apush unit 4 questions
French and Indian War
(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.
Where did the rebellion take place?
: It took place in the Ohio Country, Illinois Country, and the Great Lakes region.
What two main points does Paine make in the pamphlet?
A monarchy is a bad form of government; the time is right to declare independence.
What was Paul Revere's act considered as?
A symbolism of the act of heroism within the Patriots
About how many tribes participated in Pontiac's Rebellion?
About 14 tribes participated.
How many Loyalists fought in their own militias?
About 19,000 Loyalists fought in their own militias.
What cities did the British still hold after Yorktown?
After Yorktown, the British still held New York, Charleston, and Savannah.
How did Washington thwart the British plans at Yorktown?
American and French ships blocked river access before British reinforcements could get there
Whom did Washington recruit as volunteer numbers declined over the course of the war?
As volunteer numbers declined, Washington recruited recently indentured servants, impoverished transients, and criminals trading jail time for military service.
How might the First Great Awakening be considered revolutionary—especially by established authorities?
Authorities considered the evangelists of the First Great Awakening to be enemies of the established Church as well as "disturbers of the peace." Revivalists and preachers challenged traditional, hierarchical institutions of religious authority, which seemed revolutionary in advocating for change and a new approach to faith.
What leading Patriots opposed slavery?
Benjamin Franklin and John Adams had spoken out against slavery.
Who negotiated for peace on behalf of the United States?
Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and John Adams negotiated for peace.
What did Britain gain under the terms of peace?
Britain gained control of India and enlarged its presence on the coast of Africa and in the Caribbean. Britain gained Spanish Florida as well as French holdings in Canada and the Mississippi River Valley. Britain now controlled the continent east of the Mississippi River.
What were the three major outcomes of the Seven Years' War for North America?
Canada became a British country, the Acadians moved down to Louisiana, and England became the world's preeminent empire.
Who were citizen soldiers?
Citizen soldiers were farmers and townspeople who took up arms to build their communities. Many were Minute Men.
What were the limits of Enlightenment ideas about liberty and equality in the colonies?
Colonial ideas about liberty and equality did not necessarily extend to everyone, such as Native Americans and free and enslaved blacks. Though Madison, in the years after the revolution, would allude to the spread of democratically inspired revolutions in other nations, he overlooked the one closest to home, in Saint Domingue, where enslaved blacks fought off French colonial rule.
What was really the immediate purpose of the Congress?
Congress existed to ensure that the states won the American Revolution.
How did the Congress find money to fund the army?
Congress funded the army with foreign loans.
What powers did Congress have under the Articles?
Congress had the power to raise money through taxes, but only if all states agreed to the tax.
Why did Cornwallis choose to hold up in Yorktown?
Cornwallis thought the British could control the York River and have easy access to supplies and reinforcements
What role did Sam Adams and John Hancock play in the night's events?
Dawes roused the two men, who then went to Concord to organize the militia.
How might Britain have benefited from debates over slavery in the colonies?
Divisions over slavery would have made it more difficult for the colonies to unite in opposition against Britain. An anti-slavery position might also have encouraged Native Americans and free and enslaved Africans to support British forces in the event of a conflict.
What forts did Pontiac's forces seize early on? How?
Fort Miamis, Fort Ouiatenon, Fort Michilimackinac, and many old French posts; The British seemed to have been caught off guard and ill prepared to defend against the rebellion.
What happened at Fort Necessity?
French forces and their Native American allies forced Washington to surrender.
Who are the Acadians? How did they influence culture in New Orleans and Louisiana?
French settlers driven out of Acadia—or Nova Scotia—by the British during the French and Indian War. They resettled in French Louisiana. There, they gave rise to the Cajun culture of New Orleans and Louisiana.
Whom did the Second Continental Congress appoint to command the Continental Army? When did he take command of the colonial militias?
George Washington took command on July 2, 1775.
Why did Georgia not send delegates to the First Continental Congress?
Georgia was fighting Creek Indians and needed Britain's support. They could not risk alienating the British.
What islands did Britain capture in the Caribbean? Why do you think France agreed to cede, or surrender, its lands in North America for two of these islands at the end of the war?
Grenada, the Grenadines, Tobago, Dominica, St. Vincent, Martinique, and Guadeloupe from France; the islands were valuable to France because of the sugar trade, and they could no longer secure lands in North America against the British.
What strategy did Washington advise to confront the better trained, better armed British army?
He advised fighting a defensive war and avoiding a general action. He aimed not to win decisive victories but to prevent decisive losses. He tried to have his troops use nontraditional tactics to avoid capture of defeat.
