ART 111 Week 7
classical period
a period in the history of greek art c. 480-323 BCE
renaissance
a period of cultural and artistic change in Europe from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century
Which two types of line shape our examination of a work of art by directing the movement of our gaze?
actual and implied
Sometimes artists use this kind of changing pattern to make a work more lively.
alternating pattern
Triptych
an artwork comprising three panels, normally jointed together and sharing a common theme.
etching
an intaglio printmaking process that uses acid to bite (or etch) the engraved design into the printing surface
aquatint
an intaglio printmaking process that uses melted rosin or spray paint to create an acid-resistant ground
facade
any side of a building, usually the front or entrance
contrast
artist create effects with this concept by positioning elements next to one another that are very different, for example areas of different value, color, or size makes compositions/art pieces more interesting
alternating rhythm
artists can intertwine multiple rhythms until they become quite complex the addition and alternation of rhythms can add unpredictability and visual excitement can create a dynamic feel
In Egyptian art the Pharaoh was almost always depicted in this way.
as the largest of all figures
what message does a large scale give off?
communicate big ideas at a large audience monumental scale = heroism or other epic virtues
focal points
concentrate our attention usually accentuates concepts, themes, or ideas the artist wants to express they signal what the artwork is about. a tool that artists use to give specific emphasis to an important symbol, event, or distinguishing feature in a work.
distorted scale
distort scale to create a supernatural effect
This use of scale can create an abnormal or supernatural effect, and was used by the Surrealists to do just that.
distorted scale
subordination
draws our attention away from certain areas of a work the use of emphasis to draw the viewer's attention away from a particular part of a composition.
line
effective way to focus our attention in an artwork we tend to notice diagonal lines because they appear to be more visually active than either horizontal or vertical lines.
The principle of rhythm does not apply to photography.
false
rhythm
gives structure to the experience of looking by guiding our eyes from one point to another in a work of art. It exists when there is repetition in a work of art
The ancient Greeks designed the Parthenon according to the idealized rules of proportion for the human body, creating ________ design.
harmonious
monumental
having massive or impressive scale
The ancient Greek sculptor who created the bronze known as Poseidon (1.136) used this part of the body as a standard unit for proportional measurement in the work.
head
When a Yoruba sculptor created a human form, he or she made this body part disproportionately large:
head
monumental scale often equals what
heroism or other epic virtues For example: •War monuments, for example, often feature figures much larger than life-size in order to convey the bravery of the warriors
This type of scale is common in the relief sculpture of ancient Egypt, where it was used to indicate social importance.
hierarchical
what message does a small scale give off?
implies intimacy like whispering into someone's ear or admiring a ring on his or her finger.
human proportion
used palms as measurements six palms a unit called a cubit and 4 cubits (24 palms) equal the height of a person.
simple repetitive rhythm
Artists create repetition by using the same shape, color, size, value, line, or texture over and over again also shown in architectures
motif
a design repeated as a unit in a pattern a common occurrence in traditional quilting can be used to unify art pieces artist can create strong unified design by repeating a motif a single motif can be interlaced with others to create complex designs
broad emphasis
occurs when there are multiple elements within a work but where no one element dominates theses areas are also evenly balanced by size and contrasting values, unifying all the parts into a larger whole with no strong single focal point.
the golden section
one of the best-known formulas is what was become known since the Renaissance a proportion ratio of 1:1.618 which occurs in many natural objects.
Proportional ratios
one such technique is known as "golden rectangles," because it is based on succession of rectangles, nesting inside each other , based on the 1:1.618 proportions of the golden section.
placement
placement of elements controls rhythm and creates multiple focal points. can also create rhythm, which adds visual interest.
hierarchical scale
refers to the deliberate use of relative size in a work in order to communicate differences in importance. can be used to communicate spiritual importance
progressive rhythm
repetition that regularly increases or decreases in frequency creates a progressive rhythm as the eye moves faster or slower across the surface of the work
rhythmic design structure
the idea of rhythmic structure help us understand how artist divide visual space into different kinds of sections to achieve different kinds of effects.
