APUSH Vocab ALL

Stamp Act Congress of 1765

27 delegates from 9 colonies met from October 7-24, and drew up a list of declarations and petitions against the new taxes imposed on the colonies.

Tuskegee Airmen

332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at a flying school in Alabama.

"Affluent Society"

A 1958 book by Harvard economist John Kenneth Galbraith. The book sought to clearly outline the manner in which the post-World War II America was becoming wealthy in the private sector but remained poor in the public sector, lacking social and physical infrastructure, and perpetuating income disparities. The book sparked much public discussion at the time, and it is widely remembered for Galbraith's popularizing of the term "conventional wisdom".

Thomas Paine, Common Sense

A British citizen, he wrote ___, published on January 1, 1776, to encourage the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution.

Walter Cronkite

A CBS newscaster who was known for his objectivity and trustworthiness, who said that the war in Vietnam would end in stalemate.

Mao Zedong

A Chinese revolutionary, political theorist and communist leader. He led the People's Republic of China after overthrowing Chiang Kai-shek

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

A Civil Rights organization that was famous for freedom rides which drew attention to Southern barbarity, leading to the passing of civil rights legislation.

Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute

A Former slave, he suggested that African Americans accept segregation-for now, instead focus on vocational and farming skills to help improve their situation. Supported education of trades and therefore founded the Tuskegee Institute

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

WIN—Whip Inflation Now

A program by the Ford administration to curb inflation and dramatic price increases by putting pressure on businesses to lower prices and deter consumers from using excess amounts of oil

Head Start

A program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families. It was modeled on The Little School of 400.

Stonewall Riots

A series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn, located in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City.

Great Society

A set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in the United States on the initiative of President Lyndon B. Johnson. Two main goals of these social reforms were the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. New major spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were launched during this period. This resembled the New Deal domestic agenda of Franklin D. Roosevelt, but differed sharply in types of programs enacted.

Love Canal

A town in upstate New York where it was discovered large amounts of toxic waste were being disposed of improperly. Another environmental catastrophes was a frightening accident at a Nuclear Power Plant on Three Mile Island.

Jay-Gardoqui Treaty

A treaty between Spain and the United States. It guaranteed Spain's exclusive right to navigate Mississippi River for 30 years. It also opened Spain's European and West Indian seaports to American shipping.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

A treaty negotiated by Lord Ashburton of Great Britain and Daniel Webster of the United States in 1842. It settled a dispute over the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick. The treaty was very popular in the North because the United States got more than half of the disputed territory.

Adolf Hitler (Nazism)

A very crude leader that took advantage of a disillusioned and depression-stricken nation. After the Treaty of Versailles blamed Germany for WWI, ___ led the nation into WWII under the "big lie." He was a manipulative and feared dictator that vented his anger on the Jewish Nation. He established a new political party in Germany with much of the same beliefs as the Fascists. This ultra conservative group believed that the state is more important than the individual and that there should be a strong central government with absolute power.

Vietnamization

A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine".

Crop Lien System

A way for farmers to get credit. After the crops were harvested, farmers would use it to pay back their loan. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. To finance the sharecropping system, southerners turned to the crop lien system. Landowners and sharecroppers borrowed (at high interest rates) against the future harvest. Lenders insisted that they produce cash crops like cotton. The system made landowners and sharecroppers dependent on local merchants, and it prevented the development of diversified farming in the South. This is different from sharecropping!

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Protectorate

A weak country under the control and protection of a stronger country. Puerto Rico, Cuba, etc. were protectorates of the U.S .

Closed Shop

A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. By the 1930s the closed shop had become a commonly negotiated agreement meant to protect labour organizations. This and other methods became known as "union security."

Yellow Dog Contracts

A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company.

Creel Committee

AKA the United States Committee on Public Information, a propaganda organization created by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I.

Immigration act 1965

Abolished the national origins formula from the immigration act of 1924 and set up limits of Visas. Pushed through by Ted Kennedy, caused an influx of immigrants

Witch trials

Accusations of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts led to the trials where by the end 18 people had been hanged while many had been arrested and sent to prison. Afterward people admitted that the trials were a mistake

Energy Bill 2005

Act encouraged greater use of fossil fuels and nuclear power, and provided some support for energy conservation and renewable energy for years to come

Repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1893)

Act repealed by President Cleveland to protect gold reserves after the act caused a run of federal gold reserves and, in part, the resulting Depression of 1893.

Ida B. Wells Barnett

African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist, and an early leader in the civil rights movement. She was active in women's rights and the women's suffrage movement, establishing several notable women's organizations

Hamilton-Burr Duel of 1804

After Burr lost to Jefferson as a Republican, he switched to the Federalist party and ran for governor of New York. When he lost, he blamed Hamilton (a successful Federalist politician) of making defamatory remarks that cost him the election. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel, in which Hamilton was intentionally killed by Burr on July 11.

Berlin, West Germany, East Germany

After WWII, ___ was split amongst GB, US, France, and the USSR. GB, US, and France combined to make West __ and Russia was East ___ . The city of ___ had also been split up along the same lines and provided the direct comparison of capitalism and communism. This city was lodged in Soviet-controlled territory.

Watergate

After a break in was discovered at the Democratic Party headquarters, Nixon ordered his top aides to cover it up. Nixon then claimed to have had no knowledge of either the break in or the cover up. Nixon continued to impede the investigation by refusing to turn over tapes, and after the Supreme Court ordered him to turn over the tapes and Congress began to consider impeachment, Nixon resigned in August 1974

Berlin Wall, Nov 9, 1989

After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany and West Berlin. Crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere.

Thomas Nast

American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon" He was the scourge of Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall political machine.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. Argued the case of Brown v Board of Education

Edward Snowden

American computer specialist who worked for NSA contractors and said that he was an employee of the CIA and NSA before leaking details of several top-secret United States and British government mass surveillance programs to the press.

Richard Ely

American economist, author, and leader of the Progressive movement who called for more government intervention in order to reform what they perceived as the injustices of capitalism, especially regarding factory conditions, compulsory education, child labor, and labor unions. ___ is best remembered as a founder and the first Secretary of the American Economic Association

Alexander Graham Bell

American inventor and educator; his interest in electrical and mechanical devices to aid people with hearing impairments led to the development and patent of the telephone

Pat Robertson, Christian Coalition

American media mogul, executive chairman, and a former Southern Baptist minister, who generally supports conservative Christian ideals.

John Dewey

American philosopher, psychologist, leading activist in the Georgist movement, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. He is one of the primary figures associated with the philosophy of pragmatism and is considered one of the founders of functional psychology.

Richard Henry Lee

American statesman from VA most known for his resolution in the 2nd Continental Congress. Served a one-year term as Pres of the Continental Congress.

Valley Forge

American survivors from the Battle at Brandywine Creek and the Battle of Germantown marched through this area in early December, 1777. American men camped here without food in the winter of 1777-1778. Baron von Steuben, a Prussian general, whipped the cold troops into shape. The Continental Army suffered further casualties at this valley due to cold and disease. Washington chose the site because it allowed him to defend the Continental Congress if necessary, which was then meeting in York, Pennsylvania after the British capture of Philadelphia

Carrie Nation

American woman who was a radical member of the temperance movement, which opposed alcohol before the advent of Prohibition. She is particularly noteworthy for attacking the property of alcohol-serving establishments with a hatchet.

Doves

Americans who opposed the Vietnam War.

Draft Dodgers

Americans who opposed the war and left the US rather than fight

Hawks

Americans who supported the Vietnam War.

Federal Reserve Act

An Act of Congress that created and established the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States of America, and granted it the legal authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes (now commonly known as the U.S. Dollar) and Federal Reserve Bank Notes as legal tender. The Act was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson.

Betty Friedan, "The Feminine Mystique"

An American feminist, activist and writer, best known for starting what is commonly known as the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of a book.

Andrew Mellon

An American financier, he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Harding in 1921 and served under Coolidge and Hoover. While he was in office, the government reduced the WW I debt by $9 billion and Congress cut income tax rates substantially. He is often called the greatest Secretary of the Treasury after Hamilton.

Eli Whitney

An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged.

Knights of Labor

An American labor union originally established as a secret fraternal order and noted as the first union of all types of workers.

General Zachary Taylor

An American major general who became a war hero during the Mexican War. His troops won important victories in northern Mexico at Matamoros, Monterrey, and Buena Vista, and his resulting popularity helped him win the presidential election in 1848.

The Jazz Singer

An American musical film that was the first movie with sound, this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer, Al Jolson.

Sinclair Lewis

An American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright who wrote Main Street and Babbit.

Patrick Henry (1736-1799)

An American orator and member of the Virginia House of Burgesses who gave speeches against the British government and its policies urging the colonies to fight for independence. In connection with a petition to declare a "state of defense" in virginia in 1775, he gave his most famous speech which ends with the words, "Give me liberty or give me death." He served as Governor of Virginia from 1776-1779 and 1784-1786, and was instrumental in causing the Bill of Rights to be adopted as part of the U.S. Constitution.

Paul Revere

An American patriot and silversmith, he was born in Boston, Jan. 1, 1735, and died May 10, 1818. His anti-British engravings of episodes such as the Boston Massacre were effective propaganda. He reached the rank of lieutenant colonel and was placed in command of Castle William (Castle Island) in Boston Harbor. Meanwhile he had begun to cast cannon for the American Army. Supposed rider who warned Sam Adams and John Hancock that the British Regulars were coming.

Little Rock 9

(1957) Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Nine African-American students became the first to attend. Ernest Green was the first to graduate. The 101st Airborne had to be sent in to escort the students to class.

24th Amendment

(1964) abolished the poll tax in federal elections. This joined the blacks with the whites during the civil rights movement.

New Federalism

(1969) turned over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduced the role of national government in domestic affairs (states are closer to the people and problems); attempts by Presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants.

Battle of the Little Bighorn

(Custer's Last Stand) battle between Lakota and Northern Cheyenne, led by Sitting Bull, against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the US Army; Indians won

Alexander Hamilton

(January 11, 1755 or 1757 - July 12, 1804) He was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher. He led calls for the Philadelphia Convention, was one of America's first Constitutional lawyers, and co-wrote the Federalist Papers, a primary source for Constitutional interpretation. admirer of British political systems, Hamilton emphasized strong central government and implied powers, under which the new U.S. Congress funded the national debt, assumed state debts, created the First Bank of the United States, and established an import tariff and a whiskey tax.

James Madison

(March 16, 1751 - June 28, 1836) He was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the fourth President of the United States (1809-1817), and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Considered to be the "Father of the Constitution", he was the principal author of the document. In 1788, he wrote over a third of the Federalist Papers, still the most influential commentary on the Constitution. The first President to have served in the United States Congress, he was a leader in the 1st United States Congress, drafted many basic laws and was responsible for the first ten amendments to the Constitution (said to be based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights), and thus is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights". As a political theorist, Madison's most distinctive belief was that the new republic needed checks and balances to protect individual rights from the tyranny of the majority. .

Bonus Bill Veto

(March, 1817) Madison vetoed John C. Calhoun's Bonus Bill, which would have used the bonus money paid to the government by the Second National Bank to build roads and canals. Madison believed in strict interpretation, and using federal money for internal improvements is not a power granted to the federal government in the Constitution.

Pottawatomie Massacre

(May 24, 1856) the slaughter of 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas by John Brown and his followers, in reaction to the Sack of Lawrence; as a result of this event, Kansas collapsed into a civil war and over 200 citizens were killed as pro and antislavery advocates attacked each other.

Sandra Day O'Connor

(b. 1930) Arizona state senator from 1969 to 1974, appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals in 1979. Reagan appointed her to the U.S. Supreme Court, making her the first female Justice of the Supreme Court.

Trusts

Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

Election of 1844

James K. Polk - Democrat. Henry Clay - Whig. James G. Birney - Liberty Party. Issues: The annexation of Texas and the reoccupation of Oregon. Tariff reform. Third party (Liberty Party) had a significant impact. Liberty candidate (Birney) drew enough votes away from Clay to give Polk New York, and thus the election. Liberty party was short-lived and founded solely on an anti-slavery background.

Rebates

Developed in the 1880s, a practice by which railroads would give money back to its favored customers, rather than charging them lower prices, so that it could appear to be charging a flat rate for everyone.

Mexican Revolution

Diaz was ruler of Mexico for 34 years, and caused much terror and bloodshed. Many people fled to the U.S. to plan a revolution. Huerta, in 1913, overthrew Diaz as dictator and had him murdered. Carranza was the leader of the forces against Huerta. The Mexican Revolution was an unstable situation that led to distrust between the U.S. and Mexico.

Spoils System

Jackson created a system of political patronage under which many of his supporters and members of the Democratic Party were chosen for federal office and were placed in his "Kitchen Cabinet" and real cabinet. Many of these individuals were completely unqualified.

Treaty of Ghent of 1814

Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Roe v. Wade----1973

Established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state interference in 1st; state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2nd; state may regulate to protect health or unborn child in 3rd. inferred from right of privacy established in griswald v. connecticut

17th Amendment

Establishes the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Extended the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 to give it more power against trusts and big business. It outlawed practices that had a dangerous likelihood of creating a monopoly, even if no unlawful agreement was involved.

Stalwarts

Member of a faction of the Republican Party that opposed the civil-service reform policies of President Rutherford B. Hayes and sought unsuccessfully a third presidential term for Ulysses S. Grant. Opposed to the "Half-Breeds." In favor of political machines and spoils systems.

Pinkertons

Members of the Chicago police force headed by Alan Pinkerton, they were often used as strike breakers.

Know-Nothing Party

Members of this party opposed immigration and Catholic influence. They answered questions from outsiders about the party by saying "I know nothing". Part of nativist movement which was a reaction to influx of immigrants.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Wobblies

Members of which are commonly termed "W___s", is an international, radical labor union that was formed in 1905. The union combines general unionism with industrial unionism, being a general union itself whose members are further organized within the industry of their employment. The philosophy and tactics of the ___ are described as "revolutionary industrial unionism," with ties to both socialist and anarchist labor movements

Lewis and Clark of 1804-1806

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

Cambodia

Nixon ordered troops into Cambodia to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh Trail and other supply lines used by North Vietnam, even though Cambodia was neutral. In 1970, he ordered air and ground strikes in Cambodia. This is the most controversial act of his to end the Vietnam War.

Gerald Ford

Nixon's vice president after Agnew resigned, he became the only president never to be elected. Taking office after Nixon resigned, he pardoned Nixon for all federal crimes that he "committed or may have committed."

15th amendment of 1870

No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.

Election of 1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

Puritans

Non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area from the King of England.

Cesar Chavez

Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. He participated in the "Battle of the Giants" against fellow Senator Robert Hayne. He provided a strong defense of centralized power and argue that it was un-American to support the supremacy of states' rights over those of the federal government.

Maine Explosion

February 15, 1898 - An explosion in the Bay of Havana crippled the warship Maine. The U.S. blamed Spain for the incident and used it as an excuse to go to war with Spain.

World Trade Center Bombing—1993

February 26, 1993, a truck bomb was detonated below the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The 1,336 pounds (606 kg) urea nitrate-hydrogen gas enhanced device[1] was intended to send the North Tower (Tower 1) crashing into the South Tower (Tower 2), bringing both towers down and killing tens of thousands of people.It failed to do so, but did kill six people and injured more than a thousand; led by Al Qaeda

Yalta Conference

February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at ___ to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan after Germany fell. Russia was also essentially given power over Poland, and self-determination was allowed for the rest of Europe.

Equal Pay Act

Federal law amending the Fair Labor Standards Act, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex (see Gender pay gap). It was signed into law on June 10, 1963, by John F. Kennedy as part of his New Frontier Program.

Separation of Powers

division of governmental authority among the three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial branch. The US Constitution uses this principle in setting up the presidency, the Congress, and the courts.

The Maryland Act of Toleration

ordered by Lord Baltimore in 1954 and was made after a protestant was elected governor of Maryland. The act allowed religious freedom to all Christians. As we said in class the act basically allowed you to worship freely as either a Protestant or Catholic.

"moral majority"

political organization of the United States which had an agenda of evangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying. Formed by Jerry Falwell. Organization made up of conservative Christian political action committees which campaigned on issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law. This group pressured for legislation that would ban abortion and ban the states' acceptance of homosexuality.

Body Counts

previous wars, the army could show on maps how much enemy territory was being conquered, but in Vietnam that was not done, so the army would report how many enemy were killed each week and how many US and ARVN were killed or wounded. And it was reported in the news as a regular and "normal" way

mercantilism

the economic policy of Europe in the 1500s through 1700s. The government exercised control over industry and trade with the idea that national strength and economic security comes from exporting more than is imported. Possession of colonies provided countries both with sources of raw materials and markets for their manufactured goods. Great Britain exported goods and forced the colonies to buy them.

"Multiculturalism"

the evolution of cultural diversity within a jurisdiction, introduced by its selection policies and institutionalized by its settlement policies.

Women's Christian Temperance Union, WCTU

the first mass organization among women devoted to social reform with a program that "linked the religious and the secular through concerted and far-reaching reform strategies based on applied Christianity. Helped to tie prohibition to women's suffrage

Operation Desert Storm

the name used for the military operation in which international armed forces, including British and US troops, attacked Iraq in the Gulf War. It began on 16 January 1991 and lasted 100 days.

Self-Determination

the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government. It promoted countries to create their own government.

Globalization

the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture.

Lord Baltimore

the proprietor of Maryland and he allowed religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He also brought over Huguenots (French Protestants that followed Calvinism).

Panic of 1907

was a United States financial crisis that took place over a three week period starting in mid-October, when the New York Stock Exchange fell almost 50% from its peak the previous year. This eventually spread throughout the nation when many state and local banks and businesses entered bankruptcy.

"Just Say No"

was an advertising campaign, part of the U.S. "War on Drugs", prevalent during the 1980s and early 1990s, to discourage children from engaging in recreational drug use. Former First Lady Nancy Regan was involved. First Lady Nancy Reagan's campaign against drug abuse.

Pure Food and Drug Act

was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws enacted by the Federal Government in the 20th century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration. Its main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products

Newt Gingrich

wrote The Contract with America; a neoconservative; hated Clinton after he stole ideas and took credit away from Congress; Speaker of the House

"Yuppies"

young, urban professionals who wore expensive clothes and drove luxury cars. They came to symbolize the increased pursuit of wealth and materialism of Americans in the 1980s.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Passed to combat black codes. Guaranteed citizenship and equal rights to blacks. Johnson vetoes it, but Congress overrides him. SCOTUS finds it unconstitutional on the grounds of the Dredd Scott decisions which stated that blacks are not citizens. An amendment was thus necessary.

Twenty-First Amendment

Passed to repeal the 18th Amendment (Prohibition). Congress legalized light beer. Based on recommendation of the Wickersham Commission that Prohibition had lead to a vast increase in crime.

Patroon System

Patronships were offered to individuals who managed to build a settlement of at least 50 people within 4 years. Few people were able to accomplish this.

Mayaguez

Peace time military rescue operation conducted by US armed forces against Cambodia.

Boycotts

People refuse to buy a company's product until the company meets demands; a form of consumer activism involving the act of voluntarily abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with a person, organization, or country as an expression of protest, usually for political reasons.

Indentured servants

People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become this. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the ___ would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.

16th Amendment

Permits Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census.

Welfare Reform—Clinton

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 was part of it; he lessened the number of years you could receive welfare to 5 as well as required recipients to seek employment after 2 years

Credibility Gap

Phrase coined by William Fulbright, who staged a series of televised hearings where he convinced the public that it was being lied to by the government over Vietnam

Election of 1972

Placed Nixon against Democrat George McGovern, with the former being the embodiment of the radical movements Nixon's "silent majority" of middle-class Americans opposed, resulting in a landslide victory for Nixon

Cash and Carry

Policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid with cash and transported them on their own ships

Tammany Hall

Political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798-1799

Political statements drafted secretly by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, in which the two state legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. The resolutions argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare unconstitutional any acts of Congress that were not authorized by the Constitution. In doing so, they argued for states' rights and strict constructionism of the Constitution.

Dawes Plan

Post-WW I depression in Germany left it unable to pay reparation and Germany defaulted on its payments in 1923. In 1924, U.S. Vice President Charles ___ formulated a plan to allow Germany to make its reparation payments in annual installments.

Concurrent Powers

Powers held by both the states and the federal government and may be exercised simultaneously within the same territory and in relation to the same body of citizens. This is contrasted with delegated powers and reserved powers. Some of the concurrent powers enjoyed by both the federal and state governments are: the power to tax, make roads, protect the environment, create lower courts and borrow money.

Square Deal

President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. These three demands are often referred to as the "three C's". It aimed at helping middle class citizens and involved attacking bad trusts while at the same time protecting business from the most extreme demands of organized labor

Barbary Pirates

President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Samuel Gompers

President of the AFL, he combined unions to increase their strength.

Civil Rights Act (1957)

Primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation enacted in the United States since Reconstruction. It was proposed by Congress to President Dwight Eisenhower.

Civil Rights Act-1957

Primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation passed by Congress in the United States since Reconstruction following the American Civil War.

"Salutary neglect"

Prime Minister Robert Walpole's policy in dealing with the American colonies. He was primarily concerned with British affairs and believed that unrestricted trade in the colonies would be more profitable for England than would taxation of the colonies.

Winston Churchill

Prime minister of Great Britain during World War II. Replaced by Attlee during the Potsdam Conference.

Depression of 1893

Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Led to the Pullman strike. Worse than depression of 20 years earlier.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacturing or sale of alcohol within the United States.

19th Amendment

Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex. (Women's Suffrage)

Clay's American System

Proposed after the War of 1812, it included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and rechartering the national bank.

Tariff of 1816

Proposed by Madison. It taxed imports in order to increase the price of foreign goods and thereby limit their price advantage. Northeasterners welcomed this, but Southerns and Westerns were reluctant.

Eugene V. Debs imprisonment

Socialist who was a vehement adversary to Woodrow Wilson because ___ opposed his entry into WWI. He would be imprisoned later for violating the Espionage Act for making an anti-war speech in 1918. He made this speech when he was a part of Indiana Congress.

Second New Deal

Some thought the first New Deal (legislation passed in 1933) did too much and created a big deficit, while others, mostly the elderly, thought it did not do enough. Most of the 1933 legislation was ineffective in stopping the Depression, which led F. D. R. to propose a second series of initiatives in 1935, referred to as the ___.

Joseph Stalin

Soviet Dictator during WWII and the beginning of the Cold War. Leader of Soviet Union against Hitler, allied with United States. Met with Churchill and Roosevelt at Teheran from November 28 - December 1, 1943 and agreed to attack Germany from all sides, although he initially signed a Nonagression Pact with Germany.

Encomienda System

Spanish government's policy to give Indians (thus viewed them as property) to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.