How did George Washington ask the women to use the money they raised?
He asked women to buy fabric and sew shirts for the soldiers.
Why did Pontiac tell a gathering of Native Americans that they needed to "exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us"?
He believed that Native Americans had to drive out the British to regain control of their traditional lands and restore their powers.
What act of treason did Arnold commit? What happened?
He came up with a plan to betray West Point, but his plan was discovered. Arnold escaped before capture and served in the British army the rest of the war.
How was the work of Nicolaus Copernicus revolutionary?
He challenged centuries old ideas about how the universe worked when he proposed that the Earth revolves around the sun. He used new methods and evidence to demonstrate his conclusions.
What announcement did Virginia's British Governor Lord Dunmore make in 1775? What effect did this have?
He declared any indentured servants and enslaved blacks willing to take up arms against the Patriots to be free. As many as 1,000 slaves joined the British army. They built forts, tended the wounded, carried supplies, and fought.
What proclamation did the king make in October 1763?
He declared that there would be no British settlement west of the crest of the Appalachian Mountains and that Native American rights to those lands would be protected forever. He further proclaimed that any white settlers already living in those lands should leave.
What strategy did Jeffrey Amherst use to weaken the rebellion?
He encouraged the distribution of smallpox-infected blankets to Native Americans.
Why did Washington hesitate to recruit free or enslaved blacks for the Continental Army? What changed his mind?
He feared arming free and enslaved blacks and igniting a slave revolt. By the winter of 1777-1778, things were not going well for the Continentals, so Washington decided to accept black recruits. He needed to enlarge his fighting force.
Why did General Gage send British troops to Concord on the night of April 18, 1775?
He intended, under the cover of night, to seize colonial arms stored there
What did William Pitt do to change the course of war in 1757?
He invested more money in the war effort in North America. He was determined to expel the French from North America.
He encouraged the distribution of smallpox-infected blankets to Native Americans.
He learned that the French would not help them.
How did Isaac Newton contribute to the Scientific Revolution?
He published the Principia, in which he describes the laws of the universe by reason of simple mathematical principles.
What power did Locke say the people had?
He said that the people always had the power to challenge and even remove their lawmakers.
What role did King George III of Britain play in the war?
He took power in 1760 and wanted peace.
What factors might have contributed to Arnold's decision to betray the revolutionary cause?
He was embittered when he felt others less deserving were promoted ahead him and when Horatio Gates received the credit for the Battle of Saratoga, which he helped lead. He married a Loyalist woman, and he had large debts to pay.
Why do you think the king felt it necessary to issue this proclamation?
He was worried that, because France had ceded its claim to these lands, British colonists would perceive the lands as open to settlement. Many colonists were eager to push west and settle more land. This would bring them into conflict with Native Americans living on those lands.
What name is the Seven Years' War known by in North America?
In North America, it is often referred to as the French and Indian War, though it has several other names.
What impact did the proclamation have on the British colonies?
It slowed white settlement in western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and what would become Kentucky. It also angered many colonists, particularly farmers and land speculators.
Why did Britain attack the island of Goree?
It was a French stronghold. It hurt the French and gave Britain a valuable link in the Atlantic slave trade.
In what other way did recruitment of slaves help the British?
It weakened the economy of the colonies, later, states.
What hardships did Loyalists in the states face?
Loyalists faced physical abuse, ostracism, disenfranchisement, confiscation of property, imprisonment, banishment, and even death.
How did the outcome of the French and Indian War affect Native Americans such as the Creek, Cherokee, and Iroquois?
Many Native Americans had relied on the competition between Britain, France, and Spain to negotiate favorable trade and settlement terms. With only the British left in the eastern half of North America, the Native Americans lost a valuable source of leverage. Their support and cooperation were not as valuable as they had been. The British stopped giving the Iroquois gifts of ammunition as "rent" for use of their land, which hurt Native Americans' ability to hunt and fight.
How did many American colonists' perspective on Native Americans shift after the French and Indian War? Why do you think this was?
Many colonists stopped distinguishing among different Native American tribes and began to view them as one race. This likely happened because they no longer needed to form alliances and trade relations with Native Americans. Rather, Native Americans became more of an obstacle to the goals of many white settlers who wanted more land.
How did women support the Patriots in the American Revolution?
Many raised money or made clothing to support the Continental Army. Others followed the army and worked cooking, laundering clothes, and tending the wounded as well as watering cannon. Still others worked as messengers and spies, and some even disguised themselves as men to fight.
explain how Mayhew's words reflect the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers. How might his argument be used to support the case for American independence?
