Arch 357 Final

THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

- 1st industrial revolution (circa 1800): coal, steam, railroads, factories - 2nd industrial revolution (circa 1900): oil, electricity, automobiles, electrical communication - COAL: arguable the world's single biggest environmental problem

- Critical Regionalism versus Typology

- CR celebrates what's unique about a place or site - typology celebrates what's larger and more universal by taking standard, common configurations and adapting them to site and context - together, the friction/dialect allows the build environment to be both part of larger, common language but root itself in local place - cities need both, cultures need both!!!!

Typology

- Typology: reverse of C.R; deductive and rational; general to the specific - By indicating problems that arise from the unpredictable nature of humans with its relation to the design of buildings and communities, typology can be the most efficient and economically sound approach for designers. - While typology comes at the expense of limits in creativity, such a limit is necessary to prevent visual and architectural chaos. When used at the right time, place, and scale, typology proves to be more versatile and purposeful. - enables zoning and urban design to be more predictable, coherent, and legible - **** Variations on a typological theme are richer than outright repetition of an industrial prototype, but not enough to make a city. Urban structure needs not only different architectural types but different types of neighborhoods and districts - or you can get endless endlessness or placeless variety of sprawl

Everyday Urbanism

- not a movement, more of an attitude; vernacular/local/small/modest, contest public realm/multiple publics/make traditional civic realm anachronistic/the traditional realm is an idealization of the democratic - spontaneous/improvisational/informal; bottom-up/ethnic/empowering; open - people just make do with what they're give; bottom-up

South America

- plenty of poverty but fast improving → today, 80% of Latin America's residents live in cities, making it the most urbanized region in the world - informal settlements show classic signs of self-organization into distinct components analogous to the organs of a body

Equity: 4 ways culture has changed

1) Communication: less personal and face to face interactions and more mediated, one way digital info and conectivity 2) Artifacts: exploding materialism and personal possessions 3) Nature: more time indoors, in cities in mediated nature, less in wild nature 4) time: shorter attention spans, instant gratification -exception=architecture and urbanism

New Urbanism and Smart Growth Douglas Kelbaugh: Pedestrian Pockets, TODs and TNDs TND

1. Traditional Neighborhood Design (TND): - East coast - also small scaled but uncompromising to architectural typology, design, and style; a balance of foreground and background buildings/architecture - anti space modernist vs traditional space - anti-space modernist: boundless spatial space/cul-de-sac sprawl/no hierarchy of buildings; no background of buildings; majority is void - traditional space: finite; small town; many more background residential buildings; differentiated public and private buildings; majority is solid; private buildings provide background fabric - New Urbanism vs TND: - TND uses traditional town planning; limited to scale of neighborhood, town, not applied as far as scales of neighborhood region, many different architectural styles

Kelbaugh Public Urban Policy

1. get development priorities right - infill and redevelop existing towns and cities rather than building on the periphery - adopt urban growth boundaries (UGB) 2. get automobiles under control - raise gas tax or adopt carbon tax (better than a mileage tax) - stop subsidizing mobility, a "means" rather than one of society's "ends" - adopt secondary measures → congestion pricing, location-efficient mortgages, etc. - promote electric vehicles, and niche vehicles: station cars, hypercard,s vans, golf cars, "thinks," electric bikes, etc. - car shares (shared assets) 3. get transit on track - change federal and state funding and taxing to favor cars less and transit/walking more - light rail is the best way to move people during the busiest hours in dense corridors - 4 essential ingredient of urban design that can get people walking: 1. a compact, dense built environment 2. a rich, convenient mix of uses; diverse destinations worth walking to 3. a network of small blocks with wide sidewalks close to buildings 4. a regional transit system to allow pedestrians to move around the entire city - the 4 C's of a bicycle city: 1. consistent 2. connected 3. continuous 4. comfortable 4. get planning - augment municipal planning with metro and regional planning; plus neighborhood plans and design guidelines and form based codes (FBC) - why FBC? bc current zoning tends to separate where we live from where we work, learn, and shop...with an FBC, form is the central organizing principle; it's more intentional and based on a community vision - hold community design meetings and design charrettes - Lean Urbanism: about leaner regulations; cutting red tape, shortcuts, workaround/patches for small entrepreneurs and builders 5. get more affordable housing - attached and detached accessory dwelling units are often the single more cost-effective affordable housing, especially garage apartments on alleys - live work = living above the shop/office/store/home office; eliminated daily commute 6. get pricing, funding and taxing right - get prices in line with true and total costs - aligning fossil fuel pricing with costs and good policies will give renewable energies a better chance 7. get governance right - honor "subsidiarity," letting the smallest competent unit of government do the job - empower the metro/region and the neighborhood more, municipality and the state less - regional cooperation: intra-regional is better than inter-regional competition - Green Codes - mandatory/public: - local, national and international building codes - zoning codes, form-based codes, accessibility codes - voluntary/private - engineering associations and societies - LEED NC, LEED ND, etc. (silver, gold, platinum) - The LEED for Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND) is a rating system that integrates the principles of smart growth, New Urbanism, and green building into the first national standard for green neighborhood development. - Vision California - California can get to zero if they include carbon sequestration by their forests and ocean

there are five of its main characteristics of Critical Regionalism:

1. sense of place - love of place, topophilia, rootedness; discovering and celebrating the genius loci; local climate and building materials and practices; resistant to globalism, tourism, telecommunications, international travel 2. sense of nature - biophilia, biomimicry; respect for the profound simplicity and complexity of nature; small and fast, large and slow ecological cycles; different scales and styles for different periods; accepting the passage of time, the weathering and aging of materials; the blurring of interior and natural exterior space with windows and window walls (one of Modernism's great contributions to architecture) 3. sense of history - history/culture as a rich archive, both buildings/vernacular and designed/high style; role of classics/exemplars in setting standards; design principles rather than design styles; incremental, evolving design; "rhyming" over time 4. sense of craft - decline of hand craft and materials ; lighter, faster, less permanent construction; substitution of machines and energy resources for human labor; competition from other media, mass production, and consumer culture; financial "discounting" 5. sense of limits - infinite vs finite view of resources; modernist, open, free-flowing, flexible, gridded, additive, boundless spaces vs. traditional/classical discrete, static, enclosed finite rooms - Some criticisms: - elitist; too critical; above everyday culture; too preoccupied with individual buildings for neighborhoods and urban context; socio-politically reactionary ("regionalism" stirs up memories of Nazi nationalism, ethnocentrism); makes little technological or economic sense in a global civilization; schizophrenic/having it both ways (embracing both technological hope and nature/place; sounds contradictory) - Keeping the five values in high regard will allow Critical Regionalism to better the built environment and urban infrastructure.

