APUSH Unit 3 Quiz

Middle Passage

A ship that packed hundreds of slaves in tight packed unsanitary quarters. For weeks, or even months African Americans would be bound on slave ship sailing to the West Indies. They were given minimal water and food. Many died during the trip.

Evangelicalism

A christian movement that spans denominations that emphasize conversion (being born again) repentance, the authority of the bible, and salvation through Christ.

Town/township-

A laid out village, with houses arrange in a circles surrounding a common. Fields and woodlands would be divided among residents, based off of family size and wealth.

Gullah

A mix of English and African languages, that enabled slaves to have conversations without their masters understanding them. -Shows emerging new culture--and integration of culture because slaves are adapting to the plantations

Northern Economic diversification

Causes Cold winters and mild summers;primary focus on agriculture (wheat) - Effect: - Commercial economy and early industrialization; metal works, ship-building - Extraction Fishing, Whaling, mining Growth of cities

Lack of economic diversification in the south: cash crops dominates

Causes Fertile soil, along rivers, and swamps; year-long growing seasons Effect Tobacco in the Chesapeake Rice and indigo (a purple dye) in the Carolinas and Georgia

Sectarian/nonsectarian (education)

Colleges. Harvard and William and mary colleges were sectarian (founded and taught religion) . Princeton and kings college were nonsectarian (not founded for religious purpose).

Slave codes-

Laws emplaced to limit the rights of African Americans, and to ensure authority to white masters, The Color of your skin solely determined if you were a slave or not. If you had any ancestry related to an African American you were considered a slave. More inforced after the Stono Rebellion

Most slaves worked on plantations worked as

Most as Field Hands Some worked as midwives, or in the manner

County government

Elected representatives from different towns came to discuss and form decisions for their town and the entire country.

John and Charles Wesley

Founders of Methodism. They visited Georgia and other colonies in the early 1730's.

Huguenots

French Calvinists, . Many fled to England and some found there way to America because France revoked the Edict of Nantes

What was the political importance of the growth of cities

- Colonist were able to establish more elaborate governments ( had more diversity, more problems that needed to be resolved) They were more vulnerable to fluctuations in trade that were muted in the countryside - Places where new ideas could circulate, regular newspapers, books from abroad=new ideas printers, Newspapers, books, travers (place where people came together to share ideas), coffeehouses

How growing commerce affect divisions in American society

- Imported goods -Increased divisions of social class, ability to purchase and show imported goods to demonstrate class, especially in cities with large estates. - Show cased wealth. - English goods were better than colonial goods. Showed how much your money could buy you, shoes success

some obstacles hindering colonial commerce

- There was no common currency, and it was nearly impossible to impose order on their trade (Too fragmented and difficult to get information) - Triangular trade: The name of the commercial relations between the colonies England and Africa.

How the colonist conceptualize law

- They saw it as a reflection of power that did not have earthly origins - Some thought God made the laws, others thought it was natural order that gave power and authority to these laws - Something sacred about law

how the importance of reproduction in labor scarce society influence colonial women

-Spent their life reproducing, and lowered social status -B/c of sex ratio women married young, had high mortality rates, and premarital sex common -Not uncommon for women to die during childbirth -Importance of women depends on the sex ratio \ -Women on average had 8 children, out of 8, 5 usually died -Had a greater levels of freedom at first because there were fewer women in colonies and had more authority over who their spouse would be.

The importance of the first great awakening

1. First transcolonial (or national) phenomenon 2. Emboldened Americans to challenge traditional authority (ex. Traditional churches and political leaders) 3. Created new denominations (es. Baptist, and methodist) 4. Led to calls to disestablish state churches and to separate church and state 5. Features of covenant theology (e.g. "Mutual consent of the governed" making government "legitimate"

After the 1659, what was the most important population source in the colonies

1. Higher reproduction rates---Called Natural increase 2. Easier because more stable societies 3. Clean water 4. Not a balanced sex ratio (fewer women) --In chesapeake increases women's rights ( such as choosing their husbands, have sway)

Events in New England

1660's: Jeremiads (long sermons in which less religions puritan society has become) become popular; Halfway covenant adopted 1675-76: King Philip's War 1686: Dominion of England begins 1689: Dominion dissolves; New England forced to tolerate Protestant faith Late-1600's: Increase in African Slaves 1692: Salem Witch Trials

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Colonial legal system

Adopted most of the same elements of the English legal system (jury), pleading and court punishments were different. Punishments were milder because communities did not want to execute potential workers.