Election of 1872

Split caused w/in Republican party as the Liberal Republicans broke off and formed their own faction. Horace Greeley was nominated by the Democratic Party (but ran as a Liberal Republican b/c the Democratic Party controlled this party's ticket). Regular Republicans renominated Grant. Greeley died before the Electoral College voted, and as such won only a couple electoral votes. The Republicans controlled enough black votes to gain victory for Grant. Electoral college was a blowout, but popular vote was 55.6% Grant to 43.8% Greeley.

Nikita Khruschev

Stalin's successor who desired a more peaceful coexistence with the US and who happily participated in the 1955 Geneva Summit.

Pullman Strike (1894)

Started by enraged workers who were part of George Pullman's "model town" (a town built for Pullman's railway workers designed to cultivate positive characteristics within the workers), this fiasco began when Pullman fired three workers on a committee. Pullman refused to negotiate and troops were brought in to ensure that trains would continue to run. When orders for Pullman cars slacked off, Pullman cut wages, but did not cut rents or store prices.

Wabash Case (1886)

Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.

Abington School District v Schempp

Stated that religion in public schools is unconstitutional, no bible readings in school.

Richard Henry Lee's Resolution of June 7, 1776

Stated that the colonies should be independent and sever all political ties with Britain. It was adopted by Congress and was the first step towards independence. In the resolution's three sentences, three major points were outlined. First, that the colonies should unite in a demand for independence from Britain. Second, that the new united colonies should seek to secure alliances with foreign powers. Third, that the united colonies should cement their unity of action in unity of government, forming a "plan of confederation."

USA Patriot Act 2001

Strengthens the federal government's power to conduct surveillance, perform searches, and detain individuals in order to combat terrorism.

Home Owners' Local Corporation (HOLC)

Its purpose was to refinance home mortgages currently in default to prevent foreclosure.

Erie Canal

"Clinton's Big Ditch" that transformed transportation and economic life across the Great Lakes region from Buffalo to Chicago

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

John Muir

"Father of National Parks" devoted his time to the preservation of the Western forests. Petitioned the U.S. Congress for the National Park bill that was passed in 1890, establishing Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks

Jacob Riis

"Father of Photography", "muckraking" journalist and social documentary photographer. He is known for using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City

Robert M. La Follette

"Fighting Bob" was an American Republican politician who was later a progressive. He served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, was the Governor of Wisconsin, and was also a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin . He ran for President of the United States as the nominee of his own Progressive Party in 1924, carrying Wisconsin and 17% of the national popular vote. Credited for the "Wisconsin Idea"

Robert Morris (1734-1806)

"Financier of the American Revolution"

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939. This strategy created huge success for Germany at the beginning of the war.

Kellogg-Briand Treaty

"Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.

"Realpolitik"

"The politics of reality"; used to describe the tough, practical politics in which idealism and romanticism play no part. Otto von Bismarck and Camillo Benso di Cavour were the leading practitioners of realpolitik.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) U.S. assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Root-Takahira Agreement

(1908) Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

Jones Act

(1916) Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years

Pancho Villa, General Pershing

(1916) Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico and Pershing was directed to follow him into Mexico. Pershing met with resistance and eventually left without finding Pancho Villa

Rush-Bagot Agreement

(1817) Agreement between the U.S. and Britain (which controlled Canada at that time) for mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. Later expanded to an unarmed U.S.-Canada border.

Transcontinental Treaty (Adams-Onis)

(1817) It was an agreement between Spain and the U.S. that gave west Florida to the U.S. It also established the border between the U.S. and New Spain (present day Mexico). Since it handled the ongoing border dispute, it is considered a win for American diplomacy. Part of nationalistic foreign policy under Monroe.

Jackson in Florida

(1817) The Seminole Indians in Florida, encouraged by the Spanish, launched a series of raids into the U.S. President J. Q. Adams ordered Andrew Jackson, whose troops were on the U.S./Florida border, to seize Spanish forts in northern Florida. Jackson's successful attacks convinced the Spanish that they could not defend Florida against the U.S.

Monroe Doctrine

(1823) Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Tariff of Abomination

(1828) Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. This tariff was accidentally passed by the Jacksonians in an attempt to embarass JQA, and it was given this name by John C. Calhoun, the VP under JQA.

Maysville Road Veto

(1830) It proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements.

John C. Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

Force Bill

(1833) It authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

John Brown's Raid

(1859) an incident in which abolitionist John Brown and others captured a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in hope of starting a slave rebellion.

Samoa, Pago-Pago

(1878) The U.S. gained the strategic port Pago Pago in Samoa for use in refueling U.S. warships overseas. It was part of building an international military presence.

Teller Amendment

(1896) U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but the Teller Amendment disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba.

Boxer Rebellion

(1900) a secret Chinese society called the Boxers because their symbol was a fist revolted against foreigners in their midst and laid siege to foreign legislations in Beijing

Free Speech Movement

---Led by Mario Savio it protested on behalf of students rights. It spread to colleges throughout the country discussing unpopular faculty tenure decisions, dress codes, dormitory regulations, and appearances by Johnson administration officials. ---Berkley, Ca - Students protested the school's ban on the use of public space for political debate

Counterculture---"Hippies"

-A mode of life opposed to the conventional or dominant, that rejects established social values and practices, esp. among the young. -Young Americans in 60s who rejected conventional customs & mainstream culture

Democratic National Convention, 1968

-In Chicago in 1968; where Democratic delegates gathered to nominate Vice-president Hubert Humphrey. The hall was protected with barbed wire and police officers to keep the protesters away. -This 1968 event was marked by anti-war protests (and police brutality against them) and resulted in a big win for Hubert Humphrey, who was at the time Vice President.

Causes of the War of 1812

1. British impressment of US sailors 2. US suspected British of encouraging Native American rebellion 3. "war hawk" congressional leaders (Clay, Calhoun) 4. US wanted more free land so wanted to get rid of Native Americans and British in the west 5. US sided with France against Britain

Haymarket Square Riot

100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.

Kerner Commission

11 member commission established by President Johnson to investigate causes of the race riots in the US

Kerner Commission

11-member commission established by LBJ to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the US and to provide recommendations for the future

Charles Evans Hughes

11th SCOTUS Chief Justice of the United States (1930-1941). He was the Republican candidate in the 1916 U.S. Presidential election, losing narrowly to incumbent President Woodrow Wilson.

Emmett Till

14 year old boy that was killed by whites for flirting with a white woman. His mother had an open casket to reveal the horrors of what had been done to him.

House of Burgesses

1619. Formed the first legislative body in colonial America. This body was empowered to enact legislation for the colony, but its actions were subject to veto by the governor, council and ultimately by the directors in London. Nevertheless, such a legislative body would have been unthinkable in the Spanish or French colonies of that day, which highlights the degree to which the concept of a limited monarchy had become accepted by the English people.

Mayflower Compact

1620. The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the ___ and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. The Pilgrims landed in the Cape Cod area instead of their original destination, and chose a spot which the named plymouth. But, since their charter was not for this land, and Plymouth was outside the London Company's territory, they didn't have a legal basis for settling there. Because of this they signed the ___, which also proclaimed their allegiance to the king.

Great Puritan Migration

1629 to 1640, years when the Puritan crisis in England reached its height. In 1629, King Charles I dissolved Parliament, preventing Puritan leaders from working within the system to effect change and leaving them vulnerable to persecution. The MA Bay Colony, represented a refuge and an opportunity for Puritans to establish a "Zion in the wilderness." During the ten years that followed, over twenty thousand men, women, and children left England to settle permanently in MA

Roger Williams, Rhode Island

1635. He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom. ___ believed in complete separation from church and state—thus challenging the church's authority and banished.

New England Confederation

1643. Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies. These four colonies included Connecticut, New Haven, Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth Colony. Each would have two representatives and 6 out of the 8 votes were needed in order to adopt new measure.

King Philip's War

1675. A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as ___. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion, and ultimately crushed any alliances that were established between the native tribes which thus could no longer resist the English.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676. ___ and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. "Mobocracy" and 1st official protest to royal authority

William Penn

1681. He received a land grant from King Charles II, and used it to form a colony that would provide a haven for Quakers. His colony, Pennsylvania, allowed religious freedom. His treatment of the Indians was so gentle that Quakers could walk through Indian territory unarmed without fear of being hurt.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763. An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named ___. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area.

Gadsen Purchase

1853. After the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo was signed, the U.S. realized that it had accidentally left portions of the southwestern stagecoach routes to California as part of Mexico. James Gadsen, the U.S. Minister to Mexico, was instructed by President Pierce to draw up a treaty that would provide for the purchase of the territory through which the stage lines ran, along which the U.S. hoped to also eventually build a southern continental railroad. This territory makes up the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico.

Sumner-Brooks affair

1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

1857 Supreme Court decision that stated that slaves were not citizens; that living in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves; and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.

Lincoln-Douglas debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported popular sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate.

Ulysses S. Grant

18th President of the United States. Presided over the Union victory in the Civil War as Union General. Administration was riddled with scandals.

Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey

1920's sports heroes. ___ set the baseball record of 60 home runs in one season and ___ was the heavyweight boxing champion.

Smith Act

1940 act which made it illegal to speak of or advocate overthrowing the U.S. government. Was used by Truman 11 times to prosecute suspected Communists.

Truman Doctrine

1947. Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism. Response to Greece and Turkey; a reactive plan

Berlin airlift

1948 - Russia under Stalin blockaded Berlin completely in the hopes that the West would give the entire city to the Soviets to administer. To bring in food and supplies, the U.S. and Great Britain mounted air lifts which became so intense that, at their height, an airplane was landing in West Berlin every few minutes. Russia eventually ended the blockade.

McCarran Internal Security Act

1950 - Required communist organizations to register and forced them to publish many of their internal documents. Part of the Red Scare

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used guerrilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Hungarian Revolution

1956 - This country tried to overthrow the Communist government, partly encouraged by the U.S. The rebellion was quickly crushed. US was almost entirely unable to help this revolution.

Cuba, Castro, Batista

1959 - A band of insurgents led by Fidel __ succeeded in overthrowing the corrupt government of Juan __, and ___ became Communist. This concerned the US because of this island's proximity to our mainland.

Berlin Wall

1961- The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushchev, erected a wall between East and West Berlin to keep people from fleeing from the East, after Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet aggression.

Engle v. Vitale

1962 - a landmark United States Supreme Court case that determined that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools. The case was brought by the families of public school students in New Hyde Park, New York who complained the prayer to "Almighty God" contradicted their religious beliefs.

New left-Port Huron Statement

1962 manifesto of the North American student activist movement Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). It was written primarily by Tom Hayden, then the Field Secretary of SDS, with help from 58 other SDS members, and completed on June 15, 1962, at a United Auto Workers retreat

Mario Savio

1964: student leader of activism on Berkely's UC campus who founded the Free Speech Movement to protest the University's ban on political activity and other grievances such as research for the military-industrial complex, compulsory ROTC, dress codes, etc.; demonstration of increasing youth involvement in politics

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Challenger Explosion

1986 explosion of space shuttle broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members, which included five NASA astronauts and two payload specialists.

Tiananmen Square

1989; commonly known as the June Fourth Incidentor '89 Democracy Movement were student-led popular demonstrations in Beijing which took place in the spring of 1989 and received broad support from city residents, exposing deep splits within China's political leadership; the US didn't act

Clean Air Act

1990; a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level. It requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop and enforce regulations to protect the public from airborne contaminants known to be hazardous to human health.

Americans w/ Disabilities Act

1990; wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability (physical )

Dayton Accords

1995;a three way civil way in Bosnia occurred because of popular sovereignty following the Cold War;the United States wanted to resolve these problems;General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Horatio Alger

19th-century American author, best known for his many juvenile novels. His writings were characterized by the "rags-to-riches" narrative, which had a formative effect on America during the Gilded Age

Lowell Mills

19th-century mills for the manufacture of cloth, located in Massachusetts, that mainly employed young women who could then use the money to send home.

W.E.B. DuBois, The Souls of Black Folk

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910. Wrote a book called The Souls of Black Folk

Panic of 1819

1st major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified; marked the end of economic expansion and featured deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's prisons. Also risky lending practices of the state and local banks led to overspeculation on lands in west- the national bank tightened its credit lending policies and eventually forced these state and local banks to foreclose mortgages on farms, which resulted in bankruptcies and prisons full of debtors. Also resulted in closure of many state banks.

My Lai Massacre

968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in _______, also led to more opposition to the war.

Search and destroy

US troop tactic used to seek out secret Viet Cong hiding places and destroy the villages that they stayed in.

Injunction

A judicial order forcing a person or group to refrain from doing something. Used to quell strikes.

John Adams

A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the second President of the United States.

American Indian Movement

A Native American organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks. He also persuaded Council of New England, which had charter rights to the territory, to let the people legally live there.

Social Gospel

A Protestant Intellectual movement which applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, unclean environment, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. He was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Andrew Johnson

A Southerner from Tennessee, he became the 17th President of the US when Lincoln was killed. He opposed radical Republicans who passed the Reconstruction Acts over his veto. He was impeached by the Radical Republicans for violating the Tenure of Office Act, but he was not removed from office.

"No Child Left Behind" 2001

A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement.

William Westmoreland

A United States Army General, who commanded US military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak (1964-68), during the Tet Offensive. He adopted a strategy of attrition against the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam and the North Vietnamese Army. He later served as U.S. Army Chief of Staff from 1968 to 1972.

Title IX

A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

Margaret Sanger

A birth control and sexual education activist who founded the Birth Control League in 1921 (this later became Planned Parenthood). Goal was to give women more power over reproduction.

Malcolm X; Nation of Islam

A black Muslim preacher who favored black separation and condemned the "blue-eyed white devils." He was shot by a black gunmen while giving a speech in New York City.

George Washington Carver

A black chemist and director of agriculture at the Tuskegee Institute, where he invented many new uses for peanuts. He believed that education was the key to improving the social status of blacks.

Stokely Carmichael

A black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. He urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Black Panthers

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

Black Panthers

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest., Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, they believed that racism was an inherent part of the U.S. capitalist society and were militant, self-styled revolutionaries for Black Power.

National War Labor Board

A board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the wartime production efforts

Aroostook War

A boundary dispute between settlers in Maine and Canadian New Brunswick from 1838 to 1839. Full-scale war was avoided through an agreement in 1839, and the issue was settled by Webster-Ashburton Treaty in 1842.

Andrew Carnegie

A business man that increased his power by gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of steel production development, which is known as vertical consolidation

Department of Homeland Security

A cabinet division created in 2001 after 9/11 to combat terrorism and foreign immigration. The department was quickly created soon after this (it was a Cabinet office beforehand) and began to institute several regulations in travel, border control, and imports/exports to combat the danger of terrorism and to promote security, especially at airports across the country, where it was easiest before these changes to transport terrorists and dangerous weapons quickly.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

A case involving Italian immigrants who were accused and convicted of murdering two men during a 1920 armed robbery in Massachusetts. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities. Importance = anti-immigrant public sentiment

Spanish Mission System

A chain of missions estalbished by Franciscan monks in the Spanish Southwest and California that forced Indians to convert to Catholicism and work as agricultural laborers

Agent Orange

A chemical herbicide used to clear jungle growth in the Vietnam War

AIDS/HIV

A chronic immune system disease caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus).

Medgar Evers

A civil rights leader and a secretary for the NAACP, who was assassinated outside his home only hours after Kennedy's speech promoting civil rights and his support for integration. This man's murder created enormous amounts of controversy, with the government taking immediate action for anti-discrimination principles soon after, with this attack serving as the reasoning.

Medgar Evers

A civil rights leader and a secretary for the NAACP, who was assassinated outside his home only hours after Kennedy's speech promoting civil rights and his support for integration. This man's murder created enormous amounts of controversy, with the government taking immediate action for anti-discrimination principles with this attack serving as the reasoning.

CIA, Covert Operations

A civilian intelligence agency of the United States government that was established by the National Security Act of 1947. Eisenhower used this organization to carry out ____ such as the overthrow of the Iranian government in the early 1950s.

Grandfather Clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their grandfather had voted before 1867.

Birth of the Republican Party

A coalition of the Free Soil Party, the Know-Nothing Party and renegade Whigs merged in 1854 to form the Republican Party, a liberal, anti-slavery party. The party's Presidential candidate, John C. Fremont, captured one-third of the popular vote in the 1856 election.

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

Joint stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Vietnam, Geneva Summit 1955

A conference whose purpose was to attempt to find a way to settle outstanding issues on the Korean peninsula and discuss the possibility of restoring peace in Indochina. The Soviet Union, the United States, France, the United Kingdom, and the People's Republic of China were participants. These accords from the conference temporarily separated Vietnam into two zones, a northern zone to be governed by the Việt Minh, and a southern zone to be governed by the State of Vietnam, then headed by former emperor Bảo Đại.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba in October 1962, during the Cold War. In September 1962, the Cuban and Soviet governments placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. To get the soviets to leave, America pledged to remove missiles from Turkey and to never invade/take over Cuba. The public only knew about Cuba part so USSR looked bad.

Edmund Burke (1729-1797)

A conservative British politician who was generally sympathetic to the colonists' greivances, and who felt that Britain's colonial policies were misguided. He also opposed the early feminist movements. He once said, "A woman is but an animal, and not an animal of the highest order."

Equal Rights Amendment

A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.

Al Capone

A crime boss in Chicago who made a majority of his money through the illegal distribution of alcohol. He was later arrested and sentenced to 11 years in federal prison.

Abrams v. US of 1919

A decision by the Supreme Court of the United States upholding the Sedition Act of 1918, which made it a criminal offense to urge stoppage of production of the materials necessary to the war against Germany with intent to hinder the progress of the war.

French Alliance of 1778

A defensive alliance between France and the United States of America, formed in the midst of the American Revolutionary War, which promised military support in case of attack by British forces indefinitely into the future.

Carpetbaggers

A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners.

Crittenden Compromise

A desperate measure to prevent the Civil War, introduced by John Crittenden, Senator from Kentucky, in December 1860. The bill offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line [extending MO Comp], noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves. Republicans, on the advice of Lincoln, defeated it.

Great Railroad Strike (July, 1877)

A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, where over 40 people were killed by militia men.

Ballinger-Pinchot controversy

A dispute between U.S. Forest Service Chief Gifford ___ and U.S. Secretary of the Interior Richard Achilles ___ that contributed to the split of the Republican Party before the 1912 presidential election and helped to define the U.S. conservation movement in the early 20th century. Cabinet members who had fought over conservation efforts and how much effort and money should be put into conserving national resources. One accused the other of abandoning federal conservation policy. Taft sided with B___ and fired P____.

Bering Seal Controversy

A dispute between the U.S. and Russia involving who could hunt seals in the Bering Sea.

Washington's Farewell Address

A document written by George Washington in 1796, when he retired from office that was printed in newspapers. It did not concern foreign affairs; most of it was devoted to domestic problems. He stressed that we should stay away from permanent alliances with foreign countries; temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies". He also spoke against partisan bitterness. The document was rejected by the Jeffersonians, who favored the alliance with France. He also discouraged political parties.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act of 1933.

Civil Rights Act, 1964

A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment. The law was passed during a period of great strength for the civil rights movement, and President Lyndon Johnson persuaded many reluctant members of Congress to support the law.

Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

A federal law that stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit. The act provided selection of government employees by competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote government officials for political reasons and prohibited soliciting campaign donations on Federal government property. Prompted by the assassination of Arthur.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

A federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States. Led by John L. Lewis. Combines with the AFL in 1955.

Panic of 1873; depression

A financial crisis that triggered a depression in North America. Made worse by Grant passing the Coinage Act of 1873 ("The Crime of '73"), which practiced deflationary policy.

Domino Theory

A foreign policy theory during the 1950s to 1980s, promoted at times by the government of the United States, that speculated that if one land in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect. Justified increased US involvement in other countries to ensure that they wouldn't fall to communist influences

Vertical consolidation

A form of monopoly that occurs when one person or company gains control of every step of the manufacturing process for a single product, such as an auto maker that also owns its own steel mills, rubber plantations, and other companies that supply its parts. This allows the company to lower its costs of production and drive its competition out of business.

Horizontal consolidation

A form of monopoly that occurs when one person or company gains control of one aspect of an entire industry or manufacturing process, such as a monopoly on auto assembly lines or on coal mining, for example.

Impeachment

A formal process in which the US Congress accuses the President of the abuse of power or other unlawful activity. This process does NOT remove the accused from office; it simply begins impeachment trials which may/may not result in removal from office. Johnson was impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act, but he was not removed.

Grand Army of the Republic

A fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army, US Navy, US Marines and US Revenue Cutter Service who served in the American Civil War. Founded in 1866 in Decatur, Illinois, it was dissolved in 1956 when its last member died. Linking men through their experience of the war, the GAR became among the first organized advocacy groups in American politics, supporting voting rights for black veterans, lobbying the US Congress to establish veterans' pensions, and supporting Republican political candidates.

David Walker, "Public Appeal"

A free black from Boston who published this pamphlet in 1829, advocating a black rebellion to crush slavery. The purpose of the pamphlet was to remind his people that they were Americans and should be treated fairly. This radical pamphlet also encouraged blacks to kill their masters.

Rock and Roll

A genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s; primarily from a combination of the blues, country music and gospel music. The stars of this music included Elvis Presley "The King of Rock and Roll" and Jerry Lee Lewis. Considered to be a genre for rebelling teenagers and disliked by conservatives and beatniks.

FBI; J. Edgar Hoover

A governmental agency belonging to the United States Department of Justice that serves as both a federal criminal investigative organization and an internal intelligence agency. ___ was the first Director of the ___. He helped track down many extreme leftists during the Red Scare.

Fascism

A governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism. Exemplified in the Nazi regime and the Mussolini regime.

Vietcong

A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.

Beats, Allen Ginsberg, "Howl"

A group of poets and artists. They were basically expressing their dissatisfaction with 1950's American society conformity. They complained about conformity, meaningless politics, and the meaningless rock music. This person wrote this poem,which was considered to be one of the seminal works of the generation.

McKinley Tariff (1890)

A highly protective tariff. So high it caused a popular backlash which cost the Republicans votes.

Voting Rights Act--1965

A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically. Encouraged greater social equality and decreased the wealth and education gap

Kansas-Nebraska Act - 1854

A law that repealed the Missouri Compromise and formed Kansas and Nebraska as popularly sovereign states. Proposed by Stephen Douglas of Illinois. Conflicted with plans of southern politicians who wanted to extend slavery throughout the Louisiana Purchase. Enacted by the Senate with help of President Pierce.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

A leader in the civil rights movement in the 1950's and 1960's. Preached non-violent forms of revolting such as sit-ins and friendly protests. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968.

American Anti-Imperialist League

A league containing anti-imperialist groups; it was never strong due to differences on domestic issues. Isolationists.

Blacklist

A list of people who had done some misdeed and were disliked by business. They were refused jobs and harassed by unions and businesses. Businesses would often add people to this list if they were part of/a leader of a union.

