Argument essays
Parts of a Toulmin Argument
1) Claim: What the writer is trying to prove 2) Qualifiers: Any limits the writer places on his claim 3) Reasons/evidence: support for the claim 4) Warrants: Underlying assumptions that support the claim and tell the reader what they are. 5) Backing: evidence or support for the warrant 6) Rebuttal or counterargument: what are the potential objections to the claim
Parts of an Aristotelian argument
1) Introduce your issue. At the end of your introduction, you are to present your thesis. 2) Present your case by explaining the issue in detail. 3) Address the opposition. Refute the opposition one point at a time. 4) Provide your proof. After you address the other side, you'll want to provide clear evidence that your side is the best side. 5) Present your conclusion; summarize the key points and give your audience a call to action.
Rogerian argument is based on the principles of
Carl Rogers
the writer offers detailed support for the claim, using both logical reasoning and factual evidence.
Confirmatio
All men are mortal. Harold is a man. Therefore, Harold is mortal.
Deductive reasoning
_____ ____ is the reasoning that sets out a general principle and applies it to a specific case
Deductive reasoning
The writer tries to win the attention of the audience while introducing them to a subject or problem
Exordium
____ ____ _____ consists of an introduction with a hook and a three part thesis, three body paragraphs that grow from a preview thesis statement and a conclusion that supports the thesis.
Five paragraph themes
Five paragraph themes serve as a good _____ to understand argument writing by this one of the ____ _____ forms.
Foundation, least effective.
The purpose of a rogerian argument is not to win over opponents but to
Get people and groups to work together
Deduction moves from _____ ____ _______, while induction moves from _____ ___ ______.
Idea to observation, observation to idea.
_____ _____ gathers up specific examples and draws a conclusion from them.
Inductive reasoning
All cars in this town drive on the right side of the street. Therefore, all cars in all towns drive on the right side of the street.
Inductive reasoning.
Parts of a Cicero oration
Introduction • Gains reader's interest • Establishes author's qualifications • Demonstrates that the author is fair and unbiased • States the claim Background • Present information and good reasons, including logical and emotional appeals Lines of Argument • Carefully considers alternative points of view and opposing points of view and their advantages and disadvantages • Explains why your viewpoint is preferable to others Conclusion • Summarizes the argument • Elaborates on the significance of the claim • Clearly explains what you want the audience to think or do •Reinforces your credibility • Perhaps makes an emotional appeal
Parts to a rogerian argument
Introduction: The writer describes an issue, a problem, or a conflict in a way that shows that he understands and respects any alternative positions Contexts: The writer describes the contexts in a way that alternative positions may be valid. Writer's position: the writer states his positions on the issue and presents the circumstances in which that opinion would be valid. Benefits to opponent: the writer explains to opponents how they would benefit from adopting his position
Nestorian order is an persuasive technique structured such that the ____ ____ _____ is presented last rather than first.
MOST important argument
The writer presents the facts explaining what happened, who was involved, and other details. This places the argument in context
Narratio
Rogerian argument is a __________ style of argument
Non-confrontational
Parts of a Nestorian order
Paragraph One: Introduce your paper. Paragraph Two: State and develop your second best reason. Paragraph Three: State and develop your third best reason. Paragraph Four: State and develop your best reason here. Paragraph Five: Conclude your paper with power.
the writer divides the subject, explaining what the claim is, what the key issues are, and in what order the writer will address the subject .
Partitio
the writer summarizes the case and moves the audience to action.
Peroratio
The writer recognizes and argues against claims or evidence of the opposing side.
Refutatio
The Cicero oration is comprised of ____ parts
Six
The Toulmin style of argumentation effectively addresses ____ ______ with very _____ and _____ ______
complex issues, careful, specific reasoning
The goal of an Aristotelian essay is to
convince your audience of something.
You can achieve the goal of an Aristotelian essay by using a series of strategies (____, ____, and _____) to persuade your audience to adopt your side of the issue.
ethos, pathos, and logos
Deduction moves from more _____ to more _______, while induction moves from more _____ to more ______.
general, specific, specific, general
The toulmin argument is a method of ____ _____ that employs _______ but a powerful and practical method for shaping arguments in ___ ___ ___
informal logic, syllogisms, the real world
Stephen Toulmin described the way that _____ ______ make reasonable arguments
ordinary people
inductive arguments simply have some measure of ____ that the argument is ____ based on the strength of the argument and the evidence to support it.
probability, true
The premise of a rogerian argument is that the people involved in disputes should not ___ to each other until they could fully, fairly, and even sympathetically state ___ ___ _____ _____.
respond, the other person's position
Toulmin acknowledges the situations when people qualify their thoughts with words such as _____ ______ _____ _____ and ______
sometimes, often, presumably, unless, and almost
The key to a successful Rogerian argument is a willingness to ____ ___ ____ ____ and to be able to _____ ____ _____.
think of other positions, describe them fairly
Deductive arguments have ____ _____ assuming all the premises are ___
unassailable conclusions, true