ART 2313 EXAM 2 REVIEW

helped spread music and identify composers as individuals.

The printing press

helped spread the ideas of the Reformation.

The reformers/printing press

The writings of Mary Wollstonecraft mark the beginning of modern

feminism.

The Brancacci Chapel of the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine in Florence contains highly influential ________ by Masaccio

frescos

The dramatic use of light and shade in Baroque painting is called

chiaroscuro.

A type of hymn tune important in this period is called a

chorale

Voltaire famously wrote criticisms of the

church

Renaissance artists such as Donatello revived the ______ tradition of the nude.

classical

The plots for French ballets came from

classical mythology.

A mode of inquiry that reaches conclusions by moving from the general to the specific is called

deduction

A work of art portraying the removal of Christ's body from the cross is called a

deposition scene

Two images hinged together are called a

diptych

Frederick II is an example of a(n) _______ despot.

enlightened

Musical works built around a non-musical story are called

program music.

The corpulent cupids found in Rubens' paintings are called

putti

The Florentine Foundling Hospital is by

Brunelleschi

is a Renaissance theatre type performed by troupes of actors wearing masks and employing improvised plots and stock characters.

Commedia dell arte

Castiglione's book ________ became an important guide to "goodly manners."

Cortegiano/The Courtier

is a government with power vested in the hands of an absolute monarch.

Absolutism

The sculptures of ______ are exemplary of the baroque aesthetic.

Bernini

An economic system pursuing market freedom and profit is called

Capitalism.

The philosophy of ______ was based on the premise "Doubt everything."

Descartes or Cartesian

The Spanish baroque painter _____ is associated with the mystical and inward-looking nature of the Counter-Reformation.

El Greco

The "court masque" was developed in

England.

is an example of a Christian humanist.

Erasmus

In 1497 Vasco da Gama proved a sea route to ____ existed

India

What was the primary reason for the delayed construction of the dome of Florence Cathedral?

Lack of engineering/ "know how".

Important patrons of the arts, the ______ family ruled Florence for a number of generations

Medici

In a ______ play, each character tends to be either all good or all evil.

Melodrama

David's Death of Marat echoes the pose of Christ in a sculpture by

Michelangelo.

means, among other things, "rebirth."

Renaissance

is a polyphonic choral work.

The Motet

of Flemish painting separated it from the Gothic style and connected it to the Italian Renaissance.

The Natural 3-D

Da Vinci Last supper 1495-1508.

This is a really good photograph of a painting in really bad shape. While Leo was in Milan with the duke, he was asked to paint a fresco in a monastery lunchroom. The last supper is when Jesus gathers his apostles for dinner and he tells them one of you is about to betray me. This is the moment that is always portrayed in these paintings. So not a new subject, it had been painted hundreds of times before this. But Leo reinvents it and sets the standard for anyone painting a last supper after this. Before this, artists placed all the people sitting at one end of the table staring at the viewer awkwardly, and Judas was on the opposite end turning around to look at the viewer creepily. Leonardo makes the composition more individualistic and naturalistic. These are individuals sitting down to dinner and then someone just dropped a bomb on them. They're all freaking out and uniquely reacting. the way they're organized helps viewers understand the painting. The 2 people at the ends face inward keeping the viewer locked in, like book ends. Going from the outside in, there are groups of 3. Everyone is reacting and looking at Jesus and talking to each other, and hand gesturing, and they're very upset. All the hands direct you inwards to Jesus in the vanishing point, who is the only character forming a solid stable triangle. Everyone else is animated and dynamic and emotional while he is unwavering and calm. Judas is the one who is in the opposite direction as everyone else in body direction, and is completely in shadow. When he hears the news, he is immediately pushing back and holding a bag of money. He is not lit like everyone else. Leonardo De Vinci wanted to improve fresco painting. So he mixed oil painting techniques into fresco techniques, we don't know exactly how. And it did not work. Within 5 years it began to fall off the walls. After that there was a comedy of errors. Some other artist was sent in to paint over it, so we know this is Leo's composition but we're not sure about the colors because that is what would have been repainted. Then later on someone wanted to get to the original, so in an attempt to remove the over painting they removed more or the original fresco. This went on for hundreds of years. Now there is one conservator and her job is not to touch it up or repair it, she is only to keep it from getting worse. We learned a really valuable lesson from this. Conservation means restoring or protecting. We learned that we should not try to fix something unless we know exactly how it was made. You wouldn't try to rebuild an engine unless you knew how it was originally. And to make matters worse, a door was placed into the bottom of the painting. But this composition is extremely important because it shows you who the most important person is and how all the other characters lay out. Parodies after this always use this structure and composition.