Gabriel's Rebellion of 1800

A literate black slave that lived in the Richmond area launched a large scale slave revolt. Governor Monroe quickly crushed the rebellion. Result was slaves could no longer congregate on Sundays without supervision

Cotton Gin

A machine which could separate cotton from its seeds. This invention made cotton a profitable crop of great value to the Southern economy. It also reinforced the importance of slavery in the economy of the South. Made slavery a more decisive issue b/c it intensified its usage in the South.

McClellan

A major general during the American Civil War organized the famous Army of the Potomac and served briefly (November 1861 to March 1862) as the general-in-chief of the Army. He was fired by Lincoln after he refused to follow the retreating Confederate soldiers at the Battle of Antietam.

Lee

A major leader and general for the Confederacy. Considered the best military leader in the Civil War. In early 1861, President Lincoln invited this man to take command of the entire Union Army, but he declined since his home state of Virginia had seceded. He followed and ending up leading the Confederate army, which he eventually surrendered to the Union Army at Appomattox.

Northwest Ordinance, 1781

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest territory. This provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood.

Selma, AL---Freedom March

A march that was attempted three times to protest voting rights, with many peaceful demonstrators injured and killed. Lead by MLK

3 Mile Island

A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP)

A medical coverage source for individuals under age 19 whose parents earn too much income to qualify for Medicaid, but not enough to pay for private coverage.

William Lloyd Garrison

A militant abolitionist, he came editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession. He believed that the idea of deporting the slaves to Africa was racist and immoral. He advocated for immediate and total emancipation and reasoned that Southerners shouldn't be repaid for their lost "property."

The Liberator

A militantly abolitionist weekly, edited by William Garrison from 1831 to 1865. Despite having a relatively small circulation, it achieved national notoriety due to Garrison's strong arguments for immediate and total emancipation.

Northern blockade

A military move started in 1862 by the North that was meant to restrict the South's access to supplies from foreign nations. Accomplished using the Union Navy.

Paxton Boys

A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen led by the Paxtons who massacred a group of non-hostile Indians, because they wanted gov. protection from natives, they were stopped by Franklin.

Stephen A. Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Social Darwinism

A modern name given theories of society that emerged in the United Kingdom, the United States in the 1870s, and have applied biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and politics. The strong should see their wealth and power increase while the weak should see their wealth and power decrease

Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor

A muckracker whose book exposed the unjust manner in which the U.S. government had treated the Indians. Protested the Dawes Severalty Act.

Denmark Vesey

A mulatto (?) who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.

"Era of Good Feelings"

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Second Bank of the U.S.

A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit; modeled after Hamilton's original bank and fixing Revolutionary War debt. Chartered as part of Clay's American system.

Slidell Mission to Mexico

A negotiator sent to Mexico by James Polk with orders to gain Mexico's recognition of the independence of Texas and to purchase California and New Mexico. However, he was not received by the Mexican government because the threat of military revolt left the Mexican president too weak to negotiate.

Ho Chi Minh Trail

A network of jungle paths winding from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia into South Vietnam, used as a military route by North Vietnam to supply the Vietcong during the Vietnam War.

Freedom Rides (1961)

A new tactic where protestors rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States; they tested Boynton vs. Virginia (1960), which declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional

"Do nothing Congress"

A nickname for when the republicans gained a majority in congress in 1946 and in turn prevented a lot of Truman's "Faire Deal" policies from getting paced. They prevented Truman from passing his farm program, civil rights legislation, National Health insurance, and federal aid for education.

Copperheads

A nickname given to the radical Peace Democrats who opposed the Civil War and held that Lincoln should just let the Confederacy go.

Joseph McCarthy

A nobody Wisconsin Senator who contended that he had a list of known communists working for the State Department. This man created a scare by public interrogating many state officials and subsequently ruining their careers.

Caucus System

A normally closed meeting of a political or legislative group to select candidates, plan strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters.

Robert Fulton

A painter/engineer who got financial backing to build a powerful steam engine (Clermont). Skeptics called it ''Fulton's Folly''. But in 1807 the boat made the 150 mile run from New York City up the Hudson River to Albany in 32 hours. Within a few years he changed all of America's navigable streams into two-way arteries and forever changed the way the West and the South could transport their goods. Part of the Market (or Industrial) Revolution in US.

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel.

French Revolution

A period of political and social upheaval and radical change in the history of France, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights

Stagflation

A period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

Hundred Days

A period of time following Roosevelt's accession to the Presidency during which he passed 15 separate acts all intended to work against the effects of the Great Depression. It is later used as a standard to judge a President early on in his/her term.

Mestizo

A person with mixed Native American and European heritage. These people were seen as above Native Americans but below "purebred" Europeans.

The Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the ___ rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

Pragmatism

A philosophical tradition that began in the United States around 1870. This ideology holds that the function of thought is as an instrument or tool for prediction, action, and problem solving andthat most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are all best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes.

Bush Doctrine

A policy adopted by the Bush administration in 2001 that asserts America's right to attack any nation that has weapons of mass destruction that might be used against U.S. interests at home or abroad.

Affirmative Action

A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination.

Jacksonian Democracy

A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme. During this period, more offices became elective, voter restrictions were reduced or eliminated, and popular participation in politics increased. The Democratic Party, led by Jackson, appealed to the new body of voters by stressing the belief in rotation in office, economy in government, governmental response to popular demands and decentralization of power.

Perestroika

A policy/political movement initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

"Waving the bloody shirt"

A political technique used by Republican politicians following the end of the Civil War. They would bring up the issue of the Civil War and relate its causation to the Democrats, causing anti-Democrat sentiment.

Whiskey Rebellion of 1794

A popular uprising that culminated in an insurrection in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the Monongahela Valley. This uprising was a response to Hamilton's excise tax.

Iroquouis Confederacy

A powerful alliance of Indian tribes that was the only one to remain neutral during the French and Indian War (Seven years' war). The tribe had previously been subject to a peace treaty with the British and were noted as one of three powers of North America. After the Seven Years' War the alliance with the Iroquois and the British diminished and they began contesting each other for power over the Ohio Valley.

Fragging

A practice, which erupted sporadically late in the Vietnam War, in which demoralized U.S. servicemen killed their own superior officers in order to avoid being sent on dangerous missions. Although was not widespread, numerous specific incidents were reported.

Wade-Davis Bill

A program proposed for the Reconstruction of the South that was in response to Lincoln's 10% Plan. It required a majority of white men in Each Confederate state to declare loyalty and denied anyone that volunteered for the Confederate Army to vote or hold office. Lincoln pocket vetoed it, so it never took effect.

"Rosie the Riveter"

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part and replace that jobs that men had vacated during the war

Tariff of 1842

A protective tariff signed by President John Tyler, it raised the general level of duties to about where they had been before the Compromise Tariff of 1833. Also banned pornography by increasing its cost.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A public corporation headed by a 3-member board. The ___ built 20 dams, conducted demonstration projects for farmers, and engaged in reforestation to rehabilitate the area. Intended to modernize this particularly hard-hit region.

Compromise of 1877

A purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election, pulled federal troops out of state politics in the South, and ended the Reconstruction Era. It gave Hayes the Presidency.

Thaddeus Stevens

A radical Republican in the HoR who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress. Supported a bunch of minorities. Helped draft 14th amendment and Reconstruction act of 1867.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Appalachia

A region on the east coast that stretches from western New York State to northern Alabama, Mississippi, and Georgia. However, this area was so isolated during the industrial revolutions that took place, that they became industrially isolated from the rest of the world. Essentially, they did not have electricity and live in extremely poor conditions. This is where the term Hillbilly was derived and the connotation of an uneducated inbred hick is associated with this term.

Russian Revolution, 1917 (March, Bolshevik)

A revolution in which Vladimir Lenin overthrew the Tsar and his royal family to create the Communist Nation of the Soviet Union. The Russians who were affiliated with Lenin and revolted were the Bolsheviks.

Platt Amendment

A rider to the Army Appropriations Bill of 1901, it specified the conditions under which the U.S. could intervene in Cuba's internal affairs, and provided that Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that might impair its independence. Its provisions weere later incorporated into the Cuban Constitution. Paved way for American control of Cuba.

Sputnik

A robotic spacecraft missions launched by the Soviet Union. The first of these, launched the first human-made object to orbit the Earth. Inspired great fear in the American populace that we were losing the Cold War. Led the US govt to create NASA and to encourage students to focus more on math and science.

The Beatles

A rock 'n' roll singing group from Liverpool, England that was phenomenally popular in the middle and late 1960s.

Main Street

A satirical novel written by Sinclair Lewis, and published in 1920. ____ is important for a number of reasons — among them is the portrayal of a strong female protagonist, and what one might now call feminist themes by a male writer. It also, in a way, criticizes the belief by many who wanted to live in a "wholesome" rural town because the town described in this book is far from wholesome.

Whiskey Ring (1875)

A scandal, exposed under the Grant administration, in which Grant's secretary was involved in tax fraud related to the evasion of the excise tax on whiskey.

Underground Railroad

A secret cooperative network that aided fugitive slaves in reaching sanctuary in the free states or in Canada in the years before the abolition of slavery in the United States.

"Bleeding Kansas"

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Navigation Acts

A series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues. These acts were reinstated after the French and Indian War because Britain needed to pay off debts incurred during the war, and to pay the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies. Said that British colonies could only import goods if they were shipped on British-owned vessels and at least 3/4 of the crew of the ship were British.

Slaughterhouse Cases

A series of post-Civil War Supreme Court cases containing the first judicial pronouncements on the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. The Court held that these amendments had been adopted solely to protect the rights of freed blacks, and could not be extended to guarantee the civil rights of other citizens against deprivations of due process by state governments. These rulings were disapproved by later decisions.

Stonewall Riots

A series of protests carried out by members of the gay community against police at the Stonewall Inn in New York City

Zoot Suit Riots

A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the clothing they wore. The riots had many causes, but the chief ones were a) tensions between a large Mexican population that had largely turned to gang violence and the many soldiers stationed in the area and b) the revolt against the huge amount of fabric used by the ___ (fabric which some believe could've been better used by soldiers).

Grenada

A tiny Caribbean island seized by a radical military council in 1983, which Reagan ordered the U.S. military to reclaim-a quick action that made him appear decisive and gained much popular support from both Americans and their citizens.

Black Power

A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.

Black Power

A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community., idea phrased by Stokely Carmichael, the belief that blacks should fight back if attacked. it urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own business.

Kitchen Cabinet

A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures

Peggy Eaton Affair

A social scandal where many wealthy cabinet member's wives snubbed the socially unacceptable Peggy Eaton, wife of John Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons because his late wife had suffered from public denunciations, and since Calhoun's wife had been the main mover of the rumor mill on Peggy Eaton, Jackson became very angry with Calhoun. In response to this and unrelated political differences of opinion, Calhoun resigned.

Fourteen Points

A statement given on January 8, 1918 by United States President Woodrow Wilson declaring that World War I was being fought for a moral cause and calling for postwar peace in Europe. Called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations among other things. This would not be incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles.

Reagan Doctrine

A strategy orchestrated and implemented by the United States under the Reagan Administration to overwhelm the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War. Oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of Soviet-backed client states. Somewhat triggered by Afghanistan - aiding mujaheddin to hurt Soviets.

Eleanor Roosevelt

A strong first lady who supported civil rights. She truly shaped the role of the first lady.

Flappers

A subset of the New Woman population who, in the 1920s, wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. They often viewed sex casually, drove cars, smoked, and did other radical stuff.

Laffer curve

A supposed relationship between economic activity and the rate of taxation that suggests the existence of an optimum tax rate that maximizes tax revenue.

Tax Cut 2001

A sweeping piece of tax legislation in the United States by President George W. Bush meant to stimulate the economy.

Sharecropping

A system of agriculture or agricultural production in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e.g., 50 percent of the crop). The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The results, for Blacks, was not unlike slavery.

Financing the War

A task completed by Lincoln's implementation of an income tax in the North, the use of war bonds, and the printing of $150 million in greenbacks, which caused huge inflation.

Misery Index-Carter

A term coined by Lyndon Johnson's top economic advisor that adds together the unemployment and inflation rates to give a rough measurement of how the economy is doing.

"Manifest Destiny"

A term that was used in the 1840s century to designate the belief that the United States was destined, even divinely ordained, to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. Sometimes Manifest Destiny was interpreted so broadly as to include the eventual absorption of all North America: Canada, Mexico, Cuba and Central America. Advocates of Manifest Destiny believed that expansion was not only ethical but that it was readily apparent ("manifest") and inexorable ("destiny"). Although initially used as a catch phrase to inspire the United States' expansion across the North American continent, the 19th century phrase eventually became a standard historical term. The term, which first appeared in print in 1839, was used in 1845 by a New York journalist, John L. O'Sullivan, to call for the annexation of Texas.

Pet Banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

War Hawks

A term used in politics for someone favoring war in a debate over whether to go to war

New Woman

A term used often in the 1920s to describe the increasing number of woman departing from traditional gender roles and gaining more sexual, professional, educational, and democratic freedom.

National Republicans

After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radicalness, and they later joined with the Whigs in the 1830's.

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South. This group was often opposed to, and often overruled, President Johnson. Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner are notable members.

New South, Henry Grady

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.

Emancipation Proclamation of 1862

After the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law.

John D. Rockefeller

Aggressive energy-industry monopolist who used tough means to build a trust based on "horizontal integration." Founded the Standard Oil Company

Pools

Agreement between railroads to divide competition. Equalization was achieved by dividing traffic.

Loose/Strict Interpretation of Constitution

Alexander Hamilton interpreted the consititution loosely especially with the elastic clause as he believed that what was most convenient was "necessary", while Jefferson had a strict interpretation of the constitution in that if the consititution said there was no power to do something you could not do it.

Coercive/Intolerable Acts of 1774

All of these names refer to the same acts, passed in response to the Boston Tea Party, and which included the Boston Port Act, which shut down Boston Harbor; the Massachusetts Government Act, which disbanded the Boston Assembly (but it soon reinstated itself); the Quartering Act, which required the colony to provide provisions for British soldiers; and the Administration of Justice Act, which removed the power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

Alleged attack of US ships by North Vietnamese torpedoes on August 4, 1964. Prompted the escalation of the War in Vietnam.

Potsdam Conference

Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction. Truman tried to play tough with Stalin, but he ended up recognizing Stalin's govt in Poland.

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

Allotted lands to various Indian tribes and extended protection through federal laws over the Indians. It was designed to encourage the breakup of the tribes and promote the assimilation of Indians into American Society. Dawes' goal was to create independent farmers out of Indians -- give them land and the tools for citizenship.

Nonintercourse Act of 1809

Allowed Americans to carry on trade with all nations except Britain and France. Response to the repeal of the Embargo Act.

25th Amendment

Allows for the Vice President to become president in the event of death, resignation, removal from office or impairment that prevents the current president from fulfilling his or her duties.

Jackson

Also known as "Stonewall" because he stood firm as the South's outnumbered forces fell back at the First Battle of Bull Run. A Confederate military leader.

Battle of Monitor and Merrimack

Also known as The Battle of Hampton Roads, was the most noted and arguably the most important naval battle of the American Civil War from the standpoint of the development of navies. The battle was a part of the effort of the Confederacy to break the Union blockade, which had cut off Virginia's largest cities, Norfolk and Richmond, from international trade. It ended in a draw. The battle is mainly significant because it was the first clash b/w ironclad warships, i.e. the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia (which was built from the remnants of the CSS Merrimack).

Bull Moose Party

Also known as the Progressive Party it was an American political party. It was formed by former President Theodore Roosevelt, after a split in the Republican Party between him and President William Howard Taft.

Iran Contra Scandal

Although Congress had prohibited aid to the Nicaraguan contras, individuals in Reagan's administration continued to illegally support the rebels. These officials secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages being held in the Middle East. Profits from these sales were then sent to the contras.

Tojo

Although he was not the emperor of Japan, as military leader and the new prime minister, he designed the Japan war plan in the Pacific theater.

24th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

American Author who wrote ____ which muckraked the U.S. meat packing industry, which caused a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act.

Harriet Tubman

American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward

American author and socialist, most famous for his utopian novel ______. It caused a mass political movement by intellectuals

Eugene V. Debs, Socialist Party

An American union leader, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World and was the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States.Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, He eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States. This party was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America.

Peace Corps

An American volunteer program run by the United States Government, as well as a governmental agency of the same name. Each program participant is an American citizen who commits to working abroad in an assignment for the organization for a period of twenty-seven months. Generally, the work to be performed is related to international development. It was established by Executive Order 10924 on March 1, 1961, and authorized by Congress on September 22, 1961, with passage of the ______ Act (Public Law 87-293).

Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species

An English naturalist and geologist best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory, His book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection, foundation of evolutionary biology

Small Pox

An Old World disease which was brought by Spanish explorers to Native American populations. This disease ravaged the communities since the Native Americans had no immunity to it.

Declaratory Act of 1766

An act passed by parlaiment that stated that England could make all laws for the colonies in all cases whatsoever. this act was traded for the Stamp Act (they repealed the stamp act on the terms that they would pass this act).

John Wilkes Booth

An actor who planned with others for six months to abduct Lincoln at the start of the war, but they were foiled when Lincoln didn't arrive at the scheduled place. On April 14, 1865, he assassinated Lincoln and yelled, "Sic Semper Tyrannis!" ("Thus always to tyrants!") He was trapped in a burning barn and shot, either by himself or a soldier. A Confederate sympathizer.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

An agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program. ___ was established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act on July 29, 1958. Part of the US's space race against the USSR following the launch of Sputnik.

Webster-Hayne Debate

An argument between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne, about the issue of states' rights versus national power. Webster said that Hayne was a challenge to the integrity of the Union. Hayne responded with a defense of the theory of nullification. Webster then spent two full afternoons delivering what became known as his "Second Reply to Hayne." He concluded with the ringing appeal: "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable."

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique

An author who, in her book, gave the women's movement a new direction by encouraging middle-class women to seek fulfillment in pro careers rather than confining themselves to the roles of wife, mother, and homemaker.

supply side economics

An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.

Columbian Exchange

An exchange between the Old World, New World, and Africa. In this exchange the Old World gave the New World food, animals, and diseases. Africa gave the New World slaves. Lastly, the New World gave the Old World gold, silver, raw materials, and syphilis.

Northern Securities Co. case

An important United States railroad trust formed in 1901 by E. H. Harriman, James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller and their associates. The company controlled the Northern Pacific Railway; Great Northern Railway; Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad; and other associated lines. The company was sued in 1902 under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by President Theodore Roosevelt, one of the first anti-trust cases filed against corporate interests instead of labor.

Federal Trade Commission

An independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the ___ Act. Its principal mission is the promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of anti-competitive business practices, such as coercive monopoly. This was one of President Woodrow Wilson's major acts against trusts.

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

An international oil cartel dominated by an Arab majority, joined together to protect themselves.

League of Nations

An international organization established after World War I under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles and it attempted to bring world peace. This organization would later prove to be not that strong. Supported heavily by Wilson, but the US didn't join b/c Congress blocked it.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

An international organization for collective defense which was signed on September 8, 1954. The formal institution of was established at a meeting of treaty partners in Bangkok in February 1955. It was primarily created to block further communist gains in Southeast Asia. The organization's headquarters were located in Bangkok, Thailand. NATO of a different flavor.

"Al Qaeda"

An international organization of loosely affiliated cells that carry out attacks and bombings in the attempt to disrupt the economies and influence of Western nations and advance Islamic fundamentalism.

United Nations

An international political body whose foundations were outlined in the Atlantic Charter. It includes a Security Council with 5 permanent members: US, USSR (later Russia), France, GB, and China. Also includes a General Assembly and a Secretary General. Embodies many of the principles proposed by Wilson in his 14 Points

Bay of Pigs, 1961

An invasion (known as La Batalla de Girón, or Playa Girón in Cuba) was an unsuccessful attempt by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba with support from US government armed forces, to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. The plan was launched in April 1961, less than three months after John F. Kennedy assumed the presidency in the United States. The Cuban armed forces, trained and equipped by Eastern Bloc nations, defeated the exile combatants in three days. After JFK took responsibility for this, his popularity rose.

G.I. Bill

An omnibus bill that provided college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans; as well as one year of unemployment compensation. It also provided many different types of loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses. Since the original act, the term has come to include other veteran benefit programs created to assist veterans of subsequent wars as well as peacetime service. THIS LED TO A DRAMATICALLY LARGER MIDDLE CLASS.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

An organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality, a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement from its foundation in 1942 to the mid-1960s. Membership is stated to be open to anyone who believes that 'all people are created equal' and is willing to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout the world; connected with the Freedom Riders

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and peaceful protests.

Vietminh

An organization of Vietnamese Communists and other nationalist groups that between 1946 and 1954 fought for Vietnamese independence from the French

Oregon Territory

An organized incorporated territory of the US that existed from 1848 to 1859, when the southwestern portion was admitted to the Union as the state of Oregon.

Jim Crow Laws

Any of the laws legalizing racial segregation of blacks and whites that were enacted in Southern states beginning in the 1880s and enforced through the 1960's

Chester A. Arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so ___ became the 21st president.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Appropriated $500 million for aid to be distributed by state and local government. Meant to allow state and local govts to create new unskilled jobs so that people could be employed. Harry Hopkins was the leader of this organization.

Federal Highway Act—1956

Appropriating $25 billion for the construction of 41,000 miles (66,000 km) of Interstate Highways over a 20-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history to that point. Allowed America to be better prepared for a nuclear attack and allowed for Suburbia to develop and allowed for commuting.

Treaty of Paris

Approved by the Senate on February 6, 1898, it ended the Spanish-American War. The U.S. gained Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines

French Indochina

Area of southeast Asia controlled by France during Imperialism. Includes Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.

Drago Doctrine

Argentine jurist proposed that European countries could not use force to collect debts owed by countries in the Americas. They could not blockade South American ports. Adopted as part of the Hague Convention in 1907.

Atlanta Compromise

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.

Great American Desert

Arid region of the Great Plains that acted as a barrier to cross on the way to the Pacific and a refuge for Indians but changed in the last half of the nineteenth century as a result of new finds of gold, silver, and other minerals, completion of transcontinental railroads, destruction of the buffalo, the collapse of Indian resistance, the rise of the range-cattle industry, and the dawning realization that the arid region need not be a sterile desert.

Barry Goldwater

Arizona senator ran for presidency in 1964. "Mr. Conservative". Against the New Deal. Fought against fed gov, labor unions, and welfare.