Mayhew iterates Enlightenment ideas about popular sovereignty and consent of the governed. He suggests that government exists to serve the good of the people, and if it fails to do so, people have the right to resist and replace that government. Colonists might use his argument to justify separating from the British government if they deemed it unjust or tyrannical.
Why did Britain and its colonial and Native American allies win the war?
Midway through the war, Britain gained a new war minister who was determined to drive France from North America. He persuaded the king and Parliament to invest more resources in the war, particularly in North America. Pitt won greater cooperation from British colonists and Native Americans, and they pressed their advantage with more troops by attacking major French settlements along the St. Lawrence River.
How did Native Americans and Africans contribute to the Patriot cause?
Native Americans fought on both sides of the war. Many allied with the British to stop the westward expansion of white American settlers. Others, including several Iroquois tribes, fought with the states. Free and enslaved blacks, too, were divided in their loyalties. Many seized on the opportunity to flee the states and joined the British forces. Others enlisted in the Continental Army.
In what way was the American Revolution a civil war?
Not all people supported the war. About 20 percent of the colonial population were Loyalists who fought for the British. Many more were probably passive Loyalists.
What orders did Parliament give General Gage following the passage of the Intolerable Acts?
Parliament ordered him to station British troops in Boston, to allow no trade in Boston, and to restore order in the colonies at all costs.
What action did Quakers take against slavery in the colonies?
Quakers required their members to free their slaves or to allow their slaves to buy their freedom.
In early 1778, what state offered slaves freedom in exchange for enlistment?
Rhode Island
How did the Second Continental Congress come to issue the Declaration of Independence?
Richard Henry Lee made a motion to declare independence from Britain on June 7, and John Adams seconded the motion. The Congress then debated the resolution and agreed to vote on it on July 1. In the meantime, they appointed the Committee of Five to draft a declaration of independence in case the Congress did vote to approve independence.
What led to slave uprisings in the Carolinas in 1775 and 1776 as the American Revolution began?
Rumors that the British would help free the slaves or end slavery led to the uprisings.
Where did Loyalists go after the war?
Some stayed, but many were forced into exile and went to England, Florida, or the Caribbean. Perhaps half went to Canada, which was still controlled by Britain.
What exchange did Spain make at the end of the war? Why?
Spain exchanged Spanish Florida for the return of Havana, Cuba, and Manila in the Philippines. These islands were likely more valuable to Spain and easier for Spain to defend and hold.
What did Spain gain from the war?
Spain gained French New Orleans and French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River.
Why do you think Spain entered the war on the side of France?
Spain wanted to protect its interests in the Caribbean against British encroachment.
Parliament passed the Coercive Acts (also called the Intolerable Acts) intending to isolate the "troublemakers" in Boston from the other colonies, but their gambit backfired. Why?
The Acts helped to unify the American colonies, who sent delegates to the First Continental Congress to coordinate a response to the British empire.
When was the Articles of Confederation written? When did it go into effect, and why?
The Articles of Confederation was written in 1777, but it didn't go into effect until 1781, when Maryland, the last of the thirteen states, ratified it.
What advantage did the British forces have over the Continental Army? What about the Continentals?
The British navy controlled the seas, and their regular soldiers were highly disciplined. The Continental Army had greater numbers, initially, and were effective guerilla fighters with knowledge of the land.
What happened at Fort Duquesne in 1755?
The British sent another force under Major General Edward Braddock and Washington to attack the French fort. The French defeated the British force, killing Braddock and sending Washington on retreat.
What were France, Britain, and Spain seeking to accomplish during the war?
The British wanted to have more territory to expand; the French wanted to protect their trade in fur; the Spanish wanted to protect their sugar islands.
What Native American nation switched alliances in 1758? Why?
The Delaware switched allegiances when their leader, Teedyuscung, grew distrustful of the French. The British promised to restrict further white settlement west of the Alleghenies.
Which European power had the most Native American allies?
The French
How did the French view Washington and the Virginia militiamen in Western Pennsylvania?
The French viewed Washington as trespassing on their territory.
major combatants of the French and Indian War. What were their goals?
The French wanted to defend their territorial claims to the Ohio River Valley to protect the fur trade. The British wanted to defend their territorial claims to support further expansion. Each wanted to gain more power and wealth at the expense of the other. Spain, too, hoped to protect its foothold in Spanish Florida and its access to its sugar plantations in the Caribbean, particularly against the British. Native American nations had competing goals. Some allied with the French to defend their trade interests and to prevent further British expansion. Others allied with the British to protect their trade relations, to fight rival groups, and to win favorable terms of their own with regards to settlement.