unity
the imposition of order and harmony on a design
middle ground
the part of a work between the foreground and background
contrast
A drastic difference between such elements as color or value
simple repetitive rhythm
A repeating "pulse" of similar elements sets up a visual rhythm that a viewer can anticipate
golden section
A unique ration of a line divided into two parts so that a+b is to a as a is to b. The result is 1:1.618 (a) as the longer segment (a) is to the shorter segment (b). the result is 1:1.618
pattern
An arrangement of predictably repeated elements
distorted scale
An artist may deliberately distort scale to create an abnormal or supernatural effect
art objects created on a human scale...
Art objects created on a human scale correspond to the size of things as they actually exist
art objects created on a monumental scale...
Art objects created on a monumental scale appear larger than they would be in normal life
what can discordant proportions express
But discordant proportions can express specific meanings
subordination
Draws our attention away from area of emphasis (opposite of emphasis)
focal point and emphasis
Emphasis and focal point usually accentuate concepts, themes, or ideas the artist wants to express
An artist would probably use distorted scale if he or she wanted to create a lifelike scene that the viewer could relate to.
False
Photographers cannot be responsible for principles of scale or proportion in their photographs.
False
rhythmic design structure
How artists divide visual space into different sections to achieve different kinds of effects
Patterns are created by what?
Patterns are created by the recurrence of an art element
This Greek sculptor wrote a treatise on how to create a statue of a human being with perfect proportions.
Polykleitos
Using automatic reactions to apply art materials in such a way as consciously to deny order can lead to __________ in art.
Randomness
Progressive Rhythm
Repetition that regularly increases or decreases in frequency creates a progressive rhythm as the eye moves faster or slower across the surface of the work
what does rhythm arise through
Rhythm arises through the repetition of pattern
small-scale objects appear...
Small-scale objects appear smaller than our usual experience of them in the real world
focal point
The center of interest or activity in a work of art, often drawing the viewer's attention to the most important element. is a specific place of visual emphasis
emphasis
The principle of drawing attention to particular content in a work. is the principle by which an artist draws attention to particular content; subordination is the opposite
scale
The size of an object or artwork relative to another object or artwork, or to a system of measurement.
True or False. Pattern and rhythm bring order to space and create a dynamic experience of time
True
True or False. We perceive scale in relation to our own size
True
True/False. Usually, an artist ensures that all the parts of an object are in proportion to one another
True
alternating rhythm
When multiple rhythms are intertwined until they become quite complex, adding unpredictability and visual excitement
motif
a design repeated as a unit in a pattern
contrast
a drastic difference between such elements as color or value (lightness/darkness) when they are presented
If an artist painted a garden with one red flower in a field of yellow flowers, this would be an example of using color to create contrast. For the viewer, the single red flower would be ________.
a focal point in the artwork
implied line
a line not actually drawn but suggested by elements in the work
line
a mark, or implied mark, between two endpoints
relief
a raised form on a largely flat background. For example, the design on a coin is "in relief"
woodcut
a relief print made from a design cut into a block of wood
negative
a reversed image, in which light areas are dark and dark areas are light (opposite of positive)
cast
a sculpture or artwork made by pouring a liquid (for example molten metal or plaster) into a mold
pattern
an arrangement of predictably repeated elements
surrealism/surrealist
an artistic movement in the 1920s and later; its works were inspired by dreams and the subconscious
abstract
art imagery that departs from recognizable images from the natural world
This is the specific part in an area of emphasis to which the viewer's eye is drawn.
focal point
When an artist uses scale to indicate the relative importance of elements in a composition, he or she is employing this kind of scale.
hierarchical scale
An artist might use a small scale for a portrait of a lover because it implies ________.
intimacy
The Swedish-born artist Claes Oldenburg uses this kind of scale in his sculptures to express admiration for the little things in everyday life.
monumental
A design repeated as a unit in a pattern is called a ________.
motif
In Islamic art it is not uncommon to see complex interlaced __________, which are designs repeated as units in a pattern.