Rosenbergs

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

Nicholas Biddle

As President of the Second Bank of the United States, this man occupied a position of power and responsibility that propelled him to the forefront of Jacksonian politics in the 1830s. He, along with others who regarded the bank as a necessity, realized the threat posed by the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Jackson was bitterly opposed to the national bank, believing that it was an unconstitutional, elitist institution that bred inequalities among the people. A bitterly divisive issue, the rechartering of the bank dominated political discussion for most of the 1830s, and for many, this man became a symbol of all for which the bank stood. After Jackson's reelection, the Second Bank of the United States was doomed.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922

As a result of WWI, Americans had two main concerns. First, they wanted to ensure economic self-sufficiency so that no future enemy could manipulate the American economy. Second, many industries wanted to preserve the benefits of the increased wartime demand. This tariff sought to accomplish both goals. Many farmers and their supporters opposed the ___ Tariff, blaming it for the agricultural depression.

Chief Justice Roger Taney

As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws. Major decisions during his lengthy tenure included Charles River Bridge Company v Warren Bridge (1837), the Dred Scott decision (1857) and Merryman, ex parte (1861).

Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. These were opposed by the US, and they quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Reaganomics

Associated especially with the reduction of taxes and the promotion of unrestricted free-market activity. Policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side(cut income taxes), and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill)

At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the British troops were based in Boston. The British army had begun to fortify the Dorchester Heights near Boston, and so the Continental Army fortified ___, north of Boston, to counter the British plan. British general Gage led two unsuccessful attempts to take this hill, before he finally seized it with the third assault. Although the British won, they suffered heavy losses and lost any hope for a quick victory against the colonies. A Pyrrhic victory → immediate gain was that the British won ___, but this immediate gain was small in relation to the cost of the loss of nearly one third of the deployed troops.

Battle of Fallen Timbers of 1794

At this battle, Anthony Wayne defeated a coalition of Native American tribes as the major general and commander in chief of the troops. The battle took place around present day Toledo and led to the Treaty of Greenville which opened up the Northwest to American settlers.

Woodstock, NY

Aug, 1969 400,000 people showed up for a 3 day long Symbol of the fusion of rock music and the counterculture

March on Washington, 1963

August - 200,000 demonstrators converged on the Lincoln Memorial to hear Dr. King's speech and to celebrate Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement. (putting pressure on the federal government to pass civil rights legislation)

Ernest Hemingway; A Farewell to Arms

____ was a journalist and author. ___ (1929) is about ___'s World War I experiences and his relationship with Agnes von Kurowsky in Milan. It expressed contempt of war

3/5 Compromise

the decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress

Fundamentalists

Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation. This movement became increasingly popular following the death and destruction of WWI.

Panama Canal

Built to make passage between Atlantic and Pacific oceans easier and faster

Election of 2000

Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush.

Election of 2004

Bush was reelected against John Kerry. Bush made the war on terror the centerpiece of the election while also energizing his conservative base by invoking traditional religious values

Election of 1852

By this time the Whig party was so weakened that the Democrats swept Franklin Pierce into office by a huge margin. Eventually the Whigs became part of the new Republican party.

Boston Tea Party of 1773

British ships carrying tea sailed into B Boston Harbor and refused to leave until the colonials took their tea. Boston was boycotting the tea in protest of the Tea Act and would not let the ships bring the tea ashore. Finally, on the night of December 16, , colonials disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. They did so because they were afraid that Governor Hutchinson would secretly unload the tea because he owned a share in the cargo.

Molasses Act, 1733

British legislation which taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies. The act angered the New England colonies, which imported a lot of molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular Trade. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants ignored it.

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

William Pitt

British secretary of state during the French and Indian War. He brought the British/colonial army under tight British control and started drafting colonists, which led to riots.

Victory Gardens

Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort (and to supplement their limited rations)

Election of 2008

Barack Obama vs. John McCain. 365 electoral votes to Obama, 173 electoral votes to McCain

Ku Klux Klan

Based on the post-Civil War terrorist organization, the ___ was founded in Georgia in 1915 by William Simmons to fight the growing "influence" of blacks, Jews and Catholics in US society. It experienced phenomenal growth in the 1920's, especially in the Midwest and Ohio Valley states. It's peak membership came in 1924 at 3 million members, but its reputation for violence led to rapid decline by 1929.

Yorktown/ Lord Cornwallis

Because of their lack of success in suppressing the Revolution in the nothern colonies, in early 1780 the British switched their strategy and undertook a series of campaigns through the southern colonies. This strategy was equally unsuccessful, and the British decided to return to their main headquarters in New York City. While marching from Virginia to New York, British commander Lord Cornwallis became trapped in Yorktown on the Chesapeake Bay. His troops fortified the town and waited for reinforcements. The French navy, led by DeGrasse, blocked their escape. After a series of battles, Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781, which ended all major fighting in the Revolutionary War.

Court-Packing Proposal

Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation, Roosevelt decided to curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new federal judge for each who did not retire by age 70 and 1/2. At the time, 6 justices were over the age limit. Would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority of his own appointees on the court. The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Began in 1886 with about 140,000 members; by 1917 it had 2.5 million members. It is a federation of different unions. Only had skilled workers.

Federalists and Democratic Republicans

Beliefs of the Federalists: Believed wealthy and well educated should lead nation, favored strong central gov't ,emphasized manufacturing and trade ,favored loose interpretation of Constitution, pro-british, favored national bank (Bank of U S), favored tariffs. Dem. Reps: All people should have political power and have an opportunity to lead our nation, favored strong state gov'ts, emphasized agriculture, favored strict interpretation of Constitution, pro-french, opposed national bank, opposed tariffs, grassroots party

Federalists

Believed in a strong central government, a strong army, industry, and loose interpretation of the Constitution.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Between 1938 and 1969 it hunted political radicals. In hundreds of public hearings, this congressional panel set out to expose and punish citizens whom it deemed guilty of holding "un-American" views—fascism and communism. From government to labor, academia, and Hollywood, the committee aggressively pursued so-called subversives.

Space Race

Between US and USSR in space exploration advancements such as satellites and sending men into space.

Convention of 1818

Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country for ten years. Part of nationalistic foreign policy under Monroe.

Winston Churchill

British PM who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. Part of the Allied campaign.

General Braddock

British commander in the French and Indian War. He was killed and his army defeated in a battle at the intersection of the Ohio, Allegheny, and Monongahela Rivers, known as the Battle of Fallen Timbers. After his death, his colonial second-in-command, Col. George Washington, temporarily lead the British forces. He is generally best remembered for his command of the expedition against French Canada in 1755, in which he lost his life.

Stamp Act of 1765

British legislation passed as part of Prime Minister Grenville's revenue measures which required that all legal or official documents used in the colonies, such as wills, deeds and contracts, had to be written on special, stamped British paper. It was so unpopular in the colonies that it caused riots, and most of the stamped paper sent to the colonies from Britain was burned by angry mobs. Because of this opposition, and the decline in British imports caused by the non- importation movement, London merchants convinced Parliament to repeal this act in 1766.

Election of 1876

Candidates: Rutherford B. Hayes-- liberal Republican, Civil War general, he received only 165 electoral votes. Samuel J. Tilden - Democrat, received 264,000 more popular votes that Hayes, and 184 of the 185 electoral votes needed to win. Issue: 20 electoral votes were disputed, and an electoral commission decided that Hayes was the winner - fraud was suspected.

Ulysses S. Grant

Captured Fort Donelson, Tennessee in February 1862 which was the first major Union victory. Then was promoted to major general where he had other victories at Vicksburg, Lookout Mountain, and Missionary Ridge. In March 1864, he was made the commander of all Union forces. He accepted Lee's surrender at Appomattox, Virginia on April 9, 1865. Was also President.

Department of Education

Carter added it to the Cabinet to acknowledge the changing role of the federal government in education.

Department of Energy

Carter added it to the Cabinet to acknowledge the importance of energy conservation.

Clinton Impeachment

Charged for perjury and obstruction of justice; Monica Lewinsky

Election of 1916

Charles E. Hughes (Republican) and Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) ran against each other and the prevalent issue at the time was American involvement in WWI. Wilson would win this election. Wilson's slogan was that "he kept us out of war" but America would later get involved. Wilson also secured more votes than Hughes by a rather large amount.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Chartered April, 1949. The 11 member nations agreed to fight for each other if attacked. It is an international military force for enforcing its charter. US was a part of this, and this was the US's first permanent alliance.

Walter Rauschenbusch

Christian theologian and Baptist pastor who taught at the Rochester Theological Seminary. ___ was a key figure in the Social Gospel movement which flourished in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries; formed a group called the Brotherhood of the Kingdom

"Iron Curtain" Speech

Churchill declared in a speech in March 1946 that a "___" had descended across Europe and divided it into a non-communist bloc and a communist bloc.

Title VII

Civil Rights Act of 1964—forbids discrimination based on sex, race, color, national origin, or religion.

Nye Committee

Claimed that arms manufacturers had caused America's entry into WWI. Public opinion pushed Congress to pass the Neutrality Acts to keep us out of WWII. Added to America's isolationist sentiment.

Hawai'i, Queen Liluokalani, annexation, Cleveland

Cleveland, the anti-imperialist, opposed annexation of Hawaii in 1893, gave island back to control of Queen LIL, remained under native control until McKinley Administration annexed Hawaii in 1898 before Senate ratification

Manhattan Project

Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009

Commonly referred to as the Stimulus Package, intended to create jobs and promote investment and consumer spending during the recession that followed the financial collapse in 2008. No Republicans in the House and only 3 Republicans in the Senate voted for this bill, arguing against the massive growth in federal spending

Satellite states

Communist Eastern and Central European countries over which the USSR exerted considerable influence during the Cold War

Holding companies

Companies that hold a majority of another company's stock in order to control the management of that company. Can be used to establish a monopoly.

Pensions

Congress granted ___ to all veterans with any disability for any reason. Cleveland vetoed this, which contributed to his not being reelected. He didn't think Confederate veterans should receive ____.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Congressional compromise serving special interest, it raised duties on agricultural and manufactured imports. It contributed to the plight of the farmer during the Great Depression b/c farmers were unable to sell their goods as well in international markets. This is also the highest protective tariff rate in US history.

AEF (American Expeditionary Forces)

Consisted of the United States Armed Forces sent to Europe in World War I. During the United States campaigns in World War I the ___ fought in France alongside French and British allied forces in the last year of the war, against Imperial German forces.

National Security Act of 1947

Consolidated the Department of Navy, Department of War, and Department of the Air Force (newly created) into the Department of Defense. Also created the National Security Council (NSC) and the CIA.

Earl Warren

Controversial Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1953-1969); he led the Court in far-reaching racial, social, and political rulings, including school desegregation and protecting rights of persons accused of crimes; presided over the Brown v. the Board of Education case

Emergency Economic Stabilization Act

Created TARP which was designed to purchase assets and equity from financial institutions to strengthen the financial sector. A $700 billion bailout plan created to stabilize the nation's economy and restore confidence in the banking and financial industries.

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Created by Congress in 1965, it was 11th in cabinet office. Afro-American economist Dr. Robert C. Weaver was named head, and the department regulated and monitored housing and suburban development. It also provided rent supplements for low-income families.

Federal Housing Authorities (FHA)

Created by Congress to insure long-term, low-interest mortgages for home construction and repair.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Created the federal court system, allowed the president to create federal courts and to appoint judges.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading.

Escobedo v. Illinois

Criminals have a right to counsel (lawyers) during police interrogations. This person was convicted of killing his brother in law and the police blocked him off from his lawyer during interrogations, leading to a guilty verdict.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Denied citizenship to Chinese in the U.S. and forbid further immigration of Chinese. Supported by American workers who worried about losing their jobs to Chinese immigrants who would work for less pay.

September 11, 2001

Date of the terrorist attacks on the united states that killed thousands of people at the twin towers and the pentagon.

Border states

Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but stayed in the Union.

Articles of Confederation

Delegated most of the powers (the power to tax, to regulate trade, and to draft troops) to the individual states, but left the federal government power over war, foreign policy, and issuing money. Their weakness was that they gave the federal government so little power that it couldn't keep the country united. Their only major success was that they settled western land claims with the Northwest Ordinance. They were abandoned for the Constitution.

Election of 1996

Democrat Clinton, Republican Bob Dole, and Ross Perot; Clinton won as the economy started to grow again

Election of 1932: candidates, issues

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection, in a landslide victory. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.

Jimmy Carter

Democratic peanut farmer and former Georgia governor. He ran for President in 1976 against the memory of Nixon and Watergate. He attracted voters as an outsider who would clean the disorderly house of "big government". His popularity was very high. He won with 51% of popular vote and earned 97% of black vote. He won every Southern state except Virginia. He clashed with Congress

Election of 1856

Democrats nominated Buchanan, Republicans nominated Fremont, and Know-Nothings chose Fillmore. Buchanan won due to his support of popular sovereignty.

Anti-federalists

Dictate that the central governing authority of a nation should be equal or inferior to, but not having more power than, its sub-national states (state government). also refers to a movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the Constitution of 1787

Long haul, short haul

Different railroad companies charged separate rates for hauling goods a long or short distance. The Interstate Commerce Act made it illegal to charge more per mile for a short haul than a long one. (long haul big business= cheap) (short haul farmers=expensive)

Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)

Directed the Treasury to buy even larger amounts of silver that the Bland-Allison Act and at inflated prices. The introduction of large quantities of overvalued silver into the economy lead to a run on the federal gold reserves, leading to the Panic of 1893. Repealed in 1893.

Collective Bargaining

Discussions held between workers and their employers over wages, hours, and conditions.

Venezuelan Boundary Dispute

Dispute between the U.S. and Britain involving the point at which the Venezuela / Columbia border was drawn.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with six main points. Died before it was passed however.

Freeport Doctrine

Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election.

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocate scarce materials, limit or stop the production of civilian goods, and distribute contracts among competing manufacturers. Meant to aid in wartime production efforts.

TV, Sitcoms

During the 1950's Television fueled conformity by portraying ideal families, schools, lifestyles. These included "Leave it to Beaver", "Father knows best" and "the Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet".

Albany Plan of Union

During the French and Indian War, Franklin wrote this proposal for a unified colonial government, which would operate under the authority of the British government. The Plan called for the general government to be administered by a President General appointed and supported by the Crown, and a Grand Council ... Read Moreto be chosen by the representatives of the colonial assemblies. When the plan was sent to Colonial Assemblies and the British board of trade, it was rejected by both.

Teenagehood

During this time teenagers began to observe a more rebel like lifestyle. Suburban teenagers liked to steal cars. They listened to Rock music and emulated the people that lived in the urban ghettos. Delinquency became more common.

Forty-niners

Easterners who flocked to California after the discovery of gold there. They established claims all over northern California and overwhelmed the existing government. Arrived in 1849.

Panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by over speculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads.

Laissez faire

Economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.

Invasion of Cambodia

Effort to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh Trail and other supply lines used by North Vietnam, even though the area was neutral. In 1970, he ordered air and ground strikes in the area. This is the most controversial act of his to end the Vietnam War.

Suez Crisis

Egypt's dictator, Abdul Gamal Nasser, nationalized the ___ Canal in 1956 and was subsequently attacked by British, French and Israeli forces. The U.S. forced the three nations to withdraw their forces and, in doing so, damaged Britain and France's standing as world powers.

Election of 1960, Debates

Eisenhower's Vice President, Richard Nixon, who had transformed his office into a national political base, was the Republican candidate, whereas the Democrats nominated Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy. The electoral vote was the closest in any presidential election since 1916. In the popular vote, Kennedy's margin of victory was among the closest ever in American history. It is also significant that this was the fist election where debates were televised. This played a major part into the image of JFK and Nixon because JFK decided to where makeup and looked healthier than Nixon and in turn played right into the populous' ideal of a president.

C2K1

Eisenhower's election of 1952 campaign slogan- stands for: Communism, Corruption, Korea

Terence Powderly

Elected head of the Knights of Labor in 1883.

Aguinaldo, Philippine Insurrection

Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) led a Filipino insurrection against the Spanish in 1896 and assisted the U.S. invasion. He served as leader of the provisional government but was removed by the U.S. because he wanted to make the Philippines independent before the U.S. felt it was ready for independence

Hirohito

Emperor of Japan who renounced his divinity and became a constitutional monarch after Japan surrendered at the end of World War II

James J. Hill (Great Northern Railroad)

Empire builder, he tried to monopolize the northern railroads.

Tenure of Office Act of 1866

Enacted by radical Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime".

Medicare, Medicaid

Enacted in 1965 - provided, under Social Security, for federal subsidies to pay for the hospitalization of sick people age 65 and over.

Homestead Act (1862)

Encouraged westward settlement by allowing heads of families to buy 160 acres of land for a small fee ($10-30); settlers were required to develop and remain on the land for five years. Over 400,000 families got land through this law.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended the Mexican Am war, made the southern boundary of Texas the Rio Grande, gave California and New Mexico to the United States, and gave $15 million to Mexico in compensation.

Bonus Army

Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WWI veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.

Sherman Anti Trust Act (1890)

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Jacqueline Kennedy

First lady, she was a figure for all women, beautiful and a mother. She was a sort of a "queen".

Babbit

First published in 1922, ___ is a novel by Sinclair Lewis. Largely a satire of American culture, society, and behavior, its main theme focuses on the power of conformity, and the vacuity of middle-class American life. Criticizes the midsized industrial city.

F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby

First published on April 10, 1925, it is set on Long Island's North Shore and in New York City during the summer of 1922 and is a critique of the American Dream and the Roaring Twenties. It tells the story of a young idealist who wants looks up greatly to his neighbor, who is an incredibly wealthy man. This wealthy man pines after a former love in vain.

SALT-1

First treaty to establish limits on the number of nuclear weapons held by the United States and the Soviet Union.

"Tea Party" Movement

Fiscal conservatives who support small government, and free markets, but are against high taxes

Macon's Bill No. 2 of 1810

Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

Helsinki Accords

Ford and leaders from 34 other nations signed these in July '75. Officially wrote an end to WWII by finally legitimizing the Soviet. It dictated boundaries of Poland and other Eastern European countries. Soviets guaranteed more liberal exchanges of people, information between East and West and protecting certain basic "human rights". It kindled small dissident movements in Eastern Europe and in the USSR. It was praised as a milestone of detente

Election of 1976

Ford vs Carter, Carter wins. Important because he was the first president from the south for a while and people thought he would bring fresh ideas

Containment

Foreign policy developed under Truman that formed the bedrock of American foreign policy for decades to come. This policy, supported by Kennan in his Long Telegram, proposed that if communism could be restricted geographically, it would eventually consume itself. Therefore, all the US needed to do was to ensure that communism didn't spread.

Alliance for Progress (1961)

Formed by Kennedy to build up third-world nations to the point where they could manage themselves.

New England Anti-Slavery Society of 1831

Formed by William Lloyd Garrison, editor of The Liberator, in 1831. Based in Boston, Massachusetts, members of this society supported immediate abolition and viewed slavery as immoral and non-Christian. It was particularly opposed to the American Colonization Society which proposed sending African Americans to Africa.

American Colonization Society of 1821

Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and attempted to return free Blacks to Africa. Supported by Monroe.

Lincoln's 10% plan

Former Confederate states would be readmitted to the Union if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath and all former Confederate leaders were granted amnesty. Republicans believed this wasn't strict enough.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.

Chaing Kai-shek

Former leader of China who was friendly to US interests, but who was overthrown by the communist revolutionary Mao Zedong. He later fled to Taiwan.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. He established a following in upstate New York, but Mormons were persecuted here. He then led the Mormons to Missouri, where they were heavily persecuted and killed in large numbers. They finally went to IL, declared polygamy a thing, and then this man died. Brigham Young took over soon afterwards

Standard Oil Company

Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

Birth Control League

Founded by Margaret Sanger in 1921, this organization was tasked with teaching sexual education and distributing birth control. The effect of these efforts was to give women more control over their reproductive rights.

National Organization for Women

Founded in 1966 by feminists calling for equal employment opportunities and equal pay for women. Also came to advocate an equal rights amendment, changes in divorce laws, and legalization of abortion.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Founded in 1966, called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. Also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that ___ was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and ___ to lose his position as governor. he wanted to erect a military barrier against the Spanish lands in florida

Mary Baker Eddy

Founder of Christian Science, a new religious movement, in the United States in the 19th century and in 1879 founded the Church of Christ, Scientist

Tripolitan War of 1801-1805

Four-year conflict between the American Navy and the North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli. Also known as the First Barbary War

British seizure of American ships

France blocked English ports during the Napoleonic Wars of the early 1800s; England responded by blocking French ports. The British seized neutral American merchant ships which tried to trade at French ports.

XYZ Affair, Talleyrand

France was attacking US ships bc of Jay's Treaty. Adams sends Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry to negotiate with Talleyrand. When they get to France they are met with 3 anonymous agents (X, Y, Z) who put forth 3 demands to meet Talleyrand. 1. US gives France a Loan. 2. US must pay a bribe 3.Adams should apologize for derogatory comments against France. The Americans refuse and come back.

Good Neighbor Policy

Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a ___ The phrase came to be used to describe the U.S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under this policy, U.S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations and promised to not intervene militarily (though we did use economic aid to prop up friendly regimes).

13th Amendment of 1865

Freed all slaves and abolished slavery (except as punishment).

Huguenots / Calvinism

French Calvinists. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of ___ fled to other countries, including America. C___ is a Protestant sect founded by John C___. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). C___ supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

Benjamin Franklin

From Pennsylvania, he served on the Committee for Independence in 1776. Moreover, as a prime minister to Britain, he along with John Adams and John Jay, signed a peace treaty between the U.S. and England, which concerned new American borders, on November 30, 1782. Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

Détente

From a French word meaning "cooling", It was the policy towards the USSR pursued by Nixon/Kissinger. It involved easing tensions towards the Soviet Union.

Pinckney's Treaty of 1796

Gave westerners the right to access the world markets duty-free through the Mississippi River. Spain promised to recognize the thirty-first parallel, to end U.S. camps, and to discourage Indian attacks on western settlers.

Lexington and Concord, 1774

General Gage, stationed in Boston, was ordered by King George III to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock. The British marched on L___, where they believed the colonials had a cache of weapons. The colonial militias, warned beforehand by Paul Revere and William Dawes, attempted to block the progress of the troops and were fired on by the British at L___. The British continued to C___, where they believed Adams and Hancock were hiding, and they were again attacked by the colonial militia. As the British retreated to Boston, the colonials continued to shoot at them from behind cover on the sides of the road. This was the start of the Revolutionary War.

Ulysses S. Grant

General-in-chief of the Union Army from 1864 to 1869 during the American Civil War and the 18th President of the United States from 1868 to 1876

"Cross of Gold" Speech

Given by Bryan on June 18, 1896. He said labor must not be "crucified on a ___ __ ___", referring to the Republican proposal to eliminate silver coinage and adopt a strict gold standard.

People's Republic of China

Government formed by Mao Zedong and his communist followers after their victory in the civil war and overthrow of Chiang Kai-shek.

Governor George Wallace

Governor of Alabama; pledged to oppose integration and to prevent enrollment of blacks at state university; won popularity for his views.

