Archaea and Bacteria

What projections can bacteria have?

Flagella and/or fimbriae, both of which allow them to move and latch onto each other as well as surfaces

Chlamydias

Pathogens that live inside eukaryotic host cells

Extreme Thermophiles

-A type of archaea extremophile -"Heat-lovers"--live in very hot waters (i.e. deep ocean vents over 100 degrees celsius such as the Nevada geyser) -Some live in acid pools and turn them green

Extreme Halophiles

-A type of archaea extremophile -"Salt-lovers"--live in very salty places such as the Dead Sea or Salt Lake -Most successfully in salt concentrations of 15-30% or more -Have little competition from other organisms -Turn their environments red/purple/yellow because they are so densely populated

Methanogens

-A type of archaea extremophile -Give off methane gas as waste, which contributes to global warming -Many live in anaerobic environments such as mud -Some live in the digestive tracts of animals who ingest lots of cellulose (e.g. cattle, deer)

The Domain Bacteria

-All are prokaryotes -Most are beneficial, not harmful -Split into five sections: probacteria, gram-positive bacteria, cyanobacteria, chlamydias, and spirochetes

What are the four modes of nutrition for bacteria?

1. Photoautrophy 2. Chemoautotrophy 3. Photoheterotrophy 4. Chemoheterotrophy

What covers most bacteria cell walls?

A capsule, which enables them to adhere to surfaces

Spirochetes

Corkscrew-shaped bacteria; some are pathogens

Pathogens

Harmful bacteria that cause diseases

Probacteria

-GRAM NEGATIVE -Complex cell wall with peptidoglycan and lipids -Have all four modes of nutrition -Some can attack other bacteria -Some are pathogens -All share an rRNA sequence

Gram-Positive Bacteria

-Has a simple cell wall made of peptidoglycan -Break down organic matter

The Domain Archaea

-The most abundant cells in the ocean -All are prokaryotes -Some live in normal habitats, but some are adapted to strange or extreme environments

Cyanobacteria

-The only photosynthetic prokaryotes -Provide food for freshwater and marine ecosystems

What are the main differences between Archaea and Bacteria?

1. Cell walls--Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, while Archaea do not 2. rRNA--Bacteria have rRNA that is unique to Bacteria, while Archaea have some are unique to Archaea and some that are similar to eukaryotes 3. RNA polymerase--Bacteria have one, simple type, while Archaea have multiple, complex, eukaryote-like types 4. Genes--Archaea not only have genes similar to Bacteria, but they also have some similar to Eukaryotes and some unique to Archaea

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

1. Cocci (round) 2. Bacilli (rod-shaped) 3. Spirochete (corkscrew)

Sulfolobus

A type of extreme thermophile that creates energy from sulfur and iron

Extremophiles

Archaea that live in strange/extreme environments and are specially adapted to metabolize and reproduce well there; the main three types are Extreme Halophiles, Extreme Thermophiles, and Methanogens