Nutrition Quiz 3

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Dairy products

Of the following foods, the type that provides the most calcium per serving is:

Vitamin b12

Chemical and physical nature: Cobalt molecule associated with the vitamin; strongly complexed with protein. Coenzyme function: Production of the myelin sheath of nerves; required for heme synthesis.

1250, 700

DRIs for phosphorus mg/day for ages 9-18 years is ____ and adults over 18 is ____.

90, 75, 35

DRIs recommend an RDA with vitamin C for men ___ milligrams, and ___ milligrams for women. ___ milligrams more daily for cigarette smokers.

GI Tracy

Decrease in absorptive capacity

Megaloblastic anemia

Decrease in red blood cell synthesis.

Table salt

Best and most consistent food source of iodine

Milk and dairy products

Best food sources for calcium

Diet

Body cannot synthesize vitamins hence must be supplied by the ___.

Osteoporosis

Calcium (Ca) is associated with what disease in older adults

650, 900

Calcium intake mainly from dairy products _____ female, ___ adult male. mg/day.

2, 99, 1

Calcium is a mineral in greatest amount in the body. About ___% of body weight, ___% deposited in bone tissue, ___% circulates in blood bound and unobound.

Major minerals

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfur, chloride

Goiter and cretinism

Caused by iodine deficiency

PUFA

Cell membranes high in _____s are vulnerable to oxidation, vitamin E protects cell membranes from oxidative damage.

Tetany

Decreased ionic calcium causing muscle pain, muscle spasms, calcium requiring by the sarcomere which integrates actin and myosin to form actomyosin.

Beriberi

Deficiency disease associated with a lack of thiamin

Pernicious anemia

Deficient intristic factor.

Vitamin K

Dicoumarol and warfarin inhibit ____ activation requiring constant intake but balanced intake

Muscle mass

Distribution of water content in a person's body is related to the amount of:

Skin

Dry scaly skin; hypokeratosis

Respiratory tract

Dryness and cilia loss in

Muscle and nerve activity

Electrochemical gradient in nerve and muscle cells.

Neural tube defects

Essential role in formation and closure and neural tube in early fetal development.

Teratogen

Excess vitamin A is a _____. Daily intakes above 3000 micrograms particularly dangerous for pregnant women.

Absorption

Excretion balance.

Antibiotics

Extended use of ____ may destroy intestinal bacteria that produce vitamin K requiring vitamin K supplementation.

Rickets

Failure of bone mineralization in infants and young children due to low absorption rates of calcium

Biotin

General nature is avidin protein in raw egg white binds biotin. No known toxicity or natural deficiency.

Nature

General structure

<10-15 ng.ml, <25-37.5 nmol/ml

Generally considered inadequate for bone and overall health in healthy individuals. SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D [25(OH)D] CONCENTRATIONS AND HEALTH.

Thiamin

Good source for ___ is lean port and beef, liver. Major sources are whole and enriched grains, legumes.

General metabolism and bone metabolism

Key physiological functions of phosphorus

Zinc

Lacking this mineral reduces the sense of taste and smell.

2.5, 5.0

Levels of serum phosphorus below ___ (hypo-) or above ___ (hyperphosphatemia) mg/dl demand immediate medical attention.

Needed for b12 absorption

Role for intrinsic factor

Iron deficiency anemia

Second most common worldwide deficienct state

Biotin

The food sources of ____ is egg yolk, liver, tomatoes, and yeast.

Extracellular fluid

The greatest concentration of sodium is found in:

Aldosterone

The hormone which regulates excretion of sodium from the kidneys

Help synthesize thyroxine

The metabolic function of iodine is to:

Chloride

The mineral needed to produce gastric acidity

Flouride

The mineral that enhances the ability of the tooth structure to withstand the erosive effect of bacterial acid is:

Iodized table salt

The most reliable dietary source of iodine is:

Beta carotene, beta crypto anthem, and lutein

Yellow and orange plant pigments are _____.