The text refers to Conestoga Indiantown as "a Delaware village" attacked by the Paxton Boys. What happened there?
The Paxton Boys attacked the village, killed six people, and burned the town. They then killed the 14 survivors who took refuge in Lancaster.
What did the first line of the draft treaty state?
The first line of the draft treaty stated that the British king recognizes the United States as free, sovereign, and independent.
What ruling did the judge issue in the Somerset case?
The judge ruled that, because Parliament had never officially legalized slavery, Somerset could not be held and returned to slavery in the colonies.
How did the British monarch intend to prevent more conflict in the North American colonies? What does he suggest about prior dealings between British colonists and Native Americans?
The king restricted white colonists from settling lands reserved for Native Americans. Those lands made up a large swath of territory west of Appalachia. The king also barred private individuals from making land purchases from Native Americans to avoid potential sources of confusion and conflict. He suggested that prior land purchases and negotiations had resulted in fraud and abuse and had treated Native Americans unjustly.
Why was the timing of the publication of Commonsense well suited to rallying public opinion in the colonies?
The pamphlet came out the same day that King George III declared the colonies to be in rebellion.
What Enlightenment principle proposed by John Locke do the opening lines of the Declaration of Independence invoke? What specific right does the declaration assume?
The preamble invokes John Locke's ideas about natural rights and natural laws. The Declaration assumes the right of the governed to dissolve or reject an unjust government.
How did the American revolution affect women, Native Americans, and African Americans?
The revolution imposed hardships on everyone in the colonies. Many on the home front endured rationing and scarcity, when they weren't caught in the conflict, which often affected homes, communities, and cities. Civilian losses were especially high in the southern states where the war was fought more as a guerilla war. The war offered opportunities for some but did not have a lasting impact on the status of marginalized groups. Women, blacks, and Native Americans still lacked political power and had fewer, if any, rights relative to white men in the new nation. Native Americans, whether they fought for or against the United States, did not gain any notable advantage. Still, the revolution and its ideals did inspire many to pursue more rights and freedoms and to seek a greater civic, social, and economic role in the nation.
How did the American Revolution affect ideas about slavery?
The revolution's principles about liberty and equality and the Patriots' accusations of the British government enslaving the colonies raised questions about the colonies' (and later states') own practice of enslaving African workers. The British seized on the idea to criticize the Patriots and to stir up opposition to the states. Quakers, in particular, took up and spread anti-slavery sentiment.
Why were the British discouraged by their victory at Breed's Hill, known as the Battle of Bunker Hill?
Their victory came at a great cost, with 226 British soldiers dead and 828 wounded. The British won, but they suffered greater losses than did the colonists.
What were the major outcomes of the Congress?
They agreed to ban British imports, starting in December 1774, and to ban exports to Britain, starting in September 1775. They agreed to an immediate boycott of the consumption of tea from the British East India Company. They agreed to meet against in May 1775 if conditions did not improve.
What question did conservatives like John Dickinson and radicals like John Adams debate? Why do you think they all agreed to issue the Olive Branch Petition?
They agreed to make one last effort at peace, to settle the doubts of those opposed to the war or independence.
What did the states agree to do under the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation?
They agreed to work together for certain limited common purposes.
What outcome of the war did the combatant nations share?
They all had a great deal of debt.
What argument did Grenville and other officials make?
They argued that Britain had funded the war, and the war had protected the colonists more than it had people in Britain.
How did British officials seek to address the nation's heavy debt?
They asked the British colonies in North America to pay what officials in London thought was a fair share of the costs of the war.
During the American Revolution, what did Esther De Berdt Reed and Sarah Franklin Bache ask women to do? What does this suggest about women's roles during the war?
They asked women to give up all "luxuries" so they could instead help fund the Continental Army. The women raised $300,000. This suggests that women played an important supporting role for the army, raising money and providing provisions and supplies.
What commitments had the British made to the Delaware and the Iroquois in 1758, and why?
They had promised to bar white settlement west of the Alleghenies to win their help in the French and the Indian War.
Why did several Native American tribes surrender to the British in 1764?
They lacked ammunition, and without the French, they could not obtain more.
What was one change that the other delegates made to Jefferson's original draft?
They removed lines critical of the slave trade.
What did the Paxton Boys resolve to do?
They resolved to drive Native Americans off the lands that they wanted to settle.
What early success did the Native Americans have?
They took Fort Sandusky.
What effect did the Battles at Lexington and Concord have?
They turned back the British and rallied colonial support for the Patriots. They signaled the start of warfare.