Shakespeare's plays fall into three genres: comedies, tragedies, and

histories

is a polyphonic choral work set to a Latin text other than the ordinary of the mass.

A Renaissaince motet

Raphael, School of Athens, 1510

A fresco in the Vatican. Massive, above the doorway and takes up the whole wall. A scene representing all the great pagan thinkers. 2 people in the middle are Plato and Aristotle. The vanishing point is between them, no Jesus in this painting. Plato is pointing up representing his theory of forms, Aristotle is saying no, this is the only plane of existence. Also functions as raphaels self portrait. Observation and classical naturalism. There is a vanishing point with linear perspective to create depth and space. Put into a Christian context, in the popes room in the Vatican. One of the ways people would decorate at this time was to integrate floral and plant motifs into mysterious mythological creatures. An infant with a tail that is spiraling around, or something similar. These are called grotesqueS. They come from the Greek word grotto. This comes from when the Greeks would have parties inside grottos, and they would see creatures in the shapes of shadows on cave walls, kind of like how people see shapes in clouds today

Goya Third of May 1814

A group of villagers in Spain were protesting occupation in the village by napoleons soldiers. The soldiers took the farmers outside the town and then executed them. Graphic, brutal, emotional, terrifying, because it's about social injustice and abuse of power. Complex composition. The main figure draws the most attention for many reasons. He is illuminated as his own light source, and his body position mimics jesus on the cross. Martyrdom position. He is the only one wearing white. He is higher than everyone else. He is the only one facing the soldiers. There is no space for him to go, no space for the viewers eye to go besides the middle, very locked in to the composition. The lantern illuminated the soldiers. The soldiers faces are not shown at all, making them appear more as machines than individuals, removing all possibility of any kind of sympathy. A wall of soldiers and a wall of guns. Following these lines back to the middle man. Everyone and everything is always facing him. Bright red blood on the ground creates even more drama. The church in the background is a critique of the church. The church sees everything and knows what is happening but never steps in to help. It does not use its power for good. Allowing injustice.

refers to the attempt of a government to control and arbitrate art and taste.

Academicism

believed that art was easier for the ancients because they had clear models to imitate

Alberti

What about Bronzino's Allegory with Venus and Cupid would have probably been most appreciated by patrons of Mannerist art?

Ambiguity and iconography

Gericault Raft of the Medusa

An event that actually happened in history. Painted in 1819. During a period when colonization was beginning. As a gesture of cooperation, France is given a naval port. French aristocracy decides it will send 3 ships to Senegal as a political mission, there is no military need. A captain and first officer and a crew of 150 to each ship, except the third ship the Medusa which gets political appointees as its captain and officer. People who have no sailing experiences are leaders. They figured it would be fine and the third ship would follow the lead of the other 2 experienced ships. The passengers on the ship are aristocracy. This is basically a political cruise for them. One day, the Medusa wants to try to cut time off the voyage by sailing a different route, and the other 2 ships explain they can't go that way because there is a reef and the ships could be grounded. But the Medusa sails off without the other 2 ships anyway. Of course they are grounded by the reef. A hole is punched in the ship which starts to fill it up with water, slowly. They have time to make some decisions. The crew says they can lighten the ship by throwing off the canons to lift off the reef, or they can wait for the tide to possibly lift it off. So they decide to wait, because they don't want to arrive at their destination with no canons and look stupid. The ship is not lifted, and the more they wait the more the ship sinks. The aristocracy takes the lifeboats, and say they will send back help. Eventually the ship starts completely falling apart, so the 150 person crew quickly dismantles parts of the ship to build a raft. They are adrift for 13 days. They run out of water almost immediately. So they drink sea water, causing them to be sick. And then when they run out of food, they eat the dehydrated dead crew members. This moment is being shown here. Artist structures painting using geometry. 2 triangles used at bottom to ground us in the raft. He juses lines, real and implied, all over. The first implied line starts with the dead body on the right. This points you across people to the rope in a zig zag, then following up to the mast, then down the sail,and the other rope, where you see the giant wave about to capsize the boat and end it all. The other implied line starts with the dead body on the left. Following this line all the way back to the same guy in the middle with his arm up, following this up to the guy on the top and your attention is drawn to the horizon. In the distance a tiny ship can be seen coming to rescue them. This half of the sky is bright, illuminated, and calm. Where the wave and sky half looks destructive and terrifying and dark. The pessimism and optimism are literally forming an X with the implied lines in the painting. Even when they are being rescued, they are never out of danger. Composition used to keep attention out of center of painting, always bouncing around. Making a statement about social injustice, the aristocracy leaving the crew behind when they could have taken them. Simultaneously making a statement about racial injustice. The person signaling the rescue ship at the top of the painting is an African American. At this time, they would have been ranked the lowest person on the ship because of race. But here he is the most important person, with all of the power and all of the responsibility, saving the entire raft. Jarring imagery was very purposeful.. artist rented a public viewing space and charged people to see it. The shock and horror that people experienced when viewing It made it more and more famous, generating a larger audience and more people paying to see it.