Bone

__ is a "living tissue"

Calcium, phosphorus

___ and ____ blood levels are tightly regulated

Iron

___ balance is regulated at absorption site in the small intestine since no system for iron excretion exists once it has entered the body.

Vitamin K

___ catalyzes the conversion of blood-clotting factors in the liver from inactive to active proteins.

Basal

___ cells differentiate into mucus secreting cells or keratin cells. Deficiency of vitamin A.

Vitamin A

___ enters the body as preformed from animal products or as beta-carotene.

Xeropthalmia

___ of the cornea is irreversible blindness. 2.5MM cases in 2000 on 3rd world.

Dry

____ (berberi): Cachexia, leg weakness and nerve degeneration. Mainly in elderly.

Wet

____ (beriberi): Cardiac failure due to heart muscle weakness -> capillary fluid shift -> edema.

Vitamine

____ (vital amine) when all vitamins were thought to be proteins.

Vitamin E

____ acts as an antioxidant aiding in destroying free radials

Carotenoids

____ are more available to the body when cooked as opposed to raw.

Vitamin C

____ deficiency results in fragile capillaries that bleed easily. Signs may be bruising, pinpoint hemorrages, easy bone fracture, poor wound healing, soft bleeding gums (gingivitis)

Hemolytic anemia

____ is caused by destruction and loss of RBC's

Vitamin C

____ is necessary for formation of bone matrix, catilage, dentin, collagen, and connective tissue.

Absorption

____ is regulated by the vitamin D hormone calcitriol and PO4 carrier proteins.

Vitamin E

____ is the generic name for eith fat-soluble compounds differing in biological activity.

70

____% of iron carried in red blood cells in heme form. 5% is complexed in muscle with myoglobin.

70

____% of potassium is reabsorbed in the kidneys.

Vitamin D

_____ is a pro hormone of sterol metabolism.

Vitamin D fortified milk

______ is a major contributor to elimination of rickets in US and other developed countries.

Beta carotene

______ is absorbed and transported intact and can play a role in maintaining body health apart from its vitamin A activity.

Vitamin D3

______ is found mostly in fish liver oils and is the form added to fortified foods.

General

_______ (beriberi): Anorexia, constipation, gastric atony, and low HCl acid secretion.

Kidneys

___are the main excretion route for P and regulate seru, P

Vital coenzyme

the ____ role is to control energy metabolism and tissue building (protein synthesis)

Flatten

Stratified squamous cells ____ toward the surface.

Oxalates and phytates

Substance that bind calcium and inhibit intestinal absorption

Bile, pancreatic lipase, and dietary fat

Substances needed for the absorption of fat soluble vitamins

Cell differentiation

Supports healthy epithelial tissues which is primary barrier against bacterial infection.

Biotin

Synthesized by intestinal bacteria

Menaquinones

Synthesized in the gut by intestinal flora

Menadione

Synthetic water-soluble form that does not require bile salts for absorption.

900

The RDA for vitamin A for men ages 19+ is ____ micrograms.

700

The RDA for vitamin A for women 19+ is ___ micrograms.

770, 1300

The RDA for vitamin A in women increases to ___ micrograms in pregnancy and ___ micrograms in lactation.

Vitamin A

The active forms of _____ are involved with four key areas: Visual perception, cellular differentiation (epithelial tissue, and growth), reproduction and viability of sex organs, immune response.

1500 mg/day

The adequate intake for Na in adults 19-50 years of age

Osteomalacia

The adult form of rickets is called

Vitamin A

The animal sources for ____ is liver, kidney, whole milk, butter, and egg yolk.

Vitamin A

The benefits of _____. Maintains health of specialized tissues such as the retina. Aids in growth and health of skin and mucous membranes. Promotes normal development of teeth, soft, and skeletal tissue.

Leafy green vegetables

The best food sources for vitamin K

Vegetable oils

The best food sources of vitamin E

Calcium

The body cannot absorb the ___ needed to build normal bone.

Retinol

The chemical name for preformed vitamin A is:

Xerophthalmia

The condition resulting from hypovitaminosis A that can cause blindness is known as:

Beriberi

The deficiency disease for thiamin is _____.

