APUSHSEMESTER 1 Final

John Winthrop's phrase "City upon a Hill" referred to which of the following colonies? Select one: A. Plymouth B. Pennsylvania C. Massachusetts Bay D. New York

C. Massachusetts Bay

Puritan minister Cotton Mather's response to which of the following eighteenth-century crises demonstrated that Enlightenment ideas had begun to influence him? Select one: A. Andover's resolution to exempt churches from taxation B. The Salem witch trials C. The Boston smallpox epidemic D. Harvard University's decision to reject Puritanism

C. The Boston smallpox epidemic

In theory, companionate marriage gave wives equality of rank and fortune but did not solve the issue of Select one: A. divorce. B. arranged marriages. C. domestic tyranny. D. inheritance rights.

C. domestic tyranny.

Jefferson's administration demonstrated its disagreement with Hamilton's philosophy by Select one: A. reducing the protective tariff. B. implementing the Embargo Act. C. ending the excise tax. D. abolishing the national bank.

C. ending the excise tax.

The social order in Europe around 1450 can be described as Select one: A. egalitarian. B. bureaucratic and regimented. C. hierarchical and authoritarian. D. based on clans.

C. hierarchical and authoritarian.

In the 1824 U.S. Supreme Court case Gibbons v. Ogden, the Marshall Court's decision Select one: A. reaffirmed the concept of state control over interstate commerce. B. permitted local or state monopolies if they benefited the common good. C. overturned New York law that granted a monopoly on steamboat travel into New York City. D. reaffirmed the concept of county or city control over interstate commerce.

C. overturned New York law that granted a monopoly on steamboat travel into New York City.

The Native American settlement known as Cahokia was a Select one: A. village of large longhouses in the Pacific Northwest. B. southwestern cliff-dwelling community. C. significant Mississippian city with more than one hundred temple mounds. D. Native American kingdom in Florida destroyed by Spanish invaders.

C. significant Mississippian city with more than one hundred temple mounds.

In contrast to the Spanish missionaries of the sixteenth century, the seventeenth-century French Jesuits Select one: A. coerced the Indians to accept their teachings. B. did not live in the Indian villages but built separate dwellings. C. tried to understand the Indians' values and worldview. D. were unable to adapt Christian theology to the Indians' worldview.

C. tried to understand the Indians' values and worldview.

Which of these individuals would have most likely preferred Pietism to deism in the eighteenth century? Select one: A. A wealthy New York merchant B. An urban artisan C. A Virginia planter D. A Scots-Irish migrant

D. A Scots-Irish migrant

Which of the following describes the publication Letters from an American Farmer? Select one: A. A book written by an anonymous Jeffersonian Democrat in 1815 that urged Americans to value "talents, integrity and virtue" over "wealth and titles." B. Federalist-authored articles that protested the spread of political democracy in America in the early nineteenth century C. A series of American newspaper essays in the 1820s that demanded an extension of the right to vote to all adult white males D. A book written by a French essayist in 1782 that praised American egalitarianism and condemned European aristocracy

D. A book written by a French essayist in 1782 that praised American egalitarianism and condemned European aristocracy

Which of the following factors prevented Europeans from seeking to conquer territory in Africa in the fifteenth century? Select one: A. The population was too sparse to exploit effectively B. Lack of valuable natural resources in the region C. The continent's environment was unsuitable for agriculture D. Coastal kingdoms were too well-defended

D. Coastal kingdoms were too well-defended

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes life in the seventeenth-century North American plantation colonies? Select one: A. Despite the effects of disease, enough settlers poured in to raise the population of Virginia from 2,000 in 1622 to 80,000 in 1640. B. The much higher male death rate led to many children being raised by their birth mothers and stepfathers. C. Unlike the mosquito-infested areas further south, the climate was mild and healthy. D. Disease took such a toll that most children lost at least one parent before their thirteenth birthday.

D. Disease took such a toll that most children lost at least one parent before their thirteenth birthday.

What caused the Spanish Netherlands revolt against Spanish rule in 1566? Select one: A. Dutch traders' claims on sea routes between Europe and Africa B. Spain's attempts to intervene in Dutch trade with the Portuguese C. Spain's efforts to seize Dutch textile interests D. Dutch Protestants' desire to protect their faith

D. Dutch Protestants' desire to protect their faith

Horace Mann and Catharine Beecher were both actively involved in which of the following movements in the 1840s? Select one: A. Abolition B. Temperance C. Prison reform D. Educational reform

D. Educational reform

Which of the following describes German immigrants who settled in the United States during the 1840s and 1850s? Select one: A. Nearly all Germans were poor and settled in cities because they could not afford more travel. B. The Germans led urban riots against the Irish and black populations of cities. C. Fewer Germans immigrated to the United States than did Irish and British migrants. D. Germans were the second largest immigrant group and many settled in the midwestern states.

D. Germans were the second largest immigrant group and many settled in the midwestern states.

African Americans who converted to Christianity during the Second Great Awakening embraced which of the following teachings? Select one: A. The doctrine of original sin B. Calvinist predestination C. Unthinking obedience to authority D. God as the liberator of the Jews

D. God as the liberator of the Jews

Which of the following statements is true about William Lloyd Garrison? Select one: A. He was motivated by political, not religious, concerns. B. Garrison believed violence was an acceptable means for ending American slavery. C. Garrison called for the institution of gradual abolition in all states. D. He attacked the U.S. Constitution because it condoned slavery.

D. He attacked the U.S. Constitution because it condoned slavery.

Why had Christopher Columbus faded from public view by the time he died in 1506? Select one: A. He did not establish successful colonies. B. He failed to Christianize the Native Americans. C. He began the transatlantic trade in slaves. D. He failed to find great treasures or kingdoms.

D. He failed to find great treasures or kingdoms.

American antifederalist Patrick Henry opposed the ratification of the Constitution for which of the following reasons? Select one: A. Henry objected to provisions that protected the interests of slaveholders. B. He was concerned that it would deprive the central government of necessary powers. C. As an American from Virginia, he objected to provisions that ran counter to the interests of slaveholders. D. He feared high taxes, a large bureaucracy, and a standing army.

D. He feared high taxes, a large bureaucracy, and a standing army.

In his 1829 pamphlet, An Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of the World, David Walker did which of the following? Select one: A. He approved of colonization programs to establish an African republic for freed American slaves. B. He appealed to the religious consciences of slaveholders to recognize slavery as being morally wrong. C. He urged slaves not to rebel but to seek comfort in their relationships and religious activities instead. D. He justified slave rebellion and warned white Americans that violence and retribution would come if justice were delayed.

D. He justified slave rebellion and warned white Americans that violence and retribution would come if justice were delayed.

Why did Andrew Jackson veto the bill to recharter the Second Bank of the United States in 1832? Select one: A. His opponents in Congress, most of whom supported the Second Bank, had tried to embarrass him politically. B. French aristocrats had invested heavily in the bank and he objected to their influence. C. One of his major congressional opponents, Daniel Webster, directed the Boston branch of the bank. D. He thought it interfered with the rights of states and the liberties of the people.

D. He thought it interfered with the rights of states and the liberties of the people.

Which of these statesmen played a critical role in creating and passing the 1820 Missouri Compromise? Select one: A. Thomas Jefferson B. James Tallmadge C. Thomas W. Cobb D. Henry Clay

D. Henry Clay

Why was William Berkeley significant in the Chesapeake region in the seventeenth century? Select one: A. He conceived of and founded the first college in North America in Virginia in 1642. B. He joined together with Nathaniel Bacon to demand better treatment of western settlers. C. His rise from servitude to great wealth and power inspired the region's landless men. D. His political favoritism during his governorship aroused great resentment in Virginia.

D. His political favoritism during his governorship aroused great resentment in Virginia.

Which of the following factors was critical in the ballooning populations of cities like New York in the mid-nineteenth century? Select one: A. The rapid increase in life expectancy B. The growth of urban culture C. America's relatively high birthrate D. Immigration

D. Immigration

Nativist fears were directed mostly at which of the following groups in early and mid-nineteenth-century America? Select one: A. Native Americans B. Women C. Free blacks D. Irish immigrants

D. Irish immigrants

Which of the following was an outcome of Elizabeth I's compromise on the Church of England in the late 1500s? Select one: A. The compromise largely resolved the conflicts over Christian faith in England. B. The Church of England was endorsed by both Martin Luther and John Calvin. C. The compromise gave official support to England's growing Presbyterian movement. D. It angered English people who supported radical Protestantism.

D. It angered English people who supported radical Protestantism.

Why was the decision in the case Marbury v. Madison (1803) of great importance in American history? Select one: A. In refusing to uphold Marbury's right to his commission, Chief Justice Marshall established an implicit political alliance with President Jefferson. B. President Jefferson used the public backlash against this decision to purge the federal judiciary of Federalists and to attempt to impeach Chief Justice Marshall. C. It marked the onset of a period of frequent declarations by the Supreme Court that laws enacted by the Republican-dominated Congress were unconstitutional. D. It marked the first occasion on which the Supreme Court declared that it had the power to rule national laws unconstitutional.

D. It marked the first occasion on which the Supreme Court declared that it had the power to rule national laws unconstitutional.

Why was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 significant? Select one: A. The land ordinance recognized the newly organized states of Kentucky and Tennessee as members of the Confederation. B. The ordinance mandated the forced removal of Native Americans from the Confederation's new western lands. C. It created the Bank of North America and charged it with overseeing the sales of western lands. D. It prohibited slavery in the territory and earmarked funds from land sales for public schools.

D. It prohibited slavery in the territory and earmarked funds from land sales for public schools.

Why was the influx of American gold and silver into the English economy during the sixteenth century significant? Select one: A. The influx led to increased power for the nobility and the House of Lords. B. The flow of gold and silver provoked Parliamentary conflict over how to spend England's new wealth. C. It led Spain to declare war on England. D. It stimulated further economic expansion.

D. It stimulated further economic expansion.

Which of the following statements characterizes Andrew Jackson's intentions toward Native Americans during his presidency? Select one: A. Jackson intended to force Native Americans to comply with federal treaties, even when they ran counter to the national interest. B. He planned to encourage missionaries to convert the tribes east of the Mississippi River to Christianity and white culture. C. He sought better relations with the "civilized" Indians of the Old Southwest, encouraging them to continue their adaptation to white ways. D. Jackson meant to remove all Native Americans east of the Mississippi, even those who had adapted to white society.

D. Jackson meant to remove all Native Americans east of the Mississippi, even those who had adapted to white society.

The South Carolina Exposition and Protest, written by John C. Calhoun, bore a similarity to the argument made by which of the following people? Select one: A. John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison B. Thomas Paine in Common Sense C. George Washington in his farewell address D. Jefferson and Madison in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

D. Jefferson and Madison in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Which of the following is true of the U.S. election of 1796? Select one: A. Jefferson refused the pleadings of Republicans to stand for election. B. Republicans won a majority in the House of Representatives and Senate. C. President Washington wanted to seek a third term on the Federalist ticket. D. John Adams won the vote and continued a pro-British foreign policy.

D. John Adams won the vote and continued a pro-British foreign policy.

The most critical contribution American mechanics made to the Industrial Revolution was the development of which of the following? Select one: A. The flying shuttle loom B. Cotton-spinning machines C. The steam engine D. Machine tools

D. Machine tools

Efforts by women reformers to regulate sexual behavior resulted in laws in Massachusetts and New York that did which of the following? Select one: A. Banned the common practice of abortion B. Banned the manufacture, distribution, and sale of birth control devices C. Made solicitation of prostitutes a crime D. Made seduction of women a crime

D. Made seduction of women a crime

Which of the following characterized the New England freehold society of the early eighteenth century? Select one: A. A small gentry elite that owned most of the land, which was farmed by tenants and other workers B. Maritime cities consisting of wealthy traders, skilled artisans, and propertyless workers C. A relatively large elite whose economic and political power depended on manufacturing profits D. Many relatively equal landowning families whose livelihoods came from agriculture and trade

D. Many relatively equal landowning families whose livelihoods came from agriculture and trade

Which of the following statements describes workers' approach to alcohol consumption in the 1820s? Select one: A. Most laborers did their heavy drinking alone at home because the authorities in many cities succeeded in closing down saloons. B. Most workers adhered to the traditional schedule of 11 A.M. and 4 P.M. "refreshers" but otherwise avoided drinking on the job. C. Most laboring men were required to abstain from alcohol when they joined craft unions. D. Many workers used alcohol as an escape from the routine of work but also drank in their workplaces.

D. Many workers used alcohol as an escape from the routine of work but also drank in their workplaces.

Which of the following New England colonies required church membership in order to be able to vote? Select one: A. Plymouth B. Rhode Island C. Connecticut D. Massachusetts Bay

D. Massachusetts Bay

The 1774 Coercive Acts applied to which of the following colonies? Select one: A. All thirteen B. Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia C. Virginia, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island D. Massachusetts only

D. Massachusetts only

Why did the largest landholdings in seventeenth-century New England towns usually belong to wealthier families? Select one: A. Governors of the colony consistently favored their supporters when making land grants. B. The colonial governments copied English feudal practices, which perpetuated social inequalities. C. Religious discrimination by Protestants prevented Quakers and Catholics from holding land. D. Men of higher social status tended to receive the largest land grants from their towns.

D. Men of higher social status tended to receive the largest land grants from their towns.

Which of the following describes trading relationships among Native Americans in the period before European contact? Select one: A. Every tribe was self-sufficient and avoided trading with other groups. B. Trade networks consisted only of simple bartering between local tribes. C. Mesoamerican societies developed trade networks but North Americans did not. D. Native Americans developed expansive trade networks that spanned great distances.

D. Native Americans developed expansive trade networks that spanned great distances.

What did the German immigrants known as redemptioners do on their arrival in Pennsylvania in the eighteenth century? Select one: A. Sold valuable products they brought from Germany in order to defray their travel expenses B. Organized elaborate religious revivals intended to redeem the souls of fallen-away Christians C. Found jobs as wage laborers in order to save money to bring their relatives to America D. Negotiated the terms for a period of servitude through which they would pay for their trip

D. Negotiated the terms for a period of servitude through which they would pay for their trip

During the Great Awakening in the 1730s and 1740s, which of the following groups challenged the authority of ministers? Select one: A. Anglicans B. Old Lights C. Traditional Puritans D. New Lights

D. New Lights

Which of the following statements characterizes the American political system directly after the American Revolution? Select one: A. Political parties were well established and regulated in most states. B. It was highly democratic and open to almost all white males. C. Pressure to make politics more democratic spread westward from New England. D. Notables managed local elections through their personal connections.

D. Notables managed local elections through their personal connections.

Which of the following describes the political developments taking place in America during the first two decades of the nineteenth century? Select one: A. After they requested it, several Middle Atlantic states granted women voting rights in local elections. B. Most newly organized free states granted the right to vote to adult black men who owned specified amounts of freehold property. C. Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York expanded suffrage to all free adult black males. D. Ordinary white men's rising political status was accompanied by a decline in the political rights of women and free blacks.

D. Ordinary white men's rising political status was accompanied by a decline in the political rights of women and free blacks.

In the early republic, Benjamin Rush and other leaders argued that women should be educated so they could do which of the following? Select one: A. Perform a more active role in advising and assisting their husbands' economic activities B. Focus on their individual needs and develop economic independence C. Vote and participating actively in American in public life D. Oversee the instruction of their sons in the principles of liberty and government

D. Oversee the instruction of their sons in the principles of liberty and government

The power of elected officials to grant government jobs to party members in return for their loyalty is known as which of the following systems? Select one: A. Caucusing B. Nepotism C. The Whig System D. Patronage

D. Patronage

In 1450, the majority of European men were which of the following? Select one: A. Merchants or artisans B. Wageworkers C. Slaves D. Peasants

D. Peasants

How did the Pietism movement of the eighteenth century differ from Puritanism? Select one: A. It appealed especially strongly to well-educated urban populations. B. It differed through its rejection of the notion that humans were sinful. C. The movement emphasized the use of reason and logic to understand the world. D. Pietism stressed an individual's relationship with God.

D. Pietism stressed an individual's relationship with God.

Portuguese colonists in Brazil in the sixteenth century created an industry based on which of these resources? Select one: A. Silver B. Gold C. Coffee D. Sugar

D. Sugar

Through which of the following movements did evangelical reformers succeed in effecting substantial legal and cultural transformations in early nineteenth-century America? Select one: A. Prison reform B. Immigration reform C. Prostitution D. Temperance

D. Temperance

Which of the following was a result of the long-practiced policy of subdividing land in New England for inheritance by the mid-1700s? Select one: A. Speculators bought up small parcels of land, combined them, and sold them off at a large profit. B. The freehold system in the American colonies became unsustainable. C. Parents helped their children get established on their own prosperous farm. D. The number of children conceived before marriage rose sharply.

D. The number of children conceived before marriage rose sharply.

To persuade Massachusetts, Virginia, and New York to ratify the Constitution, leading Federalists promised that Select one: A. George Washington would become the first president. B. New York and Virginia would regain their former western claims. C. New York City would be the national capital. D. a bill of rights would be added to the Constitution.

D. a bill of rights would be added to the Constitution.

Andrew Jackson and his supporters won the election in 1828 in part by Select one: A. branding his opponent as "Old Hickory" to emphasize his old-fashioned political style. B. repudiating the growing authority of political powers. C. promising to expand and extend Clay's American System. D. calling themselves Democrats to portray a more egalitarian image.

D. calling themselves Democrats to portray a more egalitarian image.

During the 1840s and 1850s, Roman Catholic churches in the United States were known for Select one: A. loosening many of their ties to the Church in Rome in hopes of gaining more American converts. B. closing their doors to immigrants in order to protect themselves against nativist violence and bad publicity. C. emphasizing their spiritual functions while neglecting secular matters such as politics and economics. D. providing community services and a sense of group identity for most Irish and many German immigrants.

D. providing community services and a sense of group identity for most Irish and many German immigrants.

John C. Calhoun challenged the northern Whig economic ideology by arguing Select one: A. that American society was essentially a classless one. B. for federal supremacy over the states and a strong tariff. C. that northern factory owners and southern slave owners had nothing in common. D. that advanced civilizations always had antagonism between workers and capitalists.

D. that advanced civilizations always had antagonism between workers and capitalists.

Which of the following individuals would have been an unlikely Loyalist in 1776? Select one: A. A yeoman farmer in Connecticut B. A Pennsylvania Quaker C. A tenant farmer in New York's Hudson River Valley D. An Anglican minister in Virginia

A. A yeoman farmer in Connecticut

Which of the following characteristics was a common feature of royal colonies throughout English America in the seventeenth century? Select one: A. An elected assembly B. Prohibitions against non-English settlers C. Religious freedom D. Plantation agriculture

A. An elected assembly

The 1754 Albany Congress was a significant event because it demonstrated that Select one: A. neither the colonists nor the British found the other's plan acceptable. B. Washington was prepared to surrender the Ohio Valley to the French. C. the colonies were ready to unite for defense under England's authority. D. throughout the colonies, there was a desire to adopt Ben Franklin's plan for union.

A. neither the colonists nor the British found the other's plan acceptable.

In the early 1800s, British textile manufacturers had which of the following advantages over their American competitors? Select one: A. A domestic supply of raw cotton B. A large pool of cheap labor C. Inexpensive energy provided by rivers and streams D. Government subsidies to support manufacturing

B. A large pool of cheap labor

Which of the following battles marked the end of the American Revolution in 1781? Select one: A. New York B. Yorktown C. Quebec D. Saratoga

B. Yorktown

In eighteenth-century New England, the notion that parents would pay grown children for their past labors in exchange for the privilege of choosing the children's spouses was known as Select one: A. primogeniture. B. the marriage portion. C. household production. D. common law.

B. the marriage portion.

What percentage of the average American colonists' income in the 1760s was typically spent on taxes? Select one: A. 20 percent B. 10 percent C. 25 percent D. 5 percent

C. 25 percent

Which of the following features characterized the Middle Atlantic colonies of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania in the eighteenth century? Select one: A. Cultural diversity B. A wheat-based economy C. Amicable relations with Native Americans D. Religious orthodoxy

A. Cultural diversity

The eighteenth-century Great Awakening was the impetus for which of the following phenomena? Select one: A. African Americans' creation of a distinctive Protestant Christianity B. The provision of government support for more than a single church C. Secular humanism D. Increasing racial segregation in churches in the southern colonies

A. African Americans' creation of a distinctive Protestant Christianity

The term Middle Passage refers to which of the following? Select one: A. African slaves' perilous trans-Atlantic journey to the Americas B. Life on sugar plantations, where slaves were treated as neither humans nor animals C. The assimilation process endured by Africans who lived in the Americas D. The social mobility of freed slaves as they acclimated to life off the plantation

A. African slaves' perilous trans-Atlantic journey to the Americas

Which of the following statements describes Africans in Virginia after the 1660s? Select one: A. Africans found themselves more entrenched in slavery as a permanent condition. B. Africans were required to join the local militias whenever a war with Indians erupted. C. Africans were able to purchase the labor contracts of white indentured servants. D. Africans made up 75 percent of the workforce.

A. Africans found themselves more entrenched in slavery as a permanent condition.

Which of the following statements describes the significance of the arrival of New World crops, including maize and potatoes, in Europe and Asia after the 1500s? Select one: A. American crops increased agricultural yield and population growth in the Old World. B. New World foods reduced Europeans' and Asians' dependence on agricultural livestock. C. Food crops from the Western hemisphere brought devastating blights to Europe and Asia. D. American foods had little influence on the dietary habits and nutrition of Asians and Europeans.

A. American crops increased agricultural yield and population growth in the Old World.

Approval by Congress and ratification by the states of the Bill of Rights had which of the following outcomes? Select one: A. An easing of Americans' fears of an oppressive national government B. The establishment of a clear formula for balancing state and federal power C. A guarantee of all men's right to vote for their political leaders D. The Constitution became the nation's legal and political foundation

A. An easing of Americans' fears of an oppressive national government

Which of the following features characterized most Native North Americans' spiritual views and practices? Select one: A. Animism B. Human sacrifice C. Transubstantiation D. Monotheism

A. Animism

Members of activist groups, such as the Sons of Liberty, were typically which of the following? Select one: A. Artisans, shopkeepers, poor laborers, and seamen B. Leading colonial lawyers and merchants C. Outside agitators looking to create disorder D. Unemployed workers with little to lose from rioting

A. Artisans, shopkeepers, poor laborers, and seamen

How did the spread of industrialization in the United States during the 1820s and 1830s affect skilled artisans? Select one: A. As machines changed the nature of their work, shoemakers, hatters, printers, furniture makers, and weavers faced declining income, job insecurity, and loss of status. B. The wave of strikes that broke out in 1836 were put down by armed federal troops on orders from President Jackson. C. Employers and the courts blocked all their efforts to form craft unions in order to seek higher wages and better working conditions. D. They tried, but usually failed, to avoid the regimentation of factory work by moving to small towns or by setting up small, specialized shops that catered to a limited market.

A. As machines changed the nature of their work, shoemakers, hatters, printers, furniture makers, and weavers faced declining income, job insecurity, and loss of status.

Washington's Secretary of War, Henry Knox, favored which of the following approaches to Native Americans? Select one: A. Assimilation B. Relocation C. Appeasement D. Extermination

A. Assimilation

Which of these religious denominations successfully converted many slaves in the mid-eighteenth-century southern colonies? Select one: A. Baptists B. Anglicans C. Presbyterians D. Methodists

A. Baptists

Which of these factors was the critical stimulus for the growth of domestic American markets in the first half of the nineteenth century? Select one: A. Better transportation networks B. An increase in the number of large factories C. The national bank's loan policy D. The national government's economic subsidies

A. Better transportation networks

What accounted for the uneasy relations that persisted between Powhatan's people and the Jamestown settlers for more than a decade after 1607? Select one: A. Both groups' inability to reach an agreement about who would pay tribute to whom B. Jamestown's colonists' persistent efforts to seize Indian land for new sugar plantations C. English settlers' decision to trade hatchets and guns with the Indians for maize D. The constant turnover of the English population due to high death and immigration rates

A. Both groups' inability to reach an agreement about who would pay tribute to whom

In the decade before the American Revolution, the colonists' achieved the greatest effect by using which of the following means of protest? Select one: A. Boycotts B. Riots C. Petitions D. Strikes

A. Boycotts

In 1834, the Working Men's Party persuaded the Pennsylvania legislature to do which of the following? Select one: A. Create a free, tax-supported public school system B. Require that workers be paid time-and-a-half for overtime C. Allow collective bargaining by labor unions D. Mandate a ten-hour workday for all factory workers

A. Create a free, tax-supported public school system

Why did the number of Indians living in Mesoamerica decline from about 30 million in the fifteenth century to approximately 3 million by 1650? Select one: A. Disease carried by Europeans decimated most Indian tribes who came into contact with them. B. European contact led the Indians to conduct brutal wars among themselves. C. Most Native Americans fled south to avoid the European raiders. D. Europeans slaughtered millions of Indians in extremely fierce and long-lasting wars.

A. Disease carried by Europeans decimated most Indian tribes who came into contact with them.

Which of the following characteristics did traditional European, Mayan, and Aztec civilizations of the fifteenth century hold in common? Select one: A. Each was a hierarchal society in which authority came from above. B. In all of these societies, serfdom prevailed. C. All of these societies punished heresies harshly. D. Each culture maintained a matrilineal inheritance system.

A. Each was a hierarchal society in which authority came from above.

In the landmark case of Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co. (1837), Chief Justice Roger B. Taney and the U.S. Supreme Court did which of the following? Select one: A. Encouraged competitive enterprise, opening the way for legislatures to charter railroad companies B. Upheld the protected legal position of existing state-chartered monopolies C. Ruled that the city of New York could use its "police power" to inspect new immigrants' health D. Reaffirmed John Marshall's interpretation of the contract clause in the U.S. Constitution

A. Encouraged competitive enterprise, opening the way for legislatures to charter railroad companies

In the mid-1700s, which industrializing nation was the dominant commercial power in the Atlantic Ocean? Select one: A. England B. France C. Holland D. Germany

A. England

Why did a national market emerge in the United States between the 1780s and about 1820? Select one: A. Entrepreneurs mobilized the large rural workforce to manufacture and distribute goods throughout the United States. B. The entire United States became a market for British manufacturers who tended to displace local American producers. C. The United States erected high tariff barriers to keep out British goods, thereby encouraging local capitalists to build factories. D. The U.S. government systematically encouraged national self-sufficiency by discriminating against European manufacturers and traders.

A. Entrepreneurs mobilized the large rural workforce to manufacture and distribute goods throughout the United States.

Which of the following factors contributed to the sharp decline in the American birthrate from 1790 to 1820? Select one: A. Fathers' desire for fewer children in order to ensure the adequacy of their inheritances B. The growing acceptance and availability of contraception in American society C. The ideology of Republican Motherhood, which directed mothers to produce virtuous male citizens D. Pioneer families' migration into trans-Appalachian West

A. Fathers' desire for fewer children in order to ensure the adequacy of their inheritances

Which of the following was an outcome of the postwar election of 1818? Select one: A. Federalists were soundly beaten, with the Republicans winning margins of approximately five to one in both the Senate and House of Representatives. B. Federalists and Republicans officially disbanded their parties, announcing that "the time for partisan politics had ended." C. The Federalists exploited voters' discontent with the economic downturn and the War of 1812, making strong gains in the House and regaining control of the Senate. D. Federalist Governor Morris of New York astonished the country by announcing himself an enthusiastic Republican and winning election to the Senate.

A. Federalists were soundly beaten, with the Republicans winning margins of approximately five to one in both the Senate and House of Representatives.

Hostilities between French troops and Virginians led by Colonel George Washington began in 1754 at which of the following locations? Select one: A. Fort Duquesne B. Williamsburg C. Quebec D. Valley Forge

A. Fort Duquesne

Why did British and American diplomats take nearly two years to conclude a peace treaty after the British surrendered at Yorktown? Select one: A. France and Spain stalled, hoping for some major naval victory or territorial conquest before the official peace. B. Members of Parliament could not reach agreement on the concessions that they were willing to make. C. The lengthy periods necessary for transatlantic travel and communications required a long process. D. American negotiators sought delays so that state governments could coordinate their demands.

A. France and Spain stalled, hoping for some major naval victory or territorial conquest before the official peace.

In what way was the United States more democratic than anywhere else in the world during the first half of the nineteenth century? Select one: A. Franchise qualifications B. Spoils system C. Bicameral legislature D. Method of choosing the Senate

A. Franchise qualifications

The group that came to be known as the Cajuns after the Great War for Empire were Select one: A. French settlers expelled by the British from Nova Scotia and deported to Louisiana. B. Scots-Irish colonists who settled in Nova Scotia after the British expelled the French. C. Native Americans who were among the closest allies of the French. D. British troops sent to North America after Braddock's defeat in 1755.

A. French settlers expelled by the British from Nova Scotia and deported to Louisiana.

Which event turned the tide of the war after Britain's series of victories in the South in the late 1770s? Select one: A. French troops' arrival in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1780 B. King Louis XVI's decision to embrace republican ideas C. The American troops' seizure of Augusta, Georgia, in 1779 D. British troops' accidental killing of a group of slaves seeking refuge

A. French troops' arrival in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1780

John Jacob Astor, a prominent New York merchant of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, made his fortune in which trade? Select one: A. Fur B. Cotton C. Slave D. Cloth

A. Fur

Why did the British General Gage refuse to use his military force to protect the stamps that were to be used once the Stamp Act took effect? Select one: A. Gage believed that military force would disperse the protests but spark an insurrection. B. He recognized that a new military conflict would only drain Britain's coffers further. C. Gage himself believed that the Stamp Act was constitutionally problematic. D. He knew his force was too small to quell the widespread protests effectively.

A. Gage believed that military force would disperse the protests but spark an insurrection.

Which of the following statements describes the role of money and economic exchange in eighteenth-century rural New England? Select one: A. Generally, no money was exchanged between relatives and neighbors, but accounts of debts were maintained and settled every few years by cash transfers. B. Because they owed increasingly heavy taxes to the British, who demanded payment in coin, farmers were forced to switch from a barter economy to a cash economy. C. Land banks printed and distributed paper currency for farmers to use as cash in return for a percentage of a farm's yearly output. D. As New England's exports increased, even isolated farming communities became accustomed to monetary transactions.

A. Generally, no money was exchanged between relatives and neighbors, but accounts of debts were maintained and settled every few years by cash transfers.

Which of the following events took place during the Second Continental Congress in 1775? Select one: A. George Washington became head of the Continental army. B. Southerners agreed to emancipate all slaves who helped fight the British. C. Delegates elected Sam Adams as president. D. The body rejected John Adams's proposal for reconciliation.

A. George Washington became head of the Continental army.

Which of the following cases is properly paired with its corresponding decision? Select one: A. Gibbons v. Ogden—national government controls interstate commerce B. Fletcher v. Peck—states may not tax federal institutions C. McCullough v. Maryland—sanctity of contract D. Dartmouth College v. Woodward—judicial review

A. Gibbons v. Ogden—national government controls interstate commerce

The critical disagreement that led to the emergence of political parties in the mid-1790s was based on which of the following issues? Select one: A. Hamilton's financial plan B. Slavery C. Interstate trade D. Jay's Treaty

A. Hamilton's financial plan

For which of the following reasons did Britain's King James II create the Dominion of New England in 1686? Select one: A. He aimed to strengthen royal control of the American colonies. B. James wanted to draft New Englanders into the fight against Metacom and his people. C. James believed it was necessary to prevent further colonial revolts. D. James wanted to consolidate colonial forces to fight the French more effectively.

A. He aimed to strengthen royal control of the American colonies.

Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote about which of the following in his essays and lectures? Select one: A. He argued that people should reject old conventions and discover their original relation with nature. B. He suggested that science and technology would lead humankind into a new era of enlightenment. C. He rejected traditional Biblical teachings and promoted atheism. D. He defended traditional Calvinist theology, which had been challenged by the Second Great Awakening.

A. He argued that people should reject old conventions and discover their original relation with nature.

How did Andrew Jackson respond to South Carolina's claimed right of nullification in 1832? Select one: A. He asked Congress for a Force Bill authorizing him to use the military to suppress any act of nullification. B. Jackson asked Congress to prepare a bill to expel South Carolina from the Union if it did not stop its threats. C. He pulled federal troops and navy ships out of forts and ports in South Carolina where they might have provoked an attack by the South Carolina militia. D. Jackson asked Congress to raise the tariff rates even higher if South Carolina did not stop its threats.

A. He asked Congress for a Force Bill authorizing him to use the military to suppress any act of nullification.

How did Thomas Jefferson respond to the development of American manufacturing by the 1820s? Select one: A. He praised industrialization and expressed pride in American progress in manufacturing. B. Jefferson enthusiastically supported industrialization from the time of his presidency until his death. C. He continued to warn against the danger of encouraging industrialization at the expense of wholesome rural life. D. Jefferson took a theoretical interest in industrial machinery but was indifferent to its practical application.

A. He praised industrialization and expressed pride in American progress in manufacturing.

Why did Thomas Jefferson dispatch the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804? Select one: A. He wanted a report on the physical features and the plant and animal life of the Louisiana Territory. B. He asked them to identify areas into which the Ohio and New York Indian tribes could be relocated. C. The president needed to lay the groundwork for establishing Indian schools in the region. D. Jefferson hoped to establish an effective American claim to the Louisiana Territory.

A. He wanted a report on the physical features and the plant and animal life of the Louisiana Territory.

Which of the following statements about Emerson is correct? Select one: A. He was a Unitarian minister who eventually rejected organized religion. B. His view of individualism promoted hard work and indulgent consumption. C. He resigned his pulpit due to his fear of public speaking. D. Emerson's influence was briefly intense, but it did not stand the test of time.

A. He was a Unitarian minister who eventually rejected organized religion.

Which of the following individuals went to jail rather than pay taxes in support of the Mexican War and slavery? Select one: A. Henry David Thoreau B. William Lloyd Garrison C. Ralph Waldo Emerson D. Sarah Grimké

A. Henry David Thoreau

Emma Willard was the first American to advocate for which of the following reforms? Select one: A. Higher education for women B. Women's suffrage C. Universal white male suffrage D. Abolition of slavery

A. Higher education for women

Which of the following factors explains George Washington's success as an American military leader? Select one: A. His ability to maintain the support and morale of Continental Congress, state governments, and the Continental army. B. The advanced military training he gained during his years fighting with the British Navy in the North Atlantic. C. His willingness to overlook the actions of discontented soldiers, which endeared him to his troops. D. His strong personality, which enabled him to keep persistent pressure on the Continental Congress to supply the army.

A. His ability to maintain the support and morale of Continental Congress, state governments, and the Continental army.

George Grenville designed the Sugar Act of 1764 to accomplish which of the following? Select one: A. Improve colonial merchants' compliance with customs laws B. Prohibit colonists from importing molasses from the West Indies C. Increase the tax rate on American sugar imports D. Shut down the production and sale of rum in the American colonies

A. Improve colonial merchants' compliance with customs laws

The spread of the cultural attitude known as sentimentalism in early nineteenth-century America had which of the following social and cultural consequences? Select one: A. Increased emphasis on the importance of love in marriage B. A religious backlash against emotionalism and "sensuality" C. The erosion of many Americans' religious beliefs D. A new and greater emphasis on rational thought in literature

A. Increased emphasis on the importance of love in marriage

The Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition Acts had which of the following outcomes in the United States in the 1790s? Select one: A. It became illegal to publish insults or malicious attacks against Congress or the president. B. The residency requirement for American citizenship was shortened from fourteen years to five years. C. The John Adams administration jailed over a thousand pro-Republican newspaper editors. D. Democratic ideals embodied in the Declaration of Independence were strengthened dramatically.

A. It became illegal to publish insults or malicious attacks against Congress or the president.

Why was the popular pamphlet entitled Common Sense significant? Select one: A. It called for republicanism and convinced many colonists of the need to fight for American independence. B. The pamphlet was ghostwritten by Benjamin Franklin, who refused to attach his name to the work because of its radical message. C. Author Thomas Paine begged the Patriots to use "common sense" and restore harmony with Britain before the colonies were "laid in blood and ashes." D. It urged ordinary Americans to revolt, not only against the king and Parliament, but also against wealthy merchants and planters.

A. It called for republicanism and convinced many colonists of the need to fight for American independence.

Which of the following describes The Book of Mormon, published in 1830? Select one: A. It claimed that Jesus Christ visited an ancient American civilization soon after his resurrection. B. It was a historical account of the Mormons' westward migration to Utah. C. The book was written anonymously by anti-Mormons to discredit Mormon beliefs. D. The book offered a detailed explanation and justification of the Mormons' social philosophy.

A. It claimed that Jesus Christ visited an ancient American civilization soon after his resurrection.

As a result of Turner's Rebellion, the Virginia legislature did which of the following in the 1830s? Select one: A. It debated but rejected a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization. B. It adopted a resolution supporting the colonization of all of Virginia's free blacks. C. It refused to even consider a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization. D. It called on slave owners to treat their slaves more humanely in order to prevent future slave rebellions.

A. It debated but rejected a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization.

Why was the American victory at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815 significant? Select one: A. It restored national pride and made Andrew Jackson an American hero. B. The battle revealed that most American soldiers did not accept the peace treaty. C. It showed that American guerilla fighters could still defeat the British troops. D. The battle persuaded British diplomats finally to sign the peace treaty.

A. It restored national pride and made Andrew Jackson an American hero.

Why was the Covenant Chain between New York and the Iroquois people in the eighteenth century significant? Select one: A. It served as a model for relations between the British Empire and other Native American groups. B. The treaty prevented the Dutch from regaining control of the colony after the Glorious Revolution. C. The alliance encouraged Native Americans in Massachusetts to migrate and join the Iroquois Nation. D. It discouraged French efforts to seek a similar alliance with Iroquois people in the area.

A. It served as a model for relations between the British Empire and other Native American groups.

Which of the following statements describes Jackson's veto of the bill rechartering the Second Bank of the United States in 1832? Select one: A. It was a popular move, blending constitutional arguments, an appeal to patriotism, and class rhetoric. B. Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill for his own reasons and without offering any reason or explanation to the public. C. The action was unpopular and surprised most Americans, who thought the issue had been resolved. D. Jackson staked his presidency on the veto, declaring that he would resign if Congress passed the bill over his veto.

A. It was a popular move, blending constitutional arguments, an appeal to patriotism, and class rhetoric.

Which of the following took place after the Bank of the United States' charter expired in 1811? Select one: A. It was not renewed, but a Second Bank of the United States was chartered five years later. B. President James Madison began to invest his own funds in the Bank of the United States. C. Federalists urged the bank's dissolution on the grounds that it was unconstitutional. D. Congress chartered the Second Bank of the United States later that same year.

A. It was not renewed, but a Second Bank of the United States was chartered five years later.

Merchants from which of the following countries made inroads in the Arab-dominated trade routes of the Mediterranean in the twelfth century? Select one: A. Italy B. Spain C. England D. Portugal

A. Italy

The European Renaissance began in 1300 in which of the following countries? Select one: A. Italy B. Spain C. England D. France

A. Italy

How did President Andrew Jackson change the federal system of office holding? Select one: A. Jackson introduced the principle of rotation in office to discourage long tenure. B. He established a formula for bipartisan staffing of federal offices and the cabinet. C. Jackson wrested the power of appointment from state legislatures and Congress. D. He created a civil service system that awarded federal positions on the basis of merit.

A. Jackson introduced the principle of rotation in office to discourage long tenure.

Which of the following was the outcome of the surprise Indian attack on the Virginia colony in 1622? Select one: A. James I revoked the Virginia Company's charter and made it a royal colony. B. English settlers agreed to use some of their tobacco profits to lease Indian land. C. Opechancanough's attacks killed nearly 75 percent of the English colonists in Virginia. D. The English settlers abandoned their efforts to Christianize the local Indian people.

A. James I revoked the Virginia Company's charter and made it a royal colony.

Indians ceded much of Ohio and acknowledged American political sovereignty in which of the following treaties? Select one: A. Treaty of Greenville B. Treaty of Paris C. Treaty of Ghent D. Jay Treaty

A. Treaty of Greenville

Which of the following statements characterizes federal land price policies in the Northwest Territory during 1790-1820? Select one: A. Jeffersonian Republicans passed laws that made it easier for farm families to buy land. B. The Federalist administrations dropped the minimum price per acre in order to encourage speculators to purchase larger tracts of land. C. Jeffersonian Republicans doubled the price per acre to discourage speculators from buying up most of the federal land. D. Jeffersonian Republicans raised the price to $2 per acre and the minimum purchase requirement to 320 acres.

A. Jeffersonian Republicans passed laws that made it easier for farm families to buy land.

Which inventor is properly matched with the item he invented? Select one: A. John Deere—the steel plow B. Samuel Colt—interchangeable parts C. Eli Whitney—the reaper D. Cyrus McCormick—the Clermont

A. John Deere—the steel plow

Which of the following outcomes resulted from the Continental Congress' approval of the Declaration of Independence? Select one: A. Loyalists and anti-independence moderates left the Congress. B. The British hired mercenaries to fight the Patriots. C. It prompted the beginning of the Revolutionary War. D. Britain withdrew its troops from New York.

A. Loyalists and anti-independence moderates left the Congress.

Which of the following statements characterizes the American reaction to the French Revolution? Select one: A. Many Americans praised the egalitarianism of the French republicans and began to address one another as "citizen." B. Strongly religious Americans praised the new French government because of its embrace of traditional Christianity. C. Only American politicians welcomed the French Revolution and the creation of a more democratic republic in 1792. D. The majority of Americans ignored it, thankful that they were separated from European turmoil by the Atlantic Ocean.

A. Many Americans praised the egalitarianism of the French republicans and began to address one another as "citizen."

Which of the following statements characterized Pennsylvania's democratic constitution of 1776? Select one: A. Many leading Patriots found its radically democratic elements quite alarming. B. Its radicalism went unnoticed by leading Patriots in other states, whose attention was focused on local concerns. C. It reflected the ideas John Adams articulated in his book, Thoughts on Government. D. Patriots greatly admired it, but they also expressed reluctance to adopt all of its features.

A. Many leading Patriots found its radically democratic elements quite alarming.

Who was a critic for the New York Tribune, an editor of The Dial, and the author of Woman in the Nineteenth Century? Select one: A. Margaret Fuller B. Harriet Beecher Stowe C. Angelina Grimké D. Susan B. Anthony

A. Margaret Fuller

The rise of commerce in most of Europe in the fifteenth century shifted the balance of power by favoring which of the following groups? Select one: A. Monarchs B. Peasants C. Artisans D. The landed nobility

A. Monarchs

Which of the following contributed to the harassment and persecution of Mormons at Nauvoo in the early 1840s? Select one: A. Mormons' power as a voting bloc in local elections B. Their widespread ownership of slaves C. Mormons' plan to make plural marriage legal in Illinois D. Their declaration of war against the Illinois militia

A. Mormons' power as a voting bloc in local elections

Which of the following characterizes the impact of companionate marriage on divorce in the early nineteenth century? Select one: A. Most divorce petitions in the early nineteenth century cited emotional complaints. B. Most states accepted neglect or abandonment as the only grounds for divorce. C. In most states, divorce became easy to obtain, even if it was demanded by only one spouse. D. In most states, divorce became more difficult to obtain because new laws encouraged stern self-discipline and republican virtue.

A. Most divorce petitions in the early nineteenth century cited emotional complaints.

Which of the following statements characterizes the relationship between church and state in postrevolutionary America? Select one: A. Most states continued to support churches indirectly by not taxing their property or ministers' incomes. B. By 1786, the Anglican Church of Virginia was the only example of an established church in any state. C. Most citizens believed that government and politics should be completely free from the influence of religious beliefs. D. The Baptist Church led the campaign for state protection and funding of all Christian denominations.

A. Most states continued to support churches indirectly by not taxing their property or ministers' incomes.

Which of the following individuals created the foundation for Enlightenment thinking? Select one: A. Nicolas Copernicus B. Benjamin Franklin C. John Locke D. King James II

A. Nicolas Copernicus

The southern migrants who moved along the coastal plain toward the Gulf of Mexico between 1790 and 1820 originated in which of the following areas? Select one: A. North and South Carolina B. The Chesapeake region C. New England D. Upstate New York and central Pennsylvania

A. North and South Carolina

Which of the following statements characterizes the British government's attempts to meet its war debt following the Great War for Empire? Select one: A. Parliament increased import taxes on items used by the poor and middling classes such as sugar and beer. B. The British Parliament raised the taxes on land throughout North America. C. Parliament decreased the import duties on consumables to increase both sales and revenue. D. To cut costs, Britain decreased the size of its bureaucracy, especially the customs department.

A. Parliament increased import taxes on items used by the poor and middling classes such as sugar and beer.

Which American colony was established in the 1660s as a haven for Quakers? Select one: A. Pennsylvania B. New York C. Connecticut D. Massachusetts

A. Pennsylvania

Which of the following was an evangelical movement that believed the Second Coming of Christ had already occurred and people could attain complete freedom from sin? Select one: A. Perfectionism B. Fourierism C. Mormonism D. Transcendentalism

A. Perfectionism

Which of the following occurred in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution of 1688? Select one: A. Plymouth, Maine, and Massachusetts Bay were joined to create a new royal colony. B. Catholic Ireland came under the control of the English government. C. New York and New Jersey sought independence from the crown. D. The king appointed Sir Edmund Andros as governor of New England.

A. Plymouth, Maine, and Massachusetts Bay were joined to create a new royal colony.

Which of the following developments created a crisis for New England Puritan society in the eighteenth century? Select one: A. Population growth made freehold land scarce. B. Puritan churches could no longer attract qualified ministers. C. British domination threatened the region's economy. D. Changes in women's status caused a declining birthrate.

A. Population growth made freehold land scarce.

Which European nation was the first to involve itself in exploration of the Atlantic as a route to Asia and the African slave trade? Select one: A. Portugal B. England C. Spain D. The Netherlands

A. Portugal

Which of the following statements describes the Portuguese connection to African slavery in the 1400s? Select one: A. Portuguese traders ousted Arab merchants as the prime African slave merchants. B. By refusing to trade in slaves, Portugal paved the way for the Dutch slave merchants. C. The Portuguese introduced the idea and practice of slavery in Africa. D. Portuguese traders focused on transporting female slaves for work in agriculture.

A. Portuguese traders ousted Arab merchants as the prime African slave merchants.

In Federalist No. 10, James Madison maintained that the constitutional government would accomplish which of the following ends? Select one: A. Prevent any one faction from becoming dominant B. Protect the rights of individual states against abuses by the central government C. Bring focus and order to American foreign policy D. Eliminate the need for political parties

A. Prevent any one faction from becoming dominant

Which of following is the name for the European practice wherein the eldest son inherited nearly all of his father's estate? Select one: A. Primogeniture B. The dower system C. Predestination D. The putting out system

A. Primogeniture

Why was the print revolution that occurred in the colonies during the early eighteenth century significant? Select one: A. Printing allowed for the broad transmission of new ideas. B. It solidified distinctions between slaves and free people. C. The print revolution made the American Reformation possible. D. The revolution advanced the burgeoning cause of public education.

A. Printing allowed for the broad transmission of new ideas.

The political conflicts that wracked colonial Pennsylvania in the middle of the eighteenth century stemmed from which of the following sources? Select one: A. Rapid immigration and population growth B. State funding for churches and public education C. Tension between pious Quakers and those who embraced religious toleration D. Disagreements over the importance of economic opportunity

A. Rapid immigration and population growth

Who was the English immigrant who secretly brought the design of the most advanced British machinery for spinning cotton to America in 1789? Select one: A. Samuel Slater B. Eli Whitney C. Paul Moody D. Francis Cabot Lowell

A. Samuel Slater

The three-fifths compromise dealt with which of the following issues? Select one: A. Slavery B. Voting qualifications C. Presidential terms D. Interstate trade

A. Slavery

Which of the following took place in response to the Jefferson administration's purchase of Louisiana? Select one: A. Some New England Federalists devised a plan to secede from the Union and establish a northern confederacy. B. Southern Federalists conspired with Aaron Burr and General James Wilkinson to capture the region and establish it as a separate nation. C. Most Federalists became Republicans. D. Many Native Americans poured into the region.

A. Some New England Federalists devised a plan to secede from the Union and establish a northern confederacy.

Why did Thomas Jefferson decide to attempt to purchase New Orleans in 1801? Select one: A. Spain refused to allow American farmers to ship their products through the port, in violation of the Pinckney Treaty. B. He feared that racial violence in Haiti would spread to the American continent via French New Orleans. C. Napoleon Bonaparte had announced a plan to establish a French empire in North America. D. Great Britain wanted to use the port as a military staging point for its conquest of French and Spanish islands in the Caribbean.

A. Spain refused to allow American farmers to ship their products through the port, in violation of the Pinckney Treaty.

In its campaign to end slavery, the American Anti-Slavery Society embraced which of the following tactics? Select one: A. Sponsoring public lectures and collecting signatures on antislavery petitions B. Smuggling weapons to slaves for use in an eventual uprising C. Purchasing and freeing slaves threatened with a sale that would break up their families D. Mounting civil disobedience actions and mass demonstrations to protest slavery

A. Sponsoring public lectures and collecting signatures on antislavery petitions

On what basis did the U.S. government base its claim that the commonwealth system was consistent with republican ideology? Select one: A. State support for private businesses contributed to the overall public good. B. The government supported slavery and could therefore support other private businesses. C. Regulating businesses was necessary to prevent economic cycles of boom and bust. D. Any private citizen with a good idea could obtain state support to implement that idea.

A. State support for private businesses contributed to the overall public good.

During the 1840s, American women's rights activists focused on which of the following goals? Select one: A. Strengthening the legal rights of married women B. Making it easier for married women to file for divorce C. Educating women about birth control and abortion D. Challenging the conventional division of labor within the family

A. Strengthening the legal rights of married women

Which of the following statements most describes the colonial boycott efforts of 1768-1769? Select one: A. Support began in seaport cities, then spread to more major population centers. B. The boycott failed because southern merchants refused to support the northern organizers. C. Merchants and consumers needed little persuasion to join the boycott. D. Consumers in the colonies disagreed over which imported items to boycott.

A. Support began in seaport cities, then spread to more major population centers.

Which of the following elements defined the Democrats under Andrew Jackson? Select one: A. Support for average Americans B. Consideration for Native Americans C. Treatment of the national bank D. Views on patronage

A. Support for average Americans

In which of the following actions did President James Madison contradict the traditional philosophy of Republicans? Select one: A. Supporting the creation of the Second Bank of the United States B. Approving the Judiciary Act of 1801 C. Endorsing and signing Henry Clay's Bonus Bill D. Cutting the federal budget significantly

A. Supporting the creation of the Second Bank of the United States

Which of the following diseases were introduced into Europe by Christopher Columbus's sailors after their journey to the Americas in the 1490s? Select one: A. Syphilis B. Smallpox C. Measles D. Influenza

A. Syphilis

Which of the following was one reason the British sent 7,500 troops to North America after the end of the Great War for Empire in 1763? Select one: A. The British government sought to prevent future Indian uprisings on the frontier. B. Britain deployed new troops to America to rebuild the areas destroyed during the war. C. The new era of peace in Europe required Britain to contrive another purpose for its troops. D. Military reinforcements were needed to protect the colonies from the Spanish.

A. The British government sought to prevent future Indian uprisings on the frontier.

What did the British policy of salutary neglect of the American colonies in the early eighteenth century mean? Select one: A. The British relaxed their supervision of the colonies' internal affairs while concentrating on defense and trade policies. B. Britain refused to defend the colonies and instead expected colonial taxpayers to assume the entire burden. C. Britain ignored Americans' hopes for independence instead of suppressing them violently. D. The English failed to enforce nearly all the laws that Parliament passed regarding the colonies.

A. The British relaxed their supervision of the colonies' internal affairs while concentrating on defense and trade policies.

Which of the following describes the character of Britain's empire in America before 1660? Select one: A. The British ruled their American colonies in a haphazard and lax manner. B. Angered by strict imperial rule, the colonists demanded their rights as Englishmen. C. Involved in its own situations at home, England took no interest in any of its colonies. D. Royal bureaucrats imposed colonial order harshly and consistently.

A. The British ruled their American colonies in a haphazard and lax manner.

Which of the following statements characterizes the impact of the War for Spanish Succession (1702-1713) in the American Southeast? Select one: A. The Creek nation used the European war to expand its power into northern Florida and North Carolina. B. With the help of the Iroquois, the Spanish captured and burned Charleston, South Carolina. C. White Carolinians refused to aid or ally with Native American troops for fear that those tribes would attack frontier English settlements. D. The Choctaw tribal peoples used the European war to expand their power into Georgia and northern Florida.

A. The Creek nation used the European war to expand its power into northern Florida and North Carolina.

Americans responded to the Stamp Act by comparing it to which past event? Select one: A. The Dominion of New England B. The Stono Rebellion C. The Glorious Revolution D. The Counter-Reformation

A. The Dominion of New England

What effect did American tobacco have in England during the early colonial period? Select one: A. The English developed a huge appetite for tobacco, which stimulated the English economy and bolstered England's treasury. B. It became fashionable for the upper class to smoke, but tobacco was too expensive for most everyone else. C. King James I initially condemned it as a "vile weed," but he tried it and soon became a heavy smoker. D. Tobacco was so popular in England that large quantities were planted and grown in most rural English towns.

A. The English developed a huge appetite for tobacco, which stimulated the English economy and bolstered England's treasury.

How was colonization similar for the French and Spanish? Select one: A. The French and Spanish aimed to Christianize the native peoples. B. Both sent only families to settle in the colonies. C. They focused primarily on fur trading. D. Both countries ruled with an iron fist.

A. The French and Spanish aimed to Christianize the native peoples.

Which of the following eighteenth-century movements posed a significant challenge to traditional assumptions about race, gender, and class in American society? Select one: A. The Great Awakening B. The Enlightenment C. The regulator movement D. The Glorious Revolution

A. The Great Awakening

The transformation that occurred as American factories and farms turned out more goods, and merchants and legislators created faster and cheaper ways to get those products to consumers, was known as which of the following? Select one: A. The Market Revolution B. The Consumer Revolution C. The Technological Revolution D. The Economic Revolution

A. The Market Revolution

Pontiac's uprising in Detroit in 1763 was a direct cause of which of the following events? Select one: A. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 B. The South Carolina Regulator movement C. The tenant revolt in New York D. The Paxton Boys Rebellion

A. The Royal Proclamation of 1763

Which of the following laws required the Treasury department to accept only gold and silver in payment for purchases of federal land? Select one: A. The Specie Circular B. The National Road Bill C. The Commercial Credit Act D. The Independent Treasury Act of 1840

A. The Specie Circular

John Dickinson's Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania was a response to which of the following policies? Select one: A. The Stamp Act B. The Currency Act C. The Townshend Acts D. The Proclamation of 1763

A. The Stamp Act

Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes U.S. relations with France during the late 1790s? Select one: A. The United States cut off trade with France and authorized Americans to seize French ships. B. Americans' gratitude for French aid in the American Revolution led to cordial relations. C. The expulsion of the French agents known as X, Y, and Z calmed American anti-French sentiments. D. Continuing hostility toward England led Americans to initiate secret trade relationships with the French.

A. The United States cut off trade with France and authorized Americans to seize French ships.

Patriot women contributed to the war effort in the 1770s by Select one: A. increasing production of homespun cloth. B. working in army offices to free men to fight. C. working as government officials. D. joining the women's regiment.

A. increasing production of homespun cloth.

The construction of the Erie Canal had which of the following negative consequences? Select one: A. The construction of the canal and its heavy use altered the ecology of the entire region. B. The cost of travel on the canal was so high that in many cases the trip was unprofitable. C. It hurt the prosperity of central and western New York because travelers could easily bypass those areas. D. Although it was a great engineering project, the income generated by the canal never paid for its construction.

A. The construction of the canal and its heavy use altered the ecology of the entire region.

Which of the following occurred as a consequence of the "tobacco revolution" in Virginia and Maryland in the late seventeenth century? Select one: A. The creation of a slave-based plantation economy B. Much harsher working conditions for slaves C. Increased enslavement of Indians D. Diminishing profits for planters

A. The creation of a slave-based plantation economy

What was the foundation for the prosperous Native American societies in Mexico, Peru, and the Mississippi River Valley? Select one: A. The cultivation of maize B. Gold and silver mining C. Large, well-fortified cities D. Bison hunting

A. The cultivation of maize

Which of the following statements describes the Stamp Act Congress, which was held in New York in 1765? Select one: A. The delegates protested loss of American liberties and challenged the act's constitutionality. B. The group issued a statement that accepted the constitutionality of the Sugar Act, but not the Stamp Act. C. Congressional delegates formulated a set of resolves that threatened rebellion against Britain. D. The Congress was a failure because the nine colonies represented could not agree on a unified policy.

A. The delegates protested loss of American liberties and challenged the act's constitutionality.

Around the 1830s, what new form of manufacturing emerged in America? Select one: A. The fabrication of metal products B. Water-driven textile mills C. The rural outwork system D. The first use of interchangeable parts

A. The fabrication of metal products

Which of the following factors eased the Spaniards' conquest of the Aztecs in the sixteenth century? Select one: A. The internal fighting among warriors over succession to the empire's throne. B. Montezuma assumed the Spaniards were gods and led no resistance. C. Spain's superior military technology alone wiped out thousands of the native population. D. The combination of disease and vast internal rebellion made the empire vulnerable.

A. The internal fighting among warriors over succession to the empire's throne.

How did Britain's skyrocketing national debt affect its government in England and America in the 1760s? Select one: A. The need for higher taxes spurred Britain to increase the size and power of its bureaucracy in England and America. B. Americans' cooperation with the new tax code allowed Britain to transfer government officials from the colonies back to London. C. Britain's debt crisis led the Parliament to suspend the colonies' royal governorships and decrease its subsidies to the monarchy. D. In response to the fiscal crisis, Parliament reduced the size of its domestic and colonial tax bureaucracies, but it increased their power dramatically.

A. The need for higher taxes spurred Britain to increase the size and power of its bureaucracy in England and America.

Why did the emancipation of slaves proceed very slowly in the northern states during and after the Revolution? Select one: A. The northern states gave priority to slaveholders' property rights so that emancipation often was spaced out over several slave generations. B. Slaves were threatening violence in the northern states, leading whites to retreat from their earlier support for emancipation. C. Very few northerners saw any contradiction between extolling freedom for themselves and slavery for African Americans. D. Economically, slavery was becoming more viable and profitable in the North in the 1770s and early 1780s.

A. The northern states gave priority to slaveholders' property rights so that emancipation often was spaced out over several slave generations.

Why were the land ordinances of the 1780s considered a great accomplishment of the Confederation Congress? Select one: A. The ordinances provided for orderly settlement and created a fair process for those areas to eventually become fully equal states. B. The laws funded the building of roads and canals to encourage white settlement throughout the old Northwest. C. Ordinances limited foreign immigration to the West, ensuring that those areas retained a traditional American culture. D. They prevented the formation of larger western states that might one day dominate smaller eastern states.

A. The ordinances provided for orderly settlement and created a fair process for those areas to eventually become fully equal states.

How were the Indian uprising in 1622 and Bacon's Rebellion in 1675-1676 similar? Select one: A. The rebellions led to changes in the structure of the colony's government. B. Both events stemmed from excessive taxation and unfair land practices. C. The uprisings required the king's soldiers to intervene on the colonists' behalf. D. Both emerged out of religious differences between native peoples and the English settlers.

A. The rebellions led to changes in the structure of the colony's government.

Why did Plymouth begin to thrive after its first year while Jamestown struggled for many years? Select one: A. The religious discipline of the Plymouth settlers encouraged their stronger work ethic. B. Unlike Jamestown, Plymouth began as a royal colony and benefitted from royal control. C. Plymouth settlers' religious ideals led them to coexist peacefully with the Wampanoag Indians. D. Plymouth's long growing season allowed for greater agricultural productivity.

A. The religious discipline of the Plymouth settlers encouraged their stronger work ethic.

The Americans' major objection to the Navigation Acts related to which of the following stipulations? Select one: A. The requirement that Americans maintain a favorable balance of trade with England B. A ban on the building of oceangoing ships in the North American colonies C. Americans' obligation to export all tobacco to England, unless there was a surplus D. The prohibition on fur trading west of the Appalachian Mountains

A. The requirement that Americans maintain a favorable balance of trade with England

Pennsylvania's constitution of 1776 contained which of the following provisions? Select one: A. The right of all taxpaying men to hold office B. A bicameral legislature C. The right of all male property owners to vote D. A prohibition on slavery

A. The right of all taxpaying men to hold office

Which of the following was part of British Parliament's effort to govern the colonies after the Great War for Empire ended in 1763? Select one: A. The seizure of American vessels carrying supplies from the mainland to the French West Indies B. Replacing the Navigation Acts with free-trade reforms to promote rapid economic growth C. Leasing jobs in the royal customs departments in the colonies in order to raise more money D. The practice of turning a blind eye when colonial merchants ignored trade regulations

A. The seizure of American vessels carrying supplies from the mainland to the French West Indies

In West Africa, the Ghana Empire (800 A.D. to 1200 A.D.), the Mali Empire (1200s to the 1400s), and the fifteenth-century Songhai Empire shared which of the following characteristics? Select one: A. The use of gold as the cornerstone of their power B. The inability to raise livestock due to endemic parasites C. Reliance on hunting and gathering for food D. Adherence to the tenets of Islam

A. The use of gold as the cornerstone of their power

Which of the following factors explained the rapid growth of western cities such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and New Orleans? Select one: A. Their role in transportation networks B. Proximity to abundant coal supplies C. Their location on the fall line D. Proximity to major American banks

A. Their role in transportation networks

Which of the following was true of the "Era of Good Feeling"? Select one: A. There was apparent political harmony. B. There was an absence of economic debate in this period. C. Americans embraced state loyalties rather than national ones. D. It saw a rise in nationalism and an end to sectionalism.

A. There was apparent political harmony.

What made the British authorities wary of declaring war against the French in North America in 1754? Select one: A. They believed the American colonists were incapable of cooperating in their own defense. B. Native American tribes were sure to side with the French over the British. C. The colonists protested against the deployment of British troops in North America. D. The king insisted that the colonies were not generating enough income to support a war.

A. They believed the American colonists were incapable of cooperating in their own defense.

Which of the following was one of the ways that wageworkers strove to resist their bosses' efforts to control their nonwork lives in the early to mid-nineteenth century? Select one: A. They built a robust workers' culture that preserved their autonomy outside work. B. They defined themselves as artisans who deserved the same treatment as their employers. C. With their wives, they organized protests against bosses' rules. D. Workers came to work late, left early, and dragged out their lunch and coffee breaks.

A. They built a robust workers' culture that preserved their autonomy outside work.

Which of the following did Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville have in common? Select one: A. They criticized transcendentalism and warned against excessive individualism. B. They wrote mostly of the past and ignored current realities in the United States. C. Both warned against the restrictions imposed on individuals by social groups. D. Both celebrated the positive potential of the individual.

A. They criticized transcendentalism and warned against excessive individualism.

What did bankers, land speculators, and entrepreneurs in the 1820s to the 1840s have in common? Select one: A. They demanded government assistance for their business enterprises. B. They tended to be Democrats. C. Most of them were Whigs. D. Most rejected the ideas of the Second Great Awakening.

A. They demanded government assistance for their business enterprises.

Which of the following statements describes the Maya peoples? Select one: A. They devised a calendar system that predicted solar and lunar eclipses accurately. B. They lived under a democratic system of government without a ruling class. C. The Maya avoided any sort of decoration on their stone temples. D. The Maya derived their culture from the Spanish invaders.

A. They devised a calendar system that predicted solar and lunar eclipses accurately.

How did the British respond after their loss at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777? Select one: A. They tried to broker a negotiated settlement with the Americans. B. The British retreated to ships in New York Harbor to consider their options. C. The British doubled the size of its army in the colonies. D. Britain attempted to bolster its forces by a military alliance with Spain.

A. They tried to broker a negotiated settlement with the Americans.

Which of these describes the experiences of the young women who worked in the New England textile mills in the 1820s and 1830s? Select one: A. They were able to save their wages for later use or to help out their families. B. Mill girls lived regimented lives with scarcely any personal freedom or independence. C. Free from family supervision, these women experimented with drinking and dating. D. They often ended up as prostitutes because of the demoralization and irregularity of mill work.

A. They were able to save their wages for later use or to help out their families.

Which slaves became free as a result of the Virginia legislature's passage of a manumission act in 1782? Select one: A. Those whose masters chose to free them B. All slaves over the age of forty-five C. Any slave who could read and write D. Those who had supported the Patriot cause

A. Those whose masters chose to free them

Which of the following actions did the First Continental Congress ultimately decide to implement in 1774? Select one: A. Threatening to cut off almost all American exports to Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies B. Requesting that Thomas Jefferson draft a document outlining the rights and grievances of the American colonies C. Sending a delegation of representatives to make the American colonies' case in an upcoming meeting of Parliament D. Declaring itself a sovereign political body composed of representatives from each colony's assembly

A. Threatening to cut off almost all American exports to Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies

Which of the following statements describes slaves' lives in the North American colonies in the eighteenth century? Select one: A. Traditional musical instruments and forms persisted in most African American cultures. B. Slaves continued the ritual scarring practices that originated in many African tribes. C. Planters' control made it impossible for slaves to create or maintain strong families. D. Slaves worked conscientiously to adopt the cultural styles and values of American whites.

A. Traditional musical instruments and forms persisted in most African American cultures.

Which of the following statements characterizes the emergence of the textile industry in the United States? Select one: A. Using British textile machinery as their model, American textile producers built their own textile mills in New England and ultimately improved on British technology. B. British textile manufacturers readily sold patents for machinery and other technology to American textile mill owners. C. American men apprenticed in England to learn textile industrial technology and return as master textile mechanics. D. American textile mills were unable to compete with the British mills because America lacked the necessary natural resources.

A. Using British textile machinery as their model, American textile producers built their own textile mills in New England and ultimately improved on British technology.

What prompted many southern yeomen and tenant farmers finally to support independence from Britain in 1775? Select one: A. Virginia's royal governor's promise to free any slave who joined the Loyalists B. The economic blockade imposed by the British Navy in the Atlantic C. The harsh tactics employed by the British military in the North D. The angry Parliament's threat to ban the use of tobacco throughout the British Empire

A. Virginia's royal governor's promise to free any slave who joined the Loyalists

Which of the following statements describes transportation in the trans-Appalachian West in the early nineteenth century? Select one: A. Water transport was the quickest and cheapest way to get goods to market. B. Western canal and turnpike building depended heavily on federal government subsidies. C. Transportation improvements allowed western settlers to live as well as easterners. D. New Orleans replaced Cincinnati and St. Louis as the major western transportation hub.

A. Water transport was the quickest and cheapest way to get goods to market.

Which of the following was a result of the Crusades, which took place between 1096 and 1291 A.D.? Select one: A. Western European merchants gained awareness of Asian trade routes. B. Europeans' toleration of Jews increased. C. Christian warriors quickly expelled Muslims from most of Europe. D. Christian identity fragmented in Europe.

A. Western European merchants gained awareness of Asian trade routes.

Which region of the Union was known for its support of the declaration of war on England in 1812? Select one: A. Western and southern states B. Maritime states C. New England states D. Middle Atlantic states

A. Western and southern states

Which of the following statements best describes women's property rights in the English colonies in the eighteenth century? Select one: A. When they married, women passed legal ownership of all personal property to their husbands. B. Any land a woman owned before her marriage reverted to her ownership at her husband's death. C. Upon marriage, sons and daughters usually received equal shares of the family property. D. A widow gained control over her late husband's estate and retained it even if she remarried.

A. When they married, women passed legal ownership of all personal property to their husbands.

Which of the following was an outcome of the rural outwork system of manufacturing in the 1820s and 1830s? Select one: A. Workers' wages decreased. B. Workers' autonomy increased. C. Women were shut out of the manufacturing process. D. Employers lost control over their workplaces.

A. Workers' wages decreased.

President Martin Van Buren responded to the Panic of 1837 by Select one: A. adopting a hands-off, limited-government stance. B. depositing government gold and silver from private banks. C. instituting an extensive public works program. D. revoking Andrew Jackson's Specie Circular of 1836.

A. adopting a hands-off, limited-government stance.

On October 12, 1492, Columbus, his men, and his ships reached Select one: A. an island in the Bahamas. B. Mexico. C. Brazil. D. Florida.

A. an island in the Bahamas.

In the 1760s and early 1770s, lawyers and other educated Americans used common-law arguments mainly to Select one: A. assert the colonists' rights and liberties as Englishmen. B. call for the overthrow of King George III. C. justify smuggling in violation of the Navigation Acts. D. justify violent resistance to the Stamp Act.

A. assert the colonists' rights and liberties as Englishmen.

In North America's plantation colonies, most indentured servants Select one: A. did not escape from poverty. B. emigrated from Germany and France. C. quickly broke their contracts with their masters. D. were indistinguishable from slaves.

A. did not escape from poverty.

The main motive for King Philip II's attack on England in 1588 was to Select one: A. eradicate Protestantism in England and Holland. B. solidify Spain's hold on its American colonies. C. capture Ireland, which the English had conquered. D. punish English pirates who preyed on Spanish ships.

A. eradicate Protestantism in England and Holland.

France gave serious consideration to an alliance with the rebel colonies primarily because it regarded the war as an opportunity to Select one: A. exact revenge on Britain for defeat in the French and Indian War and the loss of Canada. B. defend Catholics in Maryland and Quebec against the potentially hostile Protestant Patriots. C. persuade the Americans to accept King Louis XVI's younger brother as their new constitutional monarch. D. annex Maine and regain the province Quebec that it had lost during the Great War for Empire.

A. exact revenge on Britain for defeat in the French and Indian War and the loss of Canada.

As a result of the Embargo Act of 1807, the American economy Select one: A. fell into a slump and the American gross national product dropped by 5 percent. B. suffered little damage because American merchants ordered their ships to trade only between neutral ports. C. suffered little damage because northeastern merchants smuggled their goods out through Canada. D. suffered considerably less damage than did the economies of both France and Britain.

A. fell into a slump and the American gross national product dropped by 5 percent.

By the middle of the eighteenth century, Chesapeake planters displayed their dominance through Select one: A. gentility. B. idleness. C. aggression. D. arrogance.

A. gentility.

Two hundred thousand Spaniards from Castile migrated to America in the 1500s in order to escape Select one: A. high taxes on agriculture and military service. B. the starvation that came with the Castilian famine. C. England's attempt to avenge King Philip through an invasion of Spain. D. King Philip II's campaign to eliminate Protestantism from the region.

A. high taxes on agriculture and military service.

As it gained power in Europe, Roman and medieval Catholicism contended with pre-Christian festivals and the agricultural cycle by Select one: A. integrating them into Christian holy days and biblical teachings. B. aiming to eradicate these pagan practices completely. C. declaring all pagan customs to be sinful and blasphemous. D. replacing pagan traditions with newly devised rites.

A. integrating them into Christian holy days and biblical teachings.

By 1770, after five years of crisis and debate over American sovereignty, Select one: A. outspoken colonial leaders had repudiated Parliament and claimed equality for their own assemblies under the king. B. George III was willing to take the title of "King of America," but Parliamentary leaders refused to divide sovereignty in this manner. C. Thomas Hutchinson and many other British officials accepted the idea of a colonial representatives serving in Parliament. D. most Americans wanted to sever their connection to the British Empire and renounce loyalty to George III.

A. outspoken colonial leaders had repudiated Parliament and claimed equality for their own assemblies under the king.

In their book American Slavery as It Is, Theodore Dwight Weld and the Grimké sisters Select one: A. presented testimony from individual southerners about the evils of slavery. B. appealed to the economic interests of southerners by arguing that slavery was unprofitable. C. refuted William Lloyd Garrison's position on the necessity of African colonization. D. openly criticized individuals who did not agree with their views on slavery.

A. presented testimony from individual southerners about the evils of slavery.

John Marshall's decisions upheld the principle of Select one: A. the supremacy of national laws over state laws. B. social welfare. C. limited government. D. states' rights.

A. the supremacy of national laws over state laws.

When the early eighteenth-century Anglo-French wars temporarily ended with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, Britain had Select one: A. won major territorial and commercial gains, including Newfoundland, Acadia, and the Hudson Bay region as well as access to the western Indian trade. B. lost control of the Iroquois and access to the western Indian trade, although it had gained control over the mouth of the Mississippi River. C. lost ground to the French in the struggle for North America, with the French then firmly in control of all territory north of New England and west of the Appalachians. D. neither gained nor lost land because both sides were exhausted and agreed to restore all territories taken from each other since 1689.

A. won major territorial and commercial gains, including Newfoundland, Acadia, and the Hudson Bay region as well as access to the western Indian trade.

How were the Spanish conquistadors, Nathaniel Bacon's frontiersmen, and the Puritans were similar? Select one: A. All groups saw themselves as God's chosen people. B. All treated the Native Americans brutally. C. They believed that they would find great wealth in the New World. D. They all tried to Christianize the native population.

B. All treated the Native Americans brutally.

What was the Second Great Awakening that took place in the United States in the nineteenth century? Select one: A. A wave of educational reforms in the early republic inspired by Thomas Grimké B. A long-lasting religious revival that made the United States a genuinely religious society C. The nationalistic cultural backlash that demonstrated a rejection of English cultural supremacy D. The republican cultural and intellectual movement inspired by Thomas Jefferson

B. A long-lasting religious revival that made the United States a genuinely religious society

Which of the following changes occurred in white society in the Chesapeake colonies at the same time that slavery was being forced on Africans? Select one: A. Small planters found it easier to prosper by purchasing slaves, making white society more egalitarian. B. A more rigid class structure with a well-defined and highly visible economic and political elite began to emerge. C. The importation of white indentured servants, especially females, increased rapidly at the same time. D. A rising mortality rate among white males was increasing the incentives for their widows to buy slaves to work the land.

B. A more rigid class structure with a well-defined and highly visible economic and political elite began to emerge.

As president, John Quincy Adams supported which of the following policies? Select one: A. Strict limits on the powers of the federal government. B. A national bank to promote a uniform currency and to control credit. C. The implementation of lower tariffs on imported products. D. A suspension on "internal improvements" by the federal government.

B. A national bank to promote a uniform currency and to control credit.

What made George Whitefield such a successful evangelical preacher in New England in the 1740s? Select one: A. Puritans' vicious denunciation of his methods B. A reputation for being "almost angelical" in appearance C. His claims of faith-healing abilities D. His 1737 book, A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God

B. A reputation for being "almost angelical" in appearance

What did Shays's Rebellion, which took place in Massachusetts in the winter of 1786-1787, demonstrate to American political leaders? Select one: A. Patriots in Massachusetts had always been more radical than those in the other states. B. A stronger national government was needed to solve the nation's monetary problems. C. The institution of slavery posed a threat to the American republic. D. Unless they gained the right to vote, propertyless men would destroy the American republic.

B. A stronger national government was needed to solve the nation's monetary problems.

In the late 1840s and the 1850s, Emersonians did which of the following? Select one: A. Suggested that most workers were incapable of higher learning B. Abandoned their quest to create new social institutions C. Rejected cash donations from wealthy followers, calling such donations "tainted funds" D. Created dozens of utopian settlements throughout New England and the Midwest

B. Abandoned their quest to create new social institutions

Which of the following groups provided the labor for Brazil's profitable plantations in 1620? Select one: A. Indigenous people B. African slaves C. Spanish settlers D. Indentured servants

B. African slaves

The Missouri Compromise prohibited slavery in which of the following regions of the Louisiana Purchase? Select one: A. All of Louisiana B. All the lands north of latitude 36°30′ except for the state of Missouri C. Only in Missouri D. All the lands south of latitude 36°30′ except for the state of Missouri

B. All the lands north of latitude 36°30′ except for the state of Missouri

Which of the following describes the relationship between social status and wealth in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century American history? Select one: A. It was difficult for Americans to advance up the social and economic ladder. B. Americans respected those who raised their status through talent and hard work. C. Americans both esteemed and envied those who benefitted from inherited social privilege. D. Wealthy American families wanted to marry their daughters to royalty for more status.

B. Americans respected those who raised their status through talent and hard work.

Which of the following consequences of the eighteenth-century Great Awakening made it historically significant? Select one: A. The consolidation of American religious fervor into a smaller number of denominations B. Americans' new freedom to challenge authority within and outside the church C. The declining importance of higher education in the American colonies D. An increasing level of admiration for the growing business community

B. Americans' new freedom to challenge authority within and outside the church

On whom did President Jackson rely for political advice? Select one: A. Chief Justice John Marshall B. An informal group called the Kitchen Cabinet C. Several key western senators, including Henry Clay D. His official cabinet officers

B. An informal group called the Kitchen Cabinet

Most of the people living in West Africa when European trade began in the early fifteenth century were Select one: A. Muslims. B. Animists. C. Yorubas. D. Jews.

B. Animists.

In which of the following lists is the emergence of American financial institutions placed in the correct chronological order? Select one: A. Second Bank of the United States, Bank of North America, land banks B. Bank of North America, Second Bank of the United States, land banks C. Land banks, Bank of North America, Second Bank of the United States D. Bank of North America, land banks, Second Bank of the United States

B. Bank of North America, Second Bank of the United States, land banks

Which of the following statements describes the extent to which parents exercised control over their children's marriages in the United States in 1800? Select one: A. Most parents encouraged marriage for love, believing that it offered the best chance for long-term economic security. B. Because landholdings shrank, parents lost leverage over their children's choices of marital partners. C. American parents typically still arranged their children's marriages in order to safeguard the families' economic welfare. D. Most parents disinherited their children if they married for sentimental rather than practical reasons.

B. Because landholdings shrank, parents lost leverage over their children's choices of marital partners.

Which of the following statements characterizes life for slaves in the West Indies in the 1700s? Select one: A. Because the price of slaves was high and increasing, slave owners treated their slaves better. B. Because the price of slaves was low and the price of sugar was high, slave owners worked their slaves to death and then replaced them with new slaves. C. The slave population skyrocketed on some Caribbean sugar islands, such as Barbados, through natural reproduction. D. The switch from sugar to tobacco cultivation saved slaves from the brutal conditions of the sugar plantations.

B. Because the price of slaves was low and the price of sugar was high, slave owners worked their slaves to death and then replaced them with new slaves.

Which of the following statements describes the impact of the Jacksonian-era constitutional revolution on the states? Select one: A. States began to pass their own tariff laws and print their own currency. B. Between 1830 and 1860, twenty states revised their charters and enhanced democracy. C. The "commonwealth" philosophy of economic development was strengthened. D. The power of state governments to regulate business was enhanced.

B. Between 1830 and 1860, twenty states revised their charters and enhanced democracy.

Which of the following statements describes the early Industrial Revolution and its impact on the American colonies in the eighteenth century? Select one: A. The Industrial Revolution had little effect on the American colonies because they were largely self-sufficient in producing commodities for internal markets. B. Britain's new ability to produce more and cheaper goods than ever before transformed American markets and raised most colonists' standard of living. C. Due to the rising anti-British sentiment, colonists boycotted British goods, so the Industrial Revolution had little impact on America. D. Agricultural equipment from new factories increased British farmers' harvests, glutted the international grain market, and decreased American farmers' ability to sell their crops.

B. Britain's new ability to produce more and cheaper goods than ever before transformed American markets and raised most colonists' standard of living.

How did evangelical Christians spread religious revival during the Second Great Awakening? Select one: A. By using better-educated preachers B. By holding large camp meetings C. By preaching the doctrine of original sin D. By creating parochial schools

B. By holding large camp meetings

Through which of the following actions did Sir Henry Clinton launch his southern campaign in 1778? Select one: A. Advancing his troops from Philadelphia toward Virginia to entrap Washington's army B. Capturing Savannah, Georgia, and mobilizing hundreds of blacks C. Fortifying his position at Philadelphia and daring Washington to attack him D. Issuing the Philipsburg Proclamation, promising freedom to rebel slaves

B. Capturing Savannah, Georgia, and mobilizing hundreds of blacks

Which of the following Renaissance-era ideologies celebrated public virtue and service to the state? Select one: A. Machiavellian philosophy B. Civic humanism C. Democracy D. Mercantilism

B. Civic humanism

Which of the following problems troubled both eastern migrants and western settlers in the American colonies in the mid-1700s? Select one: A. Shortages of English consumer goods B. Competition for land C. Rampant inflation D. A lack of markets for their products

B. Competition for land

In the sixteenth century, the Spanish crown granted encomiendas to which of the following groups? Select one: A. Catholic missionaries B. Conquistadors C. Mestizos D. Indians who converted to Catholicism

B. Conquistadors

Which of these did elite Americans embrace after the Industrial Revolution in order to set themselves apart from other groups of Americans? Select one: A. Philanthropic causes B. Conspicuous displays of their wealth through clothing and housing C. The duty to enforce moral and mental discipline in American communities D. Unitarianism

B. Conspicuous displays of their wealth through clothing and housing

In 1835, Alexis de Tocqueville wrote, "It is a constant fact that at the present day the ablest men in the United States are rarely placed at the head of affairs." To what did he attribute this phenomenon? Select one: A. More money could be made in business than in politics B. Democracy C. Industrialization D. Whig party policies

B. Democracy

Which of the following was a result of the Second Great Awakening? Select one: A. Americans turned their backs on the poor. B. Different denominations cooperated with one another. C. The gulf between American politics and religion widened further. D. Churches split into warring factions.

B. Different denominations cooperated with one another.

As part of its mercantilist policy in the late seventeenth century, England committed which of the following actions? Select one: A. Cut back on monetary appropriations to the Royal Navy B. Drove the Dutch from New Netherland C. Awarded the West African slave trade to the Spanish D. Awarded the West African slave trade to the Dutch

B. Drove the Dutch from New Netherland

Which of the following statements describes the English migrants who initially settled in the Jamestown colony in the early 1600s? Select one: A. The settlers were primarily criminals who chose relocation over prison. B. Early Jamestown settlers expected to profit from gold and Indian labor. C. They owned the Virginia Company, a tobacco-farming enterprise. D. The group consisted of English families who sought economic opportunity.

B. Early Jamestown settlers expected to profit from gold and Indian labor.

Mid-nineteenth-century publications such as Godey's Lady's Book and Catharine Beecher's Treatise on Domestic Economy did which of the following? Select one: A. Promoted the notion that higher education would make women better mothers B. Emphasized the social importance of homemaking and domesticity C. Advocated women's right to vote and hold elected offices D. Promoted less restrictive feminine clothing to protect women's health

B. Emphasized the social importance of homemaking and domesticity

In which of the following ways did the growth of rural manufacturing affect New Englanders in the early eighteenth century? Select one: A. Farmers expanded their grain crops to provide food for nonfarmers. B. Farm families became more dependent on market forces beyond their control. C. Newly available labor-saving devices decreased the number of hours needed for work. D. Increasingly reliant on wages, most farm families' standard of living declined.

B. Farm families became more dependent on market forces beyond their control.

Despite the favorable terms Americans achieved in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, they could not ultimately secure which of the following? Select one: A. Rights to fish off the coast of British Newfoundland B. Forgiveness of their debts to British merchants C. Britain's formal recognition of the thirteen colonies' independence D. The lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River

B. Forgiveness of their debts to British merchants

Which concept promoted by the Second Great Awakening reinforced its push for societal reform? Select one: A. Nativism B. Free moral agency C. Evangelism D. The importance of group prayer meetings

B. Free moral agency

Which of the following developments ended the debate over emancipation in the South in the early nineteenth century? Select one: A. A backlash against Quaker condemnation of slavery B. Gabriel Prosser's slave uprising C. The passage of the Tallmadge Amendment D. The creation of black evangelical denominations

B. Gabriel Prosser's slave uprising

Which of the following factors encouraged migrants to New France in the seventeenth century? Select one: A. Religious freedom for Protestants B. Generous terms for indentured servitude C. The lack of a French military draft D. The region's temperate climate

B. Generous terms for indentured servitude

Which of the following statements describes actions the first congressional government undertook in 1789? Select one: A. George Washington asked Congress to abolish the departments of foreign affairs, finance, and war. B. George Washington established a cabinet--or body of advisors--and an administrative bureaucracy under the president's control. C. The Judiciary Act of 1789 established thirteen district courts whose decisions would not be subject to review by the Supreme Court. D. The Judiciary Act of 1789 gave state courts jurisdiction over federal issues.

B. George Washington established a cabinet--or body of advisors--and an administrative bureaucracy under the president's control.

The first phase of the Reformation in the 1500s had its greatest success in which of the following countries? Select one: A. France B. Germany C. England D. Italy

B. Germany

What was the immediate cause of the illegal duel in which Vice President Aaron Burr killed Alexander Hamilton in 1804? Select one: A. Hamilton's decision to support Jefferson and oppose Burr in the 1800 election B. Hamilton's accusation that Burr was aiding a plot to destroy the Union C. Hamilton's affair with Burr's wife D. Burr's accusation that Hamilton was leading a Federalist secession plot

B. Hamilton's accusation that Burr was aiding a plot to destroy the Union

Which of the following describes the new industrial system that developed in early nineteenth-century America? Select one: A. It eliminated any possibility that unions could organize to defend workers' interests. B. It brought workers together under one roof in a factory. C. The system was bitterly opposed by the many critics of industrial pollution. D. The new system quickly replaced the rural outwork system.

B. It brought workers together under one roof in a factory.

Which of the following describes the Fourierist movement in America? Select one: A. Fourierists inspired Susan B. Anthony and helped launch the women's rights movement. B. It demonstrated the difficulty of creating enduring utopian communities. C. Mormonism was founded on the principles of Fourierism. D. It created a lasting and uniquely American style of furniture.

B. It demonstrated the difficulty of creating enduring utopian communities.

Why did New Englanders resent the Quebec Act of 1774? Select one: A. The measure gave southern colonies an advantage in settling the Ohio region. B. It recognized Catholicism as the official religion of Quebec. C. They had land claims that overlapped the new boundaries of Quebec. D. The bill cut severely into the region's thriving trade with French Canada.

B. It recognized Catholicism as the official religion of Quebec.

Which of the following describes Jay's Treaty of 1795? Select one: A. The treaty upheld Americans' right to ship French goods on American ships. B. It required the British to withdraw their troops from forts in the Northwest Territory. C. It required British merchants to fully compensate Americans who had prewar claims. D. The treaty established the pro-French direction of American foreign policy.

B. It required the British to withdraw their troops from forts in the Northwest Territory.

Which of the following statements describes the impact of the Columbian Exchange? Select one: A. It had a major impact on Europe but little impact on the Americas. B. It transported livestock, crops, and diseases among Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Americas. C. The new interaction spread the bubonic plague from the Americas to Europe, killing millions. D. The contact harmed the people of Europe, Africa, and Asia and benefited the populations of the New World.

B. It transported livestock, crops, and diseases among Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Americas.

Which of the following arguments did President Jackson offer as a justification for destroying the Second Bank of the United States? Select one: A. The U.S. government was forced to play too large a role in managing the bank. B. It was a monopoly that benefited only a few owners, some of whom were foreigners. C. The bank had not been successful at stabilizing the currency. D. It had not been able to influence credit in a satisfactory manner.

B. It was a monopoly that benefited only a few owners, some of whom were foreigners.

Which of the following statements characterizes the Second Bank of the United States in the 1830s? Select one: A. Most Americans welcomed the Second Bank's policy of forcing unsound western banks to close. B. Its cautious monetary policy pleased bankers, creditors, and East Coast entrepreneurs, who funded economic development. C. Eastern entrepreneurs and bankers opposed the Second Bank because it strove to limit their plans for national economic development. D. Jackson's opponents in Congress knew he opposed the Second Bank and attempted to stall a vote on its charter until he left office.

B. Its cautious monetary policy pleased bankers, creditors, and East Coast entrepreneurs, who funded economic development.

Correctly match the candidate in the 1824 presidential election with his description. Select one: A. Calhoun—Secretary of the Treasury in the Monroe administration B. Jackson—popular War of 1812 hero C. Crawford—Speaker of the House of Representatives D. Adams—choice of the Republican caucus in Congress

B. Jackson—popular War of 1812 hero

Which of the following was true of the English outwork textile industry that emerged around 1500? Select one: A. It enriched manufacturers' coffers and depleted the royal treasury. B. Landless peasants in small cottages spun and wove wool into cloth. C. Its success slowed England's efforts to explore the Western Hemisphere. D. The government aided workers by promoting wage increases.

B. Landless peasants in small cottages spun and wove wool into cloth.

How did the authorities in Great Britain respond to the American boycott of 1768-1769? Select one: A. Parliament urged removal of British troops to avoid a military confrontation with American rebels. B. Lord Hillsborough--secretary of state for American affairs--dispatched British troops to Boston. C. Convinced by colonists' constitutional objections, Parliament repealed the Townshend duties for all of the colonies. D. Parliament expanded the Townshend duties by adding tea to the list of taxable products.

B. Lord Hillsborough--secretary of state for American affairs--dispatched British troops to Boston.

Which of the following best characterizes the Native American response to whites' assimilation efforts in the Midwest in the late eighteenth century? Select one: A. Most Indian women accepted white farming practices because they could produce a greater yield more easily. B. Many Native Americans repudiated white missionaries and forced Christian converts to participate in native rituals. C. Nearly all Native Americans accommodated to these campaigns to avoid future warfare with whites. D. Nearly all Native Americans joined religions such as that of Handsome Lake, which blended Christian and native beliefs and rituals.

B. Many Native Americans repudiated white missionaries and forced Christian converts to participate in native rituals.

In which of the following ways was Chief Justice Roger Taney different from his predecessor, John Marshall? Select one: A. Unlike Marshall, Taney had a nationalistic interpretation of the commerce clause. B. Marshall was nationally oriented while Taney favored states' rights. C. Taney was a more avid believer in the sanctity of contracts. D. Marshall was a Democrat while Taney was a Whig.

B. Marshall was nationally oriented while Taney favored states' rights.

By the time the Europeans arrived in the Western Hemisphere in the 1490s, most Native Americans lived in and along which of the following regions? Select one: A. The land above the Arctic Circle, including present-day Alaska B. Mesoamerica and the western coast of South America C. The Caribbean islands D. The area that is now the United States and Canada

B. Mesoamerica and the western coast of South America

The Aztecs lived in which of the following present-day locales? Select one: A. Florida B. Mexico C. California D. Cuba

B. Mexico

In the first half of the nineteenth century, American manufacturers' main advantage over the British mills was that they had access to which of the following? Select one: A. A ready supply of cheap labor B. More natural resources C. Lower interest rates D. Cheaper shipping

B. More natural resources

What happened to the property of Loyalists during the Revolution? Select one: A. State governments seized Loyalist lands and redistributed them among Patriot landowners. B. Most Loyalist property was not seized because doing so would have violated America's republican principles. C. The Continental Congress auctioned off Loyalists' lands to raise money to fund the war. D. Most of the lands of wealthy Loyalists were seized by local governments and redistributed among Patriot tenant farmers.

B. Most Loyalist property was not seized because doing so would have violated America's republican principles.

Which of the following was true under the Articles of Confederation? Select one: A. Congress could tax the states and individuals, if necessary. B. Most of the power remained with the states. C. Bills required a unanimous vote to become laws. D. Amendments could be passed with a majority of states approving.

B. Most of the power remained with the states.

Which of the following characterizes the impact of republican ideology on child rearing in America in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries? Select one: A. Most states tightened primogeniture laws to give fathers more control over their sons. B. Most parents began to treat their more children permissively and respectfully. C. Parents began to discipline their children more stringently. D. More affluent parents rejected John Locke's idea that children were "rational beings."

B. Most parents began to treat their more children permissively and respectfully.

The Treaty of Alliance that the French and Americans signed in 1778 included which of the following stipulations? Select one: A. The French would aid the Americans but refrain from seeking new territory in the West Indies. B. Neither side would sign a separate peace that failed to recognize American independence. C. American generals would not interfere with French troops' weekly Catholic mass attendance. D. If the Americans won, they would never interfere with French territory west of the Mississippi.

B. Neither side would sign a separate peace that failed to recognize American independence.

Which of the following statements describes the change in English economic philosophy toward the colonies beginning in the 1650s? Select one: A. To increase efficiency, Americans were required to ship their goods to England on the first available vessel, whatever its nation of registry. B. No longer content with a favorable balance of trade with European countries, the English government controlled trade with the colonies. C. The English required Dutch ships to carry sugar and tobacco from America to England before delivering them elsewhere. D. Confident in the colonies' solvency, the royal government no longer required payment of American colonial debts in gold or silver coins.

B. No longer content with a favorable balance of trade with European countries, the English government controlled trade with the colonies.

Which of the following areas imported the smallest number of slaves in the early eighteenth century? Select one: A. Brazil B. North America C. Central America D. British West Indies

B. North America

Which of the following states were eventually created out of the Northwest Territory? Select one: A. Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee B. Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana C. New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware D. Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina

B. Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana

Which of the following phrases describes the federal judiciary at the time Thomas Jefferson became president in 1801? Select one: A. Understaffed and lacking direction B. Packed with hostile Federalists C. Dominated by impartial judges D. Sympathetic to the Republican Party

B. Packed with hostile Federalists

What spurred the British Parliament to repeal the Tea Act in 1778? Select one: A. The British blockade of the Atlantic coast prevented trade and the Tea Act was no longer necessary. B. Parliament hoped it would aid Britain's efforts to seek a negotiated peace with the Continental Congress. C. British tea merchants finally succeeded in convincing members of Parliament that they needed the American market. D. The British East India Tea Company had resurged and the American market was no longer needed.

B. Parliament hoped it would aid Britain's efforts to seek a negotiated peace with the Continental Congress.

Which of the following was a result of the Loyalists' exodus during and after the Revolution? Select one: A. The American Revolution became an economic as well as political revolution. B. Patriot merchants replaced Tories at the top of the economic ladder. C. Their land was confiscated and divided among the landless, who gained new rights. D. Radical democrats replaced entrepreneurial-minded merchants as American leaders.

B. Patriot merchants replaced Tories at the top of the economic ladder.

The English philosopher John Locke believed which of the following ideas? Select one: A. Most people were not qualified to exercise any influence over politics. B. People had natural rights such as life, liberty, and property. C. Education corrupted humans' natural purposes and instincts. D. Human nature was fundamentally acquisitive and competitive.

B. People had natural rights such as life, liberty, and property.

What aspect of early nineteenth-century American government had the founders condemned as contrary to republican ideals? Select one: A. The Supreme Court's judicial review B. Political parties C. The two-term presidency D. The committee system in Congress

B. Political parties

At the First Continental Congress in 1774, New England delegates advocated which of the following plans? Select one: A. The pursuit of a military alliance with Spain B. Political union and defensive military preparations C. The Congress's seizure of British Canada D. Immediate war with Britain

B. Political union and defensive military preparations

The increasing importance of women in the Protestant denominations in New England during the Second Great Awakening led to which of the following outcomes? Select one: A. Churches began to ordain female ministers. B. Premarital sex among churchgoing youth decreased significantly. C. Sexual promiscuity became more common among church members. D. Churches instituted gender-segregated prayer meetings.

B. Premarital sex among churchgoing youth decreased significantly.

Which of the following colleges was founded in the mid-eighteenth century out of the religious enthusiasm spread by the Great Awakening? Select one: A. Harvard B. Princeton C. William and Mary D. Stanford

B. Princeton

Roman Catholic immigration into the United States in the 1840s had which of the following effects? Select one: A. The influx of thousands of large Catholic families burdened public schools. B. Protestants' rejection of their new Catholic coworkers undercut trade unionism. C. Catholics' moral values and model behavior altered Protestants' negative stereotypes. D. Known for their sober ways, Irish and German immigrants fully supported the temperance movement.

B. Protestants' rejection of their new Catholic coworkers undercut trade unionism.

Noah Webster influenced American society in the late eighteenth century through which of the following means? Select one: A. Fighting a losing battle to maintain English spelling conventions in America B. Publishing dictionaries and spelling books to make American spelling and grammar more uniform C. Creating the first spelling book aimed specifically at African American children and adults D. Urging American authors to emulate British literature in order to show their genius

B. Publishing dictionaries and spelling books to make American spelling and grammar more uniform

Which of the following spurred the Panic of 1819 in the United States? Select one: A. Excessive government spending on canal-building B. Reckless practices pursued by shady state-chartered banks C. Overly restrictive lending policies of the Second Bank of the United States D. Significant inflation of agricultural prices

B. Reckless practices pursued by shady state-chartered banks

Which of the following was a characteristic of the Aztec, Mayan, and Iroquois civilizations? Select one: A. Use of complex irrigation systems B. Reliance on agriculture C. A hunter-gatherer economy D. Written language

B. Reliance on agriculture

Politicians from modest backgrounds tended to support which of the following reforms in the 1810s? Select one: A. Mandatory military service for young men B. Restrictions on imprisonment for debt C. Limited suffrage for women D. Tax increases for the rich

B. Restrictions on imprisonment for debt

On which issue was the Whig philosophy of the 1830s critically different from that of the Federalists in the 1790s? Select one: A. Industrialization B. Rule by an elite based on talent C. Role of the federal government D. National bank

B. Rule by an elite based on talent

Which Patriot leader persuaded Bostonians to create the first committee of correspondence? Select one: A. Benjamin Franklin B. Samuel Adams C. John Adams D. George Washington

B. Samuel Adams

The most numerous voluntary (nonslave) emigrants to British North America in the eighteenth century came from which of the following groups? Select one: A. Dutch B. Scots-Irish C. Germans D. English

B. Scots-Irish

The 1832 Ordinance of Nullification was based on which of the following beliefs? Select one: A. States can neither bring suit against nor tax a federal institution. B. States had the right to determine which congressional laws they would enforce. C. The people are the ultimate source of power for the national government. D. Only the president has the right to rule an act of Congress invalid.

B. States had the right to determine which congressional laws they would enforce.

Through which of the following sources did the U.S. Treasury raise most of its revenue during the first half of the 1800s? Select one: A. Excise taxes B. Tariffs on imported goods C. Corporate taxes D. Personal income taxes

B. Tariffs on imported goods

Which of the following events was the Federalists' response to the Republicans' criticism of their policies in the 1790s? Select one: A. The XYZ Affair B. The Alien and Sedition Acts C. War with France D. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

B. The Alien and Sedition Acts

Which of the following statements characterizes the relative military strengths of the British and Patriot forces during the Revolutionary War? Select one: A. Due to American shipbuilding, American naval strength roughly matched that of the British Navy. B. The British could expect support from thousands of Loyalists in the colonies and many Indian tribes. C. The Patriots could count on more help from Indians than could the British. D. The Americans relied mostly on a standing army of about 48,000 men.

B. The British could expect support from thousands of Loyalists in the colonies and many Indian tribes.

The power of human reason, a world ordered by natural laws, and the progressive improvement of society are associated with which of the following movements? Select one: A. The Society of Friends B. The Enlightenment C. The Great Awakening D. Puritanism

B. The Enlightenment

What did the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution specify should be done in an election like the election of 1824, in which no presidential candidate received a majority of the electoral votes? Select one: A. Congress appoints a special bipartisan commission. B. The House of Representatives decides the outcome. C. The candidate with the most electoral votes wins. D. The Supreme Court intervenes to determine the winner.

B. The House of Representatives decides the outcome.

Which of the following statements characterizes the legacy of the Spanish conquest in the New World in the sixteenth century? Select one: A. Their presence created only a very small, mixed-blood population because interracial sexual contact was rare. B. The Spanish government and missionaries waged a campaign to suppress indigenous cultures. C. The Spanish found much gold but squandered it in their attempt to convert the indigenous peoples. D. Tribal populations increased in size following the introduction of European technology.

B. The Spanish government and missionaries waged a campaign to suppress indigenous cultures.

Which of the following events provoked a major crisis for Puritans in Massachusetts in the seventeenth century? Select one: A. A Dutch blockade of the Boston harbor B. The annulment of Massachusetts' charter C. The introduction of slavery into the colony D. The Stono Rebellion

B. The annulment of Massachusetts' charter

Which of the following statements describes the status of European monarchs in 1450? Select one: A. Monarchs were figureheads while parliamentary bodies ruled. B. The authority of the monarchs was often challenged by local nobles. C. European kings and princes had little political power at this time. D. They were absolute rulers who controlled every aspect of society.

B. The authority of the monarchs was often challenged by local nobles.

Which of the following statements describes the historical significance of the April 1776 Battle of Lexington and Concord? Select one: A. Colonial militias were caught off guard by the surprise British attack. B. The bloodshed that took place made further compromise impossible. C. Hundreds of British soldiers were killed in each battle. D. The British captured rebel weapons and several prominent Patriot leaders.

B. The bloodshed that took place made further compromise impossible.

How did the appearance of canals and steamboats in the United States affect the flow of goods and information during the 1830s? Select one: A. By 1840, farmers could to ship ten times as much flour as they could in 1835. B. The canals and steamboats cut in half most travel and communication time. C. Newspapers, mail, and business communications traveled five times faster than a decade earlier. D. Canals and steamboats had little effect on the nation's economic development.

B. The canals and steamboats cut in half most travel and communication time.

The Trail of Tears was the direct consequence of which of the following government actions? Select one: A. Worcester v. Georgia B. The Bad Axe Massacre C. Indian Removal Act of 1830 D. The Louisiana Purchase

C. Indian Removal Act of 1830

Which of the following describes the significance of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England and America? Select one: A. The event led to a period of lax British rule of its American colonies, with few new laws or taxes. B. The change represented a major step toward democracy in both England and the North American colonies. C. It created democratic governments in Massachusetts, New York, and Maryland, but not in England. D. It had little impact on either England or North America apart from overthrowing James II.

B. The change represented a major step toward democracy in both England and the North American colonies.

Which of the following developments was an outcome of the eighteenth-century consumer revolution? Select one: A. Transatlantic trade decreased. B. The colonies became more dependent on overseas credits and markets. C. Unable to compete with the British, colonial manufacturers closed down. D. Americans became more self-sufficient.

B. The colonies became more dependent on overseas credits and markets.

On what basis did the American colonists object to the vice-admiralty courts in which violators of the Sugar Act were tried? Select one: A. Colonists did not believe they should be prosecuted by the same courts as British criminals. B. The courts were run by British-appointed judges and did not involve juries. C. These courts were located in Britain and defendants were required to pay for travel. D. They were administered by the British Navy rather than civilian officials.

B. The courts were run by British-appointed judges and did not involve juries.

Why did Thomas Jefferson call his election to the presidency the "Revolution of 1800"? Select one: A. There was no true majority, so the Supreme Court determined his victory. B. The government changed peacefully despite bitter partisan conflict and foreign crisis. C. He subsequently filled the Supreme Court with Republican judges. D. He removed Federalists and installed all new government officials.

B. The government changed peacefully despite bitter partisan conflict and foreign crisis.

The colonists' real objections to the Sugar Act stemmed from which of the following? Select one: A. Its strict penalties, which discouraged smuggling and raised prices B. The growing administrative power of the British government over the colonies C. The high taxes, which would bankrupt many merchants D. Britain's intention to make the colonists pay for their own defense

B. The growing administrative power of the British government over the colonies

Which of the following statements characterizes the nature of colonial Pennsylvania during the eighteenth century? Select one: A. Because the Quakers insisted on social equality and justice, few economic inequalities developed until the 1790s. B. The growing wheat trade in the mid-eighteenth century brought an influx of poor families, which increased social divisions. C. German and Scots-Irish farmers soon became the richest ethnic groups in rural Pennsylvania. D. Despite the Quakers' ideals, rural colonial Pennsylvania was never a land of economic equality.

B. The growing wheat trade in the mid-eighteenth century brought an influx of poor families, which increased social divisions.

Which of the following statements characterized the currency problems that plagued the American colonies in the early and mid-eighteenth century? Select one: A. The Currency Act required New England colonies to set up land banks and to issue paper money, which quickly depreciated in value. B. The lack of currency in the colonies led New England states to issue paper money, which English creditors increasingly refused to accept. C. The colonists rejected British currency and required British merchants to buy their products using gold and silver coins. D. Recent discoveries of gold and silver, as well as the seizure of Spanish ships, greatly increased the supply of coins in the colonies.

B. The lack of currency in the colonies led New England states to issue paper money, which English creditors increasingly refused to accept.

Which constitutional provision demonstrated the framers' lack of trust in the "people"? Select one: A. The existence of a Supreme Court B. The method of electing the president C. The Supremacy Clause D. The election provisions for the House of Representatives

B. The method of electing the president

Which of the following was a consequence of the large increase of paper currency in circulation in the states during the Revolutionary War years? Select one: A. It caused many Loyalists to switch their allegiance to the Patriot cause. B. The paper bills quickly fell in value, becoming nearly worthless. C. Paper currency made it easier for American families to buy goods. D. The printing of additional bills allowed most Americans to become very wealthy.

B. The paper bills quickly fell in value, becoming nearly worthless.

What was the gag rule passed by the House of Representatives in 1836? Select one: A. It suspended the writ of habeas corpus for any abolitionist speaker arrested for violating antiabolitionist laws. B. The policy automatically tabled and prevented discussion of any antislavery petitions received by the House. C. The rule made it a federal crime to distribute abolitionist tracts in any state where slavery was legal. D. It prevented southern politicians from giving proslavery speeches on the floor of the House.

B. The policy automatically tabled and prevented discussion of any antislavery petitions received by the House.

Which of these factors contributed to the tremendous increase in commercialized sex in the new cities of the mid-nineteenth century? Select one: A. An influx of immigrants from southern and eastern European counties B. The subsistence wages and exploitative conditions of women's jobs C. Mainstream churches' timidity about addressing sexual issues explicitly D. Cities' refusal to pass legislation banning prostitution and pornography

B. The subsistence wages and exploitative conditions of women's jobs

Which of the following was the message of Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography, published in full in 1818? Select one: A. His belief that only the display of wealth through clothing and housing mattered B. The suggestion that an industrious man could become wealthy C. The lesson that men's hard work was a waste of effort and accomplished nothing D. His personal belief that men from the lower classes could not raise themselves from poverty

B. The suggestion that an industrious man could become wealthy

Why was Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 significant? Select one: A. Through this treaty, the English stopped arming the Indians around the Great Lakes. B. The treaty opened the Mississippi River and New Orleans to American trade. C. Through this treaty, Jefferson and Madison negotiated the Louisiana Purchase. D. The treaty lowered the price of western lands, making them affordable to farmers.

B. The treaty opened the Mississippi River and New Orleans to American trade.

Which of the following was true for the Iroquois in New York during the period of imperial warfare in the early eighteenth century? Select one: A. The Iroquois swore loyalty to the English in time of war but also aided the American colonists. B. The tribe allied with France and Britain and declared their intention to remain neutral. C. The tribe declared itself a French ally but then destroyed a number of French settlements. D. They became embroiled in conflicts between Indians and Europeans in the Carolinas.

B. The tribe allied with France and Britain and declared their intention to remain neutral.

Which aspect of the Townshend Acts posed a great danger to American political autonomy, according to the colonists? Select one: A. Reduction of the English land tax B. The use of its revenue to pay royal officials C. High tariffs on paint and paper D. Its incompatibility with English common law

B. The use of its revenue to pay royal officials

Which of the following describes the Dutch colony of New Netherland in the seventeenth century? Select one: A. The colony grew rapidly due to the success of slavery. B. The venture failed to attract many settlers. C. It quickly became the most profitable of Holland's overseas colonies. D. Its settlers coexisted peacefully alongside the area's native people.

B. The venture failed to attract many settlers.

Why was the Battle of Saratoga historically significant? Select one: A. It lulled the British into a false sense of security. B. The victory ensured the French would join in an alliance with the Americans. C. The British captured more than 5,000 American troops. D. The loss showed the need for better training for the Patriot troops.

B. The victory ensured the French would join in an alliance with the Americans.

Which of the following motivations drove the Spanish conquistadors who followed Columbus to the Americas in the early sixteenth century? Select one: A. A wish to create safe havens for Protestant sects that had been persecuted by the Catholic Church in Spain B. Their thirst for battle and riches as well as land in the conquered territory and titles of nobility C. Their desire to acquire fame by naming the new lands after themselves D. The impulse to spread Christianity, even if it limited their opportunities for wealth and power

B. Their thirst for battle and riches as well as land in the conquered territory and titles of nobility

Why were Delaware, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut among the first to ratify the United States Constitution? Select one: A. They hoped to gain protection through an association with larger states. B. These states wanted a strong government to counter the power of the larger states. C. They understood the document's provision for income taxes. D. These states were eager to see the document's Bill of Rights take effect.

B. These states wanted a strong government to counter the power of the larger states.

Why did a group of prominent citizens found the American Colonization Society in 1817? Select one: A. The group promoted the development of American colonies in Latin America that could eventually become states. B. They aimed to encourage Southern planters to emancipate their slaves for resettlement in Africa. C. The organizers sought to promote white American settlement on the Pacific coast to forestall European encroachment. D. Their goal was to establish colonies of freed blacks in the American West, far from white settlements.

B. They aimed to encourage Southern planters to emancipate their slaves for resettlement in Africa.

Which of the following describes the nineteenth-century Shakers? Select one: A. They believed men were spiritually weaker than women. B. They allowed both women and men to govern their communities. C. They excluded African Americans in order to maintain racial purity. D. Men greatly outnumbered women in Shaker communities.

B. They allowed both women and men to govern their communities.

What method did Chesapeake planters use in the early eighteenth century to prevent slave revolts? Select one: A. Planters paid slaves for extra work and permitted them to buy their own freedom. B. They bought slaves of different ethnic backgrounds to limit their ability to organize. C. Planters provided basic education to which free blacks had no access. D. They provided incentives such as holiday feasts for compliant slaves.

B. They bought slaves of different ethnic backgrounds to limit their ability to organize.

Why did Chesapeake slave owners increasingly rally to the Patriot cause? Select one: A. Southern slave owners needed northerners' support to ensure the preservation of the institution of slavery throughout the colonies. B. They feared the British would seize control of courts and assemblies in the South if they succeeded in doing so in Massachusetts. C. They conducted most of their economic transactions through Boston or New York, which were already embroiled in the crisis. D. The Southern gentry blamed British economic regulations for the drop in their standard of living to a level below that of northern farmers.

B. They feared the British would seize control of courts and assemblies in the South if they succeeded in doing so in Massachusetts.

Which of the following statements describes Native American peoples east of the Mississippi River? Select one: A. Men made all of the decisions regarding agriculture. B. They had no single style of political organization. C. Their standard of living and populations increased dramatically in the century preceding the arrival of the Europeans. D. They developed elaborate systems of water storage and irrigation.

B. They had no single style of political organization.

How did the Daughters of Liberty contribute to the American boycott of British goods in the late 1760s? Select one: A. The group amassed signatures and sent petitions to Parliament for redress. B. They promoted nonimportation by making and wearing homespun cloth. C. Women joined public protests demanding the resignation of British officials. D. They published the names of merchants who imported British goods.

B. They promoted nonimportation by making and wearing homespun cloth.

Which of the following describes the minstrel shows that became popular in American cities in the 1840s? Select one: A. Minstrel shows contributed to the problem of prostitution in the big cities. B. They were a popular form of entertainment and social criticism. C. Minstrel shows celebrated the lifestyle of the "b'hoys." D. They were pioneered by P. T. Barnum, who founded the Barnum & Bailey Circus.

B. They were a popular form of entertainment and social criticism.

Which of the following was true of the Restoration Colonies of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and the Carolinas in the 1660s? Select one: A. They were all founded by wealthy investors looking for riches in the New World. B. They were created by Charles II as he expanded English power in America. C. Their constitutions re-created Europe's manorial system in America. D. Their rulers envisioned a traditional Anglican social order lead by a gentry class.

B. They were created by Charles II as he expanded English power in America.

Society's notion of women as republican wives and mothers was based on which of the following ideas about women? Select one: A. Their virtue would civilize the business world. B. They were uniquely qualified to educate and nurture the spirit. C. Women learned through doing and did not need formal education. D. Women were fundamentally tainted by the sins of Eve.

B. They were uniquely qualified to educate and nurture the spirit.

Which of the following describes the Missouri Compromise, enacted in 1820? Select one: A. The legislation encouraged many southern plantation owners to emancipate their slaves. B. This piece of legislation set a precedent for future states' admission to the Union. C. It offered compensation to any Missouri slave owner who freed his slaves voluntarily. D. Its quick adoption indicated Americans' desire to prevent national divisions over the issue of slavery.

B. This piece of legislation set a precedent for future states' admission to the Union.

The economic livelihood of the Virginia colony in the 1700s depended on which of the following products? Select one: A. Fish B. Tobacco C. Corn D. Cotton

B. Tobacco

In the early 1800s, which group would have endorsed Thomas Jefferson's and Benjamin Rush's proposals for comprehensive public education? Select one: A. Yeoman farmers B. Wealthy New England merchants C. Laborers D. Planter aristocrats

B. Wealthy New England merchants

How did the British government respond to hostilities in America in 1754? Select one: A. Parliament shifted responsibility for military defense to a colonial assembly to be convened at Albany. B. William Pitt and Lord Halifax persuaded Prime Minister Pelham to start a war in America against the French. C. Parliament voted to adopt a Plan of Union for the colonies. D. Prime Minister Henry Pelham called for a massive troop buildup to conquer French Canada.

B. William Pitt and Lord Halifax persuaded Prime Minister Pelham to start a war in America against the French.

In the election of 1840, Whigs boosted their electoral hopes by appealing to which of the following groups? Select one: A. Irish immigrants B. Women C. Wealthy Northern businessmen D. Freemasons

B. Women

What was the net effect of republican marriage patterns on the institution of marriage in early nineteenth-century America? Select one: A. Most marital unions ended in divorce. B. Young wives could no longer rely on their parents for emotional or financial support and became more dependent on their husbands. C. Birthrates in northern seaboard states increased. D. Husbands and wives shared responsibility for child-rearing decisions and for the management of property.

B. Young wives could no longer rely on their parents for emotional or financial support and became more dependent on their husbands.

The Hohokams, Mogollon, and Anasazi peoples who lived in present-day Arizona and New Mexico around A.D. 1000 Select one: A. declined because of soil exhaustion and a long drought after A.D. 1150. B. employed irrigation to grow four or five crops a year. C. declined because of their failure to use irrigation. D. evolved into the Navajo tribe.

B. employed irrigation to grow four or five crops a year.

The encomiendas granted by the Spanish crown in the sixteenth century consisted of Select one: A. building supplies for New World churches. B. legal control over American land and Indian labor. C. large quantities of gold and silver. D. farming tools and herds of livestock.

B. legal control over American land and Indian labor.

By the mid-1500s, Spain's main goal in North America was to Select one: A. control the fur trade of the North American interior. B. maintain its dominance and power in the region. C. discover new Indian kingdoms that could be conquered and exploited. D. establish colonies of settlement along the Atlantic coast.

B. maintain its dominance and power in the region.

Typically, when an English woman of the fifteenth century married, she Select one: A. gave up ownership of her property to her husband. B. owned property jointly with her husband. C. lost any claim to all of the family's property on her husband's death. D. received full control of the family's property on her husband's death.

B. owned property jointly with her husband.

The Stamp Act was instituted by Parliament in the colonies in 1765; it was Select one: A. barely passed by a divided Parliament deeply concerned about American opposition. B. part of England's plan to create a more centralized imperial system in America. C. supported by Benjamin Franklin and other prominent colonial leaders as a reasonable tax. D. problematic because it bore heavily on the poorest colonists and exempted the rich.

B. part of England's plan to create a more centralized imperial system in America.

In the aftermath of the nullification crisis, President Jackson responded to southern concerns about the tariff by Select one: A. attempting unsuccessfully to have Congress repeal the Tariff of 1832. B. persuading Congress to pass a new tariff that gradually reduced duties. C. insisting that high protective tariffs were in the national interest. D. insisting that he had won the conflict and disregarding the issue.

B. persuading Congress to pass a new tariff that gradually reduced duties.

The Second Great Awakening deeply influenced American culture and society by Select one: A. reinforcing the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. B. promoting the ideas of human reason and free will. C. increasing the intellectual power of Protestant preaching. D. increasing respect for hierarchical authority in American churches.

B. promoting the ideas of human reason and free will.

Anne Hutchinson was banished from Massachusetts Bay for Select one: A. engaging in adultery and sexual promiscuity. B. questioning the idea that good works led to salvation. C. teaching that believers did not need to obey church rules. D. claiming that women were the full equals of men.

B. questioning the idea that good works led to salvation.

In 1801, Jefferson responded to the Barbary States' threats against American shipping by Select one: A. announcing that it was too expensive to maintain the navy that the Federalists had built to deal with this threat and that it would be cheaper to pay a higher tribute. B. refusing tribute payments, retaliating against renewed Barbary attacks, then working out a diplomatic solution involving much lower tribute payments. C. ordering a naval bombardment and the landing of U.S. Marines, who destroyed the Barbary States' capacity to harass American shipping. D. "showing the flag" through a token bombardment of the Barbary States but, in the end, continuing to pay the same tribute.

B. refusing tribute payments, retaliating against renewed Barbary attacks, then working out a diplomatic solution involving much lower tribute payments.

In Maryland, the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution was characterized by Select one: A. an uprising that became a decade-long war. B. the establishment of the Church of England as the official church. C. the abolition of indentured servitude. D. the loss of power of the planter elite to yeomen farmers.

B. the establishment of the Church of England as the official church.

The Great Compromise led to which of the following outcomes? Select one: A. A division of powers between the states and the national government. B. The separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. C. A bicameral legislature with a House of Representatives and a Senate. D. Interstate and foreign trade controlled by the national government.

C. A bicameral legislature with a House of Representatives and a Senate.

Sequoyah developed which of the following to assimilate members of the Cherokee tribe into American life? Select one: A. A bank that issued notes to encourage economic development for the Cherokee tribe B. A political party that appealed to Native Americans of all tribes C. A perfected system of writing for the Cherokee language D. A new charter of government modeled directly on the U.S. Constitution

C. A perfected system of writing for the Cherokee language

The British strategy in its military campaign in the South in 1778 relied on which of the following factors? Select one: A. Quick and easy victory in Virginia, which they viewed as the most important southern colony B. A plan to use Loyalists to fight backcountry Patriots C. A plan to use Loyalists to administer the territories they expected to capture D. Their refusal to exploit racial divisions, fearing that such a strategy might backfire

C. A plan to use Loyalists to administer the territories they expected to capture

Which of the following statements explains the Patriots' successful revolution against Great Britain? Select one: A. British officers were inexperienced with combat and committed an incredible series of blunders. B. The number of Loyalists and Indians who supported the British was never large enough to provide critical support. C. About one-third of the population strongly supported the war and was willing to finance the fighting through inflation. D. Guerrilla fighters in the Patriot militias wore down British troops, even though the Continental army rarely won a battle.

C. About one-third of the population strongly supported the war and was willing to finance the fighting through inflation.

Abolitionist leaders used which of the following in their crusade to end slavery in the middle of the 1800s? Select one: A. Lecture tours demanding the end of the international slave trade B. Financial support for free blacks willing to foment rebellion in the South C. Aid to fugitive slaves D. Continuous demonstrations against slavery outside the White House

C. Aid to fugitive slaves

Which of the following was an outcome of the American Industrial Revolution in the early nineteenth century? Select one: A. Increasing numbers of white Americans became self-employed. B. Skilled craftsmen found their talents in great demand. C. American businesses soon dominated in many European markets. D. Labor unions became the government-sanctioned voice for the working class.

C. American businesses soon dominated in many European markets.

What did Alexis de Tocqueville mean when he used the term individualism to describe American society in 1835? Select one: A. The American people welcomed all types of immigrants, regardless of ethnicity or religion. B. Americans valued and respected differing views on political topics. C. Americans lived in social isolation, without any ties to caste, class, association, or family. D. Most Americans were uninfluenced by political parties and did not vote by party lines.

C. Americans lived in social isolation, without any ties to caste, class, association, or family.

Which of the following served as a catalyst for the 1794 domestic insurgency known as the Whiskey Rebellion? Select one: A. The Panic of 1793 B. High interest rates C. An excise tax D. Farm foreclosures

C. An excise tax

Which of the Pueblo peoples built hundreds of miles of straight roads across the desert in the American Southwest to facilitate trade? Select one: A. Apaches B. Hohokams C. Anasazis D. Mogollons

C. Anasazis

To which of the following causes did Isabella Graham and Joanna Bethune contribute in the early nineteenth century? Select one: A. Moral reform B. Temperance C. Assisting widows and orphans D. Woman's rights

C. Assisting widows and orphans

Which of the following statements describes the American Revolution's impact on civilians in areas that saw military conflicts? Select one: A. British troops followed the laws of war, but Americans frequently targeted Loyalist civilians. B. Wartime violence was limited to the battlefield and nearby civilians were left unharmed. C. Both British and American troops were known to loot farms and harass and rape civilian women. D. British troops frequently attacked civilian targets despite Patriots' efforts to protect them.

C. Both British and American troops were known to loot farms and harass and rape civilian women.

Which of the following statements characterizes responses to the planned Stamp Act? Select one: A. Many Americans would probably have accepted the act if they had also gained representation in Parliament. B. Colonial leaders agreed with Franklin's proposal, arguing that delegates from the colonies could exert great power in Parliament. C. British politicians, with the exception of William Pitt, refused to consider the idea of American representation in Parliament. D. Thinking that Parliament was bluffing, most Americans paid little attention to the issue until the act went into effect.

C. British politicians, with the exception of William Pitt, refused to consider the idea of American representation in Parliament.

People from which of the following groups modeled themselves after the English aristocracy in the first half of the eighteenth century? Select one: A. Philadelphia artisans B. Massachusetts farmers C. Chesapeake landowners D. New York yeomen

C. Chesapeake landowners

Which of the following statements describes the relationship of typical New England women to the church in the eighteenth century? Select one: A. Church attendance was obligatory for everyone, but only men could obtain church membership. B. Women and men joined churches in equal numbers, but men dominated the leadership. C. Churches were filled primarily with women but led exclusively by men. D. Women flocked to New England churches because they were regarded as equals there.

C. Churches were filled primarily with women but led exclusively by men.

Which of the following statements characterizes the colonial shipbuilding industry during the early eighteenth century? Select one: A. Philadelphia alone built and launched about 15,000 tons of freighters annually. B. Most shipbuilding took place in New Jersey and Connecticut. C. Colonial-built ships eventually made up about a third of the British merchant fleet. D. Colonial shipbuilders relied on imported British rope and sails.

C. Colonial-built ships eventually made up about a third of the British merchant fleet.

Which of the following statements describes rural life in the New England colonies during the eighteenth century? Select one: A. Long-settled areas frequently lost much of their population as farmers continued to migrate westward. B. Farmers' grown children clung to their ancestral towns, fearful of moving westward where they might encounter harsh living conditions. C. Colonists' sense of personal worth and dignity in rural New England contrasted sharply with European peasant life. D. As the colonial elite consolidated its power, yeomen farmers tended to sink to the level of impoverished European peasants.

C. Colonists' sense of personal worth and dignity in rural New England contrasted sharply with European peasant life.

Which of the following was part of William Pitt's strategy to mobilize the American colonists for the Great War for Empire in 1756? Select one: A. Promising that the colonists could gain access to land in the Ohio Valley if they won the war B. Threatening that a French victory would require the colonists to become Roman Catholics C. Committing to provide a fleet of British ships and 30,000 soldiers to North America D. Agreeing that Britain would pay the full cost of all the troops raised by the colonies

C. Committing to provide a fleet of British ships and 30,000 soldiers to North America

Why did it take the Continental Congress several years to ratify the Articles of Confederation? Select one: A. Fighting the war was a higher priority than creating a new national government. B. There was disagreement over how many votes each state should have in the new Congress. C. Disputes over western land claims led some states to block ratification. D. Many Patriots feared that any national government, no matter how weak, would eventually abuse its power.

C. Disputes over western land claims led some states to block ratification.

Which of the following eighteenth-century Pennsylvania immigrant groups quickly lost its cultural identity by practicing intermarriage with other Protestants? Select one: A. English Quakers B. Swedish Lutherans C. Dutch Huguenots D. Scots-Irish Presbyterians

C. Dutch Huguenots

Which of the following statements characterizes eighteenth-century religious practice in Pennsylvania? Select one: A. Quakers increasingly married outside their faith. B. Most members of religious congregations faithfully observed the Sabbath. C. Each religious sect enforced moral behavior among its members. D. Quaker congregations lacked the power to punish individuals who broke the moral code.

C. Each religious sect enforced moral behavior among its members.

Which of the following was characteristic of both the Mississippian and Pueblo peoples? Select one: A. Hieroglyphic writing B. Small-scale communities of hunters and farmers C. Elaborate ceremonial and urban sites D. Pyramids

C. Elaborate ceremonial and urban sites

Although women made few gains in the eighteenth century, they did achieve a degree of progress in 1790 when they won which of the following? Select one: A. The right to hold office in Rhode Island B. The right of entry into college in Virginia C. Equal access to public education in Massachusetts D. Suffrage in New York State

C. Equal access to public education in Massachusetts

Which of the following statements characterizes the participation of farmers in the Patriot movement by 1774? Select one: A. American sentiment against the British royal officials was initially aroused by farmers' protests. B. Traditionally conservative, most farmers wanted nothing to do with the urban-based rebel movement. C. Farmers, angered by high taxes and Britain's demands that their sons do military service, increasingly backed the rebel cause. D. Farmers supported the boycotts because increased domestic demand pushed up prices on agricultural products.

C. Farmers, angered by high taxes and Britain's demands that their sons do military service, increasingly backed the rebel cause.

Which of the following statements best describes inheritance patterns in colonial New England during the mid-1700s? Select one: A. Every family's eldest son inherited its entire property. B. Typically, sons received their inheritance at age twenty-one. C. Fathers had a cultural duty to provide inheritances for their children. D. Daughters—not sons—received a "marriage portion" when they married.

C. Fathers had a cultural duty to provide inheritances for their children.

The growth of the textile industry in New England in the early nineteenth century negatively affected which of the following occupations? Select one: A. Farming B. Tanning C. Fishing D. Tree cutting

C. Fishing

Which of the following statements describes the Boston Massacre, which took place on March 5, 1770? Select one: A. British troops burned the Massachusetts colonial assembly building and killed two members. B. British troops hung five protesters found guilty of treason against Parliament and the king. C. Five Bostonians were shot and killed by British troops who were later exonerated of the crime. D. American rioters ransacked the five stores selling British goods and hung their owners in public.

C. Five Bostonians were shot and killed by British troops who were later exonerated of the crime.

Which of the following was a provision of the Treaty of Paris of 1763? Select one: A. England received both of the French sugar islands in the West Indies. B. Spain acquired Louisiana and all of France's territory in Canada. C. France lost all of her North American territory east of the Mississippi River. D. England acquired all French territory in continental North America.

C. France lost all of her North American territory east of the Mississippi River.

Which of the following combinations describes wealthy Chesapeake and Southern women in the first half of the eighteenth century? Select one: A. Uneducated and lonely B. Industrious and political C. Genteel and deferential D. Illiterate and hardy

C. Genteel and deferential

For which of the following reasons did the British government resolve to punish the boycotters and enforce the Townshend Duties by 1769? Select one: A. Disappointed by American-made products, many colonists had stopped boycotting British products by this time. B. The Radical Whig John Wilkes, an American sympathizer, became leader of the majority in the House of Commons. C. Hard-hit by the boycott, British merchants and manufacturers petitioned Parliament to repeal the Townshend Duties. D. The boycott's negative effect was less than the government expected because so few people complied.

C. Hard-hit by the boycott, British merchants and manufacturers petitioned Parliament to repeal the Townshend Duties.

Why was Toussaint L'Ouverture a significant figure in the 1790s? Select one: A. The leader negotiated with John Jay to create the terms of the Jay Treaty. B. L'Ouverture solicited a loan and bribe from American diplomats in France. C. He led black Haitians in their fight to seize control of Saint-Domingue. D. L'Ouverture became the first president of the new French Republic.

C. He led black Haitians in their fight to seize control of Saint-Domingue.

For which of the following reasons was Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts Bay in 1636? Select one: A. The Puritan minister condemned the separation of church and state. B. He urged the establishment of Anglicanism as the state religion. C. He questioned the English seizure of native people's lands. D. Williams criticized the lack of laws regulating moral behavior in the colony.

C. He questioned the English seizure of native people's lands.

Which of the following describe John Tyler and his presidency? Select one: A. Tyler was a longtime supporter of the American system. B. He had become famous as a hero during the War of 1812. C. He so angered Whigs that he was kicked out of the party while president. D. Tyler's presidency faithfully upheld Harrison's priorities.

C. He so angered Whigs that he was kicked out of the party while president.

Which of the following qualities did Henry David Thoreau urge in his readers, as demonstrated by the statement, "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer"? Select one: A. Musicality B. Stubbornness C. Individuality D. Expressiveness

C. Individuality

Who replaced the Lowell Mill workers when they refused in the 1830s to work until conditions improved? Select one: A. Free blacks B. Women workers C. Irish immigrants D. German immigrants

C. Irish immigrants

Which of the following native groups capitalized on its geographic location in central New York and remained a significant political force in North America long after colonization? Select one: A. Pequots B. Algonquians C. Iroquois D. Wampanoags

C. Iroquois

The construction of the Erie Canal, the first great engineering project in American history, was successful for which of the following reasons? Select one: A. The federal government provided financial backing for the project. B. It followed the same mountain passes as the National Road. C. It increased the speed of shipping and travel while greatly lowering its cost. D. The canal charged only minor fees for its toll bridges, making its use profitable.

C. It increased the speed of shipping and travel while greatly lowering its cost.

For which of the following reasons did the 1686 Dominion of New England anger American colonists? Select one: A. It combined the colonial legislatures into one body. B. The plan threatened to prohibit slavery in the colonies. C. It invalidated the Massachusetts Bay colony's original land titles. D. The plan banned the Puritans' religious practices.

C. It invalidated the Massachusetts Bay colony's original land titles.

Why was Hamilton's financial plan so controversial? Select one: A. The plan neglected the growing importance of manufacturing internationally. B. It required Congress to recompense those who originally owned Confederation securities. C. It lined the pockets of wealthy investors and speculators. D. Its proposed national bank was blatantly unconstitutional.

C. It lined the pockets of wealthy investors and speculators.

In which of the following ways did the Rockingham ministry in Britain fashion a compromise to the Stamp Act crisis in 1766? Select one: A. The ministry reaffirmed the Sugar Act, repealed the Stamp Act, and stationed troops in Boston. B. The Earl of Rockingham repealed both the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act. C. It repealed the Stamp Act, lowered the molasses tax, and crafted the Declaratory Act. D. It revised the Sugar Act to apply only to molasses produced on British sugar islands.

C. It repealed the Stamp Act, lowered the molasses tax, and crafted the Declaratory Act.

Which of the following statements is true of the Quaker religion in the 1660s? Select one: A. The Quaker clergy were among the best educated in the colonies. B. Quakers held beliefs that were very similar to those of Puritans. C. It taught that God imbued all men and women with an "inner light" of grace. D. Quakerism was the American version of the Church of England.

C. It taught that God imbued all men and women with an "inner light" of grace.

Which of the following objections to the system of state-sponsored mercantilism emerged in the United States by 1820? Select one: A. The system took advantage of public corporations for private purposes. B. State mercantilism placed the good of rural outworkers before that of city merchants. C. It violated the equal rights of citizens and lessened the power of government. D. Mercantilist policies levied high taxes on corporations, limiting economic growth.

C. It violated the equal rights of citizens and lessened the power of government.

Which of the following describes the purpose of Henry David Thoreau's book Walden? Select one: A. It warned of the dangers that could arise from too many efforts to promote and create social reform. B. It was intended to serve as a guidebook for others who wanted to learn how to survive alone in the woods. C. It was written to document Walden's spiritual search for meaning beyond the artificiality of "civilized" life. D. The book sought to advise farmers on practical matters that would increase the profitability of small farms.

C. It was written to document Walden's spiritual search for meaning beyond the artificiality of "civilized" life.

The extent of violence perpetrated by whites against slaves in any particular geographic area depended on which of the following factors? Select one: A. Its religious composition B. Its population density C. Its racial composition D. The region's relationship with England

C. Its racial composition

How did the finances of the Continental Congress compare to those of the states during the first two years of the Revolutionary War? Select one: A. The states collected sufficient revenue through tax collection, but the Continental Congress lacked the authority to tax. B. Because they benefited from both land and excise taxes, neither the states nor the Continental Congress experienced financial burdens at this time. C. Like the states, the Continental Congress lacked income and issued paper money in an effort to sustain itself. D. While states suffered from the lack of funds, the Continental Congress achieved financial solvency through tax collection.

C. Like the states, the Continental Congress lacked income and issued paper money in an effort to sustain itself.

Who is considered the first real politician, partly because he created the first statewide political machine? Select one: A. Andrew Jackson B. John Quincy Adams C. Martin Van Buren D. Alexander Hamilton

C. Martin Van Buren

Which of the following factors contributed to the rise of anti-immigrant sentiment in American cities in the mid-nineteenth century? Select one: A. Male promiscuity B. Prostitution C. Minstrel shows D. The Democratic Party

C. Minstrel shows

For which of the following reasons did the Salt Lake Mormons succeed and thrive in the nineteenth century even as other social experiments failed? Select one: A. Mormon leaders embraced violent tactics to keep followers in line. B. The Mormon Church successfully monopolized Utah's vast natural mineral wealth. C. Mormon society had strong, hierarchical leadership. D. The group rejected evangelicalism in favor of natural reproduction.

C. Mormon society had strong, hierarchical leadership.

For which of the following reasons did war break out between England and Spain in the late 1730s? Select one: A. English pirates persisted in attacking Spanish ships. B. Spanish merchants had eroded the British slave trade in the Caribbean. C. Spain was angry over the English settlement of Georgia. D. England offered support to the growing Spanish Protestant movement.

C. Spain was angry over the English settlement of Georgia.

Which of the following statements describes the Federalists' response to the War of 1812? Select one: A. Almost all Federalists supported the war out of patriotism and a desire to acquire eastern Canada from Britain. B. Most Federalists reluctantly supported the war because public opinion favored it and they wanted to win in the upcoming midterm elections. C. Most Federalists strongly opposed the war and some in Massachusetts met to consider amending the Constitution to prevent future such wars. D. Federalists, such as Daniel Webster, welcomed the high tariff brought by the war because it would help New England industries.

C. Most Federalists strongly opposed the war and some in Massachusetts met to consider amending the Constitution to prevent future such wars.

Which of the following describes the Continental army during the Revolutionary War? Select one: A. Its morale and discipline exceeded the British army's because it was fighting for a patriotic cause. B. It consisted mainly of yeomen farmers and well-to-do young Patriots. C. Most of its recruits were poor native-born youths and older foreign-born men. D. Although it grew slowly, the force numbered 75,000 men at its peak.

C. Most of its recruits were poor native-born youths and older foreign-born men.

Which of the following characterizes patterns of immigration into the United States during the 1840s and 1850s? Select one: A. The largest group of immigrants arriving came from eastern and southern Europe. B. Most immigrants settled in the South to take advantage of jobs in industry and agriculture. C. Most of the Irish who arrived in the United States were poverty-stricken peasants. D. The poorest immigrants arriving in the United States came from Wales and Scotland.

C. Most of the Irish who arrived in the United States were poverty-stricken peasants.

Which of the following was true of New Englanders' westward migration during the 1790s and 1800s? Select one: A. New Englanders typically bought land in upstate New York from wealthy Dutch owners who were partitioning their vast estates. B. So many immigrants were eager to sell their new farms and move even farther west that the price of land dropped steadily. C. Much of the land in the areas where the settlers arrived had already fallen into the hands of politically well-connected speculators. D. Farmers who had fled declining prospects in the East often found themselves at the top of a new economic hierarchy in the West.

C. Much of the land in the areas where the settlers arrived had already fallen into the hands of politically well-connected speculators.

For which of the following reasons did New York's state government fund the building of the Erie Canal in 1817? Select one: A. The state was required to provide publicly funded jobs to the state's unemployed workers. B. The governor wanted to display the states' wealth to the rest of the world. C. New Yorkers sought to link the Hudson River with the Great Lakes. D. New York City needed to increase its supply of fresh drinking water.

C. New Yorkers sought to link the Hudson River with the Great Lakes.

Which of the following was characteristic of both the Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut colonies? Select one: A. Their governments were controlled by the landholding aristocracy. B. They had a single-crop economy. C. Ordinary farmers had more political power than most Chesapeake men. D. Religious toleration was widespread.

C. Ordinary farmers had more political power than most Chesapeake men.

The Townshend Acts of 1767 imposed duties on which of the following goods? Select one: A. Indigo, wool, lumber, and naval supplies exported to Britain from the colonies B. All British-manufactured goods and tea imported into the colonies C. Paper, paint, glass, and tea imported into the colonies D. Molasses and wheat exported to countries in continental Europe

C. Paper, paint, glass, and tea imported into the colonies

Which of the following describes the First Continental Congress of 1774? Select one: A. Delegates drafted and passed a conciliatory declaration of rights and grievances. B. It reviewed and accepted Joseph Galloway's Plan of Union. C. Patriot leaders convened the group in response to the imposition of the Coercive Acts. D. The group united representatives from all of the British colonies in North America.

C. Patriot leaders convened the group in response to the imposition of the Coercive Acts.

Which of the following issues formed the basis for the major political and economic challenges that faced postrevolutionary state governments in the 1780s? Select one: A. Wealthy citizens' demands for low taxes and the repudiation of state debts B. Conflicts between property owners and those who had nothing C. Plentiful but worthless paper currency and big debts D. Poor citizens' demands for government assistance in finding jobs

C. Plentiful but worthless paper currency and big debts

Which of the following were the three key elements of Clay's American system? Select one: A. Subsidized internal improvements, the national bank, and patronage B. Protective tariff, patronage, and subsidized internal improvements C. Protective tariff, subsidized internal improvements, and the national bank D. Slavery, patronage, and subsidized internal improvements

C. Protective tariff, subsidized internal improvements, and the national bank

Most of the new state constitutions written between 1830 and 1860 did which of the following? Select one: A. Required the appointment of most public officials such as sheriffs and judges B. Gave all men the right to vote C. Reapportioned state legislatures on the basis of population D. Allowed the states to grant special charters to corporations

C. Reapportioned state legislatures on the basis of population

Which of the following was an outcome of the division of labor in early American shoe factories? Select one: A. Shoe prices doubled. B. The supply of shoes dwindled. C. Shoe production increased. D. Shoe production slowed.

C. Shoe production increased.

Which of the following was a consequence of Bacon's Rebellion of the 1670s? Select one: A. New treaties guaranteed the Indians protected land along the frontier. B. Massachusetts Bay and Virginia sought to join forces against Indian warriors. C. Slavery began to replace indentured servitude. D. Planters sought to insulate themselves from the poor white population.

C. Slavery began to replace indentured servitude.

Which of the following stipulations was included in the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819? Select one: A. Britain reimbursed American shippers for wartime damages. B. Britain agreed to limit its naval forces in the Great Lakes. C. Spain ceded Florida to the United States. D. The 49th parallel became the border between Canada and the United States.

C. Spain ceded Florida to the United States.

What did Ralph Waldo Emerson believe would promote an individual's mystical union with God and achievement of self-realization? Select one: A. Sexual intimacy B. Intensive, solitary study C. Spending time alone in nature D. Hard physical labor

C. Spending time alone in nature

Which of the following describes the process of tribalization that occurred in America in the early eighteenth century? Select one: A. An adoption of American identity by colonists from a variety of European origins B. American colonists' growing attachment to their specific local identities. C. Stateless peoples' adaptation to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states D. The adaptation of European colonizers to the manners and morals of native people

C. Stateless peoples' adaptation to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which were set forth in 1798, supported which of the following positions? Select one: A. The defeat of Hamilton's debt payment program B. Repealing the neutrality laws of the 1790s C. States' right to judge the legitimacy of national laws D. The right of secession for states dissatisfied with the Union

C. States' right to judge the legitimacy of national laws

By the 1830s, coal and metal manufacturers increasingly used which of the following to run machinery? Select one: A. Hand power B. Windmills C. Steam engines D. Water wheels

C. Steam engines

Which agricultural product served as the foundation for the South Atlantic System in the eighteenth century? Select one: A. Indigo B. Tobacco C. Sugar D. Rice

C. Sugar

The prophet Tenskwatawa was historically significant for which of the following activities? Select one: A. Tenskwatawa led a coalition of Indians to resettle in Canada under British protection. B. He urged Native Americans to assimilate and adopt the superior technology of westerners. C. Tenskwatawa urged Indian peoples to work together and to shun the ways of Americans. D. He signed a peace treaty with Indiana's governor to allow his people to live on a large reservation.

C. Tenskwatawa urged Indian peoples to work together and to shun the ways of Americans.

Which of the following statements describes British military strategy during the first two years of the Revolutionary War? Select one: A. With the Atlantic standing between them and their country, the British relied on the Loyalists for supplies. B. The British used guerrilla tactics instead of conventional warfare, attempting to outmaneuver the rebels and force their surrender. C. The British were content to demonstrate their superior power and tactics in the hopes of convincing the rebels to surrender. D. The British harassed the Continental army ruthlessly, but with great luck, Washington and his troops repeatedly escaped.

C. The British were content to demonstrate their superior power and tactics in the hopes of convincing the rebels to surrender.

In which of the following ways did the plantation colonies of Barbados differ from those in the Chesapeake in the seventeenth century? Select one: A. Barbados always relied on slaves and never on indentured servants. B. Barbados adopted slavery gradually and the Chesapeake did so rapidly. C. The Chesapeake adopted slavery gradually and Barbados did so quickly. D. Barbados never adopted African slave labor.

C. The Chesapeake adopted slavery gradually and Barbados did so quickly.

In New York during the first half of the eighteenth-century, settlement of the Hudson River Valley showed which of the following patterns? Select one: A. Continuing troubles with the French and Indians to the north kept the valley sparsely populated until the eve of the American Revolution. B. German and Scots-Irish immigrants, attracted by generous terms offered by Dutch families who did not want the land to be settled exclusively by migrating New Englanders, poured in. C. The Dutch manorial system largely remained intact, with a few wealthy and powerful Dutch and English landlords dominating poor tenant families. D. Migrants from overcrowded New England bid up the price of land so high that immigrant Germans and Scots-Irish could not afford to settle there.

C. The Dutch manorial system largely remained intact, with a few wealthy and powerful Dutch and English landlords dominating poor tenant families.

How did the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquer the Incans by 1535? Select one: A. He had a large force of 1,000 men and 500 horses and easily overwhelmed the Incans. B. The Incans were frightened by the Spaniards and did not resist his forces. C. The Incans were already weakened militarily and divided because of rival claimants to the throne. D. The Spanish forced Atahualpa, the last Inca emperor, to surrender to the Spanish.

C. The Incans were already weakened militarily and divided because of rival claimants to the throne.

Which of the following Puritan ideas became a middle-class conviction with a secular twist during industrialization in the early 1800s? Select one: A. Predestination B. Covenant thinking C. The Protestant work ethic D. Creation of a society based on faith and ideals

C. The Protestant work ethic

How did the Puritans justify their invasion of the Native Americans' land in the seventeenth century? Select one: A. The settlers claimed that the Native Americans must first be converted to Christianity before they had any right to the land. B. They insisted that the local Native Americans had never properly paid for the land in the first place. C. The Puritans interpreted epidemics that devastated Native American populations as a favorable sign from God. D. They pointed out that the Native Americans did not raise crops but remained simple hunter-gatherers who did not need the land for farming.

C. The Puritans interpreted epidemics that devastated Native American populations as a favorable sign from God.

Which of the following was the critical catalyst for antebellum reform movements? Select one: A. National government initiatives B. State government initiatives C. The Second Great Awakening D. Industrialization

C. The Second Great Awakening

What spurred slaves to organize the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina in 1739? Select one: A. The colony's whites were grossly mistreating the slaves. B. The Spanish in Florida had prohibited the sale of slaves from South Carolina. C. The Spanish governor in Florida had promised freedom to fugitive slaves. D. The war with Carolina Indians created general conditions of unrest.

C. The Spanish governor in Florida had promised freedom to fugitive slaves.

Which of the following is properly paired? Select one: A. Herman Melville—The Scarlet Letter B. Henry David Thoreau—Uncle Tom's Cabin C. Walt Whitman—Leaves of Grass D. Nathaniel Hawthorne—The American Scholar

C. Walt Whitman—Leaves of Grass

Which of the following describes the ruling by the Roger B. Taney Supreme Court in Mayor of New York v. Miln? Select one: A. The justices allowed a bank owned by the state of Kentucky to issue currency. B. The Court did not expand the economic powers granted to states in the Constitution of 1787. C. The Taney Court ruled that New York State could inspect the health of arriving immigrants. D. The Court reduced the regulatory role of the New York State government.

C. The Taney Court ruled that New York State could inspect the health of arriving immigrants.

Which of the following statements characterizes the presidential campaign of 1840? Select one: A. The Democrats outdid the Whigs by presenting Martin Van Buren as the true man of the people, in the tradition of Andrew Jackson. B. Big businesses and labor unions contributed large sums of money to the candidates for the first time in American history. C. The Whigs' campaign was a carnival of speeches, parades, and mass meetings to demonstrate the man-of-the-people qualities of their presidential candidate. D. Whig organizers pinned their hopes on clear explanations of the American System and on the voters' desire for national moral purification.

C. The Whigs' campaign was a carnival of speeches, parades, and mass meetings to demonstrate the man-of-the-people qualities of their presidential candidate.

Working Men's Parties of the late 1820s and 1830s called for which of the following reforms? Select one: A. The abolition of slavery B. The abolition of the factory system C. The abolition of debtors' prisons D. Nationalization of factories and their management by workers

C. The abolition of debtors' prisons

Which of the following factors made the critical contribution to the Federalist Party's downfall? Select one: A. The establishment of a national bank B. Washington's principle of neutrality C. The adoption of many of their policies by Republicans D. Their failure to pay off the national debt

C. The adoption of many of their policies by Republicans

Why were the Crusades, which took place between 1096 and 1291 A.D., significant in Europe? Select one: A. The Crusades exposed Arab regions to Europeans' superior scientific and mathematical knowledge. B. The series of conflicts restored control of the Holy Land to Europeans, who dominated it throughout the Renaissance period. C. The expeditions exposed Europeans to Arab trade goods and their classical heritage. D. They inspired Arabs to abandon their pagan rituals and favor an advanced European way of life.

C. The expeditions exposed Europeans to Arab trade goods and their classical heritage.

What caused the Puritans' "errand into the wilderness" to become permanent? Select one: A. The long-term reverberations of the Salem witchcraft trials B. Their commitment to converting the Native Americans C. The failure of the English Revolution D. Their reluctance to abandon their profitable businesses

C. The failure of the English Revolution

Alexander Hamilton's 1789 financial plan for the United States included which of the following items? Select one: A. A progressive system of personal income taxes B. The elimination of the U.S. national debt C. The federal government's assumption of state war debts D. The eradication of paper currency

C. The federal government's assumption of state war debts

The proposed 1819 Tallmadge Amendment articulated which of the following plans? Select one: A. The right of each new state in the Union to decide on its own slavery laws B. Louisiana Territory slaves' recolonization in Africa C. The gradual emancipation of slaves in Missouri D. A prohibition on the entry of new slave states into the Union

C. The gradual emancipation of slaves in Missouri

Which of the following describes the first peoples who migrated to the Americas? Select one: A. They lived on large, permanent farms. B. They did little hunting and mostly gathered edible plants. C. The group consisted of bands of hunter-gatherers. D. The first Americans built large, permanent villages.

C. The group consisted of bands of hunter-gatherers.

Which of the following factors posed a major problem for the colonies during the American Revolution? Select one: A. A depressed economy B. Slave insurrections C. The high price and scarcity of goods D. The absence of allies

C. The high price and scarcity of goods

Charles Grandison Finney found success as a young revivalist preacher in the 1820s by emphasizing which of the following issues in his sermons? Select one: A. Poor children's need for better schools B. Religious justifications for slavery C. The importance of personal conversion D. Workers' need for higher wages

C. The importance of personal conversion

Which of the following describes the textile industry that was emerging in New England and the Middle Atlantic states in the 1780s? Select one: A. Animals supplied the power to run the machines used to manufacture textiles. B. Textile manufacturers built their mills on cheap land near the growing seaport cities. C. The industry relied on an outwork system that combined mills and household labor. D. Textile manufacturers converted most of their mills from water to coal and steam power.

C. The industry relied on an outwork system that combined mills and household labor.

Which of the following statements describes the dominant approach to settlement in North Carolina in its early years? Select one: A. The proprietors were successful in creating a manorial system and a large class of serfs. B. Independent yeoman farm families were recruited to settle both colonies. C. The proprietors planned to set up a manorial system, but this plan failed. D. To attract settlers, the proprietors advertised heavily in Europe.

C. The proprietors planned to set up a manorial system, but this plan failed.

How did the Stamp Act crisis of 1765 compare to the crisis over the Townshend duties in 1768? Select one: A. The Americans were victors in the first crisis, but in the second they had to retreat and accept humiliating British terms, which they resolved to throw off at the first opportunity. B. The two crises had the cumulative effect of greatly increasing the strength of England's pro-American radicals, led by John Wilkes, in Parliament. C. The stakes had risen: In 1765, American resistance to taxation had provoked an argument in Parliament; in 1768, it produced a British plan for military coercion. D. The Americans won both confrontations, reinforcing convictions in Parliament that the colonies were not to be trifled with; only George III and Lord North stubbornly kept demanding concessions.

C. The stakes had risen: In 1765, American resistance to taxation had provoked an argument in Parliament; in 1768, it produced a British plan for military coercion.

Which of the following statements characterizes postwar trends in American trade? Select one: A. In the absence of British trade restrictions, the production of tobacco boomed. B. Economic growth spurred by western land sales stimulated American manufacturing and increased exports. C. The war had crippled American shipping, which reduced the export of tobacco and other farm goods. D. Domestic industries supplied products unavailable from Britain during the war and flourished after the war's end.

C. The war had crippled American shipping, which reduced the export of tobacco and other farm goods.

What specific purpose did the colonies of New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia serve for the British Empire in the eighteenth century? Select one: A. These colonies produced most of the empire's wool and linens. B. They produced preserved meats to supply the massive British Navy. C. Their wheat crops made them the breadbasket of the Atlantic world. D. Their large populations supplied the majority of soldiers for North American defense.

C. Their wheat crops made them the breadbasket of the Atlantic world.

By the early 1840s, Garrison and his supporters in the American Anti-Slavery Society had transformed their agenda in which of the following ways? Select one: A. They softened their rhetoric in an effort to end pro-slavery activists' violent attacks on lecturers. B. The group joined the Tappan brothers and Theodore Weld to form the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. C. They advocated a broad-based reform program, embracing women's rights as well as the rights of American blacks. D. The group decided that working for abolitionism within existing institutions was more effective than creating new ones.

C. They advocated a broad-based reform program, embracing women's rights as well as the rights of American blacks.

Which of the following statements describes migrants who left New England during the 1790s? Select one: A. New Englanders typically relocated to northeastern Ohio. B. They funded their moves through joint-stock companies. C. They moved in family or community groups. D. This group frequently moved to southern states.

C. They moved in family or community groups.

Which of the following describes the residents of the Brook Farm community of the 1840s? Select one: A. They practiced nineteenth-century versions of free love and communism. B. Brook Farm's residents consisted mostly of families and single women. C. They wanted to combine farming with study and a lively intellectual life. D. Brook Farm's residents pioneered the use of advanced farming techniques.

C. They wanted to combine farming with study and a lively intellectual life.

Why did several eastern states expand suffrage in the 1810s? Select one: A. They aimed to give women a greater influence. B. They needed to increase their representation in Congress. C. They wanted to discourage westward migration. D. They sought to prevent riots.

C. They wanted to discourage westward migration.

Which of the following describes the first ancestors of the Native American peoples? Select one: A. The first Native Americans migrated by sea from Polynesia. B. The original group migrated by sea from China. C. They were migrants who came over land from northeastern Asia. D. This group had always lived in the Western Hemisphere.

C. They were migrants who came over land from northeastern Asia.

Why did Congress approve funds for the construction of the National Road in 1806? Select one: A. To connect midwestern settlers' communities with each other B. To provide a route for settlement of territory on the West coast C. To link midwestern settlers to the seaboard states D. To connect the manufacturing cities in the South

C. To link midwestern settlers to the seaboard states

What was the purpose of the Female Moral Reform Society, which middle-class New York women founded in 1834? Select one: A. To create new opportunities for male and female reformers to work together as equals in the same organization B. To create a network of schools to train young, middle-class women in manners and morals C. To provide moral guidance for young, working women who were living away from their families D. To condemn prostitution and punish young women who participated in urban prostitution

C. To provide moral guidance for young, working women who were living away from their families

Which of the following was the primary function of the Second Bank of the United States? Select one: A. To serve as a clearinghouse for foreign investments and currency in order to raise the country's international economic standing B. To make a profit for the federal government through judicious loans to the country's most promising entrepreneurs C. To stabilize the nation's money supply by forcing state banks to convert their paper money periodically into gold and silver coin D. To keep the economy in equilibrium by raising or lowering interest rates in response to changes in the capitalist business cycle

C. To stabilize the nation's money supply by forcing state banks to convert their paper money periodically into gold and silver coin

Which of the following was a result of the Turner Rebellion of the 1830s? Select one: A. A national convention of African American activists met in Philadelphia. B. The rebels won their freedom. C. Tougher slave codes and restrictions were implemented. D. Rioting erupted in northern cities.

C. Tougher slave codes and restrictions were implemented.

In the mid-1700s, how were the English colonies throughout the British Atlantic empire primarily linked? Select one: A. The colonies all had socioeconomic commonalities. B. There were cultural similarities in the colonies. C. Trade relationships promoted ties between the English colonies. D. A sophisticated system of roads connected the colonies.

C. Trade relationships promoted ties between the English colonies.

Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and Ralph Waldo Emerson were well known for their involvement in which of the following movements? Select one: A. Educational reform B. Temperance C. Transcendentalism D. Prison reform

C. Transcendentalism

The philosophy that people could gain mystical knowledge and harmony beyond the world of the senses is known as which of the following? Select one: A. Utopianism B. Individualism C. Transcendentalism D. The cult of domesticity

C. Transcendentalism

What occurred during the Bad Axe Massacre of 1832? Select one: A. Seminole Indians in Florida ambushed the U.S. Army unit Jackson sent to remove them. B. The Choctaw chief Bad Axe fought a pitched battle against white settlers in Mississippi. C. U.S. troops pursued Black Hawk's followers into Wisconsin and killed 850 of his warriors. D. U.S. troops surrounded and massacred an entire Cherokee village in Georgia.

C. U.S. troops pursued Black Hawk's followers into Wisconsin and killed 850 of his warriors.

Which of the following factors made a critical contribution to the outcome of the Battle of Yorktown in 1781? Select one: A. The arrival of General Nathanael Greene's Patriot troops from South Carolina B. Americans' discovery, capture, and execution of the traitor Benedict Arnold. C. Washington's feigned attack on Manhattan while French troops set on Virginia D. The long-awaited arrival of Admiral Rochambeau's fleet in the Chesapeake Bay

C. Washington's feigned attack on Manhattan while French troops set on Virginia

Thomas Jefferson's vision for the future of the United States included which of the following ideas? Select one: A. Industrialized urban centers at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution B. A rejection of scientific farming in favor of agricultural traditionalism C. Western territories populated by independent yeomen farm families D. Expansion of the institution of slavery to the West

C. Western territories populated by independent yeomen farm families

At the same time that Parliament imposed the Stamp Act, it also passed the Quartering Act, which required Select one: A. that treasonous Americans be hanged and "quartered"; that is, cut into four pieces by the hangman. B. that collectors of the Stamp Tax receive a commission of one-quarter of the revenue they took in. C. colonial governments to provide barracks and food for British troops sent to America to protect them. D. Americans to vacate their houses or take in British troops on the demand of any commander.

C. colonial governments to provide barracks and food for British troops sent to America to protect them.

King Henry VIII started the English Reformation by Select one: A. encouraging the English clergy to preach John Calvin's ideas of salvation. B. getting a divorce approved by the pope in Rome. C. declaring himself supreme head of the new Church of England. D. completely embracing Martin Luther's teachings.

C. declaring himself supreme head of the new Church of England.

The French and Indian War started as a result of disputed land claims regarding Select one: A. western New York. B. Quebec. C. the Ohio River Valley. D. the Mississippi River.

C. the Ohio River Valley.

The concept that the price of a product should reflect the work required to make it is known as Select one: A. socialism. B. the outwork system. C. the labor theory of value. D. capitalism.

C. the labor theory of value.

The British colonists in eighteenth-century North America enjoyed a significant degree of autonomy over their royal governors mainly due to Select one: A. the practice of salutary neglect. B. their ability to recall unpopular officials. C. their control over governors' salaries. D. democratic election processes.

C. their control over governors' salaries.

American ministers such as Thomas Bernard argued in the early nineteenth century that women should exercise their power in society through Select one: A. a commitment to engage in sexual activities only for the purpose of reproduction. B. voting, jury service, and running for political office. C. their influence on the male citizens of the coming generations. D. the tactics proposed by Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman.

C. their influence on the male citizens of the coming generations.

In the U.S. Supreme Court case of Worcester v. Georgia (1832), John Marshall and the Court majority issued a decision that Select one: A. upheld Georgia's rights to Cherokee lands. B. sanctioned the stationing of federal troops on tribal lands. C. upheld Indian nations' political authority in their communities. D. declared the 1830 Indian Removal Act unconstitutional.

C. upheld Indian nations' political authority in their communities.

England had a clear advantage at the outset of the Revolutionary War, but Americans had which of the following factors operating in their favor? Select one: A. A much larger population B. Newer weaponry C. Experienced and well-trained recruits D. A more motivated military

D. A more motivated military

Which of the following statements describes life in the Chesapeake region after 1660? Select one: A. Newly freed indentured servants were able to acquire land more easily than they could before this time. B. Many yeoman farmers prospered because their tobacco profits enabled them to acquire more land. C. The lines separating the social classes blurred because wealth was more evenly distributed. D. A wealthy, planter-merchant elite dominated the Chesapeake economy and owned almost half the land in Virginia.

D. A wealthy, planter-merchant elite dominated the Chesapeake economy and owned almost half the land in Virginia.

Patriots' widely publicized use of natural rights arguments to protest British actions in the 1760s inspired which of the following? Select one: A. Native Americans in New York and western Pennsylvania to declare their national sovereignty B. Great Britain's decision to clamp down on American newspapers and printing businesses C. Irish Catholics to start their own movement to oust British colonizers from their country D. African American slaves to petition the Massachusetts legislature for the abolition of slavery

D. African American slaves to petition the Massachusetts legislature for the abolition of slavery

The Panic of 1819 caused which of the following outcomes? Select one: A. The Bank of the United States revoked state banks' charters. B. The U.S. government moved to increase economic regulations. C. State banks instituted more generous lending practices. D. American cotton and wheat prices plummeted over 50 percent.

D. American cotton and wheat prices plummeted over 50 percent.

Which American principle played a critical role in advancing technology in the early days of the American Industrial Revolution? Select one: A. Democracy B. Republican motherhood C. Separation of church and state D. American ingenuity

D. American ingenuity

Which of these inventions spurred the growth of agriculture in the Midwest in the 1840s? Select one: A. The steamboat B. Corn feeding for livestock C. The cotton gin D. The steel plow

D. The steel plow

Who founded the Liberty Party in 1840? Select one: A. Theodore Dwight Weld, who sought to unify the antislavery movement B. William Lloyd Garrison, after he broke with most of the other abolitionist leaders C. Proslavery advocates in both the North and the South D. Antislavery leaders who had broken with Garrison

D. Antislavery leaders who had broken with Garrison

About how many African Americans were still living in slavery in the northern states in 1810? Select one: A. Around 130,000 B. Only 300 C. About 3,000 D. Approximately 30,000

D. Approximately 30,000

Which Europeans were represented by guilds in the fifteenth century? Select one: A. Peasants B. Lawyers C. The landed nobility D. Artisans

D. Artisans

Which were the two fastest-growing American church denominations during the early nineteenth century? Select one: A. Presbyterians and Episcopalians B. Episcopalians and Congregationalists C. Lutherans and Presbyterians D. Baptists and Methodists

D. Baptists and Methodists

Where did the first colonists who settled South Carolina and introduced racial slavery in the 1660s come from? Select one: A. Brazil B. England C. Virginia D. Barbados

D. Barbados

Which of the following describes the state of Southern society in the early nineteenth century? Select one: A. More than half the white population owned slaves and all whites aspired to own them. B. Most southern legislators freed their own slaves but continued to defend slavery. C. Slavery was gradually dying out in the East as plantations moved further into the west. D. Because hard work was associated with slaves, white men resented doing physical labor.

D. Because hard work was associated with slaves, white men resented doing physical labor.

The Constitution, as completed on September 17, 1787, gave the national government which of the following? Select one: A. Fewer powers than those reserved to the states B. A weak chief executive with carefully limited powers C. Powers equal to those that were granted to the states D. Broad powers over taxation, military defense, and commerce

D. Broad powers over taxation, military defense, and commerce

How did middle-class reformers attempt to overcome disorder and lawlessness among urban wage earners in early nineteenth-century America? Select one: A. By establishing missions to bring their messages of moral purity and self-discipline to the poor B. By ignoring social problems and concentrated on improving the behavior of their children and household servants C. By supporting political reforms that were designed to help disadvantaged families survive adversity D. By forming regional and national organizations to institutionalize charity and combat crime systematically

D. By forming regional and national organizations to institutionalize charity and combat crime systematically

How did the federal government aid the growth of American industry in the first half of the nineteenth century? Select one: A. By prohibiting labor unions B. By building canals C. By giving tax breaks to large businesses D. By passing protective tariffs

D. By passing protective tariffs

Between 1820 and 1840, the economic conditions for casual day laborers in American cities changed in which of the following ways? Select one: A. They improved slightly but only because of high levels of middle-class charity. B. Conditions improved because they were in high demand and gained greater geographical mobility. C. Their economic conditions held steady, neither improving nor worsening. D. Casual day laborers bore the brunt of unemployment during business depressions.

D. Casual day laborers bore the brunt of unemployment during business depressions.

Lord Baltimore, the proprietor of Maryland, established that colony as a haven for Select one: A. fleeing soldiers who had supported King Charles I in the English civil war. B. debtors and other poor persons. C. released convicts. D. Catholics.

D. Catholics.

Who led the conservative Senecas, who condemned assimilation and demanded a return to ancestral customs? Select one: A. Tecumseh B. Lalawethika C. Tenskwatawa, "The Prophet" D. Chief Red Jacket

D. Chief Red Jacket

What killed thousands of poor immigrants in St. Louis and New York City in the summer of 1849? Select one: A. Fire B. Malnutrition C. Anti-immigrant riots D. Cholera

D. Cholera

Which of the following was an outcome of the Navigation Acts in the mid-seventeenth century? Select one: A. Violent protests broke out in every major colonial port city. B. French and Dutch naval fleets launched devastating attacks against English shippers. C. The size of the British merchant fleet decreased by 50 percent. D. Colonists were required to export their sugar and tobacco only to England.

D. Colonists were required to export their sugar and tobacco only to England.

The Oneida Community, founded in 1839 by John Humphrey Noyes, was known for which of the following practices? Select one: A. Celibacy B. Equality of men and women C. Monogamy D. Complex marriage

D. Complex marriage

Which of the following explorers is correctly matched with his area of exploration? Select one: A. Díaz—conquered the Mayan city-states in the Yucatán Peninsula B. Balboa—rounded the Cape of Good Hope in Africa C. Pizarro—explored the Isthmus of Panama and was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean D. Cortés—conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico

D. Cortés—conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico

By the 1830s, most laborers in the urban Northeast lived in which type of residences? Select one: A. Church-sponsored charity houses B. Private slum shanties C. Barracks provided by factory owners D. Crowded boardinghouses and tiny apartments

D. Crowded boardinghouses and tiny apartments

In 1832, a South Carolina state convention committed which of the following actions? Select one: A. Declared that the state had decided to secede from the Union B. Threatened to impeach Jackson for his unconstitutional actions C. Ordered the state militia to arrest customs officials and to impound their collections D. Declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state

D. Declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state

Influenced by Enlightenment science, which of the following religious movements believed that God had created the world but allowed it to operate in accordance with the laws of nature? Select one: A. Regulatorism B. Presbyterianism C. Methodism D. Deism

D. Deism

Which of the following characterized tobacco, rice, and sugar production in eighteenth-century America? Select one: A. Each saved its respective production colonies from extinction. B. Each led the American colonies to a greater dependence on England. C. These crops all originated in the colony of Virginia. D. Each drove the expansion of the slave trade for a time.

D. Each drove the expansion of the slave trade for a time.

Which statement was true of George Washington's 1793 Proclamation of Neutrality? Select one: A. Jefferson and Hamilton disagreed over the need to issue the proclamation. B. It resulted in France barring American shippers from the West Indies sugar trade. C. It prevented American merchants from trading with any European country at war. D. Earnings from shipping rose spectacularly as a result of it.

D. Earnings from shipping rose spectacularly as a result of it.

The Navigation Acts of the mid-seventeenth century included which of the following stipulations? Select one: A. Massachusetts shippers could not refuse to participate in the slave trade. B. Americans had to transport goods on English, not colonial, ships. C. American colonists were required to trade with the French West Indies. D. European goods imported to the colonies had to go through English ports.

D. European goods imported to the colonies had to go through English ports.

Which of the following was an outcome of New England families' efforts to maintain the freeholder ideal in the late eighteenth century? Select one: A. Colonial legislatures reformed inheritance laws and eliminated the "marriage portion." B. Churches consolidated their power and exercised greater control over young adults' behavior. C. Thousands of New England families migrated into Canada, where more land was available. D. Farmers abandoned traditional grain crops and adopted livestock agriculture instead.

D. Farmers abandoned traditional grain crops and adopted livestock agriculture instead.

Which of the following factors was among those that motivated many merchants, artisans, and journeymen to protest against the Stamp Act? Select one: A. Religious fervor stimulated by the Great Awakening B. Widespread wage cuts and price increases C. Their desire to create an American democracy D. Fear that their personal liberty would be undermined

D. Fear that their personal liberty would be undermined

Which of these events occurred at the Battle of Long Island in August 1776? Select one: A. The Continental troops quickly surrendered and General Washington barely escaped. B. Benedict Arnold surrendered a strategic fort to the British, helping them to win the battle. C. General Washington and the Continental army won their first major victory over British forces. D. General Howe and his British troops forced the Americans to retreat to Manhattan Island.

D. General Howe and his British troops forced the Americans to retreat to Manhattan Island.

What was the outcome of President John Quincy Adams' support of the Creeks in their treaty negotiations with the state of Georgia? Select one: A. The Georgia state legislature called for his impeachment. B. His New England supporters deserted his bid for reelection. C. A large reservation in central Georgia was set aside for the Creeks. D. Georgia's governor attacked him as a "public enemy" and "ally of the savages."

D. Georgia's governor attacked him as a "public enemy" and "ally of the savages."

Which of the following statements describes the American Waltham plan, which was later known as the Lowell system? Select one: A. Despite their efforts, the Waltham factory owners could not compete with their English rivals. B. The plan created the world's first comprehensive textile factory. C. Waltham factory owners received one of 1,000 patents offered for new inventions. D. Its creators recruited farm girls and women to work in factories.

D. Its creators recruited farm girls and women to work in factories.

The South's political clout, which ensured that the national government would continue to protect slavery, rested on which of the following? Select one: A. Its rapidly rising profits from manufacturing B. A treaty with Great Britain ensuring that the slave trade would continue C. The North's indifference to the matter of slavery D. Its domination of the presidency and Senate

D. Its domination of the presidency and Senate

Who led the moderate faction at the Second Continental Congress and won approval of a petition expressing loyalty to George III and asking for a repeal of oppressive parliamentary legislation? Select one: A. John Adams B. Thomas Paine C. Thomas Gage D. John Dickinson

D. John Dickinson

Which of the following describes family life among Native Americans? Select one: A. The acceptance of premarital sex led native couples to defer marriage. B. The woman's role was to serve her husband. C. Kinship lines for both the Iroquois and the Pueblo passed through the father. D. Kinship bonds were sometimes more important than nuclear families.

D. Kinship bonds were sometimes more important than nuclear families.

Which of the following actions did Lord North's government take in response to the First Continental Congress in 1775? Select one: A. Disarming and decommissioning colonial militias B. Sending commissioners to the colonies to negotiate a settlement C. Demanding that Americans acknowledge Parliamentary supremacy D. Labeling the Continental Congress an illegal assembly

D. Labeling the Continental Congress an illegal assembly

How did British politicians respond to the American's cry of "no taxation without representation"? Select one: A. They suggested that Americans had representation through their own colonial legislatures. B. Parliament pursued stricter enforcement of the Stamp Act. C. They passed the Revenue Act to replace the Stamp Act. D. Politicians argued that the colonists already had virtual representation.

D. Politicians argued that the colonists already had virtual representation.

Which of the following explains why Chesapeake planters treated their slaves less harshly than West Indian planters in the eighteenth century? Select one: A. Chesapeake planters were Christians while West Indian planters were not. B. West Indian planters denied slaves' humanity while Chesapeake planters recognized it. C. Tobacco cultivation was more difficult than sugar production, requiring healthier slaves. D. Profits on sugar were considerably higher than those made through tobacco production.

D. Profits on sugar were considerably higher than those made through tobacco production.

The American Lyceum movement of the 1830s engaged in which of the following efforts? Select one: A. Advocating social nonconformity and civil disobedience B. Encouraging mob violence like the violence that killed Joseph Smith C. Ending the era of utopian communal experiments D. Promoting the spread of knowledge through public lectures

D. Promoting the spread of knowledge through public lectures

To win votes for his financial plan, Hamilton made which of the following concessions? Select one: A. Agreeing to support Jefferson in the 1796 presidential election B. Supporting a high tariff on foreign cotton C. Raising the price of western lands sold by the government to settlers D. Proposing that the nation's new capitol be built in the Upper South

D. Proposing that the nation's new capitol be built in the Upper South

Which of the following replaced canals as the primary form of transportation in the United States in the nineteenth century? Select one: A. The Pony Express B. Steamboats C. An improved network of national roads D. Railroads

D. Railroads

Why was Abigail Adams a notable figure in the Revolutionary era? Select one: A. She became the only woman to take part in the deliberations of the Continental Congress. B. She publicly denounced most Patriot leaders as tyrants because they held power over women. C. Adams was married to the Patriot John Adams and helped him with his work. D. She criticized Patriots like her husband John and insisted on equal legal rights for married women.

D. She criticized Patriots like her husband John and insisted on equal legal rights for married women.

Which of the following was true of slavery in the American colonies in the eighteenth century? Select one: A. Aside from some noteworthy rebellions, slaves rarely rebelled or even dissented. B. Planters valued African slaves equally, regardless of their origin in Africa. C. Generally conditions were better in South Carolina and the West Indies than in Virginia. D. Slaves created a sophisticated culture with extended kin relationships and traditions.

D. Slaves created a sophisticated culture with extended kin relationships and traditions.

During most of the sixteenth century, which of the following was the wealthiest nation in Europe? Select one: A. France B. England C. Portugal D. Spain

D. Spain

Why did Harriet Beecher Stowe pen her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was published in 1852? Select one: A. She wanted to promote African colonization as the best solution to the evils of slavery. B. She wanted more white Northern women to join abolitionist societies. C. She wanted women to leave any church that did not preach against slavery. D. Stowe sought to depict slavery as degrading to slave women.

D. Stowe sought to depict slavery as degrading to slave women.

In the early 1800s, free blacks in the North were encouraged to "elevate" themselves through which of the following activities? Select one: A. Political activism B. Legal reform C. Forming friendships with whites D. Temperance

D. Temperance

Which of the following statements characterizes African states' involvement in the Atlantic slave trade? Select one: A. In the West African kingdom of Benin, the sale of slaves became a state monopoly. B. No African kingdoms actively participated in the Atlantic slave trade. C. The West African kingdom of Dahomey refused to allow the export of male slaves. D. The Asante kings used the profits of slave trading to expand their political dominion.

D. The Asante kings used the profits of slave trading to expand their political dominion.

Which of the following developments spurred the Panic of 1837? Select one: A. State governments throughout the country defaulted on their debts. B. Cotton prices dropped to an all-time low. C. The stock market crashed, causing widespread bankruptcy. D. The Bank of England curtailed British investment in the United States.

D. The Bank of England curtailed British investment in the United States.

Which of the following was the purpose of the Tea Act imposed by Parliament on the colonies in May 1773? Select one: A. Parliament meant to punish the Americans for importing tea from Holland. B. It was intended to break the American boycott of tea imports from England. C. Parliament passed the Tea Act to raise more revenue from the sale of tea in order to cover military costs in North America. D. The British needed to bail out the financially strapped British East India Company.

D. The British needed to bail out the financially strapped British East India Company.

Why did the British surrender to the Americans in the Battle of Yorktown in 1781? Select one: A. The British planned to continue the war on the American mainland as soon as they had additional supplies. B. The army was depleted after sending reinforcement troops to General Benedict Arnold. C. General Cornwallis had already suffered a number of defeats as his army moved through Virginia. D. The British were outnumbered and cut off from reinforcement or retreat by sea.

D. The British were outnumbered and cut off from reinforcement or retreat by sea.

Martin Luther advocated which of the following ideas? Select one: A. Most people required the clergy's help to read and understand the Bible. B. People should have the right to change their government if it oppressed them. C. People could be saved only by grace, which was a gift from God. D. The Catholic Church was corrupt and in need of reform.

D. The Catholic Church was corrupt and in need of reform.

Why were the modern-day countries of Mexico and Peru originally Spain's most significant conquests? Select one: A. They provided hospitable environments for colonies that attracted Spanish families. B. The Aztecs' knowledge of iron and steel production contributed to Spain's armory. C. Indian agricultural techniques made Spanish farming much more productive. D. The Inca, Aztecs, and Mayans had great wealth, particularly in gold.

D. The Inca, Aztecs, and Mayans had great wealth, particularly in gold.

George Grenville conceived the Sugar Act of 1764 to replace which of the following acts? Select one: A. The Currency Act of 1764 B. The Excise Act of 1756 C. The Proclamation of 1763 D. The Molasses Act of 1733

D. The Molasses Act of 1733

The 1783 Treaty of Paris addressed Native Americans living in the Old Northwest in which of the following ways? Select one: A. The treaty established tribal homelands west of the Appalachians. B. It assigned control of all tribes to a joint British-American agency. C. It stipulated that Native tribes would be supervised by the British until 1793. D. The treaty did nothing to protect Indian lands or independence.

D. The treaty did nothing to protect Indian lands or independence.

Which of the following statements describes the religious controversy that emerged from the Great Awakening during the 1740s and 1750s? Select one: A. The New Lights condemned "crying out, fainting, and convulsions" as a medieval practice akin to superstition. B. The New Lights condemned the Old Light practice of allowing women to speak in churches. C. The Old Lights in Massachusetts and Connecticut called for a resurgence of emotion-based religious practices. D. The Old Lights prohibited traveling preachers from speaking to a congregation without its minister's permission.

D. The Old Lights prohibited traveling preachers from speaking to a congregation without its minister's permission.

Which of the following statements describes events surrounding the election of 1824? Select one: A. It was the first time a presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives. B. John Quincy Adams became president even though Andrew Jackson had more popular votes. C. The disputed outcome led to extended rioting in several large southern cities. D. The Republican candidate William Crawford died from a stroke in the midst of the campaign.

D. The Republican candidate William Crawford died from a stroke in the midst of the campaign.

The public movement for women's rights developed out of which of the following sources in the 1840s? Select one: A. Mormonism B. The American Revolution C. The Oneida Community D. The Second Great Awakening

D. The Second Great Awakening

Which of the following developments fostered the flow of migrants into the Virginia colony between 1617 and 1622? Select one: A. Powhatan's tribes formally ceded their lands to the Virginia Company. B. Traders imported a huge number of African slaves to take over tobacco production. C. The English crown granted sovereignty to the House of Burgesses. D. The Virginia Company began to allow individual settlers to own land.

D. The Virginia Company began to allow individual settlers to own land.

Which of the following statements characterizes the operations of the Bank of the United States in the twenty years after its 1791 chartering? Select one: A. In most years, the bank did not make a profit, and operating subsidies from the federal government were required to keep it afloat. B. Serving as a central clearinghouse, the bank was able to prevent states from issuing much paper currency that wasn't backed by gold or silver. C. The national bank was so successful that Jefferson Republicans embraced it and helped secure a new charter after the original charter expired. D. The bank had branches in eight major cities to respond to demands for commercial credit, and its profits averaged 8 percent annually.

D. The bank had branches in eight major cities to respond to demands for commercial credit, and its profits averaged 8 percent annually.

John Calvin and Calvinist theologians of the 1500s stressed which of the following ideas? Select one: A. God's promise of ultimate salvation for all B. God's compassion and love for all peoples C. The basic innocence of humans at their births D. The doctrine of predestination

D. The doctrine of predestination

The transatlantic slave trade resulted in which of the following outcomes in the eighteenth century? Select one: A. The need to expand public education in the northern and middle colonies B. Rising wealth for southern planters at the expense of New England's populace C. Humanitarian appeals from the Virginia legislature D. The emergence of polygamous marriage in many African societies

D. The emergence of polygamous marriage in many African societies

During the period between 1676 and 1750, how did the Virginia gentry try to reduce social discontent? Select one: A. They raised the annual poll tax from five to forty-five pounds of tobacco a year. B. Virginia gentry enacted legislation that favored medium-scale farmers at the expense of both the richest and the poorest farmers. C. They disenfranchised poorer whites by increasing the amount of land a man had to own in order to vote. D. The gentry urged even the smallest landholders to purchase slaves and thus support the slavery system.

D. The gentry urged even the smallest landholders to purchase slaves and thus support the slavery system.

The worldview of devout Puritans, such as Cotton Mather, was based on which of the following? Select one: A. The assumption that every person was innately good B. The belief that omens and premonitions were manifestations of Satan C. The tenets of rationalism and established science D. The notion that supernatural forces caused unusual events

D. The notion that supernatural forces caused unusual events

Which of the following describes Jefferson's approach to the opportunity to purchase Louisiana in 1802? Select one: A. Jefferson delayed so that he could obtain a constitutional amendment allowing presidential land purchases. B. In keeping with his strict constructionist view of the Constitution, Jefferson jumped on the opportunity. C. Unsure of the extent of his presidential powers, Jefferson procrastinated until Congress forced him to act. D. The opportunity led Jefferson to revise his view of the presidential powers granted by the Constitution.

D. The opportunity led Jefferson to revise his view of the presidential powers granted by the Constitution.

How did South Carolina planters respond in the aftermath of the Stono Rebellion in 1739? Select one: A. They hanged about 20 percent of the black population. B. They improved the working conditions of their slaves. C. They shipped most of their slaves to the West Indies. D. The planters decided to import fewer Africans.

D. The planters decided to import fewer Africans.

Which of the following statements characterizes the American party system by the early 1840s? Select one: A. As the 1840 election demonstrated, the Whigs clearly held the edge in party discipline and mass loyalty. B. The two parties offered nearly the same social and economic platform but employed differing campaign styles to attract voters. C. The Democrats had a major advantage in their wealth and the cohesiveness of their leadership and support. D. The practice of Americans voting for a particular party along ethnic and religious lines began to emerge.

D. The practice of Americans voting for a particular party along ethnic and religious lines began to emerge.

Which of the following statements characterizes the impact of the slave trade on Africa? Select one: A. Profits from the slave trade boosted most African economies. B. The slave trade, which shrank Africa's population, reduced its larger states to loose tribal confederations. C. Slavery within Africa disappeared after its leaders began to export slaves to the Americas. D. The slave trade hardened African class divisions and changed gender relations.

D. The slave trade hardened African class divisions and changed gender relations.

Which of the following statements is true of Metacom's War (King Philip's War), which took place in 1675-1676? Select one: A. The war eliminated conflicts among previously incompatible Puritan sects. B. It displaced Puritans from Boston's south shore and concentrated Nipmuk power in the region. C. It eliminated the presence of Native Americans in southern New England. D. The war was a last-ditch attempt to save Indian lands and culture in New England.

D. The war was a last-ditch attempt to save Indian lands and culture in New England.

The Shakers' name came from which of the following? Select one: A. The name of their founder B. The town in which they originated C. Their efforts to transform society D. Their particular form of worship

D. Their particular form of worship

Why are the Oneidians, Shakers, and Fourierists historically significant? Select one: A. All of these groups exercised great influence over American politics. B. These utopians all criticized capitalism but made tremendous profits through manufacturing. C. They repudiated heterosexual sex and sexuality. D. They articulated criticisms of the class divisions created by the market economy.

D. They articulated criticisms of the class divisions created by the market economy.

In which of the following ways did evangelical religions in the South evolve during the first decades of the nineteenth century? Select one: A. Evangelical Southerners initially embraced original sin but over time came to preach the message of universal salvation. B. After initially rejecting black converts, white Southern Methodists and Baptists began to welcome them into their churches. C. These denominations were dominated by white men during the first years of the revival, but women gradually became a substantial majority. D. They began by preaching spiritual equality but gradually adopted a message that justified white patriarchal authority.

D. They began by preaching spiritual equality but gradually adopted a message that justified white patriarchal authority.

Why did radical Patriots in the colonies object to the Tea Act of 1773? Select one: A. The law favored English tea over Dutch tea, which they preferred. B. Parliament enacted it without consulting the colonies first. C. It threatened to bankrupt most colonial tea merchants. D. They saw it as a bribe to eliminate colonial tax resistance.

D. They saw it as a bribe to eliminate colonial tax resistance.

Why did the Virginia gentry fear the rise of the Baptists in the mid-eighteenth century? Select one: A. Baptist ministers argued that they occupied a higher social and moral plane than Anglicans and Presbyterians. B. The radical Protestants insisted that any slaves who converted to Christianity should be immediately freed by their masters. C. The Baptists were notorious for indulging in activities such as horse racing, gambling, and cockfighting. D. They threatened to undermine the gentry's position and privilege.

D. They threatened to undermine the gentry's position and privilege.

Which of the following statements characterizes events at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777-1778? Select one: A. The sufferings of the Continental army were largely a myth, disseminated to win greater sympathy for the Patriot cause. B. The Continental army was ill-equipped, but the British troops in nearby Philadelphia also struggled to find adequate food and shelter during the harsh winter. C. Of the 30,000 troops encamped at Valley Forge, one-third deserted and another third died of malnutrition or disease before the winter was over. D. Through the training of Baron von Steuben, the Continental army emerged as a much tougher and better-disciplined force.

D. Through the training of Baron von Steuben, the Continental army emerged as a much tougher and better-disciplined force.

Which of the following describes the colony of Maryland, founded in 1632? Select one: A. The colony was a democracy from the outset, with full religious freedom. B. It was an independent kingdom under the strong control of the Calvert family. C. Catholic priests and missionaries created its political and social systems. D. Tobacco production shaped its economy and social structures.

D. Tobacco production shaped its economy and social structures.

Why was the fifteenth-century marriage of Queen Isabel and King Ferdinand of Spain significant? Select one: A. They decided jointly to end the Spanish Inquisition. B. The Catholic Church refused to recognize their arranged union. C. It created a new basis for female political power. D. Together they completed Spain's long campaign to oust Muslims.

D. Together they completed Spain's long campaign to oust Muslims.

Why did many northern wage earners not support abolition in the mid-eighteenth century? Select one: A. They were interested in maintaining the English Protestant society of the North. B. They did not want the Baptists beliefs held by many slaves to spread to the North. C. The northerners supported slavery only because of the belief of black inferiority. D. Wageworkers feared that freed blacks would work for lower wages and compete for jobs.

D. Wageworkers feared that freed blacks would work for lower wages and compete for jobs.

What was significant about George Washington's leading of his troops across the Delaware River on Christmas night in 1776? Select one: A. His failed effort to cross the frozen river resulted in the deaths of 200 American troops. B. It was the first time Washington had shown decisive leadership and it saved his job. C. The event allowed the Continental Army to retake New Jersey and most of Long Island. D. Washington's action surprised the enemy and gave the Americans their first real victory.

D. Washington's action surprised the enemy and gave the Americans their first real victory.

Which of the following individuals would have been unlikely to gravitate toward the Republicans in the late 1790s? Select one: A. New England subsistence farmer B. South Carolina rice plantation owner C. Scots-Irish settler in Tennessee D. Wealthy New York banker

D. Wealthy New York banker

How did yeomen and tenant farmers who were influenced by the Second Great Awakening in the nineteenth century treat their children? Select one: A. Permissively, to encourage resilience B. As "rational beings" C. Emphasizing love rather than fear D. With strict rules and harsh discipline

D. With strict rules and harsh discipline

How did farmwives throughout the colonies in the eighteenth century contribute to their families? Select one: A. Mothers assembled manufactured goods in their homes while caring for children. B. They exercised strict control over the family's finances and economic decisions. C. The women worked within the farmhouse due to traditional notions that only men performed field work. D. Wives acted as helpmates to their husbands and performed both domestic and agricultural tasks.

D. Wives acted as helpmates to their husbands and performed both domestic and agricultural tasks.

How did women participate in the abolition movement in the mid-eighteenth century? Select one: A. Women were not active in the abolition movement. B. Women interested in abolition attended meetings with their husbands but did not actively participate in the societies. C. Female abolitionists often discussed issues of slavery among themselves, but they had limited involvement in the movement. D. Women abolitionists established influential groups such as the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.

D. Women abolitionists established influential groups such as the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.

When they settled in the New World in 1630, the Puritans' first priority was to Select one: A. establish the Anglican Church in New England. B. generate sufficient profits to repay their British investors. C. escape from England and begin to pursue full political independence from the British crown. D. create a reformed society that would model true Christianity in America.

D. create a reformed society that would model true Christianity in America.

The Navigation Acts, implemented in the American colonies by Britain in the mid-seventeenth century, were originally intended to Select one: A. build up the colonial shipbuilding industry. B. increase royal revenue by taxing colonial shipping. C. allow the colonies to be more self-sufficient. D. cut the Dutch and French out of the colonial trade.

D. cut the Dutch and French out of the colonial trade.

Mob violence against abolitionist efforts in the 1830s and 1840s was Select one: A. confined to border and southern cities such as Baltimore, St. Louis, and Nashville. B. responsible for the deaths of hundreds of abolitionists and free blacks during this period. C. directed only at free black communities and the homes of prominent abolitionists. D. often directed against "respectable" black organizations such as churches and against orphanages.

D. often directed against "respectable" black organizations such as churches and against orphanages.

To finance the war during its first two years, the new American state governments relied primarily on Select one: A. raising taxes to unprecedented levels. B. forced requisitions from the wealthy. C. selling public landholdings. D. printing large quantities of paper money.

D. printing large quantities of paper money.

On the eve of European colonization of the Americans, most Western Europeans lived in Select one: A. castles that dotted the countryside. B. booming new cities and towns. C. older cathedral cities. D. small, relatively isolated rural communities.

D. small, relatively isolated rural communities.

Powhatan, leader of a confederation of about two dozen tribes in Virginia, Select one: A. welcomed the English warmly and supplied them with food, agricultural knowledge, and land. B. believed initially that the English settlers were gods and invited them into his community. C. tried unsuccessfully to prevent his daughter, Pocahontas, from marrying John Rolfe. D. treated the English as potential allies and attempted to integrate them into his chiefdom.

D. treated the English as potential allies and attempted to integrate them into his chiefdom.