoleonic tactics displayed by Robert E. Lee.

Why were the states' rights the "great dividing force" in the Confederacy's war effort? What caused this division? What was the effect?

States' rights had become a cult among white southerners, which caused them to resist efforts to exist national authority, even those necessary to win the war.

How did the Civil War "transform" Southern society? How was the transformation like what which took place in the North? How was it different?

The Civil War had a devastating effect on the Southern economy. Although both economics in the North and South changed, the North became more prosperous while the South struggled to produce products without slaves.

How was the Confederacy finally defeated? In what way did the Union forces destroy the South's will to carry on the fight?

The Confederacy was finally defeated at the Appomattox Courthouse when General Robert E. Lee surrendered. The Union forces destroyed the South's will to carry on the fight when the Union blocked his escape route. He realized further bloodshed was futile and surrendered.

How did the Confederacy propose to raise troops for the war? How did these plans compare with those of the Union? How successful were they?

The Union proposed to raise troops by drafting men into the war, while the Confederates asked for volunteers. The Confederacy was successful because many soldiers did not know how to fight properly.

How did the Union propose to finance the war? How successful was this? What was the effect on the economy? What was Lincoln's view of the extent of presidential war powers?

The Union suggested to fund the war by imposing taxes, borrowing money, and distributing paper currency. It was not successful because it produced a significant economic inflation.

What factors, other than political pressure, brought about the Emancipation Proclamation? What did the proclamation really accomplish?

The Union victory at the Battle of Antietam led to the creation of the Emancipation Proclamation. Although the proclamation freed all slaves in the confederate states (not in border states) it confirmed the main fueling factor of the war was slavery.

What was the Union plan for the conquest of the West?

The Union wanted to seize and control the Mississippi River, divide the Confederacy and give the North easy transportation into the heart of the South.

Why was the Battle of Antietam considered to be one of the turning points of the war?

The battle diverted the Confederate invasion of the North, resulting in a Union "victory", and creating incentive for Lincoln to deliver the Emancipation Proclamation. Slavery became a **large** issue in the war, which kept Britain and France from siding with the Confederates.

Battle of Antietam

The battle occurred on September 17, 1862 in Maryland. McClellan lead Union troops while Robert E. Lee led the Confederates. It ended as a draw, but was considered a Union victory. Lee sent his troops to one site while McClellan planned a three-pronged attack. Confederates defended their land while the Union attacked. It was one of the bloodiest battles in military history and led to Lincoln's creation of the Emancipation Proclamation.

Appomattox

The battle of Appomattox transpired on April 9, 1865 in Virginia. Ulysses Grant led the Union while the Confederates once again had Robert E. Lee. It was one of the last battles of the Civil War, and resulted in Lee's surrender. By signing official documents marking his surrender, the war officially ended.

Why was the outcome of the First Battle of Bull Run a shock? What did it reveal about the possibility of an early end to the struggle and about readiness of the two sides for a major conflict?

The battle showed the Union the war could not be won easily. In addition to that, it revealed both sides had obvious weaknesses.

What impact did the Civil War had on the Northern industrial economy?

The war separated manufacturers from their southern markets and sources of raw material. It also diverted labor and resources to military progress.

Battle of Gettysburg

This battle occurred from July 1-3, 1863 in Pennsylvania. George Meade led the Union while Robert E. Lee led the Confederates. It had the most casualties of the entire war, and was considered the turning point. Meade defeated Lee and prevented his attempted invasion of the North.