Vitamin d

A vitamin that is referred to as a hormone

4700

AI for potassium is ___ mg/day for all adults

Vitamin b6

Absorbed in upper small intestine/stored in muscle and other organs.

Antibiotics and anti-clotting drugs

Acts as an antagonist to the action of vitamin K

120, 90

Adequate intake is ___ micrograms for men ages 19+, and ___ micrograms for women ages 19+

1000 mg/day

Adequate intake of Ca for adults 19-50 years of age

Chromium

Aids in glucose metabolism and action of the hormone insulin

Acidic environment of the stomach and vitamin C

Aids in the absorption of iron

Vitamin C

Aids in wound healing, tissue formation, and fever reduction

Thiamin

Alcoholics have poor diets and alcohol decreases ____ absorption.

Beta carotene

Spinach, carrots, and sweet potatoes are good sources of:

Cholecalciferol

(Vitamin D3) formed by the action of ultraviolet light from the sun on the 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin. Found naturally in fish liver oils.

Ergocalciferol

(Vitamin d2) formed by irradiating ergosteril found in ergot

Magnesium

2/3 is found in bone, 1/3 is in muscle and other tissues.

Magnesium

80% of this mineral is lost when the germ and bran is removed from grains.

Deficiency of vitamin A

A cause for night blindness

Xeropthalmia

A condition that causes blindness due to insufficient vitamin A

Night blindness

A deficiency of vitamin A in the body may result in:

DASH

A diet that is rich in fruit and vegetables and low fat dairy shown to lower BP

Scurvy

A disease associated with vitamin C

Milk

A food which is a good source of riboflavin (B2)

Ergot

A fungus growing on rye and other cereal grains.

Liver

A healthy ___ is needed for vitamin K function

Coenzyme role in protein metabolism

A key role for pyridoxine or B6

Muscle mass

A major influence in the body's water content (direct relationship)

Sodium

A mineral that holds and attracts water.

Lower blood pressure

A physiological function for potassium

Albumin

A plasma protein that maintains water balance by virtue of its collodial pressure

Blood clotting

A primary function for vitamin k

Forms collagen

A primary function of vitamin C

Aids in absorption of calcium and phosphorus

A primary function of vitamin D

Antioxidant

A primary function of vitamin e

Sunscreen

A substance that may hinder the production of vitamin d

Folate

A vitamin associated with megaloblastic anemia

Retinal

An aldehyde specific to the retina

Tryptophan

An amino acid that is a precursor for niacin

Chemotherapy

An antagonist to the action of folate

Hemochromatosis

An effect of overuse of iron supplementation

Wound healing

An important function of zinc

80, 90

Approximately ___% and ___% of body phosphorus is found in the skeleton and teeth combined with calcium.

75, 15, 10

Approximately ___% of sodium comes from processed foods, ____% discretionary, ____% from fresh foods.

80

Approximately ___% of the vitamin E from dietary sources, including fortified foods, is alpha-tocopherol

Vitamin D fortified milk

Associated with the eradictation of rickets in the US

<11 ng/ml, <27.5 nmol/ml

Associated with vitamin D deficiency and rickets in infants and young children. SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D [25(OH)D] CONCENTRATIONS AND HEALTH.

B12

B vitamin only found in animal foods

Pantothenic acid

Chemical and physical nature: Easily absorbed in intestine; no deficiency state and no known toxicity; no RDA since it is so plentiful in the diet. Functional role: Acetyl CO-A is body's key activating agent. Food sources: liver, egg yolk, milk, and brocoli.

Riboflavin

Chemical and physical nature: Easily destroyed by light and irridation. Absorption and storage: Absorbed in upper small intestine; absorption inhibited by dietary fiber. Functions as a coenzyme -FMN and FAD>

Niacin

Chemical and physical nature: Precursor role for tryptophan. Function: Two coenzymes form: NAD and NADP; converts proteins and glycerol to glucose to yield energy.