Bernini, David, 1623

Another David. The primary sculptor and architect for the baroque counter reformation for the church. He comes from privileges and has family in the Vatican. He is personal and attractive and charismatic. So he is arrogant. The church likes him because he is doing in sculpture what carravaggio does in painting. Gives the viewer a point of entry into the sculpture. Contrasted with the sassy David, static. Then Michael angelos David, contraposto, introspective. Then this David, dynamic and dramatic. It pulls you around. You have to walk around to understand. Uses light by having one part cast shadow over other parts. He's reaching into your space. A self portrait as David.

sculpture Pauline Borghese as Venus Victrix used Napoleon's sister for a model.

Antonio canova

David, Death of Marat, 1793

Artist joins the Jacobins. This painting is not Greek and Roman, but it is Inspired by Michael Angelo's Pieta. Jesus' body position completely reproduced. He wants you to see this man as a martyr. Linking him to Jesus. This painting says that we should feel sorry for him, but history says that he was an awful person. His job in the Jacobin party was to make a list of people who should be assassinated. People who were anti-revolutionary, or even just people he didn't like. He was sick his entire life, he had a skin disease So he had to sit in a medicated bath all the time or he was in immense pain. Charlotte Cordae tricks her way into his apartment and stabs him because her brother was on one of his lists. This whole backstory isn't evident when you see the painting, you just feel sorry for the main character.

Daumier Rue Transnonian 1834

Artist worked in print making because it allowed him to get his message out to as many people as possible. He would post his prints all over town. Just after the French Revolution, an actual event that happened. French soldiers were patrolling the streets and there was a sniper in an apartment building. The French commander told the soldiers to go inside and find the sniper. They took this to mean, go inside the apartments and kill everyone until the sniper is found. In this print, a family is shown in the middle of the night being struck down. A father is trying to protect his daughter he shielding her with his body, but in vein. There can also be seen a grandfather and a mother. The government even tried to cover up this event and pretend it didn't happen. So this artist is also talking about freedom of the press. Just now becoming a prominent idea. People should know this horrible event happened.

Masaccio's fresco The Tribute Money depicts a scene from the

Bible (New Testament).

Michelangelo, Last Judgment, 1534-41

By the time he is painting this, he is even more difficult to work with than when he painted the ceiling. He ends up having a great distaste for these popes, as a devoutly religious person he is very opposed to the opulence and wealth of the papacy. The pope wants the last judgement to be painted behind the altar. Initially there are some huge problems. They knew maybe he wasn't going In the direction the Vatican wanted, so they send someone to watch him all the time. Michael has 2 of the most controversial works of art in all of history, even today. One is this painting and the other is the sculpture. The most obvious problem are the hundreds of naked people behind the altar. The advisors luckily didn't destroy it, they just had another artist paint clothing on top of them. Eventually when this was being restored in the 70's and 80's, they removed the overpainting to reveal the original. The second problem is Jesus' portrayal as looking like Apollo. Sun god and thought to be the most perfect and beautiful god. Referring to classical times and showing Jesus physical perfection after death. Not bound by earthly restraints. The Vatican had a problem initially and asked him why it didn't look like Jesus, and that is what he explained to them, and they accepted it. And Michael really meant it, because of how religious he was. There are lots of saints and biblical heroes in this painting. He even puts his self portrait in the flayed skin of saint Bartholomew, showing viewers how it feels to have to make this painting. It was also very ambiguous. You can't tell who's being saved and who's being damned. But he explained to the Vatican that this is how he imagined it would be when they questioned him. The ferrier over the River Styx from Greek mythology. When someone dies he takes you to the underworld. He is not controversial because Hell was supposed to be depicted as containing demons and the unknown scary things. So this pagan imagery was fine. The king of hell is shown as a naked man with donkey ears. In the portrait, he painted the minister of protocol (the person who was paid to watch him and keep him on task) with a serpent painted biting his penis. During the restoration, everyone thought a figure was a man, but when they removed the loin cloth they discovered the figure was female. When Michelangelo was done with this, he only made one other painting in his life, mostly making sculpture.

The work of the Roman baroque painter ____________ turned away from idealized religious scenes in favor of mundane scenes.