What task had Paul Revere and a small group of unemployed artisans undertaken?
They undertook to watch the movement of British troops in and around Boston.
Why do you think the colonial militia wanted to build fortifications outside of Boston?
They wanted to defend their position and prevent the British from leaving Boston and marching on the countryside.
What did women in Fishing Creek, South Carolina, do? How did this support the Continental Army? What does this suggest about the effect of the war on women left at home?
They went from farm to farm to see if the owner had gone off to fight. If so, they brought in the harvest. Not only did this work keep the farms going and local people fed but also provided provisions for the troops. This shows that many women had to take over at farms and other businesses, doing work that had been done by male members of their families.
Why did the leaders of the new states decide to not create a stronger central government? What circumstances do you think contributed to this perspective?
They were distrustful of a strong centralized government. The colonies were in the process of throwing off the rule of one powerful central government. They probably didn't want to replace it with another one.
What problem were the French and British trying to solve through the war?
They were fighting to become the dominant colonial power in the world.
What early success did Britain have?
They won an early victory in Acadia, now Nova Scotia.
Why was it important for the British to capture Georgia and the Carolinas?
This would have made it difficult for the colonists to resist the British under the banner of united colonies.
In what ways were the motives and goals of the British Empire, British colonists, and Native Americans achieved? In what ways did the goals of these groups diverge? How?
Three groups succeeded in the shared goal of expelling French rule from the eastern half of the continent and defending against further French and Spanish encroachment on their lands. The British and their colonial and Native American allies had secured control of the Atlantic seaboard and adjoining frontier lands. However, after the war, Britain wanted to maintain peace with Native Americans, who wanted lands west of Appalachia protected from further white settlement. However, this goal diverged sharply from many British American colonists who believed themselves entitled to settle and develop the vast wilderness gained by Britain during the war.
how would you define vigilantes?
Vigilantes are people who act outside of the law.
Where did Washington and his men attack the French?
Washington attacked the French at Jumonville Glen.
Why did the French let Washington and his troops go?
Washington took responsibility for the skirmish at Jumonville. He signed a document stating that he had attacked the French during a time of peace.
Who was Neolin?
a Delaware visionary who preached resistance to the British and called on Native Americans to return to their traditional ways of life
Who was James Somerset?
an American slave who had been taken to Britain and befriended free blacks and whites—and then escaped
Iroquois Confederacy
an alliance of six Native American nations in the region, and the 1748 Treaty of Logstown with the Shawnee, Delaware, and Wyandot
Where did Daniel Morgan decide to make a stand against the British in South Carolina?
at a pasture known as Cowpens
How did the Scientific Revolution inspire other Enlightenment thinking?
by encouraging people to challenge traditionally held assumptions and to ask questions
How does republicanism reflect Enlightenment principles?
by granting the people the power to decide how and by whom they will be governed
At the First Continental Congress in 1774, delegates from each colony met in Philadelphia to
coordinate a unified colonial response to the Coercive Acts
In response to the Boston Tea Party, when American colonists dumped more than ten thousand pounds' worth of tea into Boston Harbor to protest British taxation policies, Parliament A. passed the Coercive Acts (also called the Intolerable Acts), a series of punitive measures aimed at subduing the Massachusetts colony.
passed the Coercive Acts (also called the Intolerable Acts), a series of punitive measures aimed at subduing the Massachusetts colony.
Speech of Pontiac, near Detroit, May 1763:
rally Native Americans to drive out the British and send them back to Britain
On what points did the delegates to the Congress agree?
that Parliament had no right to tax the colonies without their consent; that they opposed Britain's treatment of Boston
What does Locke say about reason?
that it is the natural law that should govern human action
What other political revolutions did Enlightenment ideas help inspire in the years following the American Revolution?
the French Revolution; the Saint Domingue Revolution; attempted revolutions in Germany, Italy, Poland, and Scandinavia; revolution in Venezuela and the establishment of republics in Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
What difference do you see from the start to the end of the French and Indian War?
the French and the British appear to claim and occupy relatively small areas of land. Few towns and settlements, including forts, are shown. In the second map, Britain has gained territory in North America and reserved a vast amount for Native Americans. Many more towns are shown, and the Proclamation Line suggests a limit to British settlement.
George Washington to Robert Stewart, August 13, 1763
to describe the rebellion of Native Americans on the frontier and to describe the colonies' response
Why did the Paxton Boys march on Philadelphia?
to find other Native Americans who might have taken refuge there
Journal of William Trent, 1763
to record events taking place during the siege of Fort Pitt by Native American forces