motifs
The relationships between the sizes of different parts of a work make up its ________.
proportions
If you were to create an artwork by throwing open cans of paint over your shoulder onto a canvas behind you, this work would be an example of ________.
randomness
hierarchical scale
refers to the deliberate use of relative size in a work of art, in order to communicate differences in importance
This principle of design arises from repetition of a pattern.
rhythm
When an artist wants to draw attention away from a particular part of the work, he or she uses__________
subordination
This group of artists sometimes used distorted scale to create dreamlike images that subvert our conscious experiences.
surrealist
unity
the appearance of oneness or harmony in a work of art: all of the elements appearing to be part of a cohesive whole
elements of art
the basic vocabulary of art - line, shape, form, volume, mass, texture, value (lightness/darkness), space, color, and motion and time
focal point
the center of interest or activity in a work of art, often drawing the viewer's attention to the most important element
space
the distance between identifiable points or planes
value
the lightness or darkness of a plane or area
subordination
the opposite of emphasis; it draws our attention away from particular areas of a work
color
the optical effect caused when reflected white light of the spectrum is divided into a separate wavelength
outline
the outermost line or implied line of an object or figure, by which it is defined or bounded
composition
the overall design or organization of a work
foreground
the part of a work depicted as nearest to the viewer
background
the part of a work depicted furthest from the viewer's space, often behind the main subject matter
emphasis
the principle of drawing attention to particular content in a work
principles
the principles, or "grammar" of art - contrast, unity, variety, balance, scale, proportion, focal point, emphasis, pattern, and rhythm - describe the ways the elements of art are arranged in an artwork.
rhythm
the regular or ordered repetition of elements in the work
proportion
the relationship in size between a work's individual parts and the whole
format
the shape of the area an artist uses for making a two-dimensional artwork
scale
the size of an object or artwork relative to another object or artwork, or to a system of measurement
texture
the surface quality of a work, for example fine/coarse, detailed/lacking in detail
shape
the two-dimensional area the boundaries of which are defined by lines or suggested by changes in color or value
primary colors
three basic colors from which all others are derived.
gothic
western European architectural style of the twelfth to sixteenth centuries, characterized by the use of pointed arches and ornate decoration
Proportional ratios
•"Golden Rectangles" have proportions of 1:1.618 •Nested inside each other, the shorter side of the outer rectangle becomes the longer side of the smaller one •Result is an elegant spiral shape
what is a motif
•A design repeated as a unit in a pattern is called a motif •Motifs can represent ideas, images, and themes •A repeated motif can create a strong unified design
what is the golden section
•A proportional ratio of 1:1.618 •Occurs in many natural objects •Real human bodies do not have these exact proportions, but when applied to statues, they give naturalistic results
Poseidon
•As a Greek god, Poseidon had to have perfect proportions •The sculptor applied a simple ratio, using the head as a standard measurement •The body is three heads wide (at the shoulders) by seven heads high
Dieric Bouts, The Coronation of the Virgin Mary
•Bouts renders the Holy Trinity with reverence, but focuses attention on the centrally placed Virgin Mary •Her face is framed by the crown and dove above and folded hands below; all eyes are oriented toward her
Jacob Lawrence "John Brown [...]"
•Each figure attracts enough attention so that none stands out •Solemn poses are an homage to the Civil War-era abolitionist John Brown •Composition is balanced with separate areas of emphasis; implies equality among the men
Henry Peach Robinson, Fading Away, 1858
•Fused many different photographic negatives to create a new image •The right-hand drape divides the photograph into two Golden Rectangles •The spiral draws our eye to the dying young woman
Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon
•Greeks applied proportional systems to architecture as well as sculpture •The proportions of the Parthenon, a temple of the goddess Athena, correspond closely to the Golden Section •Creates a harmonious design
Suzanne Valadon, The Blue Room
•Three contrasting patterns energize the work: •Organic pattern of leaves and stems in the blue bed covering •Green-and-white striped pajamas •Mottled pattern of the background