Caravaggio

How did the role of the viewer change in the Baroque period?

Catholic reformation in question, science up, engage viewers as participants

The most important musical contribution of the Reformation was the

Chorale

Gaulli's The Triumph of the Name of Jesus and the Fall of the Damned is on the ceiling of the

Church Il Gesu.

Alberti's Palazzo Recellai is clearly influenced by the Roman

Colosseum

Lorenzo de' Medici established a senate in Florence called the

Council of Seventy.

The mid-sixteenth century movement for reform in the Roman Catholic Church is called the

Counter- Reformation.

Donatello St George

Donatello St George Fascinated by the inner life of his subjects. Not idealized, lifelike. First turtle, Donatello. Evolved sculptures. Worked with every material. Focused on inner life of subjects, putting inner life onto Greek and Roman models. Saint George famously killed a dragon in the Bible, and is the patron saint of metal smith guild which commissioned this piece. This sculpture originally had a sword in his hand and a helmet made of metal at his feet, but neither of those survive. His face is very contemplative. None of these were brightly painted. This was located on the outside of a building in a market stall, where all the guilds had sculptures of their different patrons.

The Equestrian Monument to Gattamelata is perhaps __________ greatest achievements

Donatello's

is a type of low comedy characterized by slapstick.

Farce

Jacques-Louis David's painting Oath of the Horatii sought to inspire

French patriotism

The hymn "Ode to Joy" was written by

Friedrich Von Schiller.

Works of art dealing with everyday life and common subject matter are called

Genre.

The expressive style of music came from

Germany.

proposed nine hundred thesis that he believed summed up all of human knowledge.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

The Raft of the "Medusa" is a work by

Géricault

How does Bernini's David distinguish itself from Renaissance images of the same subject?

He captures the action of the figure moving.

Bernini St Theresa of Avila

He's looking for a job to get back into the graces of the church. So he takes a job in a small church outside of Rome, not high profile. But he needed the work. In one of the transcept arms, this is one of the churches that is being redesigned. He does all 3 sculptural groups. In this particular arm, he is doing a sculpture of the patron saint Theresa She is famous for being spoken to by god. When she slept at night, an angel would come down and pierce her heart with a flaming arrow. And then she would levitate and hear gods voice. The counter reformation wants a spiritually relevant church. See yourself as part of the story. This is a really difficult thing to relate to. She talks about feeling pain, but then it turns into ecstasy. So the artist portrays this as physical pleasure. The angels arrow is not pointed at her heart. And he is taking off her clothes. So people start to relate to her. The artist designs all of the architecture surrounding the sculptures, even if he doesn't personally build it. So he picks the setting and entire view of the work as a whole. The other patrons are portrayed leaning over and watching. Again like theatre. So the Vatican brings him back.

Hans Holbein the Younger served as court painter to

Henry VIII

The time from around 1495 until around 1520 is called the

High Renaissance

Many of the paintings of ____ were made into prints and sold to the public.

Hogarth

The most famous example of Romantic architecture is the

House of Parliament.

Renaissance sculptors depicted figures in a _____ manner

Humanistic

Kant believed the "real world" of human experience was actually a product of limited human understanding. His view is a form of

Idealism.

Gaulli Triumph of the Name of Jesus and Fall of the Damned Hals Officers of the Harlem Militia Company of St ADRIAN 1672-85

In the dark section, people are being pulled down into hell. There are people being saved through the opening into heaven. There are some ambiguous areas where people are both. Another area where you can't tell if it is stone architecture or painting. But a lot of it is painting. Surrounded by intensely detailed gold everywhere. Very dramatic. Baroque means ornate and decorative, so these definitely fit that definition

Commissioning art was often a means of acquiring prestige for

Individualism

A basic tenet of Romanticism is

Individualism.

In the sixteenth century ____ music began to develop independence from vocal music.

Instrumental

was one of the first artists to complete paintings out-of-doors

Jean Baptiste Carot

The work of ______ is an example of Pre-Romantic style

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The Holy Trinity by Masaccio illustrates:

Jesus vanishing point, classical architecture, lifelike, reminder of death LINEAR PERSPECTIVE.

