ART 272 Ch 16/17 Quiz

Laszlo Moholy-Nagy (at the Bauhaus)

Replaced Johannes Itten in 1923. Hungarian constructionist. Endless experimentation with different media. He was called the "prime minister," influential, young and articulate, and embodies the ideals of art and technology.

Times New Roman

"The times of London" Created by Stanly Morrison in 1932. Short ascenders/descenders and sharp, small serifs.

The Bauhaus "building" (Place)

(1919 - 1933)(State Home for Building) It was a design school originally located in Weimar, Germany. Master> Journeyman> Apprentice. "Think Tank."

Isotype

(1920s) International system of typographic picture education. Pictographs or symbols to convey information. (ex. male/female bathroom signs)

The Bauhaus Moved

(1926) Pressure from the local government and Nazi pressure(rules/regulations) cause them to move to Dessau, Germany. The Bauhaus became a corporation and masters now changed to professors(apprentice changed to students, etc.). The official name changed(High School of Form) but it was still remembered as the Bauhaus. A book and a magazine titled "The Bauhaus" were published.

Institute of Design in Chicago

(1933) Gropius resigned in 1928. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became the director in 1930. He changed the Bauhaus to an architecture school. Continued Nazi pressure cause teachers/students to start moving to the US. This caused the Bauhaus to eventually close. (It became the present-day Institute of Design in Chicago).

Johannes Itten

(Bauhaus instructor) 3 Objectives: 1. Find students' creative abilities. 2. Understand physical nature of materials. 3. Teach fundamental principals of design.

Erte'

(Career 1924-37) Known for his work for Harper's Bazaar. He designed covers and fashion illustrations.

Ladislav Sutnar

(Czechoslovakia) Leading supporter of functional design. Advocated constructionism and application of design to every aspect of life. Also created toys, furniture, silverware, dishes, and fabrics. His book jackets and editorial design had organizational simplicity and typographic clarity. He came to New York as design director at the New York World's Fair in 1939, the year Hitler seized his country. He became a vital force in the evolution of modern design and industrial product information in the US. He saw the basic unit as a two page spread rather than a single page.

Piet Zwart

(Dutch) He blended Dada and De Stijl. He had no formal training.

Eric Gill

(England) Student of Edward Johnston(London underground symbol guy). He brought back historical influences in typography. Made the Gill Sans and Perpetua fonts.

Van Doesburg and the Bauhaus

(Founder of De Stijl) De Stijl philosophy made its way to the Bauhaus. Van Doesburg moved to Weimar in 1921 and asked for a job. Gropius wouldn't hire him because they didn't like his "boxed-in" philosophy and didn't want his style influence. Van Doesburg held meeting in his house instead, his style was subtle in the Bauhaus.

Josef Albers

(New Bauhaus) Was a former student who became a teacher. Constructive qualities of materials.

Marcel Breuer

(New Bauhaus) Was a former student who became a teacher. Furniture workshop. He invented tubular steel furniture.

Herbert Bayer

(New Bauhaus) Was a former student who became a teacher. Typography/graphic design workshops. Exclusively sans serif. He omitted capital letters in his "universal" alphabet. Flush left and ragged right text alignment layout. Visual hierarchy by extreme contrast in size and weight. Leading more viewer's eyes through the page. Grids, simple forms/shapes(black and one bright color).

Alexy Brodovitch

*** (Russian in America) He was the art director of Harper's Bazaar 1934-58. "White space, sharp type on open pages." "Musical feeling" in the flow of text and pictures.

William Addison Dwiggins

*** First coined the term "graphic design" in 1922. Ideal: brought "structural order and visual form" to printed communication. He was progressive and experimental. He was a book designer and typographer(Caledonia**).

Modern Movement in America

1920s-30s Europe = modern graphic design. 1920s-30s America = Golden age of Illustration. We were slow on picking up on foreign graphic design styles(insert Shaw Trump wall reference here). There was a continued influx of European immigrant designers in America.

Futura

A font made by Paul Renner in 1927. It became the most widely used font family. It's geometric and sans serif.

CCA "Great Ideas" Ads

Artists depicting 'great ideas' of western culture. Judges(Paepcke, Jacobson, and Herbert Bayer) picked the artists. It ran for over 30 years.

Walter Gropius

Bauhaus director and one of the founders. He attracted artists to promote a new unity of art and technology.

Jan Tschichold

Born in Germany, son of a sign painter/designer. He began his career as a calligrapher. He attended his first Bauhaus exhibition and "converted." He wrote The New Typography. Call for rational design and communication function. Modernization + beauty/spiritual emotional. His style: asymmetrical design, sans serif, horizontal/vertical structure, spatial intervals(paragraph breaks, etc.), white space as an element. In 1933 he was jailed(6 weeks) for "un-German" typography. He then moved to Switzerland and turned away from his New Typography. He began to use Roman, Egyptian, script. He used type that is fitting to the communication(well rounded). **This was the ideal of modern typography.**

Herbert Matter

Dynamic layout with photos. Black and white photos combined with signs and colored areas. He experimented with collage and extreme scale.

Works Program Administration (WPA)

Federal art project(1935 by Roosevelt's New Deal). It provided relief to artists struggling during the depression to avoid losing culture. 35,000 poster designs were produced. Silk screened, flat color. Modern designs dominated.

The Bauhaus "building" (Ideals)

Functional Design showing artistry/craftsmanship. Elevate design to serve mass-production. No distinction between fine arts and applied arts. (See Bauhaus Manifesto)

Laszlo Moholy-Nagy (photography)

He experimented with photograms(exposing objects on paper) as well as photomontage(cutting up pictures and making a collage).

Joseph Binder

He studied at the Vienna School of Applied Art and was blended cubism and Koloman Moser's style into a pictorial style with strong communicative power. Natural images were blended into basic shapes(cube, sphere, cone) and two flat colors were used to represent light and shadow. He traveled widely and eventually settled in NYC in 1935. He became known for his military recruitment posters.

Lester Beall

He was an art history major and self taught designer. Knowledge of art history helped him excel.** He "sought visual contrast and high levels of info content." See quote handout.

Laszlo Moholy-Nagy (typography)

Integrated with photos, considered a tool for communication with an emphasis on clarity. He believed one should never force a letter into a square. His text was elastic, variable, and fresh.

CCA Ad Series

It is what they are remembered for. It honored the 28 Allied Nations, a native artist from each was hired for it. It also honored the states, a native artist from each was hired to represent the state visually. Artistic freedom, full color illustrations, simple copy, logo.

Paul Klee

Joined the Bauhaus in 1920. Graphic signs/symbols as a means of communication. Published lectures.

Wassily Kandinsky

Joined the Bauhaus in 1922. He promoted spiritual values of color and form.

Container Corporation of America (CCA)

Made cardboard boxes. Walter Paepcke(packaging innovator) wanted graphic design to enhance his business but also add value to the culture. He hired the first corporate design director Egbert Jacobson in 1936, who designed the logo that was placed on everything consistently.