Granger Laws

Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

14th amendment of 1868

Granted full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants. Also had a "Due Process Clause" which stated that no state shall deny a person life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

Freedom Rides

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Coxey's Army--1893

Group of unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey who marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief. Government arrested the leaders and broke up the march in Washington. Related to Populist Party.

Election of 1892; candidates, issues

Grover Cleveland (D) opposed high tariffs. Harrison (R) supports high tariffs (and probably loses b/c of backlash from McKinley Tariff). Weaver (Populist) and John Bidwell (National Prohibition) were independents. Main issues were tariffs. Cleveland wins.

Election of 1888: candidates, issues

Grover Cleveland of New York, the incumbent president and a Democrat, try to secure a second term against the Republican nominee Benjamin Harrison. Popular vote was narrowly divided. Main issues were tariff policy (Harrison supported high tariffs and Cleveland supported low) and civil service reform.

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Issued by George Washington. It established isolationist policy and proclaimed the government's official neutrality in widening European conflicts. It also warned American citizens about intervening on either side of conflict

"voodoo economics"

HW Bush's term for Reagan's supply side economics system; although, Bush did promise to follow Reagan's policies such as resisting raising taxes and addressing social conservative issues. An economic policy perceived as being unrealistic and ill-advised, especially a policy of maintaining or increasing levels of public spending while reducing taxation.

Compromise of 1877

Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results. He took Union troops out of the South

John Winthrop

He became the first governor of the MA Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.

Henry Ward Beecher

He championed Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, stating that it was not incompatible with Christian beliefs. In 1875 he was put on trial for having an affair with Elizabeth Tilton, he was found guilty and was hung

George Washington

He established many of the presidential traditions, including limiting a president's tenure to two terms. He was against political parties and strove for political balance in government by appointing political adversaries to government positions.

Benedict Arnold

He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in the Continental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was instrumental in General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American history.

George Washington

He had led British troops (rather unsuccessfully) during the French and Indian War, and had surrendered Fort Necessity to the French. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and was much more successful in this second command.

J. Robert Oppenheimer

He led the Manhattan Project. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb."

Barbed wire, Joseph Glidden

He marketed the first barbed wire, solving the problem of how to fence cattle in the vast open spaces of the Great Plains where lumber was scarce, thus changing the American West.

Thomas A. Edison

He perfected the light bulb in 1879. Technological advancement by creating generators, voltage regulators, electric meters, and insulated wiring. Phonograph, mimeograph, microphone, motion picture camera and film, battery, etc

Vice President Calhoun

He publicly wrote the widely read South Carolina Exposition and Protest, in which he made his argument that the Tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional. He argued that adversely affected states had the right to nullify, or override, the law, within their borders. In 1832, he convinced the South Carolina legislature to nullify the federal tariff acts of 1828 and 1832.

Robert F. Kennedy

He ran for President in 1968; stirred a response from workers, African Americans, Hispanics, and younger Americans; would have captured Democratic nomination but was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan after victory speech during the California primary in June 1968.

Grenville's Program

He stated that the people in England were being taxed, Americans are inferior people and that it would cost more to collect tax in the colonies because of their smuggling. To rectify this situation, he created the Sugar Act, the Currency Act, and the Stamp Act.

J. Pierpont Morgan

He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation.

Stokely Carmichael

He was a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr. but later changed his attitude. He urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying, "black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Thomas Jefferson

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

John Dickinson, "Letters from a Farmer In Pennsylvania", 1767-1768

He was a lawyer in Philadelphia and a leader in the movement against taxation on the colonies in the 1760s. Formulating a declaration of rights at the Stamp Act Congress, he argued against the duties of the Townshend acts in this publication. He sought appeasement of the British.

Frederick Jackson Turner; Frontier Thesis

He was an American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History, where he stated that the spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the country's westward expansion. According to Turner, the forging of the unique and rugged American identity occurred at the juncture between the civilization of settlement and the savagery of wilderness.

John Rolfe, tobacco

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Crispus Attucks

He was one of the colonials involved in the Boston Massacre, and when the shooting started, he was the first to die. He became a martyr.

General MacArthur

He was one of the most well-known American military leaders of WWII. He liberated the Philippines and made the Japanese surrender at Tokyo in 1945.

General Dwight Eisenhower

He was the U. S. general who led the attack in North Africa in Nov. of 1942. He was the master organizer of the D-Day invasion in Europe (June 6, 1944). He ran for the Republican ticket in the 1952 and the 1956 elections and won. He was very well liked by the public.

James K Polk.

He was the eleventh president, and was the "dark horse" democratic candidate of Election of 1844. He introduced a new independent treasury system and lowered the tariff with the walker tariff. He settle the Oregon boundary dispute with the Oregon treaty and he was a big believer in the manifest destiny. Polk acquired CA and led the U.S. into the Mexican War.

Cornelius Vanderbilt (New York Central Railroad)

He was the most prominent multimillionaire in the east. He controlled most of the Eastern railroads and the name of his railroad was the New York Central.

Election of 1984; Mondale/Ferraro

He was the vice president of Carter and when he won the democratic nomination and was defeated in a landslide by Reagan. He was the first presidential candidate to have a woman vice president.

Lee Harvey Oswald

He was, according to three government investigations, the assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, who was fatally shot on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. A United States Marine who defected to the Soviet Union and later returned, he was arrested on suspicion of killing Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit and later connected to the assassination of President Kennedy. He denied any responsibility for the murders. Two days later on November 24, 1963, while being transferred under police custody from the city jail to the county jail, he was shot and mortally wounded by Jack Ruby on live television.

William Howard Taft

He won an easy victory in his 1908 bid for the presidency. In his only term, his domestic agenda emphasized trust-busting, civil service reform, strengthening the Interstate Commerce Commission, improving the performance of the postal service, and passage of the Sixteenth Amendment. Abroad, he sought to further the economic development of nations in Latin America and Asia through "Dollar Diplomacy"

John Locke

He wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property and that governments exist to protect those rights. He rejected the theory of the Divine Right of the monarchy, and believed that government was based upon a "social contract" that existed between a government and its people. If the government failed to uphold its end of the contract by protecting those rights, the people could rebel and institute a new government.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

National Labor Union (1886)

Headed by William Sylvis and Richard Trevellick, it was a group of laborers concentrated on producer cooperation to achieve goals.

Father Charles Coughlin

Headed the National Union for Social Justice. Began as a religious radio broadcaster, but turned to politics and finance and attracted an audience of millions from many faiths. He at first supported the New Deal but later criticized FDR as being too friendly to bankers.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. Unlike his fellow bickering councilors, he acted--- he led raids to local Native villages to steal food and imposed work and order into the community. He was a great organizer and of great fame prior to this expedition

Internal Improvements

Henry Clay developed a plan for profitable home markets called the American System in 1824. It enforced a protective tariff to get funding for transportation improvements. These improvements would be the construction of better roads and canals. This would allow industrialization to prosper since the raw materials of the South and West could easily and inexpensively get to the North and East to be manufactured. The manufactured goods could then be shipped back out to the South and West. Under Monroe, internal improvements had to be made by the states b/c Monroe argued that federally funded internal improvements were unconstitutional. Under Jackson, however, federally funded improvements, with the exception of the Maysville Road Bill, were generally passed.

Clay: Compromise Tariff of 1833

Henry Clay devised this act which gradually reduced the rates levied under the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. It caused South Carolina to withdraw the ordinance nullifying the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. Both protectionists and anti-protectionists accepted the compromise. Clay did this to calm Jackson, who wanted to declare martial law in South Carolina.

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

Hired unemployed workers to do make-shift jobs like sweeping streets. Sent men ages 18-24 to camps to work on flood control, soil conservation, and forest projects under the War Department. A small monthly payment was made to the family of each member. This was a very short project and only lasted about a year.

Literacy Tests

Immigrants were required to pass this type of exam. Many immigrants were uneducated or non-English-speakers, so they could not pass. Meant to discourage immigration.

Major Battle (Saratoga, 1777)

In 1777, British General John Burgoyne attacked southward from Canada along the Hudson Valley in New York, hoping to link up with General Howe in New York City, thereby cutting the colonies in half. Burgoyne was defeated by American General Horatio Gates on October 17, at this major battle, surrendering the entire British Army of the North.

Toussaint L'Overture

In 1803, he led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S.

Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan

In 1890, he wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History. He was a proponent of building a large navy. He said that a new, modern navy was necessary to protect the international trade America depended on.

Gentlemen's Agreement

In 1907 Theodore Roosevelt arranged with Japan that Japan would restrict the emigration of its nationals to the U.S. and the San Francisco Schools would no longer segregate against Japanese

Immigration Acts of 1921 and of 1924, Quota System

In 1921, the first legislation passed that created quotas for the number of people from a certain country that could enter the US. The quota was 3% of the number of the people from said country living in the US in 1910. In 1924, harsher restrictions were passed to reduce the quotas both by decreasing the percentage and by using older census data.

"Destroyers-for-bases"

In 1940, President Roosevelt arranged to trade fifty old American naval destroyers to Britain in exchange for the US's ability to use six British naval bases in the Caribbean. It was a shrewd deal that helped save Britain's fleet and bolster U.S. defenses in the Atlantic.

Israel

In 1947 the UN General Assembly had approved the creation of a Jewish homeland by ending the British mandate in Palestine and partitioning it into two states: one Jewish and one Arab. On May 14, 1948, the Jews proclaimed the State of ___, and all of the surrounding Arab nations declared war and invaded. After a short war, the ___ gained control of the country.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city buses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin Luther King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Osama Bin Laden

In 1988, he formed al-Qaeda. He was banished from Saudi Arabia in 1992, and shifted his base to Sudan, until U.S. pressure forced him to leave Sudan in 1996. After establishing a new base in Afghanistan, he declared a war against the United States, initiating a series of bombings and related attacks; was on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation's lists of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives and Most Wanted Terrorists for his involvement in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings

March on Washington (1963)

In August of 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. organized a massive protest on Washington, D.C. where he gave his "I have a dream" speech. The march was organized to protest racial discrimination and to demonstrate support for major civil-rights legislation that was pending in Congress.

Gaspee Incident of 1772

In June, a British customs ship ran aground off the colonial coast. When the British went ashore for help, colonials boarded the ship and burned it. They were sent to Britain for trial. Colonial outrage led to the widespread formation of Committees of Correspondence.

Iran Hostage Crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. The day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

National Housing Act

In President Harry Truman's Fair Deal; government helped low-income housing using federal funds

"54, 40 or fight"

In U.S. history, phrase commonly used by extremists in the controversy with Great Britain over the Oregon country. The rights of the United States, they maintained, extended to the whole region, i.e., to lat. 54°40'N, the recognized southern boundary of Russian America. It was used as a campaign slogan in the presidential election of 1844 by Democrat James K. Polk , who was elected, and who eventually set the border with Canada at the 49th parallel.

Lincoln's "House Divided" speech

In his acceptance speech for his nomination to the Senate in June, 1858, Lincoln paraphrased from the Bible: "A house divided against itself cannot stand." He continued, "I do not believe this government can continue half slave and half free, I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the house to fall - but I do believe it will cease to be divided."

Popular Sovereignty

In the decades before the American Civil War, this term was often used to suggest that residents of U.S. territories should be able to decide by voting whether or not slavery would be allowed in the territory. This concept was associated with such politicians as Lewis Cass and Stephen A. Douglas.

Embargo Act of 1807

In the early 1800's the British and French were fighting again, and neither side was respecting the US's commercial rights as a neutral party. In response, President Jefferson decided to pass and act that stated if Britain and France weren't going to play nice he wouldn't play at all and blocked off US trade to all other nations.

"Corrupt Bargain"

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

Fiscal policy, monetary policy

In the former, the government uses taxing and spending programs (including deficit spending). In the latter, the federal reserve and other central banks manipulate the nation's money supply.

Iran

In this country occurred the overthrow of the democratically-elected government of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh by the Central Intelligence Agency; It was the CIA's first covert operation against a foreign government

Plains Indians

Included people from many Indian nations including Cheyenne, Arapahos, Piutes, and Sioux. Came into great conflict with settlers because settlers did not respect the Indian land.

South's Advantages in the Civil War

Included: Large land areas with long coasts, could afford to lose battles, could export cotton for money, and could possibly rely on international support. They were also fighting a defensive war and only needed to keep the North out of their states to win. Also had the nation's best military leaders and most of the existing military equipment and supplies.

North's Advantages in Civil War

Included: larger numbers of troops, superior navy, better transportation, overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies, strong federal government.

Revenue Act of 1935

Increased income taxes on higher incomes and also increased inheritance, large gift, and capital gains taxes. Increased the tax rates on the highest income brackets to 75%. Many people evaded these taxes via loopholes.

Office of Price Administration

Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. It froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation.

Land Grant Colleges; A&M, A&T, A&I

Institutions established via the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. These Acts gave federally controlled land to the states for them to sell to raise funds to establish and endow ______. These institutions focus on teaching agriculture, science, military science, and engineering. Response to Industrial Revolution.

Marshall Plan

Introduced by Secretary of State ___ in 1947, this plan proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of communism. A proactive plan relative to its predecessor. Part of the US's response to developments in Greece and Turkey.

Voting Rights Act (1965)

Invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks. As more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, jobs, contracts, facilities and services for the black community grew and encouraged greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

"Axis of Evil"

Iraq, Iran, and North Korea- named by President Bush in 2002 as significant threats to the security

Specie Circular- 1836

Issued by President Jackson on July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. The Circular required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

The American Anti Slavery Society 1833

It condemned the institution of slavery . It calls for the immediate abolition of slavery without terms, and is critical of the efforts of the American Colonization Society. At the same time, it declares the group to be pacifist, and the signers agree- if necessary- to die as martyrs. An abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass was a key leader of the society and often spoke at its meetings. William Wells Brown was another freed slave who often spoke at meetings. Had about 250k members by 1838.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

It employed millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads. It also employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. Very large program.

Second Continental Congress

It met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain on July 4. Declared all ports open to all countries other that Britain, entered into communication with foreign powers, and recommended to the colonies to establish new governments independent of English Rule.

Taft Hartley Act- 1947

It outlawed the "closed" shop, made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves, and required union leaders to take a non-Communist oath.

Article 10 (Article X) of the Treaty of Versailles

It promoted collective security, saying that countries that are a part of the League of Nations would come to the aid of countries experiencing external violence. The U.S would later become unaffiliated with the League because we opposed this article.

Wagner Act of 1935

It reaffirmed labor's right to unionize, prohibited unfair labor practices, and created the National Labor Relations Board.

Election of 1884: Blaine, Cleveland

It saw the first election of a Democrat as President of the United States since the election of 1856. The campaign was marred by exceptional political acrimony and personal invective. Blaine (the Republican) lost to Cleveland (the Democrat).

Gold Clause Act of 1935

It voided any clause in past or future contracts requiring payment in gold. It was enacted to help enforce 1933 legislation discontinuing the gold standard and outlawing circulation of gold coin. It also made it illegal for individuals to own gold and forced them to sell it to the federal government.

Lusitania

It was a British vacation ship with many American passengers on it that was sunk by a German U-Boat. This was one of the catalyzing events that led to American involvement in WWI.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

It was a court case based on new theory of constitutional "right to privacy" (first recognized in Grizwold v. Connecticut). It invalidated all laws prohibiting abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy

Food Administration, Herbert Hoover

It was a program to encourage citizens to donate their good to soldiers, and they encouraged this via propaganda. This would greatly help troops because of surpluses of food. "Food Will Win the War" this was the slogan in which the FDA operated. ___ was the leader of this organization and was a supporter of food donations.

President's Commission on the Statute of Women (PCSW)

It was created by John F. Kennedy's executive order 10980 signed December 14, 1961. Advised the President of the United States on issues concerning the status of women.

YMCA

It was founded on 6 June 1844 by George Williams in London and aims to put Christian principles into practice by developing a healthy "body, mind, and spirit."

Great American Desert

It was long thought that treeless lands were not good for agriculture; thus the term "desert" also had the connotations of "unfit for farming". While the High Plains are not a desert in the modern sense, in this older sense of the word they were. Today much of the region supports agriculture through the use of aquifer water irrigation. But in the 19th century, the area's relative lack of water and wood made it seem unfit for farming and uninhabitable by an agriculturally-based people.

Election of 1876

It was one of the most contentious and controversial presidential elections in American history. Tilden won in the popular vote, but Hayes wins in the electoral vote. Some votes are disputed, but Tilden finally conceded to Hayes in the Compromise of 1877.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909

It was the first change in tariff laws since the Dingley Act of 1897. President William Howard Taft called Congress into a special session to discuss the issue. The House of Representatives immediately passed a tariff bill calling for reduced tariffs. However, the United States Senate speedily substituted a bill calling for fewer reductions and more increases in tariffs.

"Beecher's Bibles"

It was the name given to the breech loading Sharps rifles that were supplied to the antislavery immigrants in Kansas. The Sharps rifle was a big innovation in firearms during the 1850s. It was highly sought after by men looking to gain political advantage in territorial Kansas.

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer who convinced the Spanish crown to give him three ships so that he could spread Catholicism in the New World. His voyages were critical to the success of Spanish colonization of the New World because he spoke very highly of, and thus encouraged increased exploration and colonization of, the New World.

Russo-Japanese War, Treaty of Portsmouth

Japan had attacked the Russian Pacific fleet over Russia's refusal to withdraw its troops from Manchuria after the Boxer Rebellion was fought mainly in Korea. Japan victorious, the U.S. mediated the end of the war. Negotiating the treaty in the U.S. increased U.S. prestige. Roosevelt received a Nobel Peace Prize for the mediation.

Manchuria, Hoover-Stimson Doctrine

Japan's openly aggressive seizure of ___ brought this pronouncement by Hoover's Secretary of State that the U.S. would not recognize any changes to China's territory, nor any impairment of China's sovereignty. This doctrine is essentially an early example of appeasement (b/c we did little to challenge Japan's aggressiveness).

D-Day

June 6, 1944. 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." There were more than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot-hold in Normandy.

Flexible Response

Kennedy abandoned Eisenhower's theory of massive nuclear war in favor of a military that could respond flexibly to any situation at any time, in different ways.

President's Commission on the Statute of Women

Kennedy established this organization, which brought national attention to sexual discrimination. In 1963, his administration helped win the passage of the Equal Pay Act, which barred the pervasive practice of paying women less than men for the same work.

Boss Tweed

Large political boss and head of Tammany Hall, he controlled New York and believed in "Honest Graft".

Clement Vallandigham

Leader of Copperheads. He was banished from the country by Lincoln for leading a strong resistance movement against the Civil War

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying an injunction after the strike was over.

Brigham Young; Mormons

Leader of the Mormon Church and architect of the Mormon colonization of Utah. He was one of the most influential figures in shaping the American West. In 1848, he organized and led the great Mormon emigration from Nebraska to Utah, where he remained for the rest of his life. He immediately established Salt Lake City and, through the church, directed religious, political, economic, cultural, and educational affairs. He promoted isolation and economic self-sufficiency, encouraging local manufacture of goods, and discouraging enterprises like mining that would invite outsiders.

Marcus Hanna

Leader of the Republican Party who fought to get William McKinley the Republican nomination for president.

American Railway Union

Led by Eugene Debs, they started the Pullman Strike, composed mostly of railroad workers.

Election of 1864

Lincoln (Republican) was convinced he would lose b/c public support of war was waning. McClellan (Democrat) wanted to end the war and let the South go. Lincoln won an overwhelming electoral vote majority, but it was close in popular vote. Lincoln only won b/c Sherman captured Atlanta.

Suspension of habeas corpus

Lincoln [blank]ed this writ, which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them. Gave Lincoln the opportunity to jail his opposition w/o evidence. Ruled unconstitutional for Lincoln to do this by Ex parte Merryman

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Kent State University

Location of one of the many college student protests against the Vietnam War. The protest ended with a clash against the police and the death of several students. The incident greatly decreased the support for U.S. involvement in Vietnam and caused even more protest and resentment.

"Silent Majority"

The group of quiet honest hard-working middle class Americans who do their job who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s. Nixon seeks their vote for the election.

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

Sectionalism

Loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than the nation as a whole. Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict. Example on sectionalism developing in this era- Missouri applying for statehood in 1817 (We know the whole issue behind this, led to the Missouri Compromise and stuff.) Divided Congress and the nation leading to the Civil War.

Fair Deal

Made by Truman in his 1949 message to Congress. It was a program that called for improved housing, full employment, higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, new TVA's, and the extension of social security. Its only successes: raised the minimum wage, better public housing, extended old-age insurance to more people.

Equal Pay Act

Made it illegal for employers to pay female workers less than men for the same job

income tax

Made possible by the 16th Amendment it is a government levy imposed on individuals or entities that varies with the income or profits of the taxpayer.

Joseph Stalin

Man who led the USSR following Lenin's death and Trotsky's fall from power. He negotiated with the Big Three at the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences.

Henry Clay Frick

Manager of the Carnegie Steel plant outside of Pittsburgh, PA who barricaded the plant and hired armed Pinkerton guards to attack striking workers

Conscription riots

Many Northerners opposed the war and didn't think it was worth it and riots were caused in DC, Boston, and Philly. In response, Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and instituted martial law.

"Brain Trust "

Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential running continued to aid him after he entered the White House. They were more influential than the Cabinet.

Marbury v. Madison of 1803

Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review

Pacific Railroad Act of 1862

Massively funded internal improvement to create transcontinental railroad in the North. Also an element of the Republican agenda that was passed thru Congress after the South seceded.

Election of 1968

McCarthy challenged LBJ, who was politically wounded by the Tet Offensive and the Vietnam War; LBJ stepped down from the running, and Kennedy and McCarthy were left on the Democratic ballot; but Americans turned to Republican Nixon to restore social harmony and end the war

Wilson-Gorman Tariff

Meant to be a reduction of the McKinley Tariff, it would have created a graduated income tax, which was ruled unconstitutional.

Independent Treasury System

Meant to keep government out of banking. Vaults were to be constructed in various cities to collect and expand government funds in gold and silver. Proposed after the National Bank was destroyed as a method for maintaining government funds with minimum risk. Passed by Van Buren and Polk.

Hartford Convention of 1814-1815

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largely viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

First Continental Congress of 1774

Met in Philadelphia and made five major decisions: 1.) rejected plan of Union under English Rule 2.) Conceded to allow England to regulate colonial trade but it makes the demand to repeal all the oppressive legislation passed since 1763. 3.) They approved a series of resolutions passed by Massachusetts Assembly, among them, a demand to make military preparations for an impending British attack on Boston. 4.) Also agreed upon an embargo on all trade with England (stopped all trade with England). 5.) Lastly, they agreed to meet again next spring, meaning that the continental congress was a continuing organization.