Shakespeare's tragedy _____ is based on a mythical English king

King Lear

Boucher Girl Reclining

LOUISE O'MURPHY. Was commissioned by the queen, for the king, a painting of his 13 year old mistress. It is supposed to be sensual and erotic, saturated in golds and pinks and greens. She is coyly laying in a spread out way, looking ahead, putting her book down telling you she's educated. This was in the kings private bedrooms. Still rococo because it is frivolous and decorated and sensual, even down to the flowers on the floor

Poussin often chose subjects from classical literature and emphasized

Landscape

Bosch Triptych altarpiece (Garden of Earthly Delights) Caravaggio Calling of Saint Matthew

Leonardo DiCaprio (HUH??), grew up with this painting hanging above his bed. Artist, Hieronymus Bosch, is from the Netherlands. Painting is a triptych, meaning made up of three panels. Diptych means two panels that make up on work. A private commissioned me to go in the dining room, but made so that it could be an altar piece theoretically. Outer panels do close, making an entirely different painting. On the left is Paradise, on the right as hell, and in the middle is earth. On the eden panel, Eve is being presented to Adam, idealized area. All the animals are crawling from the pond of eternal life. There are a cat and mouse, representing Jesus and Satan iconography. Unicorns and other creatures living harmoniously. Strange architectural fountains looking like scientific beakers and other instruments. The one in the paradise panel is painted to look like flesh And the panels in the middle and on the right are painted to look like blue marble.. In the middle all sorts of weird things are happening. Has to do with humans being too caught up in sensual pleasures. A condemnation. Issues with proportion and scale. Animals seem larger than they should be. There's a lot of fruit, and inappropriate things are being done to the fruit. There's berries (cherries, strawberries, blueberries and black berries) and pomegranates, these are all fruits associated with aphrodisiacs. People riding animals, and animals riding people. The last panel is the hell panel, how he sees the results of the middle panel. If we keep in our horrible self-absorbed ways. In hell we are being tortured by all sorts of sensual pleasures. Music and musical devices. Crucified on a harp or strapped to a loot or our ears being sliced in half. In the middle panel, there is an inverted relationship between the birds and the people. The birds are much larger than they should be, and are caring for and providing transportation for the humans. Humans are now the small animals To be used and abused and looked At. There are a bunch of naked people eating fruit and riding animals which is supposed to seem fun, but no one looks happy at all. This is supposed to symbolize that if we give ourselves over to these pleasures without any restraint, we won't be happy. The only other fruit in the painting is apples. Apple trees in the back representing the original sin, and after they pick the apples they walk over to do all the other activities. There's a guy putting flowers into another guys butt. In the hell panel, starting at the bottom and working up, there is a pig dressed like a nun, end it is making out with a human. A table is turned over with cards on the ground, people gambling and doing frivolous Pursuits, while being crushed and tortured by those pursuits. The most graphic stuff has to do with the musical instruments. There is a guy crucified on a harp, there is a loot crushing two men. The relationship between humans and animals has changed again. On the left is tree man, with a disc like hat. On this hat is where birds are marching humans around as if they were slaves. So now the birds that were taking care of us Are now dominating us and forcing us into suffering. The pleasures of the flesh or not being turned into tortures of the flesh. Creepy Black dog staring out at the viewer. Otherworldly supernatural area, At the top is civilization burning to the ground.

What was the cause of the extensive damage to Leonardo's painting of The Last Supper that occurred shortly after its completion?

Leonardo tried to create a new innovative medium for painting, but his mixture of oil, varnish, and pigments did not suit the damp wall. The painting began to flake and perish as soon as 1517. Experimental technique

Italy gained nearly a half-century of the Peace of _____ was established

Lodi

The monarch _____embodied the baroque age.

Louis XIV

"Here I stand—I cannot do otherwise," are the well-known words of _____ before his inquisition

Martin Luther

The Counter-Reformation involved a reinstatement of the medieval

Mysticism.

are particularly important in Kabuki plays.

Narrator and chorus

One of the principle developments of baroque theatre was French

Neoclassicism.

Albrecht Dürer has been called the Leonardo of the ____ Renaissance

Northern

Van Eyck Arnolfini Wedding Portrait 1434.

