Argument essays

Parts of a Toulmin Argument

1) Claim: What the writer is trying to prove 2) Qualifiers: Any limits the writer places on his claim 3) Reasons/evidence: support for the claim 4) Warrants: Underlying assumptions that support the claim and tell the reader what they are. 5) Backing: evidence or support for the warrant 6) Rebuttal or counterargument: what are the potential objections to the claim

Parts of an Aristotelian argument

1) Introduce your issue. At the end of your introduction, you are to present your thesis. 2) Present your case by explaining the issue in detail. 3) Address the opposition. Refute the opposition one point at a time. 4) Provide your proof. After you address the other side, you'll want to provide clear evidence that your side is the best side. 5) Present your conclusion; summarize the key points and give your audience a call to action.

Rogerian argument is based on the principles of

Carl Rogers

the writer offers detailed support for the claim, using both logical reasoning and factual evidence.

Confirmatio

All men are mortal. Harold is a man. Therefore, Harold is mortal.

Deductive reasoning

_____ ____ is the reasoning that sets out a general principle and applies it to a specific case

Deductive reasoning

The writer tries to win the attention of the audience while introducing them to a subject or problem

Exordium

____ ____ _____ consists of an introduction with a hook and a three part thesis, three body paragraphs that grow from a preview thesis statement and a conclusion that supports the thesis.

Five paragraph themes

Five paragraph themes serve as a good _____ to understand argument writing by this one of the ____ _____ forms.

Foundation, least effective.

The purpose of a rogerian argument is not to win over opponents but to

Get people and groups to work together

Deduction moves from _____ ____ _______, while induction moves from _____ ___ ______.

Idea to observation, observation to idea.

_____ _____ gathers up specific examples and draws a conclusion from them.

Inductive reasoning

All cars in this town drive on the right side of the street. Therefore, all cars in all towns drive on the right side of the street.

Inductive reasoning.

Parts of a Cicero oration

Introduction • Gains reader's interest • Establishes author's qualifications • Demonstrates that the author is fair and unbiased • States the claim Background • Present information and good reasons, including logical and emotional appeals Lines of Argument • Carefully considers alternative points of view and opposing points of view and their advantages and disadvantages • Explains why your viewpoint is preferable to others Conclusion • Summarizes the argument • Elaborates on the significance of the claim • Clearly explains what you want the audience to think or do •Reinforces your credibility • Perhaps makes an emotional appeal

Parts to a rogerian argument

Introduction: The writer describes an issue, a problem, or a conflict in a way that shows that he understands and respects any alternative positions Contexts: The writer describes the contexts in a way that alternative positions may be valid. Writer's position: the writer states his positions on the issue and presents the circumstances in which that opinion would be valid. Benefits to opponent: the writer explains to opponents how they would benefit from adopting his position

Nestorian order is an persuasive technique structured such that the ____ ____ _____ is presented last rather than first.

MOST important argument

The writer presents the facts explaining what happened, who was involved, and other details. This places the argument in context

Narratio

Rogerian argument is a __________ style of argument

Non-confrontational

Parts of a Nestorian order

Paragraph One: Introduce your paper. Paragraph Two: State and develop your second best reason. Paragraph Three: State and develop your third best reason. Paragraph Four: State and develop your best reason here. Paragraph Five: Conclude your paper with power.

the writer divides the subject, explaining what the claim is, what the key issues are, and in what order the writer will address the subject .

Partitio

the writer summarizes the case and moves the audience to action.

Peroratio

The writer recognizes and argues against claims or evidence of the opposing side.

Refutatio

The Cicero oration is comprised of ____ parts

Six

The Toulmin style of argumentation effectively addresses ____ ______ with very _____ and _____ ______

complex issues, careful, specific reasoning

The goal of an Aristotelian essay is to

convince your audience of something.

You can achieve the goal of an Aristotelian essay by using a series of strategies (____, ____, and _____) to persuade your audience to adopt your side of the issue.

ethos, pathos, and logos

Deduction moves from more _____ to more _______, while induction moves from more _____ to more ______.

general, specific, specific, general

The toulmin argument is a method of ____ _____ that employs _______ but a powerful and practical method for shaping arguments in ___ ___ ___

informal logic, syllogisms, the real world

Stephen Toulmin described the way that _____ ______ make reasonable arguments

ordinary people

inductive arguments simply have some measure of ____ that the argument is ____ based on the strength of the argument and the evidence to support it.

probability, true

The premise of a rogerian argument is that the people involved in disputes should not ___ to each other until they could fully, fairly, and even sympathetically state ___ ___ _____ _____.

respond, the other person's position

Toulmin acknowledges the situations when people qualify their thoughts with words such as _____ ______ _____ _____ and ______

sometimes, often, presumably, unless, and almost

The key to a successful Rogerian argument is a willingness to ____ ___ ____ ____ and to be able to _____ ____ _____.

think of other positions, describe them fairly

Deductive arguments have ____ _____ assuming all the premises are ___

unassailable conclusions, true