Cesar Chavez

Mexican-American migrant farm worker & founder of the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee in 1963. He also helped exploit Chicano workers with his successful "boycott grapes" movement that led to better pay, limits on the use of toxic fertilizers, and recognition of farm workers' collective bargaining right

Washington Disarmament Conference

Military conference called by the administration of President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington, D.C. from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. Soviet Russia was not invited to the conference. It was the first international conference held in the United States and the first disarmament conference in history. It was held bc japan had not suffered in WWI and they wanted to limit its power The U.S. and nine other countries discussed limits on naval armaments. They felt that a naval arms race had contributed to the start of WW I. They created quotas for different classes of ships that could be built by each country based on its economic power and size of existing navies.

Massive Retaliation

Military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack. Pioneered by Eisenhower and his Sec. of State Dulles

Cherokee Indian Removal

Minority of the Cherokee, despite protest of the majority, surrendered Georgia land in 1835 Treaty of New Echota. During the winter of 1838-1839, troops under General Winfield Scott evicted them from their homes in Georgia and moved them to the Oklahoma Indian Country. Many died on the trail known as the "Trail of Tears"

free silver

Movement for using silver in all aspects of currency. Not adopted because all other countries used a gold standard. Supported by Populists.

Farmers' Alliance

Movement which focused on cooperation between farmers. They all agreed to sell crops at the same high prices to eliminate competition. Not successful. Also supported federal railway regulation

Emmett Till

Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

Political Platforms - 1860

N. Democrat - Douglas S. Democrat - Breckenridge Republican - Lincoln Constitutional Union- Bell

"King Cotton"

Name given to the huge increase in international cotton demand as a result of the western Industrial Revolution. This revolution began with the ability to weave cloth at a much higher rate, resulting in higher cotton demand. By the time of the Civil War, cotton accounted for almost 60% of American exports, representing a total value of nearly $300 million a year.

"Hooverville"

Name given to the makeshift shanty towns built in vacant lots during the Depression.

Sojourner Truth

Name used by Isabelle Baumfree, one of the best-known abolitionists of her day. She was the first black woman orator to speak out against slavery

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

Aztecs

Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernán Cortés. They maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies.

Agricultural Practices (Maize Cultivation)

Native Americans used a farming system, known as the "three sister" system, by which corn, squash and beans grew together and effectively replenished the nutrients of the soil which were depleted by the other vegetables.

Jay's Treaty of 1794

Negotiated between the United States and France, the treaty evacuated British posts in the West, appointed a committee to set up the U.S.-French boundary, and named a commission to determine how much the British should pay for illegally seizing American ships. It did not resolve the British West Indies trade dispute.

Events of the War of 1812

New Orleans Oliver Perry led a 1813 naval victory against the British on Lake Erie. Washington D.C. was captured and burned by the British in 1814. The Battle of New Orleans was a great victory for the U.S. in January, 1815, but it took place two weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war. The War of 1812 has been called the "Second War of Independence," because it forged national character and demonstrated that Americans would unite not only to win liberty, but to keep it. The Battle of Lake Erie proved to be one of the most telling encounters of the War of 1812. The American victory secured control of the lake, forcing the British to abandon Fort Malden and retreat up the Thames River for Canada.

Lincoln Steffens

New York reporter who launched a series of articles in McClure's that would later be published as The Shame of the Cities. He investigated corruption in municipal government in American cities and supported for the Soviet Union.

Thomas Nast

Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons and who invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.

Little Rock 9

Nine black teenagers who integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957 and became the focus of a national crisis that required the intervention of federal troops to resolve.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Nonviolent leader of the civil rights movement and founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, He was the young minister that organized the Montgomery bus boycotts. His "I have a dream speech" is one of the most famous speeches in American history. He was assassinated in 1968 in Memphis, TN.

Carolina Regulators of 1764 and 1767

North Carolina ones of 1764 were a group of dissatisfied farmers who claimed that the officials that presided over legal affairs in NC were unjust and engaged in extortion and bribery. They rose up against these officials, who were tied to the wealthy landowners in the area. South Carolina ones of 1767 were a group of people in SC who sought to enforce local government regulations and restore order to the area.

Election of 2012

Obama vs Romney; 303 votes for Obama and 206 for Romney.

U2 Incident

Occurred in 1960 when an American spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. At first, the Eisenhower denied the plane's purpose and mission, but was forced to admit its role as a covert surveillance aircraft when the Soviet government produced its remains (largely intact) and surviving pilot, Francis Gary Powers. Alienated relations between the US and USSR.

Shays' Rebellion

Occurred in the winter of 1786-7 under the Articles of Confederation. Poor, indebted landowners in Massachusetts blocked access to courts and prevented the government from arresting or repossessing the property of those in debt. The federal government was too weak to help Boston remove the rebels, a sign that the Articles of Confederation weren't working effectively.

"Watchful Waiting"

Often said by President Monroe during the U.S.'s isolationism period, when the U.S. was trying to stay out of the affairs of other countries in order to avoid war.

Olive Branch Petition of 1775

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Citizen Genet

On his trip to Philadelphia, he had been cheered rousingly by Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans, who supported France, and he came to wrongly believe that Washington's Neutrality Proclamation didn't truly reflect the feelings of Americans. He equipped privateers to plunder British ships and to invade Spanish Florida and British Canada. He even went as far as to threaten to appeal over the head of Washington to the sovereign voters, and afterwards, he was basically kicked out of the USA.

Robert F. Kennedy

One of US President John F. Kennedy's younger brothers, he served as United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964. He ran for President in 1968; stirred a response from workers, African Americans, Hispanics, and younger Americans; would have captured Democratic nomination but was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan after victory speech during the California primary in June 1968.

Collective Security

One of Wilson's policy goals post-WWI, it was a central tenet of the League of Nations. This policy dictated that all nations must view a threat to international security in the same way and that all nations must be willing to respond in the same way.

"Dodd-Frank" Reform Bill 2009

Passed as a response to the Great Recession, it brought the most significant changes to financial regulation in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the Great Depression. It made changes in the American financial regulatory environment that affect all federal financial regulatory agencies and almost every part of the nation's financial services industry.

Panama Canal Treaty-1977

Passed by President Carter, called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.

Affordable Care Act "Obamacare"

One of the central tenets in the law is the creation of a new insurance marketplace that lets individuals and families without coverage and small business owners pool their resources to increase their buying power in order to make health insurance more affordable. Private insurance companies will compete for their business based on cost and quality.

Frederick Douglass

One of the foremost leaders of the abolitionist movement. A brilliant speaker, he was asked by the American Anti-Slavery Society to engage in a tour of lectures, and so became recognized as one of America's first great black speakers. He won world fame when his autobiography was publicized in 1845. Two years later he began publishing an antislavery paper called the North Star.

Social Security Act

One of the most important features of the Second New Deal established a retirement for persons over 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer.

"trustbuster"

One that seeks to prosecute or dissolve business trusts whose practices violate capitalistic laws (such as by restricting trade, etc). Theodore Roosevelt is among the most famous of these people.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

Japanese Occupation, Douglas MacArthur

Our occupation of this country following WWII in order to rebuild its economy and move it away from an essentially "divine right emperor" system. Led by this General, who later commanded UN troops in the Korean War

Immigration Reform and Control Act-1986

Outlawed the hiring of undocumented immigrants, but offered legal status to aliens who had lived in the U.S. for five years. Debates over immigration policy persisted, however, as did efforts to tighten U.S. border controls.

Japanese Relocation Camps

Over 100,000 Japanese-born Americans on the West Coast were sent to interment camps after 1941 because of a fear that they would leak out information about the U.S. to Japan. The internment policy was due to hysteria and racism. The captured Japanese were released in 1942, and FDR apologized to them.

Proprietary, charter, and royal colonies

P___ colonies were founded by a proprietary company or individual and were controlled by the proprietor. C___ colonies were founded by a government charter granted to a company or a group of people. The British government had some control over charter colonies. R___ (or crown) colonies were formed by the king, so the government had total control over them.

Greenbacks

Paper money issued by the government during the Civil War, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold, but $300 million were issued anyway. Farmers hit by the depression wanted to inflate the notes to cover losses, but Grant vetoed an inflation bill and ___ were added to permanent circulation. In 1879 the federal government finally made ____ redeemable for gold.

Headright system

Parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation, RFC

Part of Hoover's plan to fix problems caused by the Great Depression. Created to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression and be able to expand and subsequently hire new employees. Forced trickle down economics in a sense.

French and Indian War (1756-1763)

Part of the Seven Years' War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The Algonquins, who feared British expansion into the Ohio Valley, allied with the French. The Mohawks also fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied with the British. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all of the remaining French possessions in Canada, as well as India. Spain, which had allied with France, ceeded Florida to Britain, but received Louisana in return.

Dingley Tariff (1897)

The highest protective tariff in U.S. history with an average duty of 57%. It replaced the Wilson-Gorman Tariff, and was replaced by the Payne-Aldrich Tariff in 1909. It was pushed through by big Northern industries and businesses.

Scopes Monkey Trial, Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan

Prosecution of Dayton, Tennessee school teacher, John ___, for violation of the Butler Act, a Tennessee law forbidding public schools from teaching about evolution. Former Democratic presidential candidate, ___, prosecuted the case, and the famous criminal attorney, ___, defended. __ was convicted and fined $100, but the trial started a shift of public opinion away from Fundamentalism. Given this name because of the connection between this type of animal and evolution.

Greensboro, NC Sit-ins

Protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

Iran/Iraq War

Protracted military conflict between Iran and Iraq. It officially began on Sept. 22, 1980, with an Iraqi land and air invasion of western Iran, although Iraqi spokespersons maintained that Iran had been engaging in artillery attacks on Iraqi towns since Sept. 4.

Espionage Act of 1917

Provided penalties of 20 years imprisonment and fines up to $10,000 for those convicted of interfering with military recruitment. The law also authorized the Postmaster General to remove treasonous or seditious material from the mail.

Norris-LaGuardia (Anti-Injunction) Act

Provided that yellow dog contracts would not hold up in federal courts of law. Also known as the Anti-Injunction Act.

Great Awakening

Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. This revival was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.

Gov. George Wallace

Racist Gov. of Alabama. In a speech he says "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever." He runs for president in 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, but loses to Nixon. He runs again in 1972, but is shot

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963

Reacting to Soviet nuclear tests, this treaty was signed on August 5, 1963 and prohibited nuclear testing undersea, in air and in space. Only underground testing was permitted. It was signed by all major powers except France and China.

"Camelot"

Referred to the term given to JFK's presidency. It referred to the perfection and royal qualities of the administration, to the 1st lady who revolutionized the role of the president's will and to the actual royal image exuded by the Kennedys.

"Robber barons"

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Rosa Parks

Refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. After she was jailed, the Montgomery bus boycott was organized.

Spheres of Influence

Region in which political and economic control is exerted by on European nation to the exclusion of all others. These regions appeared primarily in the East, and also in Africa.

Daniel Ellsberg, Pentagon Papers

Released a top-secret government study on the Vietnam War and said that the U.S. government had lied to the citizens of the U.S. and the world about its intentions in Vietnam. leaked to NYT during lbj presidency... big scandal.

Malcom X, Nation of Islam

Renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on separation of the races. Later changed his views, believing blacks and whites could co-exist and was killed by the Nation of Islam

NSC-68

Report by the newly created National Security Council that proposed that the US needed to take a much more active role in the prevention of the spread of communism. Led ti huge increases in defense spending.

Gouverneur Morris

Represented PA at the Convention and authored much of the Constitution. Helped with the Preamble like "We the people of the United States in order to form a more perfect union." Championed the concept of free citizenry and was a nationalist.

Election of 1992

Republican President George H. W. Bush; Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton, and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot; Clinton won

Mugwumps

Republican political activists who bolted from the United States Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the election of 1884. They switched parties because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Blaine, the Republican candidate. This faction swung the election to Cleveland.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Republican who was the chairman of the Senate's Foreign Relations Committee, he opposed Article ten if the Treaty of Versailles. He was anti-League of Nations and had a great hatred for Woodrow Wilson. BEFORE we entered WWI, ___ was pro-war and was enraged that Wilson did not involve us in WWI. Also a strong imperialist.

Quartering Act of 1765

Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies. The first of two acts of its kind.

Shelby County vs. Holder

Requires certain states and local governments to obtain federal clearance before implementing any changes to their voting laws or practices.

Black codes

Restrictions on the freedom of former slaves, passed by Southern governments. Freedmen could marry and own property but couldn't vote, own guns, or serve on juries. They were also forced to sign work contracts, and if they had no contract, they would be arrested.

John Paul Jones (1747-1792)

Revolutionary War naval officer. His ship, the Bonhomme Richard, was sunk in a battle with the British ship Serapis, but he managed to board and gain control of the Serapis.

Election of 1980

Ronald Wilson Reagan, Republican defeated Jimmy Carter, Democrat and John B. Anderson, Independent. The issues were government spending and traditional values.

"Bank Holiday"

Roosevelt closed all banks for 4 days. He did this to stop runs on banks from continuing to happen.

Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy

Roosevelt said, "walk softly and carry a big stick." In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen. It was his foreign policy in Latin America.

Great White Fleet

Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Citizens united vs. Federal Elections Commission 2010

Ruled that individuals/groups/businesses, etc. can give an unlimited amount of money toward political campaign [attack] ads with anonymity; ads do not have to disclose/announce who funded it

Worcester vs. Georgia- 1832

Ruled that the Cherokee nation was a distinct political community and that the rules of Georgia do not apply--essentially established a "reservation" (although such language wasn't used).

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia- 1831

Ruled that the Cherokee were entitled to land, but were not a separate republic. This was a response to Georgia' failure to recognize the Cherokees despite their best assimilation efforts and also to Georgia's continued efforts to take Cherokee land.

In re Debs (1895)

SCOTUS decision dealing with the right of the federal government to suppress labor movements. Eugene Debs, a well-known labor leader, was imprisoned for refusing to comply with a federal injunction against a boycott. Debs had helped organize the boycott of all Pullman carriers in support of the Pullman strike against pay cuts. The government arrested him under the Sherman Antitrust Act. Debs's lawyers petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus, arguing that the matter was outside of federal jurisdiction. The Court denied the writ, ruling that the government's actions were legal under its right to regulate interstate commerce and mail transportation.

Ex Parte Milligan of 1866

SCOTUS ruled that martial law is always unconstitutional. Decision made after Lincoln left office.

Ex Parte Merryman

SCOTUS ruling that holds that the only body that can suspend habeas corpus is Congress not Lincoln. Lincoln ignores Chief Justice Taney. Decision made while Lincoln was in office (obviously).

Persian Gulf War

Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait; Operation Desert Storm; based out of Saudi Arabia; Troops left before overthrowing Hussein

Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth

Scottish American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. He believed that the wealthy should redistribute their wealth in a responsible manner to encourage lower class participation in higher class activities

SALT-II

Second series of negotiations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. about nuclear arms reduction. The talks were never ratified by the Senate due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Both sides agreed to limit strategic launchers and weapons.

Jane Addams, Hull House

Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded this house in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency, and help immigrants learn to speak English.

Zimmerman Note

Secret telegram sent on Jan. 16, 1917, by German foreign secretary ___ to Count Johann von Bernstorff, the German ambassador to Mexico. In it, ___ said that in the event of war with the United States, Mexico should be asked to enter the war as a German ally and should attack the US. Mexico would be rewarded with the territory that the US "stole" from it.

John Foster Dulles

Secretary of State under Eisenhower who supported Brinksmanship and Massive Retaliation.

Elihu Root

Secretary of War under Roosevelt, he reorganized and modernized the U.S. Army. Later served as ambassador for the U.S. and won the 1912 Nobel Peace Prize.

Suburbia

Separate residential communities within commuting distance of a city. These were established after WWII, when people wanted to settle down. They became even more prominent when Levitt made houses outside of the city affordable. In addition, since these houses were relatively similar this played right into the conformist mentality of the day.

Pilgrims

Separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be reformed. Separatist groups were illegal in England, so these people fled to US and settled in Plymouth.

Secretary of State John Hay, Open Door Notes/Policy

September, 1899 - Hay sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market.

The Federalist Papers

Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

Sherman

Served as a General in the Union Army during the Civil War for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the "scorched earth" policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States. Captured Atlanta in August 1864.

Freedmen's Bureau

Set up during the Civil War to aid freed slaves, this association was extended by Congress after the war. It provided food, shelter, clothing, work, and education for African-Americans in the Southern states.

Treaty of Washington of 1871

Settled the Northern claims between the U.S. and Great Britain. Canada gave the U.S. permanent fishing rights to the St. Lawrence River.

Anne Hutchinson, Antinomianism

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. She also declared that most of the religious elite (clergyman) did not disserve the right of interpreting the scriptures to a congregation. Only those who were directly spoken to by the Holy Spirit (John Cotton - her minister, her brother-in-law, and herself) could gain this authority. Because this belief challenged the right of the Puritan authority she was banished to Rohde Island.

Ida Tarbell

She was one of the leading "muckrakers" of the progressive era. She wrote many notable magazine series and biographies. She is best known for her 1904 book The History of the Standard Oil Company

Election of 1908: candidates, issues

Since Teddy Roosevelt promised to not run for a second reelection, he persuaded William Howard Taft to run. The other nominee was William Jennings Brian and even though he had lost twice before, he remained popular among the more liberal and populist elements of the Democratic Party. Despite running a vigorous campaign against the nation's business elite, Bryan suffered the worst loss of his three presidential campaigns.

Federalist Opposition to war

Since many Federalists were in the North and that they are mainly merchants, they wanted to sustain trade with Britain to uphold their livelihood

Fort Sumter

Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Lincoln baited the Confederacy into attacking this base so that he could rally Northerners around the war effort. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day.

"The New Right"; Neo-Conservatism

Small influential group of thinkers who were supporters of Ronald Regan. They were acting against the 1960's liberalism. They took tough anti-Soviet positions in foreign policy. They championed free-market capitalism liberated from gov't restraints. They questioned liberal forms of welfare programs and affirmative action policies. They encouraged traditional values, individualism, and the centrality of the family.

"Lend-lease"

The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States."

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal; ruling was "separate but equal"

Gibbons vs. Ogden- 1824

Supreme court decision that ruled that the constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the U.S. Congress, not the individual states through which a route passed.

Pearl Harbor

Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet. The Japanese destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

National Nominating Conventions

System where delegates from the states gathered to decide on the party's presidential nominee. Political power would come from the people rather then from elite political institutions.

Genocide ("Final Solution")

Systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious or cultural group. In the case of the Hitler, he led a genocide of the Jewish race.

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft foreign policy, sought to exert control and advance development in South American countries through the advance of American economic interests in those regions

Sugar Act of 1764

The act was put in place for raising revenue in the colonies for the crown. It increased the duties on foreign sugar, mainly from the West Indies. After protests from the colonists, the duties were lowered.

Munich Agreement (Appeasement)

The agreement with Great Britain and France in which Hitler would gain the Sudetenland if he stopped territorial expansion. Led to Hitler becoming emboldened and searching out more land.

Pueblo Revolt

Taos and Apache Indians living in pueblos rose up against Spanish missionaries and settlers; established a short-lived confederacy.

Solid South

Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.

Solid South

Term applied to the one-party system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.

"Charlie"

Term for the Vietcong made from the NATO phonetic alphabet

"Teflon President"

Term given to Reagan because of his ability to avoid blame even when things went wrong.

Pueblo

Term used by Spanish explorers in the American Southwest to describe the Native American villages and towns in this region.

Yellow Journalism

Term used to describe the sensationalist newspaper writings of the time. They were written on cheap yellow paper. The most famous was William Randolph Hearst. It was considered tainted journalism - omissions and half-truths.

Texas War for Independence

Texas was first ruled by Spain for over 300 years as a part of Mexico. When Mexico became an independent country in 1821, Texas became a Mexican State and new settlers from the United States were welcomed . The large influx of Americans led to skirmishes with Mexican troops. In 1836, Mexican president Santa Anna invaded Texas and brutally crushed the rebels at the battle of the Alamo. However, the leader to the Texans, Sam Houston, retaliated at the battle of San Jacinto. At San Jacinto, the Texans killed half of Santa Anna's men in 15 minutes and Houston captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty recognizing Texan independence. The Mexican government never recognized this treaty, but could no longer afford to fight, so Texas became the Lone Star Republic.

"Midnight Judges"

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Fugitive Slave Law - 1850

The 1850 law was tougher than the 1793 one and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad and the law itself provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners.

James G. Blaine, Pan-Americanism

The 1884 nomination for the Republican presidential candidate. Pan-Americanism stated that events in the Americans affected the U.S. and we thus had reason to intervene.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair of 1807

The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.

Revolution of 1800

The Election of 1800 is sometimes called this because it marked the transition from the Federalists, the only party to have held the presidency to that point, to the Democratic-Republicans of Jefferson. In addition, it is also called this because the campaign was bitter and characterized by slander and personal attacks on both sides. Federalists spread rumors that the Democratic-Republicans were radicals who would destroy the country (based on the Democratic-Republican preference for France over Britain). On the other hand, Adams was attacked by both the opposition Democratic-Republicans and by "High Federalists" in his own Federalist Party who were aligned with Hamilton. The Democratic-Republicans felt that Adams's foreign policy was too favorable toward Britain, feared that the new army called up for the Quasi-War would oppress the people, opposed Adams's new taxes, and attacked his Alien and Sedition Acts as violations of states' rights and the Constitution.

Benito Mussolini

The Fascist dictator of Italy. He sought to create a new empire, much like the Roman one. He became an ally with Adolf Hitler in the Rome-Berlin Axis, and led his forces against the Allied powers in WWII. He was overthrown and beheaded in 1943, after the fall of Sicily during the war.

Doctrine of Nullification

The Federalist Party had passed the alien and sedition acts to regulate the strong opinions of the republicans. These laws violated the freedoms of the first amendment granted to the people, and prosecuted them for speaking out. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison protested the laws by writing the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which asked the states to declare the laws null. Virginia and Kentucky were the only states that voted for this nullification.

National Industrial Recovery Administration (NIRA) , The Blue Eagle

The goal of this administration was to eliminate "cut-throat competition" by bringing industry, labor and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices. It allowed industries to get together and write "codes of fair competition." The codes were intended to reduce "destructive competition" and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours, as well as minimum prices at which products could be sold. Its symbol was a certain bird.

Hessians

The King hired these German mercenaries who, because they were lured by booty and not duty, had large numbers desert and remained in America to become respectful citizens. They were German mercenaries who were comprised of approximately 30,000 soldiers in the British army during the Revolutionary War. They fought among 162,000 other Britons and loyalists but were outnumbered by the 220,000 troops of the Continental Army.

Uriah Stephens

The Knights of Labor was founded in 1869 in Philadelphia by this man and a number of fellow workers.