Northern renaissance artists invented oil painting. They have the most experience with it and they know how to manipulate it. They are also keenly interested in detail. More so than any other artists. This painting is roughly 9x13 inches. Because of the reformation, patrons are moving away from commissioning religious subject matter. They focus more on telling you something about themselves, like portraits, Landscapes, cityscapes, etc. Genre painting. New market in the north. Everything in this painting tells you what the family wanted you to know about them. The dog is iconography symbolizing loyalty and fidelity. This is the only icon in here that still translates well today. Cats symbolize independence and aloofness. This dog breed is not local to this area, telling you the family is rich. Wooden shoes are a traditional wedding gift in Dutch countries. So a couple pairs appear in this painting. The people's positioning is important. They're facing each other but they're coming from opposite sides of the painting. His back is towards the window, and he is wearing a fur coat. This tells the viewer that his job and life is outside of the home, especially because the window is open. The for coat tells the viewer that he could be a for trader, or more likely just that it is winter time in this painting. There is fruit on the table which tells the viewer that they are wealthy again. Her back is to the bed, telling of you or her life is in the home. Domesticity. There is linear perspective in this painting. The vanishing point is right in the mirror. This symbolizes the eye of god . A convex mirror. Again extremely small, extremely impressive detail. around the mirror, there are scenes of the passion of the Christ and a rosary. Even though this isn't a religious painting, because of the reformation, they still want you to know that they are religious people. Above the mirror is the signature of the artist. It basically says "I was here, but it also serves as a witness signature of the wedding ceremony. A legal function as well as art. The bed post is carved in the likeness of Saint Margret, patron saint of marriage and childbirth. There is a broom hanging from the bed post, telling the viewer that this is a clean home. Clean meaning tidy, but also no satan. Above them is a chandelier made out of brass, showing wealth power privilege, but there is only one candle lit in the chandelier. Symbolizing the Holy Spirit The presence of hope. There is a lot of mystery around the couple. Legally, we know that this man was married twice. So we don't know which wife this is portraying. His first wife died in childbirth, and his second wife was very young. We don't know which wife this was, because she looks like an idealized, doll like, figure. While he looks like an individual, she looks like an idealized female figure. She is wearing green, a wealthy color, a fertile color, representing abundance, spring, It's fur lined, and everything speaks about prosperity. She is most likely not pregnant in this picture because it was a wedding picture. So this could mean many things, unfortunately we don't know exactly what. A great example of scientific naturalism, or attention to detail. You can tell what kind of fabric they're wearing just by looking at them because of the intense detail.

Flemish(Flanders) painters were interested in

Oil Paint which allowed 3D look for pictorial naturalism.

was a slave, possibly of Fulani origin, who wrote poems in a neoclassical style.

Phillis Wheatley

Hegel considered _____ the most universal and spiritual of all arts.

Poetry

The Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic communion largely because of

Political reasons

What about Goya's Third of May, 1808 epitomize Romanticism in art?

Protesting farmers, soldiers killing them, Church sees but does nothing, emotion terror

asserts that reason is a better path to knowledge than experience or observation.

Rationalism

Bernini's great sculptural grouping Saint Teresa of Ávila in Ecstasy is located in the Cornaro Chapel, Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria in the city of

Rome

The word used to describe the "smoky" gradations of light and shade in paintings such as those of Leonardo is

Sfumato

The Sturm und Drang movement is considered

Shakespeare imitation.

Masaccio Holy Trinity 1426-7.

Single vanishing point. Anatomical detail and Accuracy. In the nave on the wall instead of being in a chapel. Very overtly acknowledging classical architechture in the arch and ionic / Corinthian capitals, and coffers inside the vault. This is placing Jesus in the classical context creating the illusion of depth, and a more real scene. Flesh, shadow, highlight, relatability. Trinity : god, Jesus, dove. 2 people are always present at crucifixions, Mary and John. The other 2 people are separate from the event. They don't have halos. They are the patrons. It's their mark saying they paid for it. They are so religious that when they read the Bible they are transported to the crucifixion. Below is a painting of a crypt, with a skeleton and Latin words saying loosely that from where you are now, you will all end up here. This is called a memento Mori Which is a reminder of mortality. Both of these are reminders of death, and create one whole painting.

Pope ____________ oversaw the construction of the Sistine Chapel.

Sixtus IV

he most important movement form in the classical period of music is the

Sonata form.

The source of much of the gold in Europe is

Spain's from America

Goya Sleep of Reason

Spanish singer, primary artist for the monarch and Charles IV. He starts to have a conscience about how his employees are acting and he wakes up to what is happening around him. He felt the need to say something. Each series of images he creates have the themes of abuse of power or other horrors. Etchings, slightly different method of prints. An official of some kind is asleep on the job. And while he is sleeping, and exhibiting sloth (one of the 7 deadly sins), all sorts of crazy creatures are being born from his imagination.

Caravaggio actively used ____, in which he painted forms emerging from a dark background into a strong light that often falls from a single source outside the painting

Tenebrism

The capital of the Aztec Empire was called

Tenochtitlan

style exalted intuition, inspiration, and the genius of human creativity.

The Baroque

was invented during the baroque period.

The Opera

was the center of patronage during the High Renaissance.

The Roman Catholic Church

Turner Burning of the House of Lords and Commons, 16 October 1834

The fire obviously represents nature while the building represents humans. The House of Lords and commons is government. The seat of government is burning to the ground. The reds and yellows are emphasized reflecting on the water, as well as the people in the foreground spectating with their children. Being in awe of the power of nature and not being able to turn away from it.