Thiamin

Chemical and physical nature: fairly stable bu destroyed by alkali. Absorption and storage: Acid medium in upper small intestine prior to buffering to alkaline condition via pancreas; tissue levels reflect metabolic demand.

Tocopherol

Chemical name when referring to vitamin E

Nerve impulse and muscle contraction

Clinical roles of ionic calcium in the blood

>-200 ng/ml, >-500 nmol/ml

Considered potentially toxic, leading to hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia although human data are limited. In an animal model, concentration <-400 ng/ml (<-1000 nmol/L) demonstrated no toxicity. SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D [25(OH)D] CONCENTRATIONS AND HEALTH.

Phosphorus

Containing additives in processed foods.

Hemoglobin

Copper and iron are needed for the synthesis of this protein

Megaloblastic anemia

Folate deficiency causes _______.

Phosphorus

Food source sof ____ milk and milk products, lean meats, soft drinks.

Vitamin K

Food sources for ____: green leafy vegetables, liver and certain cheeses.

Iron

Food sources of ___: Found in highest amounts in meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dried peas and beans, and whole grain and fortified breads and cereals.

Vitamin E

Food sources of ____: vegetable oils, especially safflower, olive, and soybean oils. Oily nuts, some vegetables and fruits.

Milk and margarine

Foods that are commonly fortified with vitamin D

Keratin in hair and nails

Function of Sulfur

Folate

Function of ____ is attachment of C to key molecules involved in genetic material - purine and thymine.

Magnesium

Functions of _____ is an enzyme activator for energy production, involved in enzymes for tissue building, aids in normal muscle activity, appears to have a role in bone health.

NHANES

Higher blood glucose (fasting and prandial) levels in those with D insufficiency

Osteoporosis

Higher incidence in postmenopause due to estrogen loss.

ADH

Hormone that causes kidnets to retain water

Ascorbic acid

Humans lack the enzyme to convert vitamin C to ______.

Rhodopsin

In deficiency normal ___ (visual purple) cannot be made and the rods and cones of the retina become increasingly sensitive to changes in light, causing night blindness.

Anemia

Interferes with heme production.

Needed for oxygen transport and brain function

Iron

Oxygen transport

Iron has an important metabolic function in:

Trace elements

Iron, iodine, zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, cobalt, selenium, flouride, molybdenum

Essential trace elements

Iron, zinc, iodine, manganese, copper, molybdenum, chromium, flourine, selenium, cobalt.

Immobility

It may cause withdrawal of calcium from bones

Phylloquinone

Major dietary source found in animal and plant foods

Niacin

Major food sources of _____ are meat and dairy products. Good sources are peanuts , dried beans, and peas.

35

Milk is the best food source of riboflavin providing ____% per cup.

Cobalt

Mineral associated with hemoglobin formation

Potassium

Mineral in the intracellular fluid space that balances against sodium in the ECF

Calcium

Mineral present in greatest amount in the body

Iodine

Mineral required for the synthesis of thyroxine

100

Most vitamin discoveries have been in the past ___ years.

Retinol

Name for pure vitamin A found only in animal products, e.g liver

Ions

Name of minerals that serve as electrolytes (free and carry an electron charge)

1300, 1000, 1200, 2500

New DRIs for calcium for 9-18, 19-50, 50+, and the upper limit in milligrams is?

Cholesterol

Niacin is used to lower serum ____.

20

Storage iron in the liver is about ____%.

Urinary tract

Open to bacterial infection

Energy

Organic substances are no producing energy

Skin, liver, and kidney

Organs involved in the synthesis of vitamin d

1

Phosphorus makes up about ___% of total body weight.

Heart

Plasma potassium (K) levels are critical to what action in the body

Heart disease

Positive correlation between low folate intakes and high plasma levels of homocysteine.

Retinol

Preformed vitamin A

Thirst mechanism

Prevents dehydration (lacking in a number of elderly)

Flouride

Prevents the development of dental caries by bacterial erosion

>-30 ng/ml, >-75 nmol/ml

Proposed by some as desirable for overall health and disease prevention, although a recent government-sponsored expert panel concluded that insufficient data are available to support these higher levels. SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D [25(OH)D] CONCENTRATIONS AND HEALTH.