Massachusetts Circular Letter of 1767

The Massachusetts legislature sent the other 12 colonies a letter in response to the Townshend Acts and asked for a united response from the colonies. The British threatened to dissolve the Massachusetts court unless it was withdrawn. They refused and were dismissed. The other assemblies defiantly signed.

Rosa Parks

The Montgomery NAACP's secretary who became famous for her refusal to stand on a bus when a white man wished to sit, and was subsequently arrested. This began a city-wide boycott of the bus system, which was highly detrimental to those companies and set a movement in place to remove transportation segregation as well.

NAFTA

The North American Free Trade Agreement; free trade with Mexico and Canada

49th Parallel

The Oregon Treaty of 1846 set up this boundary between the US and Canada. It settled the dispute between the US and Great Britain over the area in Oregon located between the Oregon River and the 49th parallel.

Warren Commission

The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as this name, was established on November 29, 1963, by Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy on November 22. Its 888-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days later. It concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the killing of Kennedy and the wounding of Texas Governor John Connolly. The Commission's findings have since proven controversial and been both challenged and supported by later studies.

Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)

The Sioux, convinced they had been made invincible by magic, were massacred by troops at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

Afghanistan-1979

The Soviet Union sent troops into neighboring Afghanistan to support its Communist government against guerilla attacks by fundamentalist Muslims.

Dixiecrats, Strom Thurmond

The States' Rights Democratic Party was a short-lived segregationist, socially conservative political party in the United States. It originated as a breakaway faction of the Democratic Party in 1948, determined to protect what they portrayed as the Southern way of life beset by an oppressive federal government. He ran for President in 1948 as the segregationist States Rights Democratic Party candidate, receiving 2.4% of the popular vote and 39 electoral votes.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Fletcher v. Peck of 1810

The Supreme Court struck down a state law as unconstitutional. In the Yazoo Land Fraud Georgia claimed a bunch of land from the Louisiana Purchase that it had no right to claim. Georgia then sold the land to speculators who sold it to farmers. The Federal government stepped in and takes back the land and tells Georgia to give back the money but the money will just end up with the speculators and not the farmers. The Federal government says that the farmers must be paid. This was asserting federal power over state power.

"Relief, recovery, reform"

The Three Rs of Roosevelt's New Deal. The first was intended to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, the second was designed to help the economy bounce back from depression, and the third targeted the causes of the depression and sought to prevent a crisis like it from happening again.

Okinawa

The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded this island, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000. This was the second major island to fall.

Louisiana Purchase of 1803

The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase.

Olympic Boycott-1980

The U.S. withdrew from the competition held in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. About 64 other nations withdrew for this and other reasons.

Huey Long, Share the Wealth

The ___ Society was founded in 1934 by Senator ___ of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935.

Half-Breeds

The ____ were a moderate faction of the Republican party and were the opponents of the Stalwarts, the other main faction of the Republican Party. The main issue that divided the Stalwarts and the ______ was political patronage. Supported civil service reform and a merit system.

Triangle Trade

The backbone of New England's economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many slaves died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to New England, where the molasses were used to make rum.

Birmingham, Alabama

The central focus for racial protests and violence from the police. Much of the violence was televised to show the world the horrors of how blacks were really treated.

Birmingham, AL

The central station for racial protests and violence from the police. Much of the violence was televised to show the world the horrors of how blacks were really treated.

Implied Powers, Elastic Clause

The clause provoked controversy during discussions of the proposed constitution. While Anti-Federalists expressed concern that the clause would grant the federal government boundless power, Federalists argued that the clause would only permit execution of power already granted by the Constitution. Part of Article one-"The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof."

Boston Massacre of 1770

The colonials hated the British soldiers in the colonies because the worked for very low wages and took jobs away from colonists. On March 4, a group of colonials started throwing rocks and snowballs at some British soldiers; the soldiers panicked and fired their muskets, killing a few colonials. This outraged the colonies and increased anti-British sentiment.

French Alliance of 1778

The colonies needed help from Europe in their war against Britain. France was Britain's rival and hoped to weaken Britain by causing her to lose the American colonies. The French were persuaded to support the colonists by news of the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga.

Bretton Woods Conference

The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire. 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe. Laid the foundations for the creation of the IMF and, later, the World Bank.

Hurricane Katrina 2005

The costliest and one of the deadliest hurricanes in American history, killing nearly 2000. Ravaged the Gulf Coast, particularly New Orleans in August 2005. Levees broke and flooded some of the poorest wards in the city. A late response by local and federal authorities led to criticism of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

Bush vs. Gore

The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win election.

Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trusts

The court ruled the income could not be taxed. In response, Congress passed the 16th Amendment which specifically allows taxation of income (ratified 1913).

Triangle Shirtwaist Co. Fire

The deadliest industrial disaster in the history of the city, and one of the deadliest in U.S. history. The fire caused the deaths of 146 garment workers. Helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for better working conditions for sweatshop workers.

Keynesian Economics

The economic doctrine proposed by John Maynard ___, who believed that the government could pull the economy out of a depression by increasing government spending, thus creating jobs and increasing consumer buying power. Opposed to classical economics.

Election of 1988

The election in which George Bush (R) defeats Michael Dukakis (D)

Peter Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664. In 1655, the Dutch sent one-legged Peter Stuyvesantto besiege the main Swedish fort, and he won, ending Swedish colonial rule and leaving only Swedish log cabins and place names as evidence that the Swedes were ever in Delaware.

Election of 1912: Wilson, TR, Taft, Debs--issues

The election was a rare four-way contest. President William Howard Taft was renominated by the Republican Party with the support of its conservative wing.President Theodore Roosevelt created his own convention and created the Progressive Party because he wasn't nominated as the republican candidate. Democrat Woodrow Wilson and Eugene V. Debs who was the nominee of the Socialist Party of America. This was the last election in which a candidate who was not a Republican or Democrat came second in either the popular vote or the Electoral College, and the first election in which all 48 states of the contiguous United States participated.

Baby Boom

The end of World War II brought this to four countries: the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. There is an unknown beginning and end, but it is most often agreed to begin in the years immediately after the war, ending more than a decade later; birth rates in the United States started to decline in 1957. (1945-1961) 65 million children were born and in 1957 1 child was born every 7 seconds. This was primarily because many people put their life on hold during the great depression and during WWII and now they could settle down and have the kids they had wanted prior to the war.

Thurgood Marshall

The first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his activity in the Little Rock 9 and his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education

Ngo Dinh Diem

The first President of South Vietnam (1955-1963). He was friendly to US interests, was elected fraudulently, and had harsh policies towards Buddhist, which led many to self-immolate in protest.

William James

The first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States he was one of the leading thinkers of the late 19th century; one of the most influential philosophers the United States; pragmatist

National (Cumberland) Road

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West. This project was undertaken by the states because Monroe vetoed it, citing the unconstitutionality behind federally funded internal improvements.

Election of 1796

The first major political contest between the increasingly divided Republicans and Federalists, this election saw the mobilization of both parties in campaigning efforts. The candidates were John Adams, supported by the Federalists, and Thomas Jefferson, the leader of the Republican Party. Republicans had a firm hold on the majority of the South, while Federalists were guaranteed victory in their traditional strongholds of New England, New Jersey, and South Carolina. The key swing states were Pennsylvania and New York, which was where most of the campaigning took place. Republicans, due largely to their targeting of recent immigrants, took Pennsylvania, but Federalists were successful in New York. Therefore, John Adams became president, winning the election by only 3 electoral votes. However, the Constitution, written with political parties out of mind, stated that the second highest vote getter would become vice president. Jefferson therefore became vice president under his political rival

John Jacob Astor

The first multi-millionaire in the US. He created the first trust in the US from which he made his fortune in fur trading, and real estate. His fur trading empire extended to the Great Lakes region and Canada and later expanded into the American West and Pacific coast. At the time of his death he was the wealthiest person in America.

Bill of Rights of 1791

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guarantee basic individual rights.

Allied Powers; Axis Powers

The former consists of U.S., Britain, France, and the USSR. The latter consists of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

V.E. Day; V.J. Day

The former is Victory in Europe Day. The German government surrendered unconditionally during WWII on May 7, 1945. The latter is Victory in Japan Day, which was celebrated on August 15, 1945 after the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan. The celebrations continued through the official end of World War II on September 2, 1945 when Japan officially surrendered.

The Lost Generation

The generation that came of age during World War I. This term was popularized by Ernest Hemingway. By this term, he meant "not vanished but disoriented, wandering, directionless — a recognition that there was great confusion and aimlessness among the war's survivors in the early post-war years."

Recession of 2008 Causes

The global recession of 2009, was a huge world depression caused by a more broad based credit boom fed a global speculative bubble in real estate and equities it was continued by a sharp increase in oil and food prices. it was directly connected to the economic depression found in the united states and Britain

Great Basin

The largest contiguous drainage basin that retains water and does not allow outflow into other areas in North America. Contains Death Valley, which is a desert located in Eastern California. Also known as the "Watershed region".

Republicanism

The leader of is a republic of the people compared to people being subjects of the leader. Jefferson created the party to oppose the economic and foreign policies of the Federalists. The Democratic-Republican party opposed the Jay Treaty of 1794 with Britain (then at war with France) and supported good relations with France before 1801. The party insisted on a strict construction of the Constitution, and denounced many of Hamilton's proposals (especially the national bank) as unconstitutional. The party favored states' rights and the importance of farmers over bankers, industrialists, and merchants.

Dien Bien Phu

The location of an attack perpetrated by the Viet Minh that led to the withdrawal of French troops from Vietnam. Background: France had exercised colonial control of Indochina until WWII. After Japan's defeat in 1945, the Viet Minh seized Hanoi and declared the North an independent republic. War with France broke out in 1946. In the Spring of 1954, the Viet Minh surrounded and destroyed the primary French fortress in North Vietnam at ___. Lead to the withdrawal of France from Indochina.

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

Staple Crops of the South

The major staple crop of the south was rice, which was picked by African-American planters who were imported by the Dutch in 1616. Other crops were tobacco, indigo, various grains, wood, and skins. All of these products were exported to Europe and the west Indies. Most of the colonists' profit came from farming.

Miranda vs. Arizona

The majority opinion, written by Chief Justice Warren, declared that criminals must be told their rights guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment, and any evidence obtained from them prior to hearing their rights will have been obtained illegally. "You have the right to remain silent"

Bill Levitt, Levittowns

The man who came up with the idea of mass-producing homes. He first bought a potato farm in NY and built 17,000 houses there by utilizing vertical integration. At one point he was mass-producing 150 houses a week. The houses were pretty affordable and they attracted the same type of families: fairly young, middle class families looking for a nice home. There was a racial exclusion applied to the neighborhoods however and the houses weren't available for blacks.

Versailles Conference and Treaty of 1919

The meeting of the Allied victors, following the end of World War I, to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918. It took place in Paris during 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June.

Abolitionism

The militant effort to do away with slavery. It had its roots in the North in the 1700s. It became a major issue in the 1830s and dominated politics after 1840. Congress became a battleground between pro and anti-slavery forces from the 1830's to the Civil War.

War on Poverty

The name for legislation first introduced by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964. This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.

Barbary Pirates

The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates. Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria. The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute.

"New Look"

The name given to the national security policy of the United States during the administration of Eisenhower. It reflected Eisenhower's concern for balancing the Cold War military commitments of the United States with the nation's financial resources and emphasized reliance on strategic nuclear weapons to deter potential threats, both conventional and nuclear, from the Eastern Bloc of nations headed by the Soviet Union.

Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins

The nation's first woman cabinet member. Supported many of FDR's New Deal policies.

Isolationism (Charles Lindbergh)

The opposition of the involvement of a country in international alliances, agreements, etc. A large advocate for this belief, who became a Goodwill Ambassador for the U.S.

Committees of Correspondence

These started as groups of private citizens in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New York who, in 1763, began circulating information about opposition to British trade measures. The first government-organized committee appeared in Massachusetts in 1764. Other colonies created their own committtees in order to exchange information and organize protests to British trade regulations. The Committees became particularly active following the Gaspee Incident

Paris Accords, 1973

The peace agreements between Vietnam and the US. It called for the removal for all US troops and the return of all US POW's. It also established a demilitarized buffer zone in the South to separate N and S Vietnamese troops. Under this agreement, Communists in SV could take part in politics.

War on Terror Iraq

The period in which the United States invaded the country after the September 11 attacks, supported initially by close allies, and eventually by the wider North Atlantic Treaty Organization, beginning in 2003. The conflict is also known as the U.S. war in Afghanistan. It followed the Afghan Civil War's 1996-2001 phase. Its public aims were to dismantle Al-Qaeda, and to deny it a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by removing the Taliban from power.

Jonas Salk/Albert Sabin

The pioneers and researchers who discovered the vaccine and serum to combat polio, a crippling and killing disease that affected millions of people throughout the world annually.

Populist party Platform, Omaha Platform (1892)

The platform of the ___ party, which supported farmers. Platform was for the 1892 election (running for president-James Weaver, vice president-James Field) in which they called for free silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers. The part was split between South and West. Also called Omaha Platform b/c it was adopted in Omaha, Nebraska.

Glasnost

The policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information, initiated by leader Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985.

Lynching

The practice of an angry mob hanging a perceived criminal without regard to due process. In the South, blacks who did not behave as the inferiors to whites might be killed in this way.

"McCarthyism"

The practice of making unfair allegations or using unfair investigative techniques, especially in order to restrict dissent or political criticism. Used often by a certain WI senator during the Second Red Scare

Brinksmanship

The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy proposed by Sec. of State John Foster Dulles and practiced by President Eisenhower.

Lecompton Constitution

The pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the union. It was rejected.

Red Scare, Palmer Raids

The promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism, used by anti-leftist proponents. In the United States, the First ___ was about worker (socialist) revolution and political radicalism following the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.The ___ were a series of ___ in late 1919 and early 1920 by the United States Department of Justice intended to capture, arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States.

Versailles Treaty

The punishment-driven treaty signed by the Big Four and Germany following the end of WWI. The conditions of the treaty were as follows: 1) Germany must take full responsibility for WWI 2) Germany must pay $33b in reparations 3) Germany's army reduced to 100,000 men 4) Germany could have no air force or submarines (navy limited to six ships) 5) Germany would Lose territory 6) Germany would lose all colonies 7) Austria-Hungary divided 8) League of Nations established.

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. They believed that we lived in a perfect universe and that we are laws that we created were natural.

Charles Sumner

The same Senator who had been caned by Brooks in 1856. He returned to the Senate after the outbreak of the Civil War. He was the formulator of the state suicide theory and a supporter of emancipation. He was an outspoken Radical Republican involved in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson. Counterpart to Thaddeus Stevens in House of Reps.

"New Immigration" (1865-1910)

The second major wave of immigration to the U.S. Between 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

These state supreme court cases ruled that Constitutional amendments against discrimination applied only to the federal and state governments, not to individuals or private institutions. Thus the government could not order segregation, but restaurants, hotels, and railroads could. Gave legal sanction to Jim Crow laws.

"Sun Belt"

These states states included from Florida to California Warmer climates, lower taxes, and economic opportunities prompted families uprooted by the war to move to these areas.

Segregation

The separation of blacks and whites, mostly in the South, in public facilities, transportation, schools, etc. Became prevalent after Civil War.

McCulloch vs. Maryland- 1819

The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank. This further asserted federal power and demonstrated that states could not tax any federal branch operating within state boundaries because "the power to tax is the power to destroy."

Strikes

The unions' method for having their demands met. Workers stop working until the conditions are met. It is a very effective form of attack.

Homestead Strike (1892)

The workers at a steel plant in Pennsylvania went on strike, forcing the owner to close down. Armed guards were hired to protect the building. The strikers attacked for five months, then gave in to peace demands.

Rough Riders, San Juan Hill

Theodore Roosevelt formed the Rough Riders (volunteers) to fight in the Spanish- American War in Cuba. They charged up San Juan Hill during the battle of Santiago. It made Roosevelt popular, prepared him on the national stage for future presidency.

Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, 1937)

These acts stated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. There would be an arms embargo for countries at war (1935), America would not provide any loans to to nations at war (1936), and Americans were prohibited from traveling on the ships of fighting countries (1937)

Articles of Confederation of 1781

These delegated most of the powers (the power to tax, to regulate trade, and to draft troops) to the individual states, but left the federal government power over war, foreign policy, and issuing money. Their weakness was that they gave the federal government so little power that it couldn't keep the country united. Their only major success was that they settled western land claims with the Northwest Ordinance. The Articles were abandoned for the Constitution.

Big Four: Wilson, George, Clemenceau, Orlando

These were the four biggest allied countries that met at Versailles that consisted of ___ of America, Britain's David Lloyd ___, Georges ___ of France, and Vittorio Emanuele ___ of Italy

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

This 1877 Supreme Court case dealt with corporate rates and agriculture. This decision allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. The decision upheld legislation proposed by the National Grange to regulate grain elevator rates, declaring that business interests (private property) used for public good be regulated by government.

Immigration on Nationality Act, 1952

This Act allowed the government to deport immigrants or naturalized citizens engaged in subversive activities and also allowed the barring of suspected subversives from entering the country. It was used over the years to bar members and former members and "fellow travelers" of the Communist Party from entry into the United States, even those who had not been associated with the party for decades.

12th Amendment

This Amendment provides the procedure by which the President and Vice President are elected. It replaced the procedure of the Electoral College under Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, which demonstrated problems in the elections of 1796 and 1800. The Twelfth Amendment was proposed by the Congress on December 9, 1803 and was ratified by the requisite number of state legislatures on June 15, 1804.Under the Twelfth Amendment, each elector must cast distinct votes for President and Vice President, instead of two votes for President. No elector may cast votes for Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates who both inhabit the same state as that elector (Habitation Clause). It is, however, possible for an elector to cast a vote for one candidate that is from the same state as that elector.

Tea Act of 1773

This acr gave the East India Company a monopoly on the trade in tea, made it illegal for the colonies to buy non-British tea, and forced the colonies to pay the tea tax of 3 cents/pound.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

This act divided the Confederate states except Tennessee into five military districts. Military commanders in the districts were appointed to oversee constitutional conventions in the districts and the creation of state constitutions. This military occupation would last until the states created new constitutions that included black suffrage, the permanent disfranchisement of Confederate leaders, and ratification of the 14th Amendment. Johnson vetoed it, but the Congress overrode.

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act of 1933

This act effectively separated commercial banking from investment banking. Basically, commercial banks, which took in deposits and made loans, were no longer allowed to underwrite or deal in securities, while investment banks, which underwrote and dealt in securities, were no longer allowed to have close connections to commercial banks, such as overlapping directorships or common ownership. The act also gave tighter regulation of national banks to the Federal Reserve System, requiring holding companies and other affiliates of state member banks to make three reports annually to their Federal Reserve Bank and to the Federal Reserve Board. Another important provision of the act created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insures bank deposits.

Selective Service Act (1940)

This act established the first peace time military draft in the United States in preparation for possible US military engagement.

Civil Rights Act (1964)

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places. It led to the creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

This act provided jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state and local governments. The ___ was designed to provide jobs for young men and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

This act reduced agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies not to plant on part of their land and to kill off excess livestock. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus and therefore effectively raise the value of crops. The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional.

Fair Labor Standards Act

This act set maximum hours at 40 hours a week and minimum wage at 20 cents an hour (gradually rose to 40 cents). Also established the "time and a half" principle for overtime and made some strides to outlaw child labor.

National Industry Recovery Act (NIRA)

This act set up the National Recovery Administration and set prices, wages, work hours, and production for each industry. It also established the PWA.

War Powers Act-1973

This act stated that the president must report to Congress within 60 days of putting troops in danger in a foreign country, and there would be a 60 to 90 day limit for over seas troop presence.

Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933

This act was intended to restore Americans' confidence in banks when they reopened. It provided for the reopening of the banks as soon as examiners found them to be financially secure. Meant to stop the banking system from collapsing (which it was likely to do due to the number of runs on banks occurring)

Public Works Administration (PWA)

This administration built large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, hospitals, and schools. Its goals were to provide employment, stabilize purchasing power and to help revive the economy.

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

This board is charged with conducting elections for labor union representation and with investigating and remedying unfair labor practices. Created by the Wagner Act.

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward- 1819

This case denied that states could not alter a school's charters without the school's consent. More importantly, it established that states may not interfere with private contracts.

Atlantic Charter (1941)

This was created by Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a secret conference. It outlined the hopes of the democracies and their intentions for improvements after World War II. Similar in intention to Wilson's 14 Points

direct primary

____ are means by which a political party nominates candidates for an upcoming general election or by-election. Members of the party vote for candidates in the system (whereas in previous systems political higher-ups would choose candidates)

National Federation of Independent Business vs. Sebelius 2012

This case involves the patient protection and affordable care act (Obama Care). The major part of this law that was challenged was that a majority of Americans have to have health insurance and if you don't than you have to pay a tax to fed govt. Chief Justice Roberts gives decision and calls it fair he upholds the law and says congress has every right to levy this tax if they want too. Roberts gives another decision he limits the medic aid portion of the law because the law called expansion of medic aid in states because congress told states that they had to expand their medic aid and if they didn't than they would take it away, so states have the right to choose if they want to expand.

Triple Alliance: Central Powers

This consisted of: Germany, The Ottoman Empire, Austro-Hungary, as well as Bulgaria

Election of 1840

This election was characterized by the mudslinging or the attack on each others reputation. William Henry Harrison wins election over Martin Van Buren but soon died.

Winfield Scott

This general commanded American troops during the Mexican War, and led those troops victory at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, and Chapultepec. He also led the final defeat of Santa Anna when he captured Mexico City in 1847. He ran for president of United States in 1852.

Schenck v. US of 1919

This is a United States Supreme Court decision concerning enforcement of the Espionage Act of 1917 during World War I. The ruling was that the first amendment can be restricted if the idea being printed or said is a threat to society.

Alaska and Hawaii

This is the largest state in the United States by area; it is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent. It became the 49th state on January 3, 1959. This other state is the newest of the 50 U.S. states (August 21, 1959), and is the only state made up entirely of islands.

Major Battle (Trenton, 1776)

This major battle took place on December 26, during the American Revolutionary War after General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River north of Trenton, New Jersey. The hazardous crossing in adverse weather allowed Washington to lead the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian soldiers garrisoned at Trenton. After a brief struggle, nearly the entire Hessian force was captured, with negligible losses to the Americans. The battle boosted the Continental Army's flagging morale, and inspired re-enlistments.

Dust Bowl, Okies, John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath

This novel was about the migration of a family of ___, who were escaping the ___ Bowl, to California, where they hoped, but failed, to find better working conditions and wages.

Panay Incident

This occurred when Japan bombed an American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

This plan, designed to relieve America of its financial woes, hinged on 4 steps: paying off all war debts, assuming all state debt, raising government revenues, and creating a national bank. It also moved the capitol from NYC to Washington DC.

22nd amendment

This set 2 terms for the president, or 10 years if the VP became president after the President died and the VP served less than 2 years of the President's term.