Botticelli Birth of Venus 1482

The first lifesized female nude since antiquity. The Vatican is definitely not ok with this imagery. So artists got away with this by making them pagan figures, portraying them as not real women. Calling it mythological is a way many artists got the church to look the other way. In the humanist and individualistic context, this makes this even more Misogynistic. In the mythology of the birth of Venus, the story is that chronos was chopped into pieces and his testicles were dropped into the ocean, creating Venus to be born from a shell. She is born adult and naked, and from that moment she is modest covering herself. Lost in thought and aware of herself. This introspection is what makes her a renaissance painting

courts were particularly influential for their patronage of music.

The flemish

combines a sacred subject with a narrative poetic text.

The oratorio

Christopher Marlow's best-known play is

Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus

allowed workers to promote their own interests in the economic realm.

Unions

Universal access to education is one part of Thomas More's

Utopia

The orthogonal lines of mechanical perspective recede to a spot called the

Vanishing point.

Bronzino Allegory with Venus and Cupid Mid 1540's

Venus and Cupid, mother and son. Identified by their attributes. She is holding the golden Apple of discord, and he has a quiver on his back with wings, and she has taken an arrow from him in an erotic playful way. Mannerism isn't just about distortions of figure and space, it is also distortion of comfort. Hyper light and elongated. To the right is a baby rushing in with a handful of rose petals to bless the relationship. His feet are red because he's stepping on the thorns of the roses, so he is blessing the relationship at great physical cost to himself. Pleasure and pain, acceptable and not acceptable. Above him is chronos pulling back the curtain on them, symbolizing that time reveals all things. Across from him is prudence/faith. She looks horrified. Under her is a man suffering from syphilis, which was portrayed at the time by giving the character green skin and sores all over their body and showing them physically suffering. This is an STD. Associated with promiscuity and prostitution. Underneath the foot of Cupid is a dove, representing peace and harmony being crushed by their actions. Across from that is Greek comedy and tragedy masks. Representing the duplicit nature of everyone, the fact that everyone has 2 faces they show and hide. The really pretty serpent lion woman is a chimera. A highbred between different animals, in this case she is representing an abomination. Something that is produced like the Minotaur out of pride and greed and lust, and something that shouldn't exist in our world. This is all an anti incest painting. Anti promiscuity. contrast between saturated vs very light colors. Cupid's body position looks extremely uncomfortable. Awkward all over. Very much mannerist.

A term for lifelikeness or nearness to truth is

Verisimilitude.

The period from the 1830s to 1901 is frequently called the

Victorian Age.

Brunileschi Dome of the Cathedral of Florence 1420-1436.

When Ghiberti won the door competition, Brunelleschi lost this competition and was so angry he vowed to never come back to Florence, until he heard that the Medici were looking to construct a dome on the cathedral. After the plague, in 1420 they wanted to raise moral by commissioning somebody to finish the dome. Brunelleschi walks in with an egg and no plan, but he sets the egg on a table cracking the bottom, and the egg stands upright, and he says that is the dome that will go on the cathedral. And they give him the job. There were a lot of restrictions of this time period that made this dome a challenge. It was built without any scaffolding and the budget was pretty low, and each side of the base was a different length, creating an imperfect octagon. We still don't know today how he built this dome on this imperfect base. It is constructed in 2 parts, an inner dome and an outer dome. The inner dome is skeletal. But it is covered in sheet rock and frescos, so you can't see the skeleton frame. There are 482 stairs that go all the way to the top. The buttress ribs function to hold the dome together, and the paring gun pattern of the tile creates a self buttressing structure so that each layer supports the next one above it. This is the tallest building in Florence and it is a law that no building can be built higher than it. It has very little modern intervention. This picture was taken from the bell tower right next to it.

The first recorded American theatre was built in

Williamsburg, Virginia.

In general, Renaissance art can be best described as finding delight in

Worldly things.

A setting of lyric poetry for several voices is called a

a madrigal

The use of atmosphere to create a sense of deep space is called

aerial/atmospheric perspective

The format of Hieronymus Bosch's painting Garden of Earthly Delights which was commissioned by an aristocrat for his Brussels townhouse, conforms to a long tradition of

altar piece

Laugier believed architects should turn to the _____ for models and inspiration.

ancient world

Rosa Bonheur is known for her paintings of

animals.

The work of Peter Paul Rubens is an example of the ________ baroque.

aristocratic

Aerial perspective is another term for ____ perspective

atmospheric

The most popular theatre form in early eighteenth-century London was

ballad opera.