Planter

Aristocrats, who owned big plots of land, and their own plantation. They were mostly in the South, and their primary crop was tobacco, rice, or indigo. Most owned slaves.

Denomination

An independent branch of the Christian CHurch (ex Roman Catholic, Baptist, Presbyterian)

Established church

Calvinist, Puritans, Baptists, Methodist, PResbyterian,, Anglican,

Immigration

As English immigration declined, immigration of the French, German, Swiss, Irish, Welsh, Scottish, and Scandinavian increased. Many Germans went to Pennsylvania. Many Scottish and Irish moved to the backcountry.

Indigo

Became a staple crop in South Carolina after Eliza Lucas experimented cultivating it. It made a rich blue dye. It grew very well on the high grounds of South Carolina.

the first effort to establish a significant metals industry in the colonies

First effort is the Saugus Ironworks in Saugus, MA

Saugus ironworks

First to establish a significant metal industry in 1640. Was a technological success and was considered equal to England's iron workers. However there was financial problems so it shut down. They made everyday items such as plows hoes axes pots and other tools.

What colonial colleges were in operation by 1763, why each was founded, and what subjects were studied

Harvard: Formed by puritan theologians and named after John Harvard who' s estate and library became the college William and Mary: named after the king and queen, founded by anglicans to train clergymen Yale: Founded by Elihu Yale: conservative congressionalist dissatisfied with the liberalism of harvard. Princeton: Emerged out of the Great Awakening: Jonathan edwards was first president. Derived from curriculum--included theology, logic, ethics physics, geometry, astronomy, rhetoric, latin Hebrew and Greek Colombia: Devoted to secular knowledge, had no theology even though it was founded by the Anglican Church University of Pennsylvania : Completely secular constitution, under Benjamin Franklin: offered subjects such as mechanics, chemistry, agriculture, commerce, modern language, and liberal arts. Also the first medical school

Population Growth

Immigration boom resulted in greater intellectual exchange and demographic change Reasons: Abundant land Marrying young and having more children Lower death rate Waves of immigration (Puritans, Quakers, Scots-irish, Germans etc.)

Education

In the colonies families taught their children how to read and write. In 1647 there was a law requiring every town to have a public school in New England. The Quakers had church schools. In some communities there were "dame schools" run by widows, or unmarried women. Craftsmen set up evening school for their apprentices. Universities were set up

Enlightenment ideals

Insisted that men and women could discover, and achieve more using reason. They encouraged men and women to look outside of God to shape society. More interest in politics and government. Challenged that not all answers come directly from God. Encouraged education for all.

Halfway covenant

Made sure more people went to church. Residents who had not experienced the full puritan conversion into the church, but could still participate.

Emerged as a new social class as a result of the Navigation Acts

Merchants

John Peter Zenger

New York publisher who was taken to court for criticizing the governor of New York. His trial allowed freedom of the press. This also caused a change in legal philosophy. His trial was important because The court ruled that a statement, if true, cannot be considered libelous, ant this shifted some restrictions off the press

THe importance of the slave code

Officially linked people of African heritage with slave status in law RACE determines slave status Limits rights and activities of enslaved and free Africans while protecting the rights and privilege of whites Slave status becomes passed over generations

Jonathan Edwards

Orthodox Puritan, however original theologean. He attacked the idea of salvation for all. Preached the original Puritan ideals, like absolute sovereignty of God, predestination, and absolute sovereignty of God. He had vivid depictions of Hell that scared a lot people.

George Whitefield

Open air preacher who made many tours throughout the colonies, that drew a lot of crowds.

Plantations

Owned by Planters, who usually had a nice house on the land. Were big fields that yielded cash crops. Many had slaves, doing the labor works.

Primogeniture

Passing all inherited property to first born son. Did not happen in New England, fathers divided land between all of the sons

BY the mid-1700 the most populated city was..

Philadelphia

Development of the south

Plantations: Large farms where crops were planted on a large scale with usually just one major plant species growing and used slave labor Planter: Landowner who runs the plantations

SOuthern society: highly aristocratic

Planters-Elites/aristocrats of the south Small farmers-Majority of the agrarian population Landless whites- Had seasonal jobs, might work in shipyards and cities, rent land Indentured servants Slaves-Completely subservient to whites

Triangular trade

Process where merchants carried goods from New England to Africa; Exchanged that merchandise for slaves; exchanged the slaves for molasses in the West Indies; and brought the molasses to New England for rum. It was a trade Between the Colonies to Africa, to the west indies, then back to the colonies.