Vitamin e

Protects polyunsaturates in the body from oxidation

Beta carotene

Provitamin A

Beta carotene

Provitamin A found in plant pigments such as carrots.

16, 14

RDA measured in niacin equivalents (NE) ___ mg NE/day for adolescent and adult men and ____ mg NE/day for adolescent and adult women.

Milligrams

Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for vitamin E

Sodium

Reduction of this mineral can prevent water retention and elevate blood pressure

Osteomalacia

Similar disease as rickets but in adults. Previously deposited bone mineral is mobilized, leading to bone pain and weak, brittle bones

Lack of niacin

Skin disorder (dermatitis) for pellagra

Trace elements

Small amount are needed by the body.

Electrolytes

Solutes in body fluids that influence water balance

Fish, tea, and municipal water supplies (most cities)

Source of flouride

Calcium

The physiologic functions for ___ are blood and bone formation, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction and relaxation, cell membrane permeability, enzyme activation

Vitamin A

The plant sources for _____ are yellow and green vegetables and fruits.

Calcium and phosphorus

The primary function of vitamin D is to regulate absorption and metabolism of:

Beta carotene

The provitamin form of vitamin A found in plant pigments is known as:

Vitamin b6

The three forms of _____ are pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine.

Thiamin (B1)

The vitamin most associated with carbohydrate metabolism

D

The vitamin that is essential to bone growth is vitamin:

Vitamins A and D

The vitamins most associated with toxicity if consumed in excess

Folate

There are three chemistry components of ___. Pteroic acids, PABA, and glutamic acid.

Tooth formation

Tooth buds do not develop

Cell permeability

Transport of glucose across membranes

Epithelial

Type of tissue most affected by vitamin a deficiency

Micrograms

Units of measure when referring to vitamins A, D, and K

2300 mg/day

Upper tolerable limit for sodium in adults

85, 95

Usually ___% and ____% of the plasma P is filtered by the renal glomeruli and reabsorbed in the renal tubules.

Rhodopsin

Vision: retinal + opsin=rhodopsin

Excess damages liver, joint pain, thickening of long bones, loss of hair, jaundice

Vitamin A toxicity causes _____.

Childhood and adolescense

When are the calcium intakes the highest?

Tissue

Vitamin C helps maintain ___ integrity.

Endocrine

Vitamin D ____ systems involves Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and small intestine

D

Vitamin ___ can be converted to intermediate form in the skin.

K

Vitamin ____ can be produced by intestinal bacteria

Keratinzation

Vitamin a prevents the drying of epithelial cells or the development of this process

Pyridoxine

Vitamin associated with hemoglobin formation

Selenium

Vitamin e is spared by the intake of this mineral

Vitamin K

Vitamin synthesized by bacteria in the colon

Tissue saturation

Water soluble vitamins can not be stored except in _____.

Retinyl ester <-> retinal <-> retinol <-> retinoic acid

What are the conversions of the cell?

A, d, e, k

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

Intake absorption excretion, bone blood, calcium phosphorus blood serum

What are the three levels of balance?

Citrus fruits, tomatoes

What are the two best sources of vitamin C?

B complex and C

What are the water soluble vitamins?

Mackerel

What is a fatty fish that is a food source of vitamin D?

30

What is the AI of biotin for all adults?

1.3, 1.1

What is the DRI for RDA for riboflavin for men, and women mg/day.

Pellegra

What is the deficiency disease of niacin?

Ariboflavinosis

What is the deficiency disease of riboflavin?

Scurvy

What is the deficiency state of vitamin C that causes hemorrhaging, bleeding gums.

Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death

What is the four D's of niacin deficiency?

3.0-4.5

What is the normal range for serum phosphorus in adults mg/dl?

85

What is the percentage of the body's vitamin A that is stored in the liver?

Intestinal wall

Where is the beta carotene converted into vitamin A?


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