Excise Tax (Whiskey)

This taxes the manufacturing of a certain item. In this specific case, it was a tax upon whiskey proposed by Hamilton. Hamilton proposed this tax so that he could raise revenue in order to help pay off some of the federal government's debt. This tax mainly targeted poor Western front corn farmers and sparked the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794.

"New Frontier"

This term was used by John F. Kennedy in his acceptance speech in the 1960 United States presidential election to the Democratic National Convention. Originally just a slogan to inspire America to support him, the phrase developed into a label for his administration's domestic and foreign programs. It covered: fed aid to education, health insurance for elderly, department of urban affairs, aid to migrant workers. The conservatives and conservative democrats hate it so it gets shut down.

Honest Graft

This term, created by George Washington Plunkitt, referred to the police corruption that took place in the Tammany Hall political machine. The practices included paying bribes to make an individual a police officer, to get him a promotion, or to get him to the position of a sergeant as well as using privileged information for personal gain

Treaty of Paris of 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.

Treaty Of Greenville of 1795

This treaty opened the Northwest Territory to settlement by white United States citizens. The territory had formerly only been inhabited by Indians, so therefore the treaty between the two races was an important one. The treaty served to end white-Indian hostilities for sixteen years.

Credit Mobilier (1872)

This was a fraudulent construction company created to take the profits of the Union Pacific Railroad. Using government funds for the railroad, the Union Pacific directors gave padded construction contracts to Congress members

"Quarantine Speech" (1937)

This was a speech given by Roosevelt in Chicago that compared world lawlessness to a physical disease. He urged the international isolation of aggressors as the only means of preserving peace. Helped to influence America into the war.

Yom Kippur War—1973

This was a war fought by Israel and neighboring Arab nations where the Arabs launched a surprise attack during Yom Kippur. U.S. support for Israel during the war led to OPEC boycotting the U.S., creating an energy crisis.

Election of 1920

This was between James Cox (Democrat) and Warren G. Harding (Republican). Harding won the election under the campaign slogan of "Normalcy", promising Americans that life would return back to the way it was before WWI. Post-war economic issues and League of Nations involvement were also issues at the time.

Gold Standard Act (1900)

This was signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided they wanted to trade in their money. Eliminated silver coins, but allowed paper Silver Certificates issued under the Bland-Allison Act to continue to circulate. Ended the idea of free silver and of bimetallism.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

This was signed by the Second Continental Congress on July 4. It dissolved the colonies' ties with Britain, listed grievances against King George III, and declared the colonies to be an independent nation. It consists of four main parts: (1) justification of the Declaration and presentation of the Congress intention to adopt the Declaration. (2) concise explanation of the foundations for the new government - the political philosophy at the time. (3) A bill of particulars documenting the king's "repeated injuries and usurpations" of the Americans' rights and liberties.(4) the independence decision and signatures of the assemblies.

William Jennings Bryan

Three-time candidate for president for the Democratic Party, nominated because of support from the Populist Party. He never won, but was the most important Populist in American history. He later served as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State (1913-1915).

Warsaw Pact

To counter the NATO buildup, the Soviets formed this military organization with the nations of Eastern Europe. Also gave Russia an excuse for garrisoning troops in these countries.

Selma, Alabama; Freedom March

Took place on the Edmund Pettus Bridge in this Alabama city. Ultimately, it led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty signed in 1494 by the Papacy, Spain, and Portugal that didvided the New World beteen Portugal and Spain. Portugal received the short end of the stick (but received much of Africa). Spain received the western New World, and thus the Americas.

Reverend Ralph Abernathy

Trusted assistant to Dr. King who led the Poor People's Campaign in King's absence

Separate Spheres

Two circles-- the public one was for men and the domestic one for women.

Greece and Turkey

Two nations that were, in 1947, plagued by threats of communism both from within and from the influence of the USSR. These developments frightened the US and led to the publishing of two important doctrines.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

Annexation of Texas

U.S. made Texas a state in 1845. Joint resolution - both houses of Congress supported annexation under Tyler, and he signed the bill shortly before leaving office. Result of a fear that GB would colonize Texas.

SDI/"Star Wars"

U.S. strategic defensive system against potential nuclear attacks—as originally conceived, from the Soviet Union. Was first proposed by President Ronald Reagan in a nationwide television address on March 23, 1983.

Roosevelt Corollary

U.S. would act as international policemen. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine.

Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

US Military base used to house terrorists and enemies of the state.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Under the ___, a Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state (extension of Truman Doctrine)

Townshend Acts of 1767

Under the control of British Prime Minister Charles ___, Parliament passed these measures. The first called for suspension of the New York Assembly because it would not abide by the Quartering Act. The Revenue Act called for customs duties on imports of glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. As a result of unrest over these acts, the Massachusetts legislature was dissolved. Colonial reaction was that of further discontent toward their motherland. Also taxed glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea

Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

Under the threat of war with France, Congress passed these four laws in an effort to strengthen the Federal government. The legislation sponsored by the Federalists was also intended to quell any political opposition from the Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson. The first of the laws was the Naturalization Act, passed by Congress on June 18. This act required that aliens be residents for 14 years instead of 5 years before they became eligible for U.S. citizenship. Congress then passed the Alien Act on June 25, authorizing the President to deport aliens "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States" during peacetime. The third law, the Alien Enemies Act, was enacted by Congress on July 6. This act allowed the wartime arrest, imprisonment and deportation of any alien subject to an enemy power. The last of the laws, the Sedition Act, passed on July 14 declared that any treasonable activity, including the publication of "any false, scandalous and malicious writing," was a high misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment. By virtue of this legislation twenty-five men, most of them editors of Republican newspapers, were arrested and their newspapers forced to shut down.

Benjamin Harrison, Billion Dollar Congress

Under this President, federal spending reached one billion dollars for the first time during his term as a result of surplus revenues from the high tariffs.

Elkins Act of 1903; rebates

United States federal law that amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The Act authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates. Railroad corporations, their officers, and their employees, were all made liable for discriminatory practices.

Hepburn Act of 1906

United States federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to set maximum railroad rates and extend its jurisdiction. This led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers. In addition, the ICC could view the railroads' financial records, a task simplified by standardized bookkeeping systems. For any railroad that resisted, the ICC's conditions would remain in effect until the outcome of legislation said otherwise

Mann-Elkins Act of 1910

United States federal law that was among the Progressive era reforms. The Act extended the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the telecommunications industry, and designated telephone, telegraph and wireless companies as common carriers

Iwo Jima

United States fought for and captured this island; battle produced some of the fiercest fighting in the Pacific Campaign of World War II; major island in island hopping campaign

PATCO Strike

United States trade union which operated from 1968 until its declassification in 1981 following a strike which was broken by the Reagan Administration. The 1981 strike and defeat of the union has been called "one of the most important events in late twentieth century U.S. labor history." Air traffic controllers.

Tenements

Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded.

"Rust Belt"

Urban areas in New England and Middle West characterized by concentrations of declining industries (steel or textiles).

bimetallism

Use of two metals, gold and silver, for currency as America did with the Bland-Allison Act and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. Ended in 1900 with the enactment of the Gold Standard Act.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Used christian principals in order to fight segregation--nonviolent, consisted of black prechers, and had alot of influence. Churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK; advocated passive resistance

Election of 1800

Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated incumbent president John Adams. The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party. The election exposed one of the flaws in the original Constitution. Members of the Electoral College could only vote for President; each elector could vote for two candidates, and the Vice President was the person who received the second largest number of votes during the election. Once again Hamilton played a pivotal role, throwing his support to Jefferson, whom he disliked, rather than Burr, whom he truly hated. (Aaron Burr became vice president)

Le Duc Tho

Vietnamese revolutionary, general, diplomat, and politician. He, along with Kissinger, negotiated a ceasefire during the Vietnam war, letting the U.S. to be able to leave.

Korean War, 38th Parallel

War fought under Truman's administration. North __, with the support of the USSR, invaded South ___. In the end, the UN and US militarily supported South ___, but both groups lost significant amount of troops and simply contained communism to where it had stood previously. The two republics of ___ were divided along this line.

Undeclared Naval War (Quasi War)

War with France in the Caribbean. Basically a bunch of confused back and forth attacks b/w France and US. Never declared a legitimate war.

Adamson Act of 1916

Was a United States federal law that established an eight-hour workday, with additional pay for overtime work, for interstate railroad workers

War Industries Board, Bernard Baruch

Was a United States government agency established on July 28, 1917, during World War I, to coordinate the purchase of war supplies. The organization encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products. ___ was the chairman of this organization and he was also an advisor for President Wilson.

START-1982 (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)

Was a bilateral treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms.

Reverend Ralph Abernathy

Was a leader of the African-American Civil Rights Movement, a minister, and Martin Luther King Jr.'s closest friend. In 1955, he collaborated with King to create the Montgomery Improvement Association, which would lead to the successful Montgomery Bus Boycott against segregation on buses in the south.

Woodrow Wilson, New Freedom

Was the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 and leader of the Progressive Movement.He was conservative Democratic Congress to pass a progressive legislative agenda, unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. ___ called for limited government, it was his idea that wanted to reform, business, banking, and tariffs

Triple Entente: Allies

Was the alliance linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Salvation Army

Welfare organization from London which followed Christian Beliefs who converted alcoholics, morphine addicts, prostitutes and other "undesirables"

bond drives

Were conducted over the length of the war and, as in Austria-Hungary, the loans were issued at six-month intervals. The ___ themselves would often last several weeks, during which there was extensive use of propaganda via all possible media. These would encourage citizens to invest in war bonds.

Marcus Garvey

____ and his organization, the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), represent the largest mass movement in African-American history. Proclaiming a black nationalist "Back to Africa" message, ___ and the UNIA established 700 branches in thirty-eight states by the early 1920s. He encouraged blacks to return to the homelands of their ancestors (synthesis: American Colonization Society in 1816)

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic resulted. Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Wilmot Proviso

When President Polk submitted his Appropriations Bill of 1846 requesting Congress' approval of the $2 million indemnity to be paid to Mexico under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Pennsylvania Representative David Wilmot attached a rider which would have barred slavery from the territory acquired. The South hated the Wilmot Proviso and a new Appropriations Bill was introduced in 1847 without the Proviso. It provoked one of the first debates on slavery at the federal level, and the principles of the Proviso became the core of the Free Soil, and later the Republican Party.

Whigs: Origins, Policies

Whigs were conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Among the Whigs were Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and, for a while, Calhoun. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin.

Lincoln's Assassination on April 14, 1865

While sitting in his box at Ford's Theatre watching "Our American Cousin", President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer.

Ku Klux Klan

White-supremacist group formed by six former Conferedate officers after the Civil War. Group eventually turned to terrorist attacks on blacks. The original group was disbanded in 1869, but was later resurrected by white supremacists in 1915. Grant federally outlawed the activities of this organization.

Ku Klux Klan

White-supremacist group formed by six former Conferedate officers after the Civil War. Name is essentially Greek for "Circle of Friends". Group eventually turned to terrorist attacks on blacks. The original Klan was disbanded in 1869, but was later resurrected by white supremacists in 1915

Election of 1896: candidates, issues

William McKinley (R) -- received support from the North, supported industry and high tariffs. William Jennings Bryan (D) received support from the West and South, supported farmers and low tariffs. The main issues were the coinage of silver and protective tariffs. McKinley wins.

Selective Service

Wilson would pass the ___ Act that would require men ages 21-30 enlist for WWI. Essentially a draft with a limited age range.

Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes

___ refers to the flowering of African American intellectual life during the 1920s and 1930s. At the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement", named after the 1925 anthology The New Negro edited by Alain Locke. Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, many French-speaking black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance ___ was a gifted writer who wrote humorous poems, stories, essays and poetry, and he was also a key figure in the movement.

Veto of Bank Re-Charter Bill

With this action, Jackson expanded presidential power tremendously

"Make the World safe for democracy"

Words used by President Woodrow Wilson in 1917 to justify his call for a declaration of war on Germany. The words implied that Germany's militarism threatened democracy everywhere.

"Uncle Tom's Cabin"

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, this book was inspired by The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Most Northern whites had no idea how brutal slavery could be, so through this book, Stowe sought to personalize slavery for her readers. She wanted to educate them about the brutalities of the institution. Published first in 1851-52 as installments in an abolitionist magazine, the story came out in book form in 1852. It was an immediate success, selling more than 300,000 copies in its first year.

DeLome Letter

Written by the Spanish minister in Washington, Dupuy de Lôme, it was stolen from the mail and delivered to Hearst. He had called McKinley weak and bitter. The yellow journalists played it up.

Jack Kerouac, "On the Road"

Written in April 1951, and published by Viking Press in 1957, it is a largely autobiographical work that was based on the spontaneous road trips of this person and his friends across mid-century America. It is often considered a defining work of the postwar Beat Generation that was inspired by jazz, poetry, and drug experiences. While many of the names and details of his experiences are changed for the novel, hundreds of references in this peice have real-world counterparts.

Charles Lindbergh, Spirit of St. Louis

____ flew his airplane, ____, across the Atlantic in the first transatlantic solo flight.

Election of 1848

Zachary Taylor - Whig. Lewis Cass - Democrat. Martin Van Buren - Free Soil Party. Taylor side-stepped the issue of slavery and allowed his military reputation to gain him victory. Cass advocated states' rights in the slavery issue. Free Soil Party wanted no slavery in Oregon.

Henry Ford, Model T

___ developed the mass-produced ___ car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line. He greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits.

Prohibition, Volstead Act

___ is the period from 1919 to 1933 in which the 18th Amendment allowed for a ban on the consumption, distribution, and possession of all alcoholic beverages. The ___ Act acted upon this power and went about outlawing these things.

John Peter Zenger trial

___ published articles critical of British governor William Cosby. He was taken to trial, and defended by Andrew Hamilton, but found not guilty. The trial set a precedent for freedom of the press in the colonies. In addition, it ruled that the criticism of the government were not libelous of actually true.

George Kennan, Long Telegram

___ was a member of the State Department who lived in Russia. He sent his ____ to the US and encouraged the US to follow a policy of containment in order to slow the spread of communism and precipitate its demise.

Alger Hiss

___ was called before HUAC and accused of being a Soviet spy. He denied this charge and was later found guilty of perjury. He was prosecuted by Nixon.

Sedition Act of 1918

____, enacted during World War I, made it a crime to "willfully utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of the Government of the United States" or to "willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of the production" of the things "necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war." Essentially a limitation of the freedom of speech during wartime -- passed so that the war effort wouldn't be hindered.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

a campus-based political organization founded in 1961 by Tom Hayden that became an iconic representation of the New Left. Originally geared toward the intellectual promise of "participatory democracy," It emerged at the forefront of the civil rights, antipoverty, and antiwar movements during the 1960s

David Koresh; Waco, TX

a cause of the Oklahoma City bombing; lead by this man who joined the Branch Davidians, a religious sect and got in a power struggle which led to a gun fight; he died in the fight; a large event which killed many

Somalia

a civil war in this country led to UN involvement spearheaded by the US; Aidid (leader) attacks the UN so the US tries to remove him;our troops get captured and the CNN effect makes the United States get out of the country

Standard Oil and American Tobacco cases

a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which held that the combination in this case is one in restraint of trade and an attempt to monopolize the business of tobacco in interstate commerce within the prohibitions of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.

referendum

a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to vote on a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, or a law.

Special Forces-"Green Berets"

a division of the United States Army that is specially trained for guerilla fighting

"Contract with America"

a document released by the United States Republican Party during the 1994 Congressional election campaign. Written by Newt Gingrich and Richard Armey, and in part using text from former President Ronald Reagan's 1985 State of the Union Address, the Contract detailed the actions the Republicans promised to take if they became the majority party in the United States House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years.

Healthcare Reform -Hillary Clinton

a failed attempt to stop the problem of employer provided healthcare which caused a stagnant economy as people would stay in the same jobs

OJ Simpson Trial-1995

a former football star on trial for murdering his wife and her friend; trial is broadcast widely; a race issue led to acquittal

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement

Bosnia

a massive genocide took place here in which the US did nothing

George Whitefield

a minister that either started or helped spread the Great Awakening in Britain and the colonies and was the leader of "New Lights" which was a group started during the Great Awakening that broke away from the congregational church in New England.

initiative

a process that enables citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed statutes and, in some states, constitutional amendments on the ballot

Rodney King; LA Riots—1992

a racial issue; a black man was severely beaten at a routine traffic stop by 4 white police officers; all officers were acquitted; out of control riots in California

Columbine School Shooting-1999

a school shooting which sparks the issue of gun control

Ross Perot

an American businessman best known for being an independent presidential candidate in 1992 and the Reform party presidential candidate in 1996; Texas billionaire who hated debts and condemned deficit spending; took Republican votes

Free Soil Party

a short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. It was a third party that largely appealed to and drew its greatest strength from New York State. The party leadership consisted of former anti-slavery members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery. They opposed slavery in the new territories and worked to remove existing laws that discriminated against freed blacks in states such as Ohio.

Stono Rebellion

a slave rebellion in 1739 when slaves were trying to escape to Spanish Florida, and along the way killing many people. they got caught before they suceeded.

anthracite coal strike of 1902

a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania. Miners were on strike asking for higher wages, shorter workdays and the recognition of their union. The strike threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply to all major cities (homes and apartments were heated with anthracite or "hard" coal because it had higher heat value and less smoke than "soft"

Virginia Plan

a two-house Congress with each state's representation based on state population.

Australian ballot (secret ballot)

a voting method in which a voter's choices in an election or a referendum are anonymous, forestalling attempts to influence the voter by intimidation and potential vote buying

Matthew Shepard

a young gay boy who was beaten by 2 other boys; the boys stole form him

Bland-Alison Act (1878)

act of United States Congress requiring the US Treasury to buy silver:gold at a ratio of 16:1 and circulate the silver. Though the bill was vetoed by President Rutherford B. Hayes, the Congress overrode Hayes' veto to enact the law. Law was largely ineffective b/c Congress didn't circulate the silver money entirely.

Bill of Rights

adopted in 1791, first ten amendments to the Constitution

Nat Turner's Insurrection

an American slave who led a slave rebellion in Virginia in 1831 that resulted in 55 deaths, the largest number of fatalities to occur in one uprising in the antebellum southern United States. He gathered supporters in Southampton County, Virginia. Turner's methodical slaughter of white civilians during the uprising makes his legacy controversial. For his actions, Turner was convicted, sentenced to death, and executed. His insurrection led to a general fear of Africans in the South and eliminated any anti slavery movements that were previously established in the region.

Oklahoma City Bombing-1995

an act of domestic terrorism; response to Waco, TX; a bombing of federal building

EU-European Union

an association of European nations formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration. Incorporating the European Community, the European Union's member states are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.

John C Fremont

an explorer, soldier, and politician known as "the Great Pathfinder." In 1846, he assisted in the annexation of California by capturing insurgents, seizing the city of Sonoma, and declaring the independence of the "Bear Flag Republic." In 1856, Fremont became the first presidential candidate for the Republican party.

"Culture Wars"

an increasing number of 'hot-button' defining issues — abortion, gun politics, separation of church and state, privacy, recreational drug use, homosexuality, censorship — there existed two definable polarities

Technological Revolution

an industrial revolution in which cell phone and internet users and innovations greatly increased

WTO-World Trade Organization

an intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade; replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Society of Cincinnati

an organization with branches in the US and France made to preserve the ideals and fellowship of the Rev. War officers and to pressure the govt. to honor pledges it made to officers who had fought for American independence.

States' rights

belief of the Anti-Federalists; thought the Constitution didn't give enough power to the states

1990 Recession

caused by a reduction in arms production and a huge national debt

Great Compromise

compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators

nouveau riche

describes those whose wealth has been acquired either within their own generation or that of their parents.

Insular Cases

determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.

"Gilded Age"

era of rapid economic growth, especially in the North and West. American wages, especially for skilled workers, were much higher than in Europe, which attracted millions of immigrants. Large distinction between rich and poor

Saddam Hussein

fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003

INF Treaty

first nuclear arms control agreement to actually reduce nuclear arms, rather than establish ceilings that could not be exceeded.

Electoral College

group of electors that are elected by the people to elect the President of the United States in every election year. This system was born along side the U.S. Constitution. This system is a way of speeding up Presidential elections and is still in force today. The representatives of each state must reflect the interests of the people within their respective states during each election. After the people in a state have voted, the votes are tallied. Whichever candidate has the most votes gets all of that state's votes.That states votes is determined by its population.

Assistant Secretary to the Navy Theodore Roosevelt

in charge of the navy when the Maine crisis occurred, he had rebuilt the navy and tried to start a war with Cuba.

recall

is a procedure that allows citizens to remove a public official before the end of his/her office term. He/she would then have to run in another election. ___differs from impeachment in that it is a political device while impeachment is a legal process.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

is a type of naval warfare in which ___ sink vessels such as freighters and tankers without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules. Germany employed this during WWI, and justified the sinking of the Lusitania with this.

Republican Motherhood

it elevated women as keepers of the national conscience because they were entrusted with the moral education of the young

Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913

it re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%, below the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909. It was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson

Anti-Saloon League

leading organization lobbying for prohibition in the United States in the early 20th century. It was a key component of the Progressive Era. Its pinnacle was nationwide prohibition locked into the Constitution with passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920. It was decisively defeated when prohibition was repealed in 1933.

Exxon-Valdez Oil Spill

occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989, when Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker bound for Long Beach, California, struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef; one of the biggest environmental disasters

New Jersey Plan

one-house Congress in which each state had equal representation

"muckrakers"

reform-minded journalists who wrote for popular magazines and continued a tradition of investigative journalism reporting; they often worked to expose social,corporate and political corruption

Brady Bill-1993

required background checks and waiting periods before purchasing guns; neither political partie particularly liked it

Treaty of Paris of 1763

signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the French and Indian War. The treaty marked the beginning of an extensive period of British dominance outside of Europe

Sovereignty

supreme power or authority over a territory; The Articles represented a victory for those who favored state ___. Article 2 stated that "each State retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every power...which is not...expressly delegated to the United States...." Any amendment required unanimous consent of the states.

Reparations

the compensation for war damage paid by a defeated state; many central power countries such as Germany would have to pay large war reparations.

Writs of assistance

they stated that the British could stop any American ship, board it, and then search it without a reason. It was created to help solve the British debt by lowering smuggling in the colonies. The colonists figured out that the writs violated the British constitution because they needed a warrant (reason) to search the ships.

"Don't Ask, Don't Tell"

this allowed homosexuals to join the military and denied the US the right to ask about sexual orientation; an executive order under Clinton

Kosovo

this was once a part of Serbia and tried to separate; Slobadan Milosevic began genocide; NATO bombed

Mobocracy

to be ruled by a mob; colonists destroyed the houses of British officials during such acts as the Stamp Act