Religious toleration

Protestants hated Catholics, would not accept them--Irish Immigrants. Different congregations affiliated with different denominations: Congregationalist , Presbyterian, Baptist. Tolerated Jews in NY, Newport and Charlestown, although they were only allowed to worship openly in Newport.

Cotton Mather

Puritan theologian, who discovered the way vaccines work. He made a vaccine for smallpox

Stono Rebellion

Rebellion in South Carolina in 1739. About 100 African Slaves sized weapons and killed several whites to escape to Florida. Whites stopped them and executed them. It was the first slave rebellion in American history.

THe Great Awakening Results

Religious differences between the colonies diminished over time and a more unified colonial culture began to emerge. THe GReat awakening is a divisive but ultimately "unifying force" between the colonies. Established Churches vs. New, evangelical churches "State" churches vs. "Dissenting" churches

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies. Began in early 1730 and was very popular in the 1740's. And brought new religious fervor into the colonies. Appealed to women, and younger sons. Emphasized that everyone could break away from the past and start a new relationship with God. Reflected desires for people to break away from their family and communities.

"New Lights"

Revivalists, believed education would further religion. Celebrated the Revival and defended the emotionally-charged experiences at the sermons George Whitefield Jonathan Edwards (author of Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God)

Colonial governors

Sometimes born in America, but often from England. They were supposed to govern the colonies based off of English law. Did not really work because the colonies would still enact their own government. Often the governors would let them be.

Salem witch trials

Teenage girls were acting strange and accused West Indian slaves of voodoo. Caused hysteria and eventually over a hundred women were accused. 19 women were put to death. Many who were accused were of low social status, or owners of land, who challenged gender norms. Also Caused because of economy and religion

Scots-Irish

The English government suppressed the catholic and the presbyterian religion, and implacing high taxes, so many immigrated. Some moved to North Carolina , and many occupied land at the edges of european settlements, they did not care about the natives, or the colonial gov. Most immigrants to the colonies

Why the year 1697 is considered a turning point in the history of the African American population.

The Royal African Company monopoly on the slave trade was broken. This opened up competition, the prices for slaves dropped and the number of slaves in America increased dramatically.

Social mobility

There was more mobility to go up and down the social ladder in the Colonies than in England. If an Aristocratic Landowner lost all his workforce he would go down the latter because he could not produce as much. If an average farmer got some more workforce, and produced an abundance of good quality crops he could move up.

Rise of consumerism

This is the buying of material goods. Americans spent equating material goods with success. All of the wealthy people wanted lavish furniture, and decor for their homes---Artisian's, and Merchants made these goods. Additionally, to own these nice things it was to be a true gentleman and lady there for everyone wanted to be able to buy and afford goods The more wealth displayed the higher up in society you were

Colleges were founded to

To train new ministers - Focused on theology, and enlightenment ideas ( a good mixture)

Development of New England

Towns: Granted groups, property divided according to investment Shipbuilding: Major industry, prizes for quality and price Population pressure in New England Land was scarce--Difficulty passing property on to male heirs Children forced to move out of towns elsewhere

Town meetings

Unique to New England: allowed for locals to vote directly on public issues A yearly meeting with town members. They answered questions, and selected who would govern until the next meeting. Only white males were able to participate. Passed all local laws and ordinances Democratizing impact

Shipbuilding

Very important for the New England colonies. Booming business, and America was well known for their ships, because of easy access to lumber. Most shipbuilding happened on Harbor cities. Became a big economic powerhouse, where many got jobs.

Northern Society

Wealthy merchants at the top Middle class of retailers, innkeepers, and artisans (⅔ of the adult male population were artisans) Sailors and unskilled workers at the bottom

Colonial assemblies

When elected representatives from a (town or county) came together to decide important decisions for the colony.

Colonial families/gender roles

Women were to work inside the house, and take care of the children. Men were to go to work, or do labor. Children were taught to read and write. Boys receive more education than girls did. Women were expected to produce large families. Men always had more power than women.

Indentured servitude

Young men and women worked for about four years, and in return they receive passage to America, food, and shelter. Males were also supposed to receive clothes, tools, and occasionally land. Many left uniquped, and unprepared after their time woking. Sometimes convicts became indentured servants. It provided a solution to labor shortage in America, for a while, until slavery became popular

Self-government

a system of government in which people make their own laws. This was what america did, since England government was not there to rule them.

"Old Lights"

traditionalist, believe very strict puritan beliefs. Critiqued revivalist as in guided and sensationalistic; felt the sermons were more theater than religious experience.