The rise of the ____ was an important component of dance during this period.

ballet

Caravaggio Conversion of Saint Paul

before this he was called Sol. He was a doubter of the church, And he openly questioned the miracles of God. God decided to strike him down blind, so he falls down off his horse at which point he repents and says he believed. So god restores his sight. But this story is only partially shown in this painting. A man on the ground, and the viewer has the perspective of being on the ground as well. You follow the arms up to where you see a giant horse. It takes up 50% of the paining. Seeing the scale and the weight of the horse, and realizing you were on the ground with a blind person, creating the illusion and fear of being crushed. Feeling vulnerable and defenseless in doubt. The weight and power of the horse is the weight and power of god.

Christopher Marlowe's Tamburlaine the Great established _______ as the convention of later Elizabethan and Jacobean playwrights.

blank verse (nonrhyming lines of iambic pentameters)

The work of Rembrandt is associated with the _____ baroque style.

bourgeois

Rembrandt became the first _____ artist.

capitalist

Antonio Vivaldi is known as a master of

concerto.

The early Spanish colonizers of the New World are called

conquistadors

Bronzino's Allegory with Venus and Cupid could stand alone as a summary of

consequences of unchaste love chimera shouldn't exist, time reveals all, masks(people hide behind).

In the work of ,________ ordinary occurrences appear as symbols of a higher reality.

contemporary literature

Caspar David Friedrich's Abby in an Oak Forest conceived landscape as a vehicle through which to achieve

death, nature conquers, spiritual revelation

Alberti believed the best example of the new Renaissance architecture was the ________ of the Florence Cathedral

dome

Ballet d'action emphasized

drama.

Romantic aesthetics are often described as

emotional, respond to industrial revolution, nature, noglistagic ANTICLASSICAL.

Mantegna creates unsettling drama in his St. James Led to Execution by placing the ________ below the lower edge of the painting.

horizon line

Enlightenment politics tended to be _______, wishing to elevate the downtrodden.

humanitarian

In general, Romanticism emphasizes

individualism

The modern scientific method is based on

induction (specific to general).

The political philosophy of ______ was particularly attractive to the new middle class.

laissez-faire

German secular songs are referred to as

lieder

Botticelli's La Primavera (or Spring) displays

lyricism.

Operas grew out of

madrigals.

is a movement in art characterized by an affected appearance of subjects.

mannerism

Giovanni de Bologna's Mercury is clearly _______ in style

mannerist

Classical music typically has a memorable, tuneful

melody

Johann Gottfried von Herder sought to revive ______ through the use of the "national language" in schools, books, and newspapers.

nationalism

"Physiocrats" saw _______ as the single source of all wealth.

nature

Jacques-Louis David's work is

neoclassical.

Michelangelo's Last Judgment departs from medieval tradition by

not clearly separating the saved from the damned, nudes.

The development of the ___ included fictional biographies of people with whom the reader would identify.

novel

Masaccio used linear perspective in the Trinity with the Virgin to create the illusion

of a deep barrel vault.

The work of _____ is baroque in style.

ornateness, emotionalism

The focal point of Donatello's Equestrian Monument to Gattamelata is the

person

is the rational portrayal of spatial depth through linear or atmospheric means.

perspective

Writers who culled thought from great books and translated it into more accessible terms are called

philosophers.

A "picture-frame stage" is referred to as a

proscenium

The establishment of Protestant sects within the Christian Church is called the

reformation

Ghiberti used perspective to bring a new sense of deep space to

relief sculpture

Raphael's well-known fresco The School of Athens summarizes the ideals envisioned by _____ in both its subject matter and harmonious formal arrangement.

renaissance pope

After the French Revolution, baroque and _____ styles faded.

rococo

Decorative and delicately superficial _____ painting was the art of the waning aristocracy.

rococo

The rococo style in literature produced much

satire.

In contrast to Leonardo da Vinci's beliefs, Michelangelo believed ____ to be the most complete means of creating an illusion of the natural world.

sculpture

The poetic form of the _____ became particularly important during the High Renaissance, as evidenced in the work of Michelangelo.

sonnet

John Locke believed that each person is born

tabula rasa (clean slate).

Michelangelo's David was originally intended to be seen from

the ground looking up to the top of the Florence Cathedral

The subject of GHibberti's relief sculpture for the Florence Cathedral's Baptistery is

the old testament/ the story of Jacob and Esau

A government run by religious leaders is called a

theocracy

Ulrich Zwingli condemned pilgrimages, fasts, papal supremacy and

transubstantiation.

The typical Renaissance state was

tyrannical