Cities part 3 the city as an ecosystem

: "reconciliation ecology" - unlike organisms (plants, animals, corporations) that have to die, ecosystems and cities don't have such a finite life span → Cairo, Rome, Jerusalem

Easter Island

logging to erect statues and build boats destroyed their ecosystem, led to wars over the last planks of wood on the island

Cosmopolis reading Daniel Solomon

- "sustainability along is not sustainable" → it needs to appeal to the sense, be enjoyable, engaging, and continually refreshed and invigorated - presents two challenges: 1. environmental crisis 2. sectarian tribalism - presents ways to address such problems: 1. the urban 2. the civilized 3. the cosmopolitan - Solomon's three cultural heroes: 1. George Balanchine: "the 20th century's greatest choreographer" 2. Duke Ellington: "the jazz giant" 3. Coco Chanel: "the courtier and entrepreneur extraordinaire" - These three individuals were were eclectic, engaged in and not hermetically removed from popular culture, completely at home in the most varied circumstances, never compromised their standards for the sake of popularity, and did things no one else had ever done before.

Jane Jacobs Cities Problems

- "the kind of a problem a city is": 3 stages in the history of scientific thought; dealing with problems of: 1. simplicity → two variables 2. disorganized complexity → millions of variables 3. organized complexity → many interconnected variables - this is directly applicable to cities, there is nothing arbitrary or illogical in the ways that these features affect and are affected by others - unlike architecture, the city is not a work of art →

SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE II: LARGER BUILDINGS

- 1st law of thermodynamics: energy can be neither created nor destroyed → only converted from one form to another; about the amount of energy - 2nd law of thermodynamics: about the quality/concentration/temperature of energy, the ability to do work - entropy: dissipation/equilibrium - following its bliss - exergy: concentrated energy, delta T = ability to do work; quantity v. quality for same job

Rifkin 3rd Industrial Revolution

- 3rd industrial revolution (circa 2000): the convergence of two basic developments: (1) new communication technology and energy regimes and infrastructure - distributed renewable energies, electronic internet, cell phones - ships, 3D printing, biomimicry, windmills - 5 Energy Pillars of the 3rd Industrial Revolution 1. shifting to renewable energy 2. distributing micro-power plants on buildings (hydro, PV, wind, biomass) 3. deploying hydrogen (zero carbon) for energy storage in every building and in the infrastructure (good backup to renewables) 4. smart grid to save and buy back energy 5. electric cars and fuel cells for vehicles - biosphere consciousness: seeing our species as a single family, living interdependently in and stewarding a common biosphere and community of life; with distributed information and energy systems; collaborative learning; lateral power - resilient cities have: 1. an interconnected network pathways and relationships 2. diversity and redundancy of activities, populations, etc. 3. a wide distribution of structure that is able to be change relatively easily and locally 4. ability to adapt and organize in response to changing needs, and in response to each other, self-organize - the resilient city evolves, it retains and build upon older patterns or info as it responds to change - resilience is conservative in a structural sense

Dubai.. The art of city making Charles Landry

- A creative city is a city that's free-flowing and not structured/rigid - He sees Dubai as an innovative/dynamic city but refuses to deem is creative - leaders of this city are partly responsible for this lack of creativity because of their visions for Dubai to be the global hub connecting Europe and the East and to have fascinating/striking features that are unique to the world - every project in Dubai has been focused on being the biggest—that being bigger must also be better - Although on the surface Dubai looks like the most ideal place to live and work in, there's a much less appealing urban life - Landry thus questions why Dubai, such a stunningly bold city, made absolutely no efforts to be the most sustainable and simultaneously innovative city. - challenges many aspects of Dubai's architectural, financial, and social projects that all point to the fact that the bigger the better. - Dubai has density but not enough mixed use or walkability. Much of it is "high-rise sprawl" - because it's a mosaic of large, single use zones - hi-rise density is not enough to make a city - rich people invest their money in buildings rather than in banks; smarter way to keep your money; so buildings keep growing although the population doesn't→ ghost units - Mobility versus Accessibility - Mobility = moving as many vehicles as fast as possible = higher speed roads - Accessibility = getting people where they need and want to be = shorter travel times; more about the distance to your destination - The Accessibility Paradox: Connected networks with frequent intersections reduce mobility and the speed of traffic, but increase accessibility.

Forum Chicago A city prepares for a warm long term forecast

- Chicago is often called the Second City, but it is way out in front of most in terms of adaptation; trying to be resilient - As a first step, the city wanted to model how global warming might play out locally. - If carbon emission continued apace, Chicago would have summers like the Deep South - armed with forecasts, the city prioritized which adaptations would save the most money and would be the most feasible - main one is transforming paved spaces - adding bike lanes, parking spaces, widening sidewalk areas, adding more trees

Congress for New Urbanism

- Congress for New Urbanism: unique in its totality; unifies design theory for an entire region - some criticism: neither new nor urban, not being open to the public, its another ideal vision from above and not actually rooted in specific places/local cultures, not living up to their transportation promises/expectations, not a marketing success - 10 key prescriptions: 1. walkability 2. connectivity 3. mixed-use/diversity → no single use zoning 4. mixed housing → no gated communities for the rich, etc. 5. quality architecture and design → higher emphasis on beauty and comfort; architecture of human scale 6. traditional neighborhood center → strong center and strong edge 7. increased density 8. smart transportation 9. sustainability 10. quality of life

Reading Mike Lydon Tactical Urbanism

- Due to a city's complex nature, it's at times difficult to figure out the long-term economic and social benefits. - Tactical urbanism proposes that making smart and practical short-term and small-scaled improvements for a city can positively influence the long-term effects of a city. - it's advantageous because of its flexibility and versatility in application - it's surprisingly not a recent practice but has rather existed since the 16th century → first observed in Paris, France as a result of the Les Bouqinistes' book-selling along the streets. - Lydon then gives twelve examples of tactical urbanism projects around the globe, ranging from open and play streets to guerilla gardening to ad-busting to food trucks to mobile vendors, and more. - The occurrence of so many small-scaled tactics around the world are unconsciously creating dense networks between unexpected groups that together, leave a lasting impression on the long run. - specific example: pop-up retail - purpose: to promote the temporary use of vacant retail space and lots - leaders: developers, local entrepreneurs, artists, corporations - scale: street or building - the interest and public exposure that pop-ups generate by way of their temporary nature provide a powerful tool for sparking long-term change

Corner Terra Fluxus

- His main argument includes the development of four provisional themes: 1. Processes over time 2. The staging of surfaces 3. The operational working method 4. The imaginary - these four themes connect the temporal aspects of ecology with the intellectual history of designs - highlights the strengths of landscape urbanism, or the movement to plan cities not according to architectural design, but according to the natural landscape and the ways in which the environment changes over time

Eurogreen Reading Fraker: Observations across neighborhoods

- Introduces four case studies that have successfully demonstrated a suitable and sustainable future through smart plan developments concerning transportation, urban form, green space, energy, water, waste, and social agenda. - co-generating; combined heating and power (CHP); nicely integrated solar heating; neighborhood biogas plants; etc - Case studies were done in northern Europe: 1. Kronsberg, Hannover, Germany 2. Vauban, Freiburg, Germany 3. Bo01, Malmo, Sweden 4. HAmmarby, Stockholm 5. BedZed, London - Proves that achieving whole systems does not only fulfill sustainable measures but also aesthetic/design ones. - Transportation: all neighborhoods adopted mixed-use and built successful public transit systems that led to expected benefits of energy efficiency and unexpected ones of increased health. - Urban form and green space: neighborhoods had moderate urban densities and a heightened importance on urban landscape, respectively. - Energy: low energy demand simplifies the supply of renewable energy and how energy demand reduction yields a high percentage of renewable energy supply. - Water conservation: includes solid, sewage, and organic waste allocation - Social agenda: all neighborhoods shared underlying characteristics of mixed-use, public education, and social networks that are instrumental to achieving social sustainability. - Some sustainability Initiatives - contaminated soil removed/treated - 100% local, renewable energy from wind - biowaste separate for biogas - bicycle priority; restricted vehicle access

cities part 2 video Geoferry West: The surprising math of cities and corporations

- Kleiber's Law: The city as an organism - reversed when it comes to creativity and innovation - cities are double-edged swords → their exponential growth rises to sustainability crises but also to innovation, wealth, and creative thinkers - biological organisms, cities, and corporations all exhibit "scalability" - organisms: sub-linear line measures the metabolic rate versus the weight of biological organisms → the bigger one is, the less one needs per capita → consistent with every organism because of networks; growth accelerates then stops - cities: super-linear scale → the larger you are, the more of everything you have per capita; growth is unbounded and is doomed to collapse unless we innovate faster and faster every time we draw near to collapse - companies: after a period of innovation and growth, they take on a sub-linear scale and naturally cease to exist like humans

New Urbanism in 4 stages

- New Urbanism - 4 stages: 1. TND's inspired by historic neighborhoods and the Transect but often realized as large "greenfield" projects on the periphery with mediocre architecture 2. Urban infill, TOD, HOPE VI, Tactical Urbanism, Lead Urbanism, better architecture. - challenges: finite supply of old cities, gentrification, and brownfields 3. Sprawl retrofit/repairing the suburbs, grayfields 4. Full circle, ReUrbanism, normalization of complete streets, grids, and transportation planning - Other characteristics: - organized, structuralist (universal, logical principles), precedent-based, pragmatic, emphasis on mixed-use/walkability/street-oriented, neo-traditional and classical architecture, transit/the Transect/typology. - it's about dethroning the architect as a heroic genius - Tactical Urbanism: pop-up cafes, chair bombing, guerrilla parklets, and other impromptu interventions; inspiring but limited by their temporary nature - Lean Urbanism: fills the gap between Tactical and New Urbanism, trying to reduce red tape and to work around codes to allow small entrepreneurs and developer/builders to flourish in "pink zones" - a less static attitude toward the "natural"; converting adversity to advantage - benefits from being embedded in/juxtaposed with the city

Three Urbanisms Kelbaugh Reading

- New Urbanism: seeks to fulfill utopian goals; tries to mesh people of different backgrounds into on diversity-, ecological-, and economically conscious community while also integrating transit - Everyday Urbanism: objective is to expand upon the ordinary life without having an idealized, utopian structure; greatly emphasizes adaptation and improvisation and usually ignores an area's physical planning and design. - Post Urbanism: most innovative and experimental as it invite dynamic and at times clashing design forms - These three paradigms are rooted with distinct methodologies that can lead to disagreements; however, such disputes should not be of much concern because they each have varying intentions and audiences. - Overall, although New Urbanism seems to take the middle road, there is much to learn from the other two. With what one's knowledge of a city and these urbanisms, one may better discern how to best balance the three urbanisms by way of "market urbanism:" responding to changing social, cultural, economic, technological, and ecological factors.

New Urbanism and Smart Growth Reading David Owen: Green Manhattan

- Owen's main point: in our drive to be more sustainable, we've gotten it backwards - the environmental paradox of New York City → it's actually the greenest city in the U.S. - environmental success = compactness → 1.5 million people crammed into an area of about twenty-three square miles - concentration of people in such a tiny space preserves waste and allows the majority of inhabitants to live in inherently energy efficient apartment buildings - contrasts this with his life in a small town in Connecticut - spreading out people damages the environment - density leads to great ecological benefits - the challenge: imitating Manhattan because it's structure is due to a succession of historical accidents - overall proves through his personal experience and statistics that the powerful anti-city bias can be dispelled by closely examining NYC's features

sustainable architecture part 2 community systems

- PART 2: Community systems: small neighborhood biogas plants; - we are very cavalier about using fossil fuel; oil reserves are peaking - we should be treating diesel oil like fine olive oil/liquid gold → it's incredibly concentrated energy - we need to get serious about reducing oil demand and using the sun - the tree has many lives! - collects/converts sunlight into carbs/fruit; absorbs CO2 and produces O; cools the air; provides shade; retains soil; detains storm water, replenishes aquifers and mitigates flooding; provides birds and animals a habitat; can be climbed for fun/the view; it's beautiful, adding softness, dappled light and scale to the urbanscape and landscape; it's the tallest, largest, heaviest, oldest living organism; fragrance; windbreak; acoustic buffer; cleans soil; wood for construction/fuel; - irony: trees are most challenged just where they are most needed: cities

- READING: 2 Web articles: (1) "An Exergy Crisis..." (2) "Energy Follows it's Bliss"

- People have an idealized notion that it the energy production and consumption use is relatively simple—that by creating energy, we can then use that free energy to generate things. - The real world, unfortunately, goes against these preconceived notions of ours for two main reasons: 1. we incorrectly calculate net energy because we fail to consider the energy we used to create more energy 2. the work you get out of a particular energy source differs because of various energy concentrations between an energy source and an environment. - More important than global warming is "global weirding," the increase in unexpected and destructive weather conditions, which is due to the energy difference between the atmosphere and oceans. - Three main conclusion points: 1. solar hot water system the most developed and efficient of solar technology, can be considered as one fraction of a much larger energy conservation program. 2. people must know the difference b/w essential and nonessential energy uses. 3. our shortage of highly concentrated energy forms indicates that we are facing an exergy crisis and not an energy crisis.

Detroit Sink or Swim

- READING: Glaeser: Why Do Cities Decline? - Various political, social, and largely economic reasons led to Detroit's great loss and their difficulties returning to their "golden" days. - Detroit's failure is mainly due to its inability to retain and capture the entrepreneurial culture that cities need to thrive. - Glaeser explains how the influx of innovative thinkers into Detroit sparked the Rust Belt as well as how small firms and a region's future growth are strongly correlated. - introduction of mass production through technological advancements do not necessitate human creativity, which is why Detroit's urban growth stagnated. - despite the prevalence of urban renewal projects that may better Detroit's appearance, urban decline was still prevalent because it needed a new generation of entrepreneurs—this is referred to as edifice error. - exacerbating Detroit's situation were negative political responses such as the Curley Effect, which exhibits the dangers of ethnic politics as it leads to Detroit's shrinking population. The leftover inhabitants of Detroit ultimately stayed due to the city's cheap and durable housing. - While there are many plausible solutions to the reworking of Detroit, Glaeser claims that cultural institutions can be as successful urban renewal strategies as governmental policies. - Ford Motor Company's River Rouge Plant, "ground zero" of vertical industrial integration, the assembly line, and "Fordism" - killing competition and the all-support industry that you need to support the economy - in many ways, Detroit invented the middle class and the American Dream→ auto-dominated culture

- READING: Brand + squatter cities

- Squatter cities are true anomalies → they look unpleasant/dilapidated from a distance but there's actually an unexpected energy and vibrancy emanating from them. - After having lived in various slums, Robert Neuwirth discovered that their main problem was weak infrastructure. - Nonetheless, Neuwirth is always drawn back to the slums because of their social cohesiveness. - lums are remarkable in the sense that they are concrete examples of a place experiencing gradual yet continual improvement. - rather than looking down on slums, urban researchers lionize them as they successfully incorporate mixed-use and walkability—ideas that Peter Calthorpe later adopted for his New Urbanism movement. - Squatter cities, though, are still rampant with crimes. - However, when encouraging better-sustained cities to merge with squalor ones, there can be astounding environmental- and safety-related enhancements. Squatter cities can also respond to grave, global issues of the rapidly decreasing birth rates and they have already begun to demonstrate beneficial and green practices. - These environmental issues are life-threatening, and we have come down to a battle against time. two distinct, yet similar parties: the Greens and Turquoise and suggests that their collaboration can spark significant environmental efficiency and improvement and help prepare and prevent us from the worst.

Water Facts and Actions

- States 10 facts everyone (in Ann Arbor specifically) should know about water: 1. your life depends on water 2. you drink the Huron River 3. when it comes to water, what goes around comes around 4. freshwater is the ultimate limited resources 5. there's a global water crisis 6. the U.N. states that clean water is a basic human right 7. tap water meets your drinking needs 8. some water is hidden: you consume more than you drink! 9. disposable water bottles waste water and energy 10. all life depends on oceans, lakes, rivers, and wetlands...working together - States 10 action people can take to help protect water resources 1. know where your water comes from and where it goes 2. understand and minimize your water footprint 3. drink tap water 4. don't leave home without your reusable water bottle 5. reduce, reuse, and recycle! 6. eat lower on the food chain: eat more plant products 7. save energy 8. don't pollute 9. encourage others to take action to protect water resources 10. get involved

- READING: MCLennan, "Technologies and Components of Sustainable Design"

- Sustainable design is as a design process mandating well-defined goals for environmental success and careful consideration for the human's well being. - answers the following questions: What are the technologies and strategies under scrutiny?; How do these better our environment?; What are some obstacles with the introduction of such technologies and strategies?; and How can we educate the public on these topics? - Three main topics of sustainable design 1. Water and waste - many emerging technologies and strategies are being weighed with their benefits and costs. - example: waterless urinal, which drains urine without flushing while also preventing odors. The appearance, function, and cost of these nearly mirror those of conventional urinals. The extra benefit is that by eliminating the need to flush, millions of gallons of water are preserved. 2. energy production - Solar panels, wind turbines, and fuel cells are the most commonly accepted strategies with costs and size being the main barrier. 3. green comfort systems - concerns the dependency of the built environment on temperature, humidity, and air quality regulations

Urban Biking and Tactical Urbanism

- Tactical Urbanism: a deliberate, phased approach to instigating change - an offering of local ideas for local planning challenges - short term commitment and realistic expectations - low risks with a possibly high reward - public shared bike systems: - unregulated; deposit (pay by day or ride); membership; public and private partnership; long term check out - the 4 C's of a bicycle city: 1. consistent 2. connected 3. continuous 4. comfortable

Cities Part 5 the urban heat island and the importance of greenery

- The "Urban Heat Island Effect" (UHIE): the build up of sensible heat from hot tailpipe and chimney, and from dark surfaces heated by the sun → not the same as greenhouse heating of the atmosphere) - local climate changes vs. global climate changes - this can motivate people to modify their behaviors with more immediate, palpable feedback on a more manageable challenge - strategies to mitigate and adapt to urban Heat Island are consistent with strategies to deal with Climate Change - having white and not dark roofs (albedo), reducing tailpipe emission, growing more trees

The transect

- The Transect: gives you an idea of where you live, what's an appropriate density; type of living - this zoning system replaces conventional separated-use zoning systems that have encouraged car-dependent culture and land-consuming sprawl - provides the basis for real neighborhood structure, which requires walkable streets, mixed-use, transportation options, and housing diversity - suburban "grayfield" retrofitting of malls

Green Policies and Practices

- The U.S.'s big policy challenge: continues to lead the western world in per capita carbon emissions - the average U.S. eco footprint per capita is about 5 earths - Pielke's iron clad law of climate policy: burning fewer fossil fuels is the most obvious way to counteract GHG and climate change, and the notion has a universally virtuous appeal...as long as it's being done by someone else! → that's why we need policy and laws - short term thinking trumps long term thinking; immediate needs always override future ones. - when there's a conflict between policies promoting economic growth and policies restricting CO2, growth wins every time → that's why we need well crafted policy and laws with teeth

Dubai Editorial

- The environmental paradox of cities:getting around Dubai: when humans inhabit dense urban space, they decrease their impact on the global environment more than they increase their impact on the local environment - their ecological footprint per capita are smaller than in-low density sprawl - while intensifying environmental impact locally, the global impact of their density on climate change is less than their suburbs' impact - highlights the importance of dense, mixed-use, walkable, bikeable, transit-oriented urbanism - The city is still overwhelmed by a superblock/superhighway/supergrid transportation model - it privileges mobility over accessibility → designed to move as many vehicles as fast as possible, rather than enabling as many people as possible to get where they want or need to be

SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE I: PASSIVE SOLAR

- The sun is very big, powerful, hot, and dependable → provides 99.9% of all energy on the Earth - defense first!!! the negawatt is the lowest hanging fruit - passive = mass and glass; small buildings in temperate and cold climates - solar = a readily available energy source of lower concentration that, among other things, happens to be free - the smaller the building, the more skin-load dominated → the closer you are to the climate - active vs passive solar energy - active: use external sources of energy to power blowers, pumps and other types of equipment to collect, store and convert solar energy. - passive: goal is to redistribute the energy collected according to a fundamental law of thermodynamics, which states that heat moves from warm to cool areas and surfaces - Trombe Wall case study! - the simplest passive solar technology: white paint → white roof makes bounce 4x solar rays back in outer space than a dark room - LED lights are 4x more efficient than incandescents

Cosmopolis

- Western public space: - high tolerance for all sorts of unpredictable, informal activities - physically formal and socially informal/tolerant - eat, drink alcohol, sunbathe, sleep, protest, no dress code, etc. - Arab public space: - physically informal but socially formal - strong behavior and dress code, no alcohol, loitering, sleeping - less tolerant behavior in Arab public space varies by age and gender

The Real threat to our future is peak water

- While there are substitutes for oil, there are none for water. - While obtaining water for our personal needs may not be too difficult of a task, finding enough to produce an entire nation's food source is quite the job. Brown asks us whether the world is facing peak water and if it had already reached it. - Overpumping in major regions of the word is depleting our resources at such a fast rate. - Saudi Arabia in particular has reached its water peak and is declining. - Even countries like the United States, China, and Mexico are in jeopardy. - The three main grain producers of the world, the U.S., China, and India, have sharp contrasts in what their futures would look like. - As time progressed, water has become the focus of the world's attention with regards to food supply expansion. - Limits in water consumption makes efforts to expand the world food production immensely difficult.

New Urbanism and Smart Growth Douglas Kelbaugh: Pedestrian Pockets, TODs and TNDs

- an innovative and compelling model that takes into consideration low density and walkable communities is needed.

Rachel Carson cities

- changed the way we think about nature - both believed in organized complexity and campaigned against simplicity,statistical averaging and one size fits just didn't cut it

cities part 4 the environmental paradox of cities (Kliebers law applied)

- cities have huge ecological footprints, consume most of the world's energy, produce the most CO2 but they're greener than they look - paradox: when humans cluster in dense, mixed use cities rather than sprawl, they have big ecological footprints; but they decrease their impact on the global environment more than they increase their impact on the local environment; their ecological footprint per capita is smaller than in low-density patterns of development

Water

- combined sewer and stormwater systems can result in CSO: raw sewage overflow into river - the single most important contributor to the failure of Detroit's wastewater infrastructure is stormwater runoff - between 2010 and 2011, the Detroit Wastewater and Sewerage Department has released an average of 1.8 million gallons of untreated wastewater into Detroit's waterways each year - therefore, design research that materializes innovative approaches to water-rich construction practices holds the key to Detroit's future water quality - Relationship between the patterns of urbanization and the water quality - observation: under wet weather conditions, waste water infrastructure overflows (outfalls), thereby polluting local water bodies and severely affecting the water quality standards in the Great Lakes system

Cities Forum Robert Steuteville: Small cities and towns are urban places too

- downtowns and urban centers in the suburbs are urban places in the same way that Greenwich Village in New York City is an urban place. - small urban centers are mixed-use and walkable just the same - even a small town will have an urban center and neighborhoods that follow the pattern of the urban-rural Transect - such towns aren't really rural → they're urban places surrounded by the rural → it's an appealing juxtaposition for many

sustainable archtiecture part 3 living buildings

- green roofs, living walls, water detention, thermal insulation, acoustic insulation - living walls are green but not as lean as street trees → the tree is a perfect solar design

- READING: Speck, "Shape the Spaces"

- if we get walkability right, much of the rest will follow. - emphasizes the importance of how city planners must be spatially conscious because the buildings are responsible for spatially containing people. - while people enjoy openness, we also enjoy a sense of prospect and refuge. - The typical American urban scene has been rooted in an utter lack of spatial awareness and enclosure. - "missing teeth," a term describing the swaths of vacant lots and blacktops dispersed throughout cities. - city planners lack of initiative to address problems even though they are well aware of them. - cities themselves present another problem because most of them under appreciate the need for spatial awareness for a successful urban realm. - highlights shadow cities and "shaping studies" that demonstrate how buildings can make streets into useful spaces, with the primary example being Vancouver—a city embracing traditional urbanism with walkability and represents figural space. - Differing from this is modern and landscape urbanism that support figural object - discusses the debate on tall buildings and its impact on the public realm and how it leads to a successful public realm even with weather changes.

Jane Jacobs the death and life of Great American Cities

- not about liking everyone but respecting them - the city is unpredictable, enjoyable, and not so enjoyable encounters in a genuinely public realm - was fighting against modernist rationalism, top-down planning, statistical averages, Robert Moses - condemns urban planners as they fail to recognize that years of planning and rebuilding based on nonsensical architecture dogma will do nothing to solve ever growing-issues concerning cities that have emerged - her goal: to truly find what's at the core of big cities so we can truly learn and apply them - examples starting from Garden City to Radiant City to City Beautiful demonstrate urban city planners' ignorance of the true workings of a city - streets and sidewalks: two of a city's most vital qualities - cities are considered to be dangerous when its inhabitants don't feel safe roaming the sidewalk - slums, minority groups, or the poor shouldn't be held responsible for the fear that arises from them - North End of Boston was statistically a slum, in terms of density, overcrowding, size of rooms, number of bathrooms, etc. BUT it has the lowest delinquency/disease/infant mortality rates in the city by 1959

Whatever happened to urbanism?

- paradox: urbanism has disappeared at the moment when urbanization everywhere is finally on its way to establishing a definitive, global triumph of the urban condition - Modernism's attempt to transform quantity into quality through abstraction and repetition has failed - Our present relationship with the "crisis" of the city is deeply ambiguous: we still blame others for a situation for which both our incurable utopianism and our contempt are responsible. - redefined, urbanism will be an ideology: to accept what exists - to survive, urbanism has to imagine a new newness

- What is an architectural type?

- part of French academic theory from 19th century, revived in 1970s and 80s - a 3D template that includes physical, functional, and cultural configuration → a standard/ideal that can have many individual variations - example: Stockholm → variations on a basic housing type as opposed to repetitive copies/clones → built one building at a time, not one subdivision at a time - archetype, type, stereotype (vs. industrial prototype) - collectively developed over time, both vernacular and high style; no single architect, not a style; familiar to the public - ex: Greek temple, Renaissance palazzo/villa, Georgian townhouse, Cape Cod, McMansion, etc.

Post Urbanism

- post-structuralist, avant-garde, autonomous, fractal, digital design/fabrication - anti space; modernist; in flux/dynamic/spectacular/shocking - starchitects/fine art/ global

GREENING THE DEVELOPING WORLD

- secondary cities are the fastest growing urban areas, but are often ignored - there are more than 2,400 cities in the world that could be loosely described as secondary cities; nearly 2/3rds are located in Africa and Asia; incredible intensity - there's lots of poverty and suffering and severe water pollution especially in Asia and Africa - urbanism is more than urbanization - socio-political-cultural order and physical infrastructure are needed

Cost of Sprawl

- suburban sprawl: the great American compromise that is neither urban nor rural; we Americans own "sprawl" and need to do something about it now - Post WWII housing boom - some causes of suburbanization: - inexpensive land, cars, and energy; ubiquitous roads - cheap money; VHA mortgages, red-lining (African Americans weren't allowed to get mortgages) - racial prejudice and "white flight" - public school differential - sprawl is a fat target, but it can't be all bad - at night, arterial strips are beautiful; freeways from more of a bird's eye view looks elegant - too much of a good thing = sprawl - we slowly move from gridiron to cul-de-sac urbanism - cul-de-sac: a street with only one inlet/outlet - single-use zone: you can only build one use in a given zone, and the zones are very large - also different in the sense that the size of the blocks are very large → superblocks; big size of intersections; the Achilles heel of suburbia - "rivers of asphalt with oceanic intersections" → unintended consequence of suburban sprawl - Problems: connectivity, energy destruction, GHG, habitat destruction, a lot of parking - People are in more danger in the suburbs than in cities → when population density is lower, there's a higher traffic mortality rat - Architectural costs: dumbing down of architectural types - typological and place impoverishment - Economic costs: costs of sprawl is at about $400 billion per year in the U.S. alone

This is how we ride

- talks about his experiences and positive aspects on biking in cities such as increasing one's pleasure, health benefits, decreasing ecological footprints, providing job opportunities, and making going around the city much faster and easier - claims that economic discrimination is irrelevant in the context of bike share programs in New York City

Asia

- the biggest continent in land and population → where most of the world's poor people live, yet where most architectural extravaganzas are being built - there's such a huge disparity between the rich and poor - China's urbanization represents the biggest and fastest social movement in human history with nearly 500M people moving into cities in the past 30 years - used more cement from 2011-2013 than the U.S. did in the entire 20th century - 75% of electricity is from coal-fired power plants - coal's price is dirty cheap but very expensive for the next generation and beyond - now the world's largest producer of wind and solar systems

Cosmopolis Forum Big brother is charging you

- the character of the public realm is under enormous threat from both too much government intervention and the concession of too much of the public realms to private interest - problem with suburbs: homogeneity of their formats and the frequent elusiveness of a genuinely public realm

Africa

- the most undeveloped continent, is expected by some UN estimates to grow from 1.2B to 3.5B and it's urbanizing rapidly and birth rates have fallen dramatically

THE U OF M CAMPUS, ANN ARBOR, WALKING!

- trees and lawns are essential to a park-like U.S. campus - Building and architectural typology 1. honorific and monumental buildings → library, museum, auditorium - small can be monumental 2. academic loft buildings → classroom, lab 3. residence and dining halls 4. athletic facilities 5. auxiliary buildings → maintenance, parking decks, power station 6. megastructures → medical center - UM green initiatives: - planet blue pilot buildings; LEED Silver stds. for new buildings; renewable energy systems; recycling, waste management; educational programs; ethanol fuel for buses, hybrid buses; locally sourced food; bike lanes, racks, rentals, etc.; less water and pesticide use - Four ingredients to keep people walking: 1. compact development, so there's a sufficient number of people living, working, shopping, and recreating within a walkable radius 2. a rich, interesting and useful mix of uses, so there are places worth walking to 3. a pleasant, direct network of pedestrian space that's safe from crime and heavy vehicular traffic 4. a regional transit system, so that pedestrians can get around the entire megopolis

architectural type vs building type

- urbanism needs many different architectural types and different building types and it has to seamlessly deal with contrasting scales and styles of different types from different centuries

esthetics: reading by Grant Hildebrand: Biophillic Architectural Space

-architects recognize some survival-adventageous architectural characteristics that would add to a buildings aesthetics and be functional tools in architecture

Equity: ethics, social justice, culture

-endless treadmill of production--> rooted in production not consumption; endless groeth -advertising--> americans spend so much time and money -ther sharing of economy: -for the younger generation, ownership is viewed as a burden because they only want to own what they are responsible for -inequality at the neighborhood scale has increased; exclusively poor and affluent neighborhoods have grown -US--> worlds best venture capital system, risk taking culture(wall street) -wealth and power concentration: upward concentration of wealth and the accompanying power seems common to most civilizations/ socities -the rich get richer, the poor get poorer

Equity cont Ann Thorpe Forum

-now we are always connected; expectations of speed always increase and hurried frenzy obstructs long term perspectiv -fast knowledge: characterized by being technological, profit oriented, hierarchical, competitive, universally-applied -slow knowledge: characterized by being shared and multidisciplinary, unowned, shaped to a particular cultural and geographic contect

environment- Climate Change(reading by Stewart Brand, Scale, Scopes, Stakes and Speed)

-reversed the focus of the environmental movement and ethos -civilization is threatened by nature and humans continue to threaten nature

Economics Cont Jevons Paradox and the conundrum

-technological progress that increases the efficiency with which a resource is used tends to increase rather than decrease the rate of consumption of that resource rebound effect: improvements in energy efficiency can lead to more energy consumption ex) replacing light bulbs with compact fluorescents--> new bulbs cost less than the energy they save air travel: used far more because its cheaper

esthetics: reading by Grant Hildebrand: Biophillic Architectural Space, Proposes 5 attention worthy settings to consider

1) Complex Order: as we intuitively relish inour abilities to discern and attend to information, we find the same pleasure in materials containing variety and complexity 2) Prospect: Although humans liken to nature- prevailing areas, we also seek a place of refuge and prospect as it offeres a protective place of hiding 3)Refuge: same as prospect 4) Enticement: implies an element of suprise, in terms of buildingd, there should be concealed components that draw us to them and that makes exploring them worthwhile 5)Peril: makes humans experience a mix of fear and pleasure despite the evident dangers that peril invites, the fact that we as humand can control it thrills us -provide us with impactful design considerations geared towards human appeal

The Four E's

1) Environment 2)Economy 3)Equity 4)Esthetics

Economics Cont .. Problems with Measuring Economic Growth

1) GDP: problem is that it measures all economic activity whether positive or negative --> pollution, divorce, crime, cleaning up an oil spill, etc -the economic pyramid: not as accurate because the discrepancy between rich and poor is even greater -nation states have a huge GDP gap of about 50:1 average 2) Discounting: Markets discount, a method of disvaluing future money to make present economic decisions -private/nonprofit have been trying to dispel zero price issue/ discounting by implementing sustainable measures: product labeling, rating systems for buildings, international standards for environmental quality.. the steeper the discount rate, the more cavalier you are about the future

3 methods to combat ecological issues:

1) mitigation: prevention of climate change ex) burning less coal to produce less greenhouse gasses, using light colored surfaces to reflect solar rays back through the atmosphere into space 2) Adaption: dealing with the effects rather than the causes of climate change; managing the unavoidable ex) sea barriers for rising sea levels; to provide habitat and recreation, developing drought tolerant agriculture, and keeping resource welfare localized 3) Amelioration: adjusting the nature of the planet itself through large scale geoengineering

Paul Gaugin's three questions

1) where do we come from 2) what are we 3) where are we going

3 causes of civilizations decline

1)Runaway train 2)The Dinosaur 3) The house of cards

CRITICAL REGIONALISM + TYPOLOGY (2 examples of architectural theory)

1. Architecture as a discipline, with history and theory, as opposed to as a professional practice 2. Architecture as a technical/scientific endeavor, as opposed to a sociocultural/artistic/aesthetic artifact - Critical Regionalism (C.R.): about designing from the specific to the general and being rooted in place; inductive and empirical - regionalism (in architecture) means thinking smaller; the local not the universal - regionalism (in urban planning) means thinking bigger; the metropolis or megapolis not the n'hood - C.R. is based on regional (not regionalist) differences, but in a questioning, critical, and cosmopolitan way - regional: unselfconscious and provincial and parochial - regionalist: sophisticated, self-conscious regionalism - reaction to the functionalism, rational sterility, placelessness, and industrial repetition of Modernist design - a counter-reaction to the sudden flowering of historicist Post Modern design, which was an even stronger reaction to Modernism - fundamental strategy: mediate the impact of universal civilization with element derived indirectly from the peculiarities of a particular place

Cities Part 1

1. The city as a social "polis": walkability, diversity, urbanity - cities are about tolerating differences and diversity; they're unpredictable - urbane → cosmopolitan tolerance and sophistication - anonymity → enjoying friends and stranger alike

Jane Jacobs the death and life of great american cities 3 qualities inherent in successful cities/ ways to make a street safe

1. a clear demarcation between public and private spheres (unlike high rise public housing projects) 2. perpetual eyes on the streets 3. a fairly continuous flow of sidewalk users - 3 ways to cope with unsafe streets, plazas, and parks: 1. let danger hold sway; stay inside 2. take refuge in the automobile 3. cultivate "turf"; like street gangs - OR in wealthy suburbs → build fences and walls (gated communities - "the intricate ballet" - the importance of sidewalks

- to be lean and green, buildings should:

1. be built with local, low-energy materials/methods and designed no bigger or complicated than needed 2. have an envelope capable of isolating/buffering it from heat, cold, and humidity; consistent with the climate zone 3. face south with sufficient glazing to passively collect solar gain in the heating season, and have appropriate shading of south and west glass during the cooling season 4. have sufficient mass to store solar gain and to act as a thermal flywheel, radiating warmth in the heating season and absorbing it in the cooling season 5. when cooling is needed, be open to and induce natural ventilation, have low albedo roofs and be shaded with vegetation, fixed, movable devices 6. be readily adapted, renovated and repaired over time, with materials and components reused at the end of their useful lives 7. employ the first six principles in connected, multi-story buildings and in ways that are site-specific, context-sensitive and that don't conflict with common sense or prevent other buildings from employing them

Moral vs technological progress: Charles C. Mann article (bonus article)

1. it's a safer world: the number of people who have died in wars has declined sharply since the 20th centur 2. no European in 1800 could have imagined that in 2000 Europe, would have no legal slavery, women would be able to vote, and gay people would be able to marry

cities part 2 Forum: Ed Glaesar: Cities Do it better

1. wages and productivity rise with density; density generates both positive and negative externalities - positive: easier movement of goods over shorter distances, the spread of ideas, and fostering of creativity - negative: higher levels of crime and congestion, spread of disease, and less resilience in crises 2. cities are learning machines - living in a complex city makes you more complex and able to deal with complexity

cities part 2

2. The city as an economic engine and as a very large organism - more than half of the world's population lives in cities

New Urbanism and Smart Growth Douglas Kelbaugh: Pedestrian Pockets, TODs and TNDs TOD

2. Transit-Oriented Design (TOD) / Pedestrian Pockets - West coast, Peter Calthorpe → energy and environmental design ethos - focused more on regional transit and open-space systems; infill redevelopment - focuses on a small, walking-encouraged, and sprawl-opposed community - Similarities between these two models: - both think highly of sustainable, socially diverse, affordable, clearly delineated public- and private-sphered, and walking-friendly communities. - both are committed to establishing a hierarchy of known architectural types , street types, and block types

Egyptian and Chinese Civilizations

SUSTAINABLE: -better then the roman and the mayan empire because: 1) they could conserve raw materials and had an abundance of topsoil 2) smarter about not building on farmland 3)the saved their natural resources to revive their cultures and still be standing today

Roman & Mayan Civilizations

UNSUSTAINABLE similarities: -they formed at similar times one int he Old World and one in the New World -initially strong, centralized empires that then deterred in terms of their social structures as power dispersed to the periphery -collapses were due to natural disasters, resource depletion, war, and trade disruption -has slower decline -Rome had superior military conquered most of the world; provided 200 years of peace

corporations

arent rooted in place, they can move from city to city, within a country or between countries -produce a lot of wealth, amoral not immoral, focus on profits -they just want to make money, they dont really care how -of the largest 100 economies in the world, 51 corporations -not the same as governments because they are in many ways responsible for their people, corporations don't necessarily have the kind of responsibility but they don't really see the need to address it actively -greenwashing: deceptively used to promote the perception that an organizations products, aims or policies are environmentally friendly ex)many food products have packaging that evokes an environementally friendly imagery even though there has been no attempt to lower its environmental impact

Economics(Tragedy of the commons)

depletion of a shared resource by individuals, acting independently and rationally according to each one's self interests... not the best for a groups/ societies long term interests -overgrazing village common(just one more sheep), organic food (users are subsidizing non-users), polluting the air shed by not buying lead free gasoline when it was optional

The Dinosaur

describes large-scale societies where individuals use resources at a daunting speed and nothing is done to stop them ex) easter island,

The House Of Cards

describes societies that are too large and complex that they are inherently unstable and prone to collapse ex) Dubai had a quick collapse

The Runaway Train

describes societies that depend on growth in population, pollution, technology, and the concentration of weath and power ex) irrigation canals

Lean Urbanism

fills the gap between Tactical and New Urbanism, trying to reduce red tape and to work around codes to allow small entrepreneurs and developer/builders to flourish in "pink zones" - a less static attitude toward the "natural"; converting adversity to advantage - benefits from being embedded in/juxtaposed with the city

economics cont Tim Jackson a Lasting Prosperity

humans are far too absorbed in material possessions and frequently forget that such posessions are ephemeral in terms of the satisfaction they provide us -we must realize that global issues like destitution, climate change, and the scarcity of resources are not future problems that might arise, but insteead are acerbating over time 3 macroeconomic interventions that can achieve ecological/economic stability: 1) structural transition to service based activities 2)investment in ecological assets 3) working time policy as a stabilizing mechanism

Sustainable architecture part 1 large solar buildings

internal load dominated as opposed to skin load dominated; more removed from climate; less intuitive to design; computers and engineers are needed - reusing is better than recycling!

Sumer

large irrigation system; overgrazing, land clearing and mre led desertification and soil salination--> irrigation system was a runaway train.. the rulers failure to tackle the problems represents the dinosaur and the irreparable fall shows them to be house of cards

1) Environment(sustainability)

measure sustainability: eco-footprints, carbon in the atmosphere

neanderthals vs. Cro Magnons

neanderthals are less adaptive to climate change and have smaller brains than cro magnons

Tactical Urbanism

pop-up cafes, chair bombing, guerrilla parklets, and other impromptu interventions; inspiring but limited by their temporary nature

Built Environment

refers to the human made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from buildings and parks or green space to neighborhoods and cities that can often include their supporting infrastructure, such as water supply or energy networks

human race

set apart from other species because we are molded by culture rather than nature, we have been farming for 10,000 years

progress traps

tendency to create more problems than solve.. ex) hunting.. this dates back to the period during civilizations like Sumer(3500 BC) and Easter Island emerged moral progress gave way to material progress

Cities

the built environment is society's biggest economic investment and one of societies most empowering and monumental achievements -long lived, embodies culture, makes connections across the past, present and future -cities are about tolerating differences and diversity, they are unpredictable 5parts

Environment continued.. Paul Hawken (The Beginning)

there are 1 to 2 million organizations around the globe that exist to achieve social justice and ecological sustainability whats unique about this group is that its ever widening scope and it doesn't fit the boundaries of what makes a movement because of its complex nature, its more of a coincidental union of individual groups -people of various economic/social stances have unified with similar intentions to make the world a better place -organically almalgamated into such a unique social phenomenom

Economics Reading(Ann Thorpe Economy)

three sectors of the economy: 1) private: individuals, for profit companies, designers, architects 2) public: nations, cities, states, urban planners 3) non-profit: religion, education, environment, health and social well being price vs. cost: price= what someone is willing to pay for a particular good/service cost= includes the price and other implicit costs(negative externalities) -like pollution from driving cars

Economics Cont. GINI Index

wealth and equity/ income disparity for WW2 despite economic expansion opposed traditional theories of economics like Adam Smith's Invisible hand -chinas become more unequal, Mexico and the U.S. are doing a lot better -northern European are usually the most equal, usually